1733_thyroid gland-1.pptx
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The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx and consists of two lobes. It produces the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine through follicles composed of epithelial cells that secrete thyroglobulin into the follicle lumen. Thyroglobulin contains iodine that is converted to the active thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism, growth, and development throughout the body. The thyroid gland also contains parafollicular C cells that secrete the hormone calcitonin.
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1733_thyroid gland-1.pptx
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It consists of two lobes that are subdivided into spherical follicles. The follicle cells produce thyroglobulin, which is stored in the follicles' colloid lumens. Thyroglobulin is iodinated and converted to the active thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Parafollicular C cells located between follicles produce calcitonin. Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism and development throughout the body.
Heart disease and symptoms of its and clinical role
The thyroid gland is located in the lower neck and is composed of follicles that contain thyroid cells surrounding colloid. Each follicle produces the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. In Graves' disease, autoantibodies stimulate overproduction of thyroid hormones, depleting the colloid. In hypothyroidism, lymphocytes infiltrate the thyroid, destroying follicles and impairing hormone synthesis.
Thyriod Gland .pdf
Thyroid gland is located at anterior portion of neck on trachea just inferior to larynx
Consisting of Two lateral lobes and an isthmus
Produces three hormones
Thyroid hormone: tyrosine based with 3 or 4 iodine molecules
T4 tetraiodothyronine (T4; usually called thyroxine)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin involved with calcium and phosphorus metabolism .
Anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland
Anatomy - structure and histology of thyroid gland
Physiology - synthesis of thyroid hormones, actions & regulation of secretion of thyroid hormones,
Thyroid Gland.pptx
The thyroid gland is located in the anterior neck, spanning from the C5 to T1 vertebrae. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus, wrapping around the cricoid cartilage and trachea. The thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin, which regulate metabolism, growth and development, body temperature, heart rate, and energy production. Thyroid hormone synthesis involves iodine being transported into follicular cells and binding to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, forming T3 and T4 which are then cleaved and released.
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the neck below the larynx. It is composed of follicles containing colloid surrounded by follicle cells that produce thyroid hormones like T3 and T4. The hormones regulate metabolism and are synthesized through a process involving iodine uptake, incorporation into the hormones, and diffusion out of the gland. Disorders can arise from abnormal hormone secretion levels like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, or from non-toxic goiter causing gland enlargement without excess hormones.
Thyroid gland and Thyroid Hormones & Inhibitors
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. Despite its size, it plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions by producing hormones that help control metabolism, growth, and development.
Thyroid hormones are primarily composed of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are synthesized by the thyroid gland. These hormones are essential for the proper functioning of nearly every cell in the body. They regulate metabolism, affecting heart rate, body temperature, energy levels, and weight.
Here's a breakdown of the main thyroid hormones and their functions:
Thyroxine (T4): This is the primary hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It is converted into triiodothyronine (T3) in various tissues throughout the body. T4 plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism and energy production.
Triiodothyronine (T3): T3 is the more biologically active form of thyroid hormone. It is produced in smaller quantities by the thyroid gland but has a more potent effect on metabolism compared to T4.
Inhibitors of thyroid hormones are substances that interfere with the production or action of thyroid hormones. Some common inhibitors include:
Thiocyanates: Found in certain foods like cassava, cabbage, and soy, thiocyanates can inhibit the uptake of iodine by the thyroid gland, leading to decreased production of thyroid hormones.
Goitrogens: These are substances that interfere with the synthesis of thyroid hormones. They are found in certain foods like cruciferous vegetables (e.g., broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts) and soy products.
Medications: Some medications can interfere with thyroid hormone production or action. For example, lithium, used to treat bipolar disorder, can inhibit the release of thyroid hormones.
Iodine excess: While iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, excessive intake can actually inhibit thyroid function. This paradoxical effect is known as the Wolff-Chaikoff effect.
Anti-thyroid drugs: These medications are used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones. Examples include methimazole and propylthiouracil.
Understanding the role of the thyroid gland and its hormones, as well as inhibitors, is crucial for maintaining overall health and managing thyroid disorders.
Thyroid hormones- synthesis, secretion, functions and disorders
The thyroid gland secretes two major hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 makes up 93% of secreted hormones but is converted to the more potent T3 in tissues. Thyroid hormones are synthesized through a process involving iodine uptake, binding of iodine to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin molecules within thyroid follicles, and coupling of iodinated tyrosines to form T4 and T3. Hormones remain stored bound to thyroglobulin until secreted into blood, where they bind transport proteins and are released slowly to target tissues to increase metabolic rate by activating gene transcription.
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1733_thyroid gland-1.pptx
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It consists of two lobes that are subdivided into spherical follicles. The follicle cells produce thyroglobulin, which is stored in the follicles' colloid lumens. Thyroglobulin is iodinated and converted to the active thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Parafollicular C cells located between follicles produce calcitonin. Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism and development throughout the body.
Heart disease and symptoms of its and clinical role
The thyroid gland is located in the lower neck and is composed of follicles that contain thyroid cells surrounding colloid. Each follicle produces the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. In Graves' disease, autoantibodies stimulate overproduction of thyroid hormones, depleting the colloid. In hypothyroidism, lymphocytes infiltrate the thyroid, destroying follicles and impairing hormone synthesis.
Thyriod Gland .pdf
Thyroid gland is located at anterior portion of neck on trachea just inferior to larynx
Consisting of Two lateral lobes and an isthmus
Produces three hormones
Thyroid hormone: tyrosine based with 3 or 4 iodine molecules
T4 tetraiodothyronine (T4; usually called thyroxine)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin involved with calcium and phosphorus metabolism .
Anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland
Anatomy - structure and histology of thyroid gland
Physiology - synthesis of thyroid hormones, actions & regulation of secretion of thyroid hormones,
Thyroid Gland.pptx
The thyroid gland is located in the anterior neck, spanning from the C5 to T1 vertebrae. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus, wrapping around the cricoid cartilage and trachea. The thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin, which regulate metabolism, growth and development, body temperature, heart rate, and energy production. Thyroid hormone synthesis involves iodine being transported into follicular cells and binding to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, forming T3 and T4 which are then cleaved and released.
Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the neck below the larynx. It is composed of follicles containing colloid surrounded by follicle cells that produce thyroid hormones like T3 and T4. The hormones regulate metabolism and are synthesized through a process involving iodine uptake, incorporation into the hormones, and diffusion out of the gland. Disorders can arise from abnormal hormone secretion levels like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, or from non-toxic goiter causing gland enlargement without excess hormones.
Thyroid gland and Thyroid Hormones & Inhibitors
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. Despite its size, it plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions by producing hormones that help control metabolism, growth, and development.
Thyroid hormones are primarily composed of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are synthesized by the thyroid gland. These hormones are essential for the proper functioning of nearly every cell in the body. They regulate metabolism, affecting heart rate, body temperature, energy levels, and weight.
Here's a breakdown of the main thyroid hormones and their functions:
Thyroxine (T4): This is the primary hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It is converted into triiodothyronine (T3) in various tissues throughout the body. T4 plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism and energy production.
Triiodothyronine (T3): T3 is the more biologically active form of thyroid hormone. It is produced in smaller quantities by the thyroid gland but has a more potent effect on metabolism compared to T4.
Inhibitors of thyroid hormones are substances that interfere with the production or action of thyroid hormones. Some common inhibitors include:
Thiocyanates: Found in certain foods like cassava, cabbage, and soy, thiocyanates can inhibit the uptake of iodine by the thyroid gland, leading to decreased production of thyroid hormones.
Goitrogens: These are substances that interfere with the synthesis of thyroid hormones. They are found in certain foods like cruciferous vegetables (e.g., broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts) and soy products.
Medications: Some medications can interfere with thyroid hormone production or action. For example, lithium, used to treat bipolar disorder, can inhibit the release of thyroid hormones.
Iodine excess: While iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, excessive intake can actually inhibit thyroid function. This paradoxical effect is known as the Wolff-Chaikoff effect.
Anti-thyroid drugs: These medications are used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones. Examples include methimazole and propylthiouracil.
Understanding the role of the thyroid gland and its hormones, as well as inhibitors, is crucial for maintaining overall health and managing thyroid disorders.
Thyroid hormones- synthesis, secretion, functions and disorders
The thyroid gland secretes two major hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 makes up 93% of secreted hormones but is converted to the more potent T3 in tissues. Thyroid hormones are synthesized through a process involving iodine uptake, binding of iodine to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin molecules within thyroid follicles, and coupling of iodinated tyrosines to form T4 and T3. Hormones remain stored bound to thyroglobulin until secreted into blood, where they bind transport proteins and are released slowly to target tissues to increase metabolic rate by activating gene transcription.
Thyroid hormone and anti thyroid drugs
This slideshow gives you a information about hormone thyroid and its clinical activity and molecular mechanism. And also hormone abnormalities and drugs used to treat them .
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism is discussed along with drugs used to overcome those condition.
Thyroid gland pharmacology b.pharm 5th sem.pptx
The thyroid gland secretes three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 is secreted in larger amounts than T3 but T3 has higher biological activity. The thyroid takes up iodine from the bloodstream which is then oxidized and used to iodinate tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin in the follicles. Coupling of iodinated tyrosines produces T4 and T3 which are stored in the follicles bound to thyroglobulin. TSH stimulates release of T4 and T3 into the bloodstream where most is bound to proteins while a small amount is free and biologically active. T4 can be converted to the more active T3 in other tissues
Thyriod gland anatomy physiology and pathology
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It produces thyroid hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which regulate metabolism. The thyroid is made up of follicles that contain colloid filled with thyroglobulin, which stores iodine and is used to produce the hormones. Hyperthyroidism occurs when there is too much thyroid hormone production, while hypothyroidism is a deficiency. Common conditions include Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Thyroid gland (anatomy & synthesis)
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 makes up 90% of hormone production while T3 is 9-10%. The gland contains follicles lined with cells that secrete thyroglobulin into the follicular cavity. Iodine is added to thyroglobulin's tyrosine residues to form T4 and T3, which are stored in thyroglobulin vesicles until needed. When secreted into blood, T4 and T3 bind transport proteins while T3 has a faster action time due to weaker binding. The thyroid regulates metabolism through hormone synthesis and secretion.
Ithyroid gland, functions and clinical correlation .doc
The document summarizes information about the thyroid gland, including its location, structure, hormone production, storage and release, transport, and functions. It also outlines the mechanisms and regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis. The thyroid gland produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones which regulate metabolism and are essential for growth, development, temperature regulation and energy production. The hormones are synthesized within thyroid follicles, stored bound to thyroglobulin, and released into blood circulation in response to thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland.
Thyroid hormone and thyroid gland
- The thyroid gland is the largest, butterfly-shaped endocrine glands & is located at the base of the neck immediately below the Larynx, on each side of & anterior to the trachea.The thyroid gland consists of two lobes of endocrine tissue (lying on either side of trachea) joined in the middle by a narrow portion of the gland called as the Isthmus.The thyroid has one ofthe highest rates of blood flow per gram of tissue. - In a normal adult male, it weighs 15-20 g but is capable of enormous growth, sometimes achieving a weight of several hundred grams.
Thyroid
The document summarizes the structure, location, and functions of the thyroid gland. It notes that the thyroid gland has a butterfly shape with two lobes connected by an isthmus. It regulates metabolism and other bodily functions through hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine. When overactive, it can cause hyperthyroidism and goiter; when underactive, it can cause hypothyroidism, cretinism, or myxedema. The parathyroid glands help regulate blood calcium levels through parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
Thyroid.pptx
The thyroid gland regulates metabolism by secreting thyroid hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The thyroid takes up iodine from the bloodstream and uses it to produce T4 and T3 by binding iodine to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin inside thyroid follicles. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland controls thyroid function and hormone production. Most thyroid hormones circulate bound to transport proteins like thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) while a small fraction remains free and active. The thyroid and its hormones play a vital role in maintaining normal growth, development, and metabolism throughout the body.
Thyroid function tests for MBBS, LAB. MED & BDS.pptx
Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are the most frequently ordered endocrine investigations in children and adolescents.
Abnormalities in TFTs can help in diagnosis of primary thyroid disorders (i.e. disorders in which the defect is at the thyroid level) as well as secondary or central thyroid disorders (in which defect is at the pituitary level).
20130417124022809
This document summarizes the key aspects of thyroid hormone production and regulation. It describes how the thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) from iodine and the amino acid tyrosine. It also explains how thyroid hormone production and secretion is regulated through a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid itself. Specifically, it details how thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary stimulates the thyroid in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus, and how high thyroid hormone levels inhibit this process.
Anatomy -Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck below the larynx. It has a butterfly shape with two lobes joined by an isthmus. It weighs around 25g and is highly vascular. The thyroid secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are produced from iodine and thyroglobulin and regulate metabolism. Thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland regulates T3 and T4 secretion. The thyroid hormones affect growth and development as well as metabolism. Calcitonin secreted by the thyroid reduces blood calcium levels.
Thyroid Hormone
The thyroid gland secretes three main hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. T4 is secreted in the largest amount but T3 has higher biological activity. The thyroid regulates metabolism, growth, and development through a negative feedback loop with the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Hypothyroidism can cause myxedema coma, a life-threatening condition treated with thyroid hormone replacement. Hyperthyroidism treatments include anti-thyroid drugs that block hormone synthesis or radioactive iodine that destroys the thyroid gland.
CAT3 ppt MSc NDT.pdf
The thyroid gland is a small butterfly-shaped organ located in the front of the neck that produces hormones which control metabolism. There are two main types of thyroid disorders: hypothyroidism, where the gland does not produce enough hormones, and hyperthyroidism, where it produces too much. The thyroid uses iodine to make the hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine, which regulate processes like heart rate, body temperature, and metabolism. When hormone levels are low or high, the pituitary gland communicates with the thyroid to maintain balance.
Endocrinology and its Glands
Endocrinology is a specialization of medicine; some would say as a sub-specialty of inner medication, which offers with the analysis and treatment of diseases related to testosterone. Endocrinology includes human features such as the synchronization of metabolic rate, breathing, reproduction, neurological understanding and activity.
Lec-8 Thyroid Hormones and its usage1.pdf
thyroid hormones and its usage and interesting facts of iodine and thyroid
Thyroid Glands
The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck below the voice box. It produces the hormones thyroxine and calcitonin which regulate the body's metabolism and calcium storage in bones. The thyroid gland works with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in a feedback loop to control hormone release and influences many bodily functions including heart rate, digestion, muscle control, brain development and bone maintenance.
Thyroid gland hormones and cateholamines.pdf
Tyrosine and arginine are important amino acid precursors for signaling molecules. Tyrosine is used to produce thyroid hormones T3 and T4, as well as catecholamines like epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Thyroid hormone synthesis occurs in the thyroid gland through a process where tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin are iodinated and coupled to form T3 and T4, which are secreted into the bloodstream.
BCM II-Thyroid-pancreas-Parathyroid.pptx
The document describes the production and regulation of thyroid hormones. It discusses the anatomy of the thyroid gland and how it synthesizes the hormones T3 and T4 from tyrosine and iodine. TSH, produced by the pituitary, stimulates the thyroid to release more hormones, while thyroid hormones themselves provide negative feedback to decrease TSH production. Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate by stimulating enzymes and mitochondrial activity. Diseases like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism result from insufficient or excessive thyroid hormone levels.
THYROIDITIS.pptx
The document provides an overview of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the thyroid gland. It discusses:
- The anatomy of the thyroid gland including its location in the neck and blood supply.
- Thyroid hormone synthesis which involves iodine uptake and incorporation into thyroglobulin to form T3 and T4.
- Regulation of the thyroid axis by TSH from the pituitary gland and thyroid hormone feedback.
- Types of thyroiditis including acute, subacute, silent, drug-induced, and chronic forms. Subacute thyroiditis is the most common type and can cause transient hypo- or hyperthyroidism.
- Treatment for thyroiditis depends on the type but may
Thyroid gland
The document summarizes the structure and function of the thyroid gland. It discusses that the thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck and is butterfly shaped with two lobes connected by an isthmus. It produces important hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate metabolism. The thyroid takes up iodine and uses it to produce the hormones through a series of steps in a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hormones have wide-ranging effects on growth, development, and metabolic processes in nearly all tissues of the body. Diseases like hypothyroidism and Graves' disease can disrupt the thyroid's normal functioning.
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Thyroid hormone and anti thyroid drugs
This slideshow gives you a information about hormone thyroid and its clinical activity and molecular mechanism. And also hormone abnormalities and drugs used to treat them .
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism is discussed along with drugs used to overcome those condition.
Thyroid gland pharmacology b.pharm 5th sem.pptx
The thyroid gland secretes three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 is secreted in larger amounts than T3 but T3 has higher biological activity. The thyroid takes up iodine from the bloodstream which is then oxidized and used to iodinate tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin in the follicles. Coupling of iodinated tyrosines produces T4 and T3 which are stored in the follicles bound to thyroglobulin. TSH stimulates release of T4 and T3 into the bloodstream where most is bound to proteins while a small amount is free and biologically active. T4 can be converted to the more active T3 in other tissues
Thyriod gland anatomy physiology and pathology
The thyroid gland is located in the neck below the larynx. It produces thyroid hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which regulate metabolism. The thyroid is made up of follicles that contain colloid filled with thyroglobulin, which stores iodine and is used to produce the hormones. Hyperthyroidism occurs when there is too much thyroid hormone production, while hypothyroidism is a deficiency. Common conditions include Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Thyroid gland (anatomy & synthesis)
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 makes up 90% of hormone production while T3 is 9-10%. The gland contains follicles lined with cells that secrete thyroglobulin into the follicular cavity. Iodine is added to thyroglobulin's tyrosine residues to form T4 and T3, which are stored in thyroglobulin vesicles until needed. When secreted into blood, T4 and T3 bind transport proteins while T3 has a faster action time due to weaker binding. The thyroid regulates metabolism through hormone synthesis and secretion.
Ithyroid gland, functions and clinical correlation .doc
The document summarizes information about the thyroid gland, including its location, structure, hormone production, storage and release, transport, and functions. It also outlines the mechanisms and regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis. The thyroid gland produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones which regulate metabolism and are essential for growth, development, temperature regulation and energy production. The hormones are synthesized within thyroid follicles, stored bound to thyroglobulin, and released into blood circulation in response to thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland.
Thyroid hormone and thyroid gland
- The thyroid gland is the largest, butterfly-shaped endocrine glands & is located at the base of the neck immediately below the Larynx, on each side of & anterior to the trachea.The thyroid gland consists of two lobes of endocrine tissue (lying on either side of trachea) joined in the middle by a narrow portion of the gland called as the Isthmus.The thyroid has one ofthe highest rates of blood flow per gram of tissue. - In a normal adult male, it weighs 15-20 g but is capable of enormous growth, sometimes achieving a weight of several hundred grams.
Thyroid
The document summarizes the structure, location, and functions of the thyroid gland. It notes that the thyroid gland has a butterfly shape with two lobes connected by an isthmus. It regulates metabolism and other bodily functions through hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine. When overactive, it can cause hyperthyroidism and goiter; when underactive, it can cause hypothyroidism, cretinism, or myxedema. The parathyroid glands help regulate blood calcium levels through parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
Thyroid.pptx
The thyroid gland regulates metabolism by secreting thyroid hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The thyroid takes up iodine from the bloodstream and uses it to produce T4 and T3 by binding iodine to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin inside thyroid follicles. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland controls thyroid function and hormone production. Most thyroid hormones circulate bound to transport proteins like thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) while a small fraction remains free and active. The thyroid and its hormones play a vital role in maintaining normal growth, development, and metabolism throughout the body.
Thyroid function tests for MBBS, LAB. MED & BDS.pptx
Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are the most frequently ordered endocrine investigations in children and adolescents.
Abnormalities in TFTs can help in diagnosis of primary thyroid disorders (i.e. disorders in which the defect is at the thyroid level) as well as secondary or central thyroid disorders (in which defect is at the pituitary level).
20130417124022809
This document summarizes the key aspects of thyroid hormone production and regulation. It describes how the thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) from iodine and the amino acid tyrosine. It also explains how thyroid hormone production and secretion is regulated through a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid itself. Specifically, it details how thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary stimulates the thyroid in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus, and how high thyroid hormone levels inhibit this process.
Anatomy -Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck below the larynx. It has a butterfly shape with two lobes joined by an isthmus. It weighs around 25g and is highly vascular. The thyroid secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are produced from iodine and thyroglobulin and regulate metabolism. Thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland regulates T3 and T4 secretion. The thyroid hormones affect growth and development as well as metabolism. Calcitonin secreted by the thyroid reduces blood calcium levels.
Thyroid Hormone
The thyroid gland secretes three main hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. T4 is secreted in the largest amount but T3 has higher biological activity. The thyroid regulates metabolism, growth, and development through a negative feedback loop with the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Hypothyroidism can cause myxedema coma, a life-threatening condition treated with thyroid hormone replacement. Hyperthyroidism treatments include anti-thyroid drugs that block hormone synthesis or radioactive iodine that destroys the thyroid gland.
CAT3 ppt MSc NDT.pdf
The thyroid gland is a small butterfly-shaped organ located in the front of the neck that produces hormones which control metabolism. There are two main types of thyroid disorders: hypothyroidism, where the gland does not produce enough hormones, and hyperthyroidism, where it produces too much. The thyroid uses iodine to make the hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine, which regulate processes like heart rate, body temperature, and metabolism. When hormone levels are low or high, the pituitary gland communicates with the thyroid to maintain balance.
Endocrinology and its Glands
Endocrinology is a specialization of medicine; some would say as a sub-specialty of inner medication, which offers with the analysis and treatment of diseases related to testosterone. Endocrinology includes human features such as the synchronization of metabolic rate, breathing, reproduction, neurological understanding and activity.
Lec-8 Thyroid Hormones and its usage1.pdf
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The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck below the voice box. It produces the hormones thyroxine and calcitonin which regulate the body's metabolism and calcium storage in bones. The thyroid gland works with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in a feedback loop to control hormone release and influences many bodily functions including heart rate, digestion, muscle control, brain development and bone maintenance.
Thyroid gland hormones and cateholamines.pdf
Tyrosine and arginine are important amino acid precursors for signaling molecules. Tyrosine is used to produce thyroid hormones T3 and T4, as well as catecholamines like epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Thyroid hormone synthesis occurs in the thyroid gland through a process where tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin are iodinated and coupled to form T3 and T4, which are secreted into the bloodstream.
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The document describes the production and regulation of thyroid hormones. It discusses the anatomy of the thyroid gland and how it synthesizes the hormones T3 and T4 from tyrosine and iodine. TSH, produced by the pituitary, stimulates the thyroid to release more hormones, while thyroid hormones themselves provide negative feedback to decrease TSH production. Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate by stimulating enzymes and mitochondrial activity. Diseases like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism result from insufficient or excessive thyroid hormone levels.
THYROIDITIS.pptx
The document provides an overview of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the thyroid gland. It discusses:
- The anatomy of the thyroid gland including its location in the neck and blood supply.
- Thyroid hormone synthesis which involves iodine uptake and incorporation into thyroglobulin to form T3 and T4.
- Regulation of the thyroid axis by TSH from the pituitary gland and thyroid hormone feedback.
- Types of thyroiditis including acute, subacute, silent, drug-induced, and chronic forms. Subacute thyroiditis is the most common type and can cause transient hypo- or hyperthyroidism.
- Treatment for thyroiditis depends on the type but may
Thyroid gland
The document summarizes the structure and function of the thyroid gland. It discusses that the thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck and is butterfly shaped with two lobes connected by an isthmus. It produces important hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate metabolism. The thyroid takes up iodine and uses it to produce the hormones through a series of steps in a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hormones have wide-ranging effects on growth, development, and metabolic processes in nearly all tissues of the body. Diseases like hypothyroidism and Graves' disease can disrupt the thyroid's normal functioning.
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Folic acid is important for preventing birth defects like spina bifida. It is recommended that all women of childbearing age consume 400 micrograms of folic acid daily from supplements or fortified foods. Folic acid helps the body make new cells and is important for DNA synthesis. A lack of folic acid has been linked to certain birth defects, heart disease, and cancer. Many women do not get enough folic acid from their diets alone, so taking a daily supplement or eating fortified foods is encouraged.
ACP.pptx
Acid phosphatase is an enzyme present in lysosomes that is active in bone marrow, liver, spleen, milk, platelets, and especially the prostate gland. The King's method uses acid phosphatase to hydrolyze disodium phenylphosphate into phenol, which then reacts with other reagents to form a red complex, with intensity proportional to acid phosphatase activity. This test is used to detect and monitor prostate cancer, as elevated levels of prostatic acid phosphatase can indicate the presence of carcinoma of the prostate.
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This document summarizes key aspects of galactose metabolism, fructose metabolism, and the TCA cycle. It outlines the steps and enzymes involved in converting galactose to glucose, fructose to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and acetyl-CoA entry and reactions in the TCA cycle. It also discusses diseases associated with deficiencies in these pathways, including galactosemia caused by deficiencies in galactose metabolism enzymes, hereditary fructose intolerance caused by aldolase B deficiency, and various mitochondrial diseases affecting the TCA cycle.
Presentation (3) (1).pptx
Phenylalanine and tyrosine are twin amino acids where phenylalanine is essential and tyrosine is non-essential. Phenylalanine must be converted to tyrosine to perform its functions. This conversion is done through an irreversible reaction where an enzyme adds a hydroxyl group to phenylalanine. Tyrosine can then go through anabolic or catabolic pathways. The anabolic pathway produces catecholamines, melanin, and thyroxine, while the catabolic pathway breaks down tyrosine. Genetic defects in enzymes in these pathways can cause metabolic disorders like phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, and tyrosinemia type 2.
valine. pptx.pptx
Valine is an essential amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the human body. It is used to build proteins and plays important roles in muscle growth, brain function, and energy production. Disorders related to valine metabolism can cause the toxic buildup of amino acids and associated health issues. Treatment involves dietary management to restrict intake of certain amino acids while supplementing others. Good dietary sources of valine include meat, fish, dairy, legumes, nuts, and whole grains.
biochemistry ppt....pptx
- Aspartate is a non-essential amino acid that can be found in foods like avocado, asparagus, and oysters. It exists in two forms, D-aspartic acid and L-aspartic acid.
- L-aspartic acid participates in many enzymatic reactions in the body and is involved in the urea cycle, synthesis of nucleic acids, and the malate-aspartate shuttle.
- Aspartate plays important roles in brain function, energy production, and the synthesis of proteins, nucleotides, and neurotransmitters. Consuming aspartic acid may help increase testosterone levels, sperm quality, memory, and female fertility.
Metabolism Of Arginine By Ravi Tailor.pptx
Arginine is a semi-essential, basic amino acid that contains a guanidinium group. It is cleaved by the enzyme arginase to produce urea and ornithine, and is considered a glucogenic amino acid that can be synthesized from citrulline in the urea cycle.
Redox Processes.pptx
The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) processes and their role in metabolism and the electron transport chain (ETC). It defines oxidation as the loss of electrons and reduction as the gain of electrons. Redox reactions are important in cellular respiration, where organisms oxidize foods through a series of metabolic reactions to generate energy in the form of ATP. The ETC involves the passage of electrons through protein complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane, which is associated with the release of free energy used to generate ATP from ADP. Mitochondria serve as the powerhouses of cells, housing the metabolic oxidative reactions that produce reduced coenzymes utilized in the ETC to liberate energy.
acid base balance.pptx
This document discusses acid-base balance and related topics. It defines acids and bases according to Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. It explains the concepts of pH, strong vs weak acids/bases, and buffers. The major buffer systems in blood are protein, hemoglobin, phosphate, and bicarbonate-carbonic acid. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation relates pH and the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system. Physiological buffers include the lungs, kidneys, and bicarbonate system. Types of acid-base disorders are respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, along with their primary causes.
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- 2. THYROID GLAND Consists of two lobes located on the ventral surface of the trachea. Produces two iodine- containing hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
- 4. • Located in the neck, inferior to the larynx • The largest pure endocrine gland in the body • Has two lobes that are subdivided into follicles o Follicle walls are formed by cuboidal or squamous epithelial cells called follicle cells • Follicle cells produce thyroglobulin • The central cavity of the follicle stores colloid Colloid = an amber, viscous glycoprotein consisting of thyroglobulin attached to iodine atoms Parafollicular cells (C cells) • Not apart of the follicle; produce calcitonin
- 5. Thyroid hormone is derived from the iodinated thyroglobulin Thyroid hormone (TH) • Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) • T4 = the major hormone secreted by thyroid follicles • T3 = formed at target tissues • Targets all tissues of the body except the adult brain, spleen, testes, uterus, and the thyroid gland itself.
- 6. • Stimulates enzymes involved glucose oxidation • Increase the basal metabolic rate and body heat production calorigenic effect • Enhances protein synthesis and lipid breakdown • Maintains blood pressure • Regulator of tissue growth and development • Critical for normal skeletal and nervous system growth and development • and reproductive capabilities
- 7. Thyroid Follicle: Functional unit of the thyroid gland Normal thyroid gland illustrating the histologic structure, including colloid-filled (C) follicles of varying
- 10. Thyroid is composed of spherical follicles Follicle cells: produce thyroglobulin, the precursor of thryoid hormone (thyroxin) Colloid lumen is of thyroglobulin Parafollicular “C” cells: produce calcitonin 10