THYROID HORMONE.pptx by Subham Panja,Asst. Professor, Department of B.Sc MLT,...Subham Panja
The document summarizes the thyroid gland and its hormones. It discusses that the thyroid gland produces three hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. T4 makes up 90% of hormone production while T3 is 9-10%. The hormones are synthesized from iodine and tyrosine, stored in thyroglobulin vesicles, and released into blood circulation via binding proteins. The hormones act to increase basal metabolic rate and stimulate growth, accelerating protein synthesis and mitochondrial activity in most tissues.
Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are the most frequently ordered endocrine investigations in children and adolescents.
Abnormalities in TFTs can help in diagnosis of primary thyroid disorders (i.e. disorders in which the defect is at the thyroid level) as well as secondary or central thyroid disorders (in which defect is at the pituitary level).
This slideshow gives you a information about hormone thyroid and its clinical activity and molecular mechanism. And also hormone abnormalities and drugs used to treat them .
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism is discussed along with drugs used to overcome those condition.
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 makes up 90% of hormone production while T3 is 9-10%. The gland contains follicles lined with cells that secrete thyroglobulin into the follicular cavity. Iodine is added to thyroglobulin's tyrosine residues to form T4 and T3, which are stored in thyroglobulin vesicles until needed. When secreted into blood, T4 and T3 bind transport proteins while T3 has a faster action time due to weaker binding. The thyroid regulates metabolism through hormone synthesis and secretion.
The thyroid gland secretes three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 is secreted in larger amounts than T3 but T3 has higher biological activity. The thyroid takes up iodine from the bloodstream which is then oxidized and used to iodinate tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin in the follicles. Coupling of iodinated tyrosines produces T4 and T3 which are stored in the follicles bound to thyroglobulin. TSH stimulates release of T4 and T3 into the bloodstream where most is bound to proteins while a small amount is free and biologically active. T4 can be converted to the more active T3 in other tissues
This document summarizes the key aspects of thyroid hormone production and regulation. It describes how the thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) from iodine and the amino acid tyrosine. It also explains how thyroid hormone production and secretion is regulated through a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid itself. Specifically, it details how thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary stimulates the thyroid in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus, and how high thyroid hormone levels inhibit this process.
Thyroid gland anatomy in shorts detailedesharafi1616
The document provides information about the thyroid gland, including its:
- Anatomy and location in the neck.
- Histology, composed of follicles that secrete thyroid hormones like T3 and T4.
- Hormone synthesis process involving iodine uptake and tyrosine iodination.
- Actions of thyroid hormones in increasing metabolism and growth.
- Causes and symptoms of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
Ithyroid gland, functions and clinical correlation .docJonahAchileCaleb
The document summarizes information about the thyroid gland, including its location, structure, hormone production, storage and release, transport, and functions. It also outlines the mechanisms and regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis. The thyroid gland produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones which regulate metabolism and are essential for growth, development, temperature regulation and energy production. The hormones are synthesized within thyroid follicles, stored bound to thyroglobulin, and released into blood circulation in response to thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland.
THYROID HORMONE.pptx by Subham Panja,Asst. Professor, Department of B.Sc MLT,...Subham Panja
The document summarizes the thyroid gland and its hormones. It discusses that the thyroid gland produces three hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. T4 makes up 90% of hormone production while T3 is 9-10%. The hormones are synthesized from iodine and tyrosine, stored in thyroglobulin vesicles, and released into blood circulation via binding proteins. The hormones act to increase basal metabolic rate and stimulate growth, accelerating protein synthesis and mitochondrial activity in most tissues.
Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are the most frequently ordered endocrine investigations in children and adolescents.
Abnormalities in TFTs can help in diagnosis of primary thyroid disorders (i.e. disorders in which the defect is at the thyroid level) as well as secondary or central thyroid disorders (in which defect is at the pituitary level).
This slideshow gives you a information about hormone thyroid and its clinical activity and molecular mechanism. And also hormone abnormalities and drugs used to treat them .
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism is discussed along with drugs used to overcome those condition.
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 makes up 90% of hormone production while T3 is 9-10%. The gland contains follicles lined with cells that secrete thyroglobulin into the follicular cavity. Iodine is added to thyroglobulin's tyrosine residues to form T4 and T3, which are stored in thyroglobulin vesicles until needed. When secreted into blood, T4 and T3 bind transport proteins while T3 has a faster action time due to weaker binding. The thyroid regulates metabolism through hormone synthesis and secretion.
The thyroid gland secretes three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 is secreted in larger amounts than T3 but T3 has higher biological activity. The thyroid takes up iodine from the bloodstream which is then oxidized and used to iodinate tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin in the follicles. Coupling of iodinated tyrosines produces T4 and T3 which are stored in the follicles bound to thyroglobulin. TSH stimulates release of T4 and T3 into the bloodstream where most is bound to proteins while a small amount is free and biologically active. T4 can be converted to the more active T3 in other tissues
This document summarizes the key aspects of thyroid hormone production and regulation. It describes how the thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) from iodine and the amino acid tyrosine. It also explains how thyroid hormone production and secretion is regulated through a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid itself. Specifically, it details how thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary stimulates the thyroid in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus, and how high thyroid hormone levels inhibit this process.
Thyroid gland anatomy in shorts detailedesharafi1616
The document provides information about the thyroid gland, including its:
- Anatomy and location in the neck.
- Histology, composed of follicles that secrete thyroid hormones like T3 and T4.
- Hormone synthesis process involving iodine uptake and tyrosine iodination.
- Actions of thyroid hormones in increasing metabolism and growth.
- Causes and symptoms of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
Ithyroid gland, functions and clinical correlation .docJonahAchileCaleb
The document summarizes information about the thyroid gland, including its location, structure, hormone production, storage and release, transport, and functions. It also outlines the mechanisms and regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis. The thyroid gland produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones which regulate metabolism and are essential for growth, development, temperature regulation and energy production. The hormones are synthesized within thyroid follicles, stored bound to thyroglobulin, and released into blood circulation in response to thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland.
Hormones are chemical messengers that coordinate communication between cells and tissues to maintain homeostasis. The major endocrine glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive glands. Hormones can act through either a fixed membrane receptor mechanism where they bind cell surface receptors and trigger secondary messengers, or a steroid receptor mechanism where they enter cells and bind intracellular receptors to influence gene expression. The thyroid gland produces the hormones T3 and T4 which increase metabolism, growth, and mental processes. Thyroid hormone synthesis is a complex process involving iodine transport, thyroglobulin production, iodination, and hormone
The thyroid gland regulates metabolism by secreting thyroid hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The thyroid takes up iodine from the bloodstream and uses it to produce T4 and T3 by binding iodine to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin inside thyroid follicles. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland controls thyroid function and hormone production. Most thyroid hormones circulate bound to transport proteins like thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) while a small fraction remains free and active. The thyroid and its hormones play a vital role in maintaining normal growth, development, and metabolism throughout the body.
The document discusses the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. Some key points:
- The thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 makes up 90% of thyroid output while T3 is responsible for most tissue actions.
- The thyroid takes up iodine from the bloodstream and uses it to produce T4 and T3 through a process of iodination and coupling of thyroglobulin proteins within its follicles.
- T4 and T3 levels are regulated by a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and thyroid itself. An imbalance can result in hyperthyroidism or hypothyroid
This document summarizes the key aspects of thyroid hormone metabolism. It discusses:
- The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which increase metabolic rate. T4 makes up 93% of secretion but is converted to the more potent T3.
- Iodine is required to form the hormones. It is actively transported into thyroid cells and oxidized to bind to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin.
- Thyroglobulin stores the bound hormones in follicles. Enzymes cleave T4 and T3 from thyroglobulin, which then diffuse into blood vessels.
- Over 99% of T4 and T
The document describes the production and regulation of thyroid hormones. It discusses the anatomy of the thyroid gland and how it synthesizes the hormones T3 and T4 from tyrosine and iodine. TSH, produced by the pituitary, stimulates the thyroid to release more hormones, while thyroid hormones themselves provide negative feedback to decrease TSH production. Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate by stimulating enzymes and mitochondrial activity. Diseases like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism result from insufficient or excessive thyroid hormone levels.
The document discusses the physiology of thyroid and parathyroid hormones. It describes how iodine is required for the formation of thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine within the thyroid gland. The hormones are synthesized from tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, stored in follicles, and released into blood. They increase metabolism and cellular activity by activating gene transcription in tissues. Effects include increased growth, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, basal metabolic rate, blood flow, and heart rate.
The thyroid gland secretes two major hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 makes up 93% of secreted hormones but is converted to the more potent T3 in tissues. Thyroid hormones are synthesized through a process involving iodine uptake, binding of iodine to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin molecules within thyroid follicles, and coupling of iodinated tyrosines to form T4 and T3. Hormones remain stored bound to thyroglobulin until secreted into blood, where they bind transport proteins and are released slowly to target tissues to increase metabolic rate by activating gene transcription.
Thyroid function tests help to determine if your thyroid is not working correctly. If blood levels of thyroid hormone are high, the brain senses this and sends a message to stop producing TSH.
The document discusses the structure and function of the thyroid gland. It describes the gland's lobes and isthmus, as well as the follicles that contain colloid and thyroid hormones like T3 and T4. The process of thyroid hormone production, secretion, and regulation by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is explained in detail. The actions of thyroid hormones on metabolism, growth, and various organ systems are also outlined.
The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which are formed through a process involving iodine trapping, oxidation, tyrosine iodination, and hormone coupling/release from thyroglobulin stored in thyroid follicles. Thyroid hormones increase metabolism, growth, and metabolic processes. Their secretion is regulated through thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) feedback from the pituitary gland. Abnormalities include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The endocrine pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon from beta and alpha cells respectively within pancreatic islets. Insulin regulates glucose metabolism and storage through genomic and non-genomic actions.
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and secretes three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 makes up 90% of thyroid secretion and has a longer half-life than T3. Thyroid hormones are synthesized from iodine and tyrosine in a multi-step process within the thyroid follicular cells and stored bound to thyroglobulin until needed. When secreted into the bloodstream, T4 and T3 are transported bound to thyroxine-binding globulin, prealbumin, and albumin and act to increase the basal metabolic rate and influence protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism.
The thyroid gland secretes two major hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones increase the metabolic rate of the body and are controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. The thyroid traps iodine from the blood and uses it to synthesize T4 and T3 within thyroglobulin follicles. Most secreted hormone is T4, which is later converted to the more potent T3 in tissues. Thyroid hormones increase metabolism, growth, and heart rate by activating nuclear transcription of genes in cells throughout the body. TSH secretion from the pituitary is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hyp
- The thyroid gland is the largest, butterfly-shaped endocrine glands & is located at the base of the neck immediately below the Larynx, on each side of & anterior to the trachea.The thyroid gland consists of two lobes of endocrine tissue (lying on either side of trachea) joined in the middle by a narrow portion of the gland called as the Isthmus.The thyroid has one ofthe highest rates of blood flow per gram of tissue. - In a normal adult male, it weighs 15-20 g but is capable of enormous growth, sometimes achieving a weight of several hundred grams.
The document summarizes thyroid physiology. It discusses that the thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which increase metabolic rate. Thyroid secretion is controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. The thyroid traps iodine from the blood and uses it to synthesize T4 and T3 within thyroglobulin follicles. T4 makes up 93% of secretion and is later converted to the more potent T3 in tissues. Thyroid hormones increase metabolism, growth, and heart rate by activating gene transcription in cells. The hypothalamus controls TSH secretion through thyrotropin-releasing hormone to regulate thyroid
a brief on thyroid gland covering following titles:
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
Regulation
Mechanism of action
Biological function
This document summarizes the physiology of thyroid hormone, including its synthesis in the thyroid gland, mechanisms of action, and physiological effects. Some key points:
- The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which increase metabolic rate and cellular activity in nearly all tissues.
- Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production and is actively transported into thyroid cells via sodium-iodide symporters.
- Within thyroid cells, iodine is oxidized and binds to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin to form T4 and T3, which are stored and later released.
- T4 has a longer half-life
This document summarizes the physiology of thyroid hormone, including its synthesis in the thyroid gland, mechanisms of action, and physiological effects. Some key points:
- The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which increase metabolic rate and cellular activity in nearly all tissues.
- Iodine is actively transported into thyroid cells and oxidized, allowing it to bind to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin within thyroid follicles to form T4 and T3.
- T4 and T3 are stored and later released, entering circulation bound to plasma proteins. They increase metabolic rate by increasing mitochondrial activity and active transport of ions in tissues.
The thyroid gland is a small butterfly-shaped organ located in the front of the neck that produces hormones which control metabolism. There are two main types of thyroid disorders: hypothyroidism, where the gland does not produce enough hormones, and hyperthyroidism, where it produces too much. The thyroid uses iodine to make the hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine, which regulate processes like heart rate, body temperature, and metabolism. When hormone levels are low or high, the pituitary gland communicates with the thyroid to maintain balance.
This is a content made by the students of Pharmacy dept of Comilla University about the Endocrine system, In this you can easily find the glands in out body and their functions. and specific organs which secrete specific hormones for our body. figures are added to make it more convenient. thank you all.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
More Related Content
Similar to Lec-8 Thyroid Hormones and its usage1.pdf
Hormones are chemical messengers that coordinate communication between cells and tissues to maintain homeostasis. The major endocrine glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive glands. Hormones can act through either a fixed membrane receptor mechanism where they bind cell surface receptors and trigger secondary messengers, or a steroid receptor mechanism where they enter cells and bind intracellular receptors to influence gene expression. The thyroid gland produces the hormones T3 and T4 which increase metabolism, growth, and mental processes. Thyroid hormone synthesis is a complex process involving iodine transport, thyroglobulin production, iodination, and hormone
The thyroid gland regulates metabolism by secreting thyroid hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The thyroid takes up iodine from the bloodstream and uses it to produce T4 and T3 by binding iodine to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin inside thyroid follicles. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland controls thyroid function and hormone production. Most thyroid hormones circulate bound to transport proteins like thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) while a small fraction remains free and active. The thyroid and its hormones play a vital role in maintaining normal growth, development, and metabolism throughout the body.
The document discusses the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. Some key points:
- The thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 makes up 90% of thyroid output while T3 is responsible for most tissue actions.
- The thyroid takes up iodine from the bloodstream and uses it to produce T4 and T3 through a process of iodination and coupling of thyroglobulin proteins within its follicles.
- T4 and T3 levels are regulated by a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and thyroid itself. An imbalance can result in hyperthyroidism or hypothyroid
This document summarizes the key aspects of thyroid hormone metabolism. It discusses:
- The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which increase metabolic rate. T4 makes up 93% of secretion but is converted to the more potent T3.
- Iodine is required to form the hormones. It is actively transported into thyroid cells and oxidized to bind to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin.
- Thyroglobulin stores the bound hormones in follicles. Enzymes cleave T4 and T3 from thyroglobulin, which then diffuse into blood vessels.
- Over 99% of T4 and T
The document describes the production and regulation of thyroid hormones. It discusses the anatomy of the thyroid gland and how it synthesizes the hormones T3 and T4 from tyrosine and iodine. TSH, produced by the pituitary, stimulates the thyroid to release more hormones, while thyroid hormones themselves provide negative feedback to decrease TSH production. Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate by stimulating enzymes and mitochondrial activity. Diseases like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism result from insufficient or excessive thyroid hormone levels.
The document discusses the physiology of thyroid and parathyroid hormones. It describes how iodine is required for the formation of thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine within the thyroid gland. The hormones are synthesized from tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, stored in follicles, and released into blood. They increase metabolism and cellular activity by activating gene transcription in tissues. Effects include increased growth, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, basal metabolic rate, blood flow, and heart rate.
The thyroid gland secretes two major hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 makes up 93% of secreted hormones but is converted to the more potent T3 in tissues. Thyroid hormones are synthesized through a process involving iodine uptake, binding of iodine to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin molecules within thyroid follicles, and coupling of iodinated tyrosines to form T4 and T3. Hormones remain stored bound to thyroglobulin until secreted into blood, where they bind transport proteins and are released slowly to target tissues to increase metabolic rate by activating gene transcription.
Thyroid function tests help to determine if your thyroid is not working correctly. If blood levels of thyroid hormone are high, the brain senses this and sends a message to stop producing TSH.
The document discusses the structure and function of the thyroid gland. It describes the gland's lobes and isthmus, as well as the follicles that contain colloid and thyroid hormones like T3 and T4. The process of thyroid hormone production, secretion, and regulation by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is explained in detail. The actions of thyroid hormones on metabolism, growth, and various organ systems are also outlined.
The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which are formed through a process involving iodine trapping, oxidation, tyrosine iodination, and hormone coupling/release from thyroglobulin stored in thyroid follicles. Thyroid hormones increase metabolism, growth, and metabolic processes. Their secretion is regulated through thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) feedback from the pituitary gland. Abnormalities include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The endocrine pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon from beta and alpha cells respectively within pancreatic islets. Insulin regulates glucose metabolism and storage through genomic and non-genomic actions.
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and secretes three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 makes up 90% of thyroid secretion and has a longer half-life than T3. Thyroid hormones are synthesized from iodine and tyrosine in a multi-step process within the thyroid follicular cells and stored bound to thyroglobulin until needed. When secreted into the bloodstream, T4 and T3 are transported bound to thyroxine-binding globulin, prealbumin, and albumin and act to increase the basal metabolic rate and influence protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism.
The thyroid gland secretes two major hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones increase the metabolic rate of the body and are controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. The thyroid traps iodine from the blood and uses it to synthesize T4 and T3 within thyroglobulin follicles. Most secreted hormone is T4, which is later converted to the more potent T3 in tissues. Thyroid hormones increase metabolism, growth, and heart rate by activating nuclear transcription of genes in cells throughout the body. TSH secretion from the pituitary is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the hyp
- The thyroid gland is the largest, butterfly-shaped endocrine glands & is located at the base of the neck immediately below the Larynx, on each side of & anterior to the trachea.The thyroid gland consists of two lobes of endocrine tissue (lying on either side of trachea) joined in the middle by a narrow portion of the gland called as the Isthmus.The thyroid has one ofthe highest rates of blood flow per gram of tissue. - In a normal adult male, it weighs 15-20 g but is capable of enormous growth, sometimes achieving a weight of several hundred grams.
The document summarizes thyroid physiology. It discusses that the thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which increase metabolic rate. Thyroid secretion is controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. The thyroid traps iodine from the blood and uses it to synthesize T4 and T3 within thyroglobulin follicles. T4 makes up 93% of secretion and is later converted to the more potent T3 in tissues. Thyroid hormones increase metabolism, growth, and heart rate by activating gene transcription in cells. The hypothalamus controls TSH secretion through thyrotropin-releasing hormone to regulate thyroid
a brief on thyroid gland covering following titles:
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
Regulation
Mechanism of action
Biological function
This document summarizes the physiology of thyroid hormone, including its synthesis in the thyroid gland, mechanisms of action, and physiological effects. Some key points:
- The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which increase metabolic rate and cellular activity in nearly all tissues.
- Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production and is actively transported into thyroid cells via sodium-iodide symporters.
- Within thyroid cells, iodine is oxidized and binds to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin to form T4 and T3, which are stored and later released.
- T4 has a longer half-life
This document summarizes the physiology of thyroid hormone, including its synthesis in the thyroid gland, mechanisms of action, and physiological effects. Some key points:
- The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which increase metabolic rate and cellular activity in nearly all tissues.
- Iodine is actively transported into thyroid cells and oxidized, allowing it to bind to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin within thyroid follicles to form T4 and T3.
- T4 and T3 are stored and later released, entering circulation bound to plasma proteins. They increase metabolic rate by increasing mitochondrial activity and active transport of ions in tissues.
The thyroid gland is a small butterfly-shaped organ located in the front of the neck that produces hormones which control metabolism. There are two main types of thyroid disorders: hypothyroidism, where the gland does not produce enough hormones, and hyperthyroidism, where it produces too much. The thyroid uses iodine to make the hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine, which regulate processes like heart rate, body temperature, and metabolism. When hormone levels are low or high, the pituitary gland communicates with the thyroid to maintain balance.
This is a content made by the students of Pharmacy dept of Comilla University about the Endocrine system, In this you can easily find the glands in out body and their functions. and specific organs which secrete specific hormones for our body. figures are added to make it more convenient. thank you all.
Similar to Lec-8 Thyroid Hormones and its usage1.pdf (20)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
3. Physiology and Anatomy of The Thyroid Gland
The gland contains many follicles.
• A follicle is a fluid-filled lumen. The lumen contains material called colloid. The
major constituent of colloid is the large glycoprotein thyroglobulin, which
contains the thyroid hormones. Each follicle is lined by cuboidal epithelial cells,
also called the follicular cells.
• There are also extrafollicular hormone-secreting cells, called C cells.
4. • Thyroxine and triiodothyronine profoundly increase the metabolic
rate of the body.
• Complete lack of thyroid secretion usually causes the basal metabolic
rate to fall 40% to 50% below normal, and extreme excesses of
thyroid secretion can increase the basal metabolic rate to 60% to
100% above normal.
• The functions of these two hormones are qualitatively the same, but
they differ in rapidity and intensity of action.
Follicular cells require about 50 milligrams Iodine a year, or 1mg / week to
form normal quantities of thyroxine.
➢ Thyroxine (T4): made in follicle
➢ Triiodothyronine (T3): made in follicle
➢ Calcitonin: made by C cells
Hormones Produced in the thyroid
5. SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONES
1. Thyroglobulin Synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in the follicular cells of thyroid
gland synthesize and secrete thyroglobulin. Thyroglobulin molecule is a
large glycoprotein containing molecules of amino acid tyrosine. After
synthesis, thyroglobulin is stored in the follicle.
2. Iodide Trapping
Iodide is actively transported from blood into follicular cell, by sodium-
iodide symporter pump. The energy for transporting Iodide is provided by
the Na+-K+ ATPase pump.
This process of concentrating the iodide in the cell is called iodide trapping.
In a normal gland, the iodide pump concentrates the iodide to about 30
times its concentration in the blood.
It occurs in some stages.
6. 3. Oxidation of Iodide
Iodide must be oxidized to elementary iodine. The oxidation of iodide into
iodine occurs inside the follicular cells in the presence of thyroid
peroxidase, which is located in the apical membrane of the cell thus
providing the oxidized iodine at exactly the point in the cell where the
thyroglobulin molecule enters the colloid.
4. Transport of Iodine into Follicular Cavity
From the follicular cells, iodine is transported into the follicular
cavity by an iodide-chloride pump called pendrin.
7. 5. Iodination of Tyrosine and Coupling Reactions
Iodine is transported from follicular cells into the follicular lumen,
where it binds with thyroglobulin. This process is called organification of
thyroglobulin.
Combination of iodine with tyrosine is known as iodination. It takes place in
thyroglobulin.
Iodine (I) combines with tyrosine, which is already present in thyroglobulin.
Iodination of tyrosine occurs in several stages.
Tyrosine is iodized first into monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and later into
diiodotyrosine (DIT). MIT and DIT get coupled with one another. The
coupling occurs in different configurations, to give rise to different thyroid
hormones.
Tyrosine + I = Monoiodotyrosine (MIT)
MIT + I = Di-iodotyrosine (DIT)
DIT + MIT = Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
MIT + DIT = Reverse T3
DIT + DIT = Tetraiodothyronine or Thyroxine (T4)
8. RELEASE OF THYROID HORMONES FROM THE THYROID
GLAND
Thyroglobulin itself is not released into the bloodstream.
The hormones are first cleaved from thyroglobulin and released into the
blood.
1. Follicular cell sends foot-like extensions called pseudopods, which close
around the thyroglobulin-hormone complex.
2. Pseudopods convert thyroglobulin-hormone complex into small pinocytic
vesicles.
3. Then, lysosomes of the cell fuse with these vesicles.
4. Digestive enzymes such as proteinases present in lysosomes digest
(proteolysis) the thyroglobulin and release the hormones.
5. The hormones diffuse through base of the follicular cell and enter the
capillaries.
6. Only T3 and T4 are released into the blood.
7. MIT and DIT are not released into blood. These residues are deiodinated
by an enzyme called iodotyrosine deiodinase, resulting in the release of
iodine.
9. Thyroid Hormone Synthesis & Secretion
Each thyroglobulin molecule contains 140 molecules of tyrosine. T3 and T4 are
breakdown products of thyroglobulin
10. TRANSPORT OF THYROXINE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE
TO TISSUES
• Upon entering the blood, the thyroxine and triiodothyronine combines
immediately with several of the plasma proteins.
• Then the thyroid hormones are released to the tissue cells slowly.
• Upon entering the tissue cells, the hormones again bind with
intracellular proteins.
• In the target tissue cells, they are again stored and are used slowly over a
period of days or weeks.
• The thyroid hormones therefore have a slow onset and long duration of
action probably due to their binding with proteins both in the plasma and
in the tissue cells, followed by their slow release.
12. • Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) readily diffuse through
the cell membrane.
• Much of the T4 is deiodinated to form T3 as thyroid hormone
receptors have a high affinity for T3.
• T3 interacts with the thyroid hormone receptor, bound as a
heterodimer with a retinoid X receptor, on the thyroid hormone
response element of the target genes.
• This causes either increases or decreases in transcription of target
genes that lead to formation of new proteins.
• Therefore, great numbers of protein enzymes, structural proteins,
transport proteins, and other substances are synthesized in the
almost all the cells.
• Most of the actions of thyroid hormone result from the
subsequent enzymatic and other functions of these new proteins
to cause a generalized increase in functional activity throughout
the body.
Thyroid hormone activation of target cells
13. REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE SECRETION
• To maintain normal levels of metabolic activity in the body,
precisely the right amount of thyroid hormones must be secreted at
all times.
• To achieve this ideal level of secretion, specific feedback
mechanisms operate through the hypothalamus and anterior
pituitary gland to control the rate of thyroid secretion.
• Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), also known as thyrotropin,
is an anterior pituitary hormone. It increases secretion of thyroxine
and triiodothyronine.
• Secretion of TSH from the Anterior pituitary is controlled by a
hypothalamic hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),
which is synthesized by neurons of the hypothalamus and secreted
from their nerve endings in the pituitary stalk. From here, TRH is
then transported to the anterior pituitary by way of the
hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood.
14. Figure 77-7: Regulation of thyroid secretion. T3, triiodothyronine; T4, thyroxine.
REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE SECRETION