The document discusses various topics related to solid waste management. It begins by describing different types of solid waste including biodegradable waste, recyclable materials, inert waste, composite wastes, and domestic hazardous waste. It then discusses the functional elements of solid waste management such as waste generation, collection, handling, separation and processing, transfer and transport, disposal, and energy generation from waste. The document also covers topics like biodegradable waste, food waste, construction waste, biogas, the waste hierarchy and 3R concept of reduce, reuse and recycle, and provides examples of reducing, reusing and recycling waste.
Soil pollution is caused by unplanned dumping of waste without separation, mineral exploration, and harmful agricultural practices. There are three main types of solid waste: municipal, industrial, and biomedical. Municipal solid waste consists of everyday trash from households and has increased dramatically in India from 6 million tons in 1947 to 48 million tons in 1997. More than 25% of cities lack waste collection and proper landfills. Landfills are commonly used for waste disposal but can contaminate groundwater and produce methane, while properly designed sanitary landfills and composting provide more environmentally friendly alternatives.
The document discusses various types of waste and waste management methods. It describes hazardous waste as highly toxic waste and non-hazardous waste as other municipal and household waste. Various disposal methods are discussed, including landfills, incineration, recycling, biological reprocessing, and energy recovery from waste.
Solid waste management including mordern and trditional techniquesHarshit Gupta
Solid waste management involves the collection, transportation, and disposal of solid waste in a systematic way. Wastes can be categorized based on their source and type, such as municipal, industrial, agricultural, medical, and electronic wastes. Common solid waste management methods include open dumping, landfilling, composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, and recycling/reuse. Each method has advantages and disadvantages in terms of environmental impact, cost, and practicality. Proper waste management is important to reduce pollution and allow for more sustainable practices.
Human activities generate solid waste that pollutes the environment if not properly managed. Solid waste can be classified into categories like food waste, rubbish, agricultural waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, and construction debris. The main sources are domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks. Effective control methods include waste reduction, collection, disposal through methods like composting and landfilling, and waste utilization.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It begins with a brief history of waste management from pre-modern to modern times. It then defines key terms related to solid waste and classifications of different types of solid waste. The document discusses the public health importance of solid waste management and factors to consider for solid waste disposal methods. It also covers topics like waste storage, collection, transportation, and different disposal methods including compositing, incineration, and landfilling.
The document discusses various topics related to waste management including:
- The meaning of waste management and different types of waste such as solid, liquid, hazardous, organic, and recyclable.
- Sources of waste like municipal, medical, agricultural, industrial, and electronic sources.
- Methods of waste disposal including landfilling, incineration, recycling, composting, and energy recovery from waste.
- The importance of sustainability and resource recovery in modern waste management practices.
Any material that is discarded ,useless or unwanted is considered as waste
Waste management is the collection, transport , processing, recycling or disposal and monitoring of waste materials
Municipal solid waste contains a wide variety of materials from both domestic and commercial sources. As India's urban population grows, the amount of municipal solid waste generated is projected to increase dramatically. Effective management of municipal solid waste involves reducing, recycling, composting, landfilling, and converting waste to energy. Current waste management practices in most Indian cities are unsustainable and will need to incorporate more stakeholder participation going forward.
Soil pollution is caused by unplanned dumping of waste without separation, mineral exploration, and harmful agricultural practices. There are three main types of solid waste: municipal, industrial, and biomedical. Municipal solid waste consists of everyday trash from households and has increased dramatically in India from 6 million tons in 1947 to 48 million tons in 1997. More than 25% of cities lack waste collection and proper landfills. Landfills are commonly used for waste disposal but can contaminate groundwater and produce methane, while properly designed sanitary landfills and composting provide more environmentally friendly alternatives.
The document discusses various types of waste and waste management methods. It describes hazardous waste as highly toxic waste and non-hazardous waste as other municipal and household waste. Various disposal methods are discussed, including landfills, incineration, recycling, biological reprocessing, and energy recovery from waste.
Solid waste management including mordern and trditional techniquesHarshit Gupta
Solid waste management involves the collection, transportation, and disposal of solid waste in a systematic way. Wastes can be categorized based on their source and type, such as municipal, industrial, agricultural, medical, and electronic wastes. Common solid waste management methods include open dumping, landfilling, composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, and recycling/reuse. Each method has advantages and disadvantages in terms of environmental impact, cost, and practicality. Proper waste management is important to reduce pollution and allow for more sustainable practices.
Human activities generate solid waste that pollutes the environment if not properly managed. Solid waste can be classified into categories like food waste, rubbish, agricultural waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, and construction debris. The main sources are domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks. Effective control methods include waste reduction, collection, disposal through methods like composting and landfilling, and waste utilization.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It begins with a brief history of waste management from pre-modern to modern times. It then defines key terms related to solid waste and classifications of different types of solid waste. The document discusses the public health importance of solid waste management and factors to consider for solid waste disposal methods. It also covers topics like waste storage, collection, transportation, and different disposal methods including compositing, incineration, and landfilling.
The document discusses various topics related to waste management including:
- The meaning of waste management and different types of waste such as solid, liquid, hazardous, organic, and recyclable.
- Sources of waste like municipal, medical, agricultural, industrial, and electronic sources.
- Methods of waste disposal including landfilling, incineration, recycling, composting, and energy recovery from waste.
- The importance of sustainability and resource recovery in modern waste management practices.
Any material that is discarded ,useless or unwanted is considered as waste
Waste management is the collection, transport , processing, recycling or disposal and monitoring of waste materials
Municipal solid waste contains a wide variety of materials from both domestic and commercial sources. As India's urban population grows, the amount of municipal solid waste generated is projected to increase dramatically. Effective management of municipal solid waste involves reducing, recycling, composting, landfilling, and converting waste to energy. Current waste management practices in most Indian cities are unsustainable and will need to incorporate more stakeholder participation going forward.
This document discusses municipal solid waste management. It defines municipal solid waste and provides classifications. It describes the different types of waste generated from domestic, commercial, industrial, construction and other sources. The key methods of municipal solid waste treatment discussed are composting, incineration, landfilling and recycling. It provides details on collection and transportation of waste as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different treatment and disposal methods.
SWM-STORAGE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION - Copy.pptxirappapujari
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines key terms related to solid waste and its management. It describes the composition, characteristics, and sources of solid waste in India. The major methods used for treatment and disposal of solid waste in India are composting, incineration, and landfilling. It provides details on the processes involved in each method and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The document also covers solid waste collection methods and challenges related to solid waste management in India.
This document discusses different types of waste and solid waste management in Pakistan. It defines various waste streams and their impacts. Municipal solid waste in Pakistan cities largely consists of paper, food, and plastics. Collection rates are low at 50% or less of total waste generated. There is no proper integrated management system and open dumping is common. Improved regulations, public awareness, and private sector involvement are needed for better solid waste handling.
This document discusses different types of waste and waste management methods. It defines waste and classifies it as biodegradable and non-biodegradable. The main sources of waste are identified as industrial, commercial, domestic, and agricultural. Common waste disposal methods are then outlined, including landfilling, incineration, biogas generation, composting, waste compaction, and vermicomposting. Each method is briefly described in terms of the process and environmental impacts.
Municipal solid waste management has evolved significantly over time. Early cities simply threw waste into streets, while now collection, processing, recycling and disposal are integrated. Sources of municipal solid waste include homes, businesses and some industrial sites, excluding hazardous, construction, sewage or agricultural waste. Waste is classified as wet (food) or dry (plastics, paper). Management strategies include reducing waste, recycling materials like metal and glass, and disposing of remaining waste through sanitary landfills or incineration. Vermicomposting is a natural alternative that uses worms to break down organic waste into nutrient-rich soil.
Solid waste includes municipal garbage, industrial waste, sewage sludge, agricultural waste, and mining residues. It can be solid, liquid, or gas. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act aims to safely manage waste to protect human health and the environment. Methods of managing solid waste include reducing waste production, recycling and composting, combustion, and landfilling. Hazardous waste requires special disposal in secure, lined landfills.
Non Hazardous waste management technologies-environmental biotechnologykanimozhisornalingam
Non Hazardous waste management technologies
Non-hazardous waste is any type of industrial waste cannot be added to a dumpster or sewage line.
It includes paper, wood, plastics, glass, metals, and chemicals, as well as other materials generated by industrial, commercial, agricultural, and residential sources.
Even though these wastes are not defined as hazardous, improper management of them poses significant risks to environment and human health.
Therefore, the handling, transport, and disposal of nonhazardous wastes is regulated by the government, largely at the state and local level.
Agricultural wastes are made up primarily of organic-based wastes, such as livestock manure, urine, and bedding material.
Construction and demolition (C&D) debris is a non-hazardous waste stream generated from the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings, roads, and bridges.
Medical waste attracted widespread attention in the mid-1980s
Sources are health care facilities, medical research facilities, veterinary clinics, and medical laboratories.
The EPA included a list of six wastes deemed "special wastes" and exempted them from classification as hazardous wastes until further studies could be conducted.
Cement kiln dust, wastes generated FROM production of crude oil, natural gas, and geothermal energy.
Landfills are areas where MSW waste is placed into and onto the land.
Even though some landfilled organic wastes will decompose, many of the wastes in MSW are not biodegradable.
Landfills provide a centralized location in which these wastes can be contained.
A new approach is offered in bioreactor landfills—landfills in which moisture is purposely added to accelerate biodegradation.
The document provides an overview of the history and concepts of solid waste management. It discusses the stages of waste disposal from the industrial revolution period through modern concepts of industrial ecology. Methods of waste management covered include reduce, reuse, recycling, composting, incineration, open dumping, and sanitary landfilling. The composition of municipal solid waste and integrated waste management approaches combining various treatment and disposal options are also summarized.
1) Solid waste is defined as any discarded material including garbage, construction debris, commercial refuse, and other materials from industrial, commercial, residential, and agricultural sources.
2) Solid waste is classified into different types including nuclear waste, thermal waste, plastic waste, bio-medical waste, agricultural waste, domestic waste, and e-waste.
3) The solid waste management hierarchy focuses on reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. Reducing waste makes it smaller or less in amount while reuse involves using items for longer and recycling reprocesses materials to be used elsewhere.
This ppt explains about Waste, Types of Waste, Waste Management, Solid Waste, Classification, Solid Waste Management, Hazardous Waste Types, Factors affecting generation of waste, Traditional methods of waste collection and disposal
Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous. Solid waste includes household garbage and industrial hazardous waste. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks through disease transmission and pollution. The 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle aims to lessen waste. Common waste disposal methods include landfilling, incineration, compaction, biogas generation from organic materials, and composting of organic matter to produce manure. Proper waste handling and treatment helps protect public health and the environment.
The document discusses municipal solid waste (MSW) management. It covers topics like waste segregation, the 3R approach (reduce, reuse, recycle), and the production and recycling processes. The 3Rs - reducing waste generation, reusing items to prevent them from becoming waste, and recycling materials that can't be reused - provide the basis for comprehensive MSW management. Segregating waste into wet and dry categories enables different treatment methods like composting and recycling. The recycling process involves collection, sorting, processing, manufacturing, and marketing of recycled materials.
The document discusses different types of waste - liquid, solid, hazardous, organic, recyclable - and sources of waste including municipal, medical, agricultural, industrial, construction/demolition, and electronic sources. It also discusses methods of waste disposal such as incineration, landfilling, and construction waste treatment including using public fill areas and landfills. Management of construction waste in India faces challenges due to limited landfill capacity being reached in the 2020s.
This document summarizes information about solid waste management. It defines different types of solid waste like municipal, biomedical, industrial, agricultural, and e-waste. It describes the sources and classification of solid waste. It discusses the impacts of solid waste on health. It outlines the processes involved in solid waste management like storage, collection, transport, and different disposal methods like landfilling and incineration. It introduces the concepts of reduce, reuse, and recycle (3Rs) and discusses aspects of recycling and composting municipal solid waste. The document emphasizes the need for proper solid waste management practices.
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, and disposal of solid waste. Improper management of solid waste can spread diseases and contaminate the environment. There are various methods for collecting, processing, and disposing of solid waste, including composting, incineration, recycling, and landfilling. E-waste is a growing problem and needs proper segregation and recycling of materials like iron, copper, plastics, and glass to reduce environmental impacts.
Solid waste includes any garbage, refuse, sludge and other discarded materials. It is classified as municipal waste, hazardous waste, and bio-medical waste. Municipal waste consists of household waste and waste from streets. Hazardous waste is toxic, reactive, corrosive or infectious. Bio-medical waste is generated during diagnosis, treatment or testing of humans or animals. Common methods of disposal include landfilling, incineration, composting, and recycling. Improper disposal of solid waste can pollute water sources and produce harmful gases. Proper solutions involve composting organic waste, recycling, and choosing more environmentally-friendly products.
This document provides an overview of a waste management course. It includes the names and student IDs of 5 students enrolled in the course. It then discusses what constitutes waste and how it is generated from various sources. The main types of waste are identified as municipal solid waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, hazardous waste, and medical waste. Further details are provided on industrial waste, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, and integrated solid waste management. The importance of waste characterization is discussed. Various properties of solid waste like density, moisture content, and particle size are also described.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
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The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
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This document discusses municipal solid waste management. It defines municipal solid waste and provides classifications. It describes the different types of waste generated from domestic, commercial, industrial, construction and other sources. The key methods of municipal solid waste treatment discussed are composting, incineration, landfilling and recycling. It provides details on collection and transportation of waste as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different treatment and disposal methods.
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This document discusses solid waste management. It defines key terms related to solid waste and its management. It describes the composition, characteristics, and sources of solid waste in India. The major methods used for treatment and disposal of solid waste in India are composting, incineration, and landfilling. It provides details on the processes involved in each method and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The document also covers solid waste collection methods and challenges related to solid waste management in India.
This document discusses different types of waste and solid waste management in Pakistan. It defines various waste streams and their impacts. Municipal solid waste in Pakistan cities largely consists of paper, food, and plastics. Collection rates are low at 50% or less of total waste generated. There is no proper integrated management system and open dumping is common. Improved regulations, public awareness, and private sector involvement are needed for better solid waste handling.
This document discusses different types of waste and waste management methods. It defines waste and classifies it as biodegradable and non-biodegradable. The main sources of waste are identified as industrial, commercial, domestic, and agricultural. Common waste disposal methods are then outlined, including landfilling, incineration, biogas generation, composting, waste compaction, and vermicomposting. Each method is briefly described in terms of the process and environmental impacts.
Municipal solid waste management has evolved significantly over time. Early cities simply threw waste into streets, while now collection, processing, recycling and disposal are integrated. Sources of municipal solid waste include homes, businesses and some industrial sites, excluding hazardous, construction, sewage or agricultural waste. Waste is classified as wet (food) or dry (plastics, paper). Management strategies include reducing waste, recycling materials like metal and glass, and disposing of remaining waste through sanitary landfills or incineration. Vermicomposting is a natural alternative that uses worms to break down organic waste into nutrient-rich soil.
Solid waste includes municipal garbage, industrial waste, sewage sludge, agricultural waste, and mining residues. It can be solid, liquid, or gas. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act aims to safely manage waste to protect human health and the environment. Methods of managing solid waste include reducing waste production, recycling and composting, combustion, and landfilling. Hazardous waste requires special disposal in secure, lined landfills.
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Non Hazardous waste management technologies
Non-hazardous waste is any type of industrial waste cannot be added to a dumpster or sewage line.
It includes paper, wood, plastics, glass, metals, and chemicals, as well as other materials generated by industrial, commercial, agricultural, and residential sources.
Even though these wastes are not defined as hazardous, improper management of them poses significant risks to environment and human health.
Therefore, the handling, transport, and disposal of nonhazardous wastes is regulated by the government, largely at the state and local level.
Agricultural wastes are made up primarily of organic-based wastes, such as livestock manure, urine, and bedding material.
Construction and demolition (C&D) debris is a non-hazardous waste stream generated from the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings, roads, and bridges.
Medical waste attracted widespread attention in the mid-1980s
Sources are health care facilities, medical research facilities, veterinary clinics, and medical laboratories.
The EPA included a list of six wastes deemed "special wastes" and exempted them from classification as hazardous wastes until further studies could be conducted.
Cement kiln dust, wastes generated FROM production of crude oil, natural gas, and geothermal energy.
Landfills are areas where MSW waste is placed into and onto the land.
Even though some landfilled organic wastes will decompose, many of the wastes in MSW are not biodegradable.
Landfills provide a centralized location in which these wastes can be contained.
A new approach is offered in bioreactor landfills—landfills in which moisture is purposely added to accelerate biodegradation.
The document provides an overview of the history and concepts of solid waste management. It discusses the stages of waste disposal from the industrial revolution period through modern concepts of industrial ecology. Methods of waste management covered include reduce, reuse, recycling, composting, incineration, open dumping, and sanitary landfilling. The composition of municipal solid waste and integrated waste management approaches combining various treatment and disposal options are also summarized.
1) Solid waste is defined as any discarded material including garbage, construction debris, commercial refuse, and other materials from industrial, commercial, residential, and agricultural sources.
2) Solid waste is classified into different types including nuclear waste, thermal waste, plastic waste, bio-medical waste, agricultural waste, domestic waste, and e-waste.
3) The solid waste management hierarchy focuses on reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. Reducing waste makes it smaller or less in amount while reuse involves using items for longer and recycling reprocesses materials to be used elsewhere.
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Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous. Solid waste includes household garbage and industrial hazardous waste. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks through disease transmission and pollution. The 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle aims to lessen waste. Common waste disposal methods include landfilling, incineration, compaction, biogas generation from organic materials, and composting of organic matter to produce manure. Proper waste handling and treatment helps protect public health and the environment.
The document discusses municipal solid waste (MSW) management. It covers topics like waste segregation, the 3R approach (reduce, reuse, recycle), and the production and recycling processes. The 3Rs - reducing waste generation, reusing items to prevent them from becoming waste, and recycling materials that can't be reused - provide the basis for comprehensive MSW management. Segregating waste into wet and dry categories enables different treatment methods like composting and recycling. The recycling process involves collection, sorting, processing, manufacturing, and marketing of recycled materials.
The document discusses different types of waste - liquid, solid, hazardous, organic, recyclable - and sources of waste including municipal, medical, agricultural, industrial, construction/demolition, and electronic sources. It also discusses methods of waste disposal such as incineration, landfilling, and construction waste treatment including using public fill areas and landfills. Management of construction waste in India faces challenges due to limited landfill capacity being reached in the 2020s.
This document summarizes information about solid waste management. It defines different types of solid waste like municipal, biomedical, industrial, agricultural, and e-waste. It describes the sources and classification of solid waste. It discusses the impacts of solid waste on health. It outlines the processes involved in solid waste management like storage, collection, transport, and different disposal methods like landfilling and incineration. It introduces the concepts of reduce, reuse, and recycle (3Rs) and discusses aspects of recycling and composting municipal solid waste. The document emphasizes the need for proper solid waste management practices.
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, and disposal of solid waste. Improper management of solid waste can spread diseases and contaminate the environment. There are various methods for collecting, processing, and disposing of solid waste, including composting, incineration, recycling, and landfilling. E-waste is a growing problem and needs proper segregation and recycling of materials like iron, copper, plastics, and glass to reduce environmental impacts.
Solid waste includes any garbage, refuse, sludge and other discarded materials. It is classified as municipal waste, hazardous waste, and bio-medical waste. Municipal waste consists of household waste and waste from streets. Hazardous waste is toxic, reactive, corrosive or infectious. Bio-medical waste is generated during diagnosis, treatment or testing of humans or animals. Common methods of disposal include landfilling, incineration, composting, and recycling. Improper disposal of solid waste can pollute water sources and produce harmful gases. Proper solutions involve composting organic waste, recycling, and choosing more environmentally-friendly products.
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2. SOLID WASTE
Types of waste:
Biodegradable waste: food and kichen waste, green waste, paper (can be recycled);
Recyclable material: paper, glass bottles, cans, metals, certain plastics, etc.;
Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris;
Composite wastes: waste closing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics such as toys;
Domestic hazardous waste (household hazardous waste) & toxic waste :
• medication,
• e-waste,
• paints,
• chemicals,
• light bulbs,
• fluorescent tubes,
• spray cans,
• fertilizer and pesticide and containers,
• batteries,
• shoe polish materials.
2
5
3. Waste is solid substances generated as a result of human activities, and, being no longer
of value for the respective economic, physiological or technological process, are
removed from it.
Solid waste in a broader sense is understood as any household, industrial and
agricultural materials that have been used up.
Since such waste accumulates in the territories managed by municipalities responsible
for its removal and storage, it is termed ‘municipal solid waste’.
SOLID WASTE
As other of the municipal solid waste are:
ash
generated in thermal
or electric power
plants
sludge from
wastewater treatment
plants
animal
farm waste
gangue rocks
3
5
from mineral
extraction
Sometimes these types of waste require separate sectors in landfills.
5. BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
Biodegradable waste is a type of waste, typically
originating from plant or animal sources, which may be
degraded by other living organisms.
Waste that cannot be broken down by other living
organisms are called non-biodegradable.
Biodegradable waste can be commonly found in
municipal solid waste (sometimes called biodegradable
municipal waste, or BMW) as green waste, food waste,
paper waste, and biodegradable plastics.
Other biodegradable wastes include human waste,
manure, sewage, sloughterhouse waste.
In the absence of oxygen much of this waste will decay
to methane by anaerobic digestion.
5
6. BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
Biodegradable waste can often be used for
composting or must doubtless be a resource for
heat, electricity and fuel.
This produces additional biogas and still delivers
the compost for the soil. It might be a fully
developed system and produced millions Kwh of
electricity.
The oldest of the companies own lorries has
achieved 1.000.000 kilometes driven with biogas
from household waste in the last 15 years.
6
7. BIOGAS
Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic
matter in the absence of oxygen. Organic waste such as dead plant and animal
material, animal dung, and kitchen waste can be converted into a gaseous fuel
called biogas. Biogas originates from biogenic material and is a type of biofuel.
Biogas comprises primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have
small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and moisture.
The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide can be combusted or oxidized
with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel.
Biogas can be used as a fuel in any country for any heating purpose, such as
cooking. It can also be used in anaerobic digesters where it is typically used in a
gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.
Biogas can be compressed, much like natural gas, and used to power motor vehicles.
In the UK, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around
17% of vehicle fuel.
Biogas is a renewable fuel, so it qualifies for renewable energy subsidies in some
parts of the world. Biogas can also be cleaned and upgraded to natural gas
standards when it becomes biomethane.
7
9. GREEN
WASTE
11
Green waste is biodegradable waste that can be composed of garden or park waste1, such as grass or flower
cuttings and hedge (dzīvžoga) trimmings, as well as domestic and commercial food waste. The
differentiation green identifies it as high in nitrogen, as opposed to brown waste, which is primarily
carbonaceous.
Green waste is often collected in municipal curbside collection schemes or through private waste
management contractor businesses and subject to independent audit.
10. FOOD WASTE
Food waste or food loss is food that is discarded or lost uneaten. As of 2011, 1.3 billion tons of food, about one
third of the global food production, are lost or wasted annually. Loss and wastage occurs on all steps in the food
supply chain. In low-income countries most loss occurs during production, while in developed countries much
food – about 100 kilograms per person and year – is wasted at the consumption stage.
Apples (Granny Smith variety) are among the most wasted
foods in the UK - 190,000 tonnes per year are thrown a1w2ay
.
Limiting food wastage has seen the adoption of former WWI and II slogans.
11. FOOD LOSS AND WASTE
Food loss and waste per person
and year
Total, kg
At the production
and retail
stages, kg
By consumers,
kg
Europe 280 190 90
North America and Oceania 295 185 110
Industrialized Asia 240 160 80
Subsaharan Africa 160 155 5
North Africa, West and Central Asia 215 180 35
South and Southeast Asia 125 110 15
Latin America 225 200 25
Food loss measures the decrease in edible food mass (excluding inedible parts and seed),
that is, loss at the production, postharvest and processing stages. This definition of loss
includes biomass originally meant for human consumption but eventually used for some
other purpose, such as fuel or animal feed.
Food waste are food losses occurring during the retail and final consumption stage due to
the behaviour of retailers and consumers – that is, the throwing away of food.
11
12. CONSTRUCTION WASTE
Construction waste consists of unwanted material produced directly or
incidentally by the construction or industries.
This includes building materials such as insulation, nails, electrical
wiring, as well as waste originating from site preparation such as
dredging (bagarētie) materials, tree stumps, and rubble.
Construction waste may contain lead, asbestos, or other hazardous
substances.
Much building waste is made up of materials such as bricks, concrete
and wood damaged or unused for various reasons during
construction.
Observational research has shown that this can be as high as 10 to 15
% of the materials that go into a building, a much higher
percentage than the 2.5-5 % usually assumed by quantity surveyors
and the construction industry.
Since considerable variability exists between construction sites, there
is much opportunity for reducing this waste.
12
13. CONSTRUCTION WASTE
Certain components of construction waste such as plasterboards are
hazardous once landfilled. Plasterboard is broken down in landfill
conditions releasing hydrogen sulphide, a toxic gas.
There is the potential to recycle many elements of construction waste.
Often roll-off containers are used to transport the waste. Rubble
can be crushed and reused in construction projects. Waste wood
can also be recovered and recycled.
Government or local authorities often make rules about how much
waste should be sorted before it is hauled away to landfills or other
waste treatment facilities.
Some hazardous materials may not be moved, before the authorities
have ascertained that safety guidelines and restrictions have been
followed.
Among their concerns would be the proper handling and disposal of
such toxic elements as lead, asbestos or radioactive materials.
13
14. CONSTRUCTION WASTE
16
Polyurethane insulator material marked for
removal of the construction site. This
material is quite wasteful and
alternatives as compressed straw could
be better used instead.
15. THE FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE
Waste generation - encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no
longer being of value and are either thrown out or gathered together for disposal.
Collection - the functional element of collection includes not only the gathering of
solid waste and recyclable materials, but also the transport of these materials, after
collection, to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied. This location
may be a materials processing facility, a transfer station or a landfill disposal site.
Waste handling and separation, storage and processing at the source - involves
activities associated with waste management until the waste is placed in storage
containers for collection. Handling also encompasses the movement of loaded
containers to the point of collection. Separating different types of waste
components is an important step in the handling and storage of solid waste at the
source.
Separation and processing and transformation of solid wastes - the types of
means and facilities that are now used for the recovery of waste materials that
have been separated at the source include curbside collection, drop off and buy
back centers. The separation and processing of wastes that have been separated at
the source and the separation of commingled wastes usually occur at a materials
recovery facility, transfer stations, combustion facilities and disposal sites.
15
16. THE FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE
Transfer and transport - this element involves two main steps. First, the waste is
transferred from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport equipment. The
waste is then transported, usually over long distances, to a processing or disposal
site.
Disposal - today, the disposal of wastes by land filling or land spreading is the
ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and
transported directly to a landfill site, residual materials from material recovery
facilities, residue from the combustion of solid waste, compost, or other
substances from various solid waste processing facilities.
A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is an engineered facility used for
disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public
health or safety, such as the breeding of insects and the contamination of ground
water.
Energy generation - municipal solid waste can be used to generate energy. Several
technologies have been developed that make the processing for energy generation
cleaner and more economical than ever before, including landfill gas capture,
combustion, pyrolysis, gasification.
16
17. WASTE MANAGEMENT
The aim of sustainable waste management is to reduce waste
formation and to use resources more efficiently and rationally,
ensuring that the waste of one sector is used as a raw material
in another sector.
It is estimated that the amount of solid waste per capita is around
500 kilograms per year. However, this fi gure may vary greatly
in diff erent cities and seasons.
Disposal of solid waste or waste incineration ash in sanitary
polygons can endanger groundwater or surface water sources.
Therefore, the construction of sanitary polygons has to be
planned very carefully, and their operation has to be strictly
monitored in order to prevent groundwater pollution.
17
19. WASTE MANAGEMENT 3R CONCEPT
The waste hierarchy refers to the 3 (or 4) R’s of reduce, reuse,
recycle, (recovery) which classify waste management strategies
according to their desirability.
The R’s are meant to be a hierarchy, in order of importance.
However in Europe the waste hierarchy has 5 steps: reduce,
reuse, recycle, recovery, and disposal.
The waste hierarchy has taken many forms over the past decade,
but the basic concept has remained the cornerstone of most waste
minimisation strategies.
The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum
practical benefits from products and to generate the
minimum amount of waste.
Some waste management experts have recently incorporated a
additional R: "Re-think", with the implied meaning that the
present system may have fundamental flaws, and that a
thoroughly effective system of waste management may need an
entirely new way of looking at waste.
Source reduction involves efforts to reduce hazardous waste and
other materials by modifying industrial production.
Source reduction methods involve changes in manufacturing
technology, raw material inputs, and product formulation.
At times, the term "pollution prevention" may refer to source
reduction.
19
20. REDUCE
Waste minimisation is the process and the policy of reducing the amount of waste
produced by a person or a society.
Waste minimisation involves efforts to minimise resource and energy use during
manufacture. For the same commercial output, usually the fewer materials are used,
the less waste is produced.
Waste minimisation usually requires knowledge of the production process, cradle-
to-grave analysis (the tracking of materials from their extraction to their return to
earth) and detailed knowledge of the composition of the waste.
The main sources of waste vary from country to country. In the UK, most waste
comes from the construction and demolition of buildings, followed by mining
and quarrying, industry and commerce. Household waste constitutes a relatively
small proportion of all waste. Reasons for the creation of waste sometimes
include requirements in the supply chain.
In the waste hierarchy, the most effective approaches to managing waste are at the
top. In contrast to waste minimisation, waste management focuses on processing
waste after it is created, concentrating on re-use, recycling, and waste-to-energy
conversion.
20
21. REDUCE
In industries, using more efficient manufacturing processes and better materials will
generally reduce the production of waste. The application of waste minimisation
techniques has led to the development of innovative and commercially
successful replacement products. Waste minimisation has proven benefits to
industry and the wider environment.
Waste minimisation often requires investment, which is usually compensated by the
savings. However, waste reduction in one part of the production process may
create waste production in another part.
There are government incentives for waste minimisation, which focus on the
environmental benefits of adopting waste minimisation strategies. In the UK,
several pilot schemes such as The Catalyst Project and the Dee Waste
Minimisation Project, have shown the efficacy of such policies.
Fourteen companies in Merseyside (a metropolitan county in North West England
took part in the Catalyst Project; the project generated overall savings of £9
million and landfill waste was reduced by 12,000 tonnes per year.
21
22. REDUCE
PROCESSES
RESOURCE OPTIMISATION - Minimising the amount of waste produced by
organisations or individuals goes hand-in-hand with optimising their use of raw
materials. For example, a dressmaker may arrange pattern pieces on a length of fabric in
a particular way to enable the garment to be cut out from the smallest area of fabric.
REUSE OF SCRAPS MATERIAL - Scraps can be immediately re-incorporated at the
beginning of the manufacturing line so that they do not become a waste product. Many
industries routinely do this; for example, paper mills return any damaged rolls to the
beginning of the production line, and in the manufacture of plastic items, off-cuts and
scrap are re-incorporated into new products.
IMPROVED QUALITY CONTROLAND PROCESS MONITORING - Steps can be
taken to ensure that the number of reject batches is kept to a minimum. This is achieved
by increasing the frequency of inspection and the number of points of inspection. For
example, installing automated continuous monitoring equipment can help to identify
production problems at an early stage.
WASTE EXCHANGES - This is where the waste product of one process becomes the raw
material for a second process. Waste exchanges represent another way of reducing waste
disposal volumes for waste that cannot be eliminated.
SHIP TO POINT OF USE - This involves making deliveries of incoming raw materials or
components direct to the point where they are assembled or used in the manufacturing
process to minimise handling and the use of protective wrappings or enclosures.
22
23. REUSE
To reuse is to use an item more than once. This includes conventional reuse
where the item is used again for the same function, and new-life reuse where
it is used for a different function. In contrast, recycling is the breaking down
of the used item into raw materials which are used to make new items.
By taking useful products and exchanging them, without reprocessing, reuse
help save time, money, energy, and resources. In broader economic terms,
reuse offers quality products to people and organizations with limited means,
while generating jobs and business activity that contribute to the economy.
Historically, financial motivation was one of the main drivers of reuse. In the
developing world this driver can lead to very high levels of reuse, however
rising wages and consequent consumer demand for the convenience of
disposable products has made the reuse of low value items such as packaging
uneconomic in richer countries, leading to the demise of many reuse
programs.
Current environmental awareness is gradually changing attitudes and
regulations, such as the new packaging regulations, are gradually beginning
to reverse the situation.
One example of conventional reuse is the doorstep delivery of milk in refillable
bottles; other examples include the retreading of tires and the use of
returnable/reusable plastic boxes, shipping containers, instead of single-use
corrugated (rievots) fiberboard boxes.
23
24. Tires, bottles and cans as building materials
REUSE
26
An electric wire reel reused as a center table in
a Rio de Janeiro fair
Reusable glass bottles collected in Bishkek Kyrgyzstan.
Deposit values (0.5-2 Kyrgyz som) are posted next to
the sample bottles on the rack
25. RECYCLING
Recycling of materials and substances contained in solid waste is very simple in
theory but extremely hard in practice. People have always collected utilisable
and valuable materials (e.g. metals) from waste and used them in industry
because it is cheaper than extracting them from raw materials.
It is also useful to separate cheap materials from waste because they still have
some value (old newspapers to produce pulp and new paper) or it is inconvenient
to throw them away (bottles).
Economic reasons are decisive for the reuse of materials. For the time being, to
produce glass from natural raw materials is cheaper than from discarded, used
glass, and using glass chippings to replace stones in the road or street
construction consumes much more energy.
In many countries regulations require sorting waste at the source. Residents need to
sort waste into such types as food scraps, paper, ash and glass.
There are some ISO standards relating to recycling such as ISO 15270:2008 for plastics waste
and ISO 14001: 2004 for environmental management control of recycling practice as well as
EU directives.
27
26. RECYCLING
2
28
8
Publicity photo for US aluminium salvage campaign in 1942
Early sorting of recyclable materials: glass and plastic bottles in Poland
Sign at Tamil Nandi, India
Recycling and rubbish bin in
a railway station, Germany
27. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF RECYCLING
Material Energy savings Air pollution savings
Aluminium 95 % 95 %
Cardboard 24 % —
Glass 5 - 30 % 20 %
Paper 40 % 73 %
Plastics 70 % —
Steel 60 % —
27
31. The weigh bridge is the two part platform over which trucks are driven. The upper works is
auxiliary equipment for leveling the load in the truck and is not part of the scale. This scale
uses electronic measuring equipment.
33
33. LANDFILLING
35
Landfill operation. The area being filled is a single, well-defined "cell" and a
rubberized landfill liner is in place to prevent contamination by leachates
migrating downward through the underlying geological formation.
46. AUSTRUMLATG ALES
(iedz.sk. 111 tūkst.)
Sadzīves atkritumu apsaimniekošanas reģionālie projekti un to statuss
(2005.gads)
ZIEMEĻVIDZEMES
(iedz.sk. 190 tūkst.)
VENTSPILS
(iedz.sk. 58 tūkst.) PIEJŪRAS MALIENAS
(iedz.sk. 159 tūkst.) (iedz.sk. 92 tūkst.)
RĪGA
DIENVIDLATGALES
(iedz.sk. 229 tūkst.)
ZEMGALES
(iedz.sk. 195 tūkst.)
VIDUSKUR ZEM ES
(iedz.sk. 74 tūkst.)
LIEPĀJAS
(iedz.sk. 132 tūkst.) VIDUSDAUGAVAS
(iedz.sk. 132 tūkst.)
Ieviesti projekti
Projektiem apstiprināts finansējums
EK iesniegts projekts
Sagatavošanā esošie projekti
46
48. Incineration plant
Incineration is a waste treatment process that
involves the combustion of organic substances
contained in waste materials.
Incineration and other high temperature waste
treatment systems are described as “thermal
treatment” .
Incineration of waste materials converts the
waste into ash, flue gas, and heat.
The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic
constituents of the waste, and may take the form
of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue
gas.
The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and
particulate pollutants before they are dispersed
into the atmosphere.
In some cases, the heat generated by incineration
can be used to generate generate electric power.
The Spittelau incineration plant in Vienna,
designed by Friedensreich Hundertwasser
50
49. SYSAV incineration plant in
Malmo, Sweden capable of
handling 25 metric tons per
hour household waste.
To the left of the main stack, a
new identical oven line is
under construction.
49
51. 53
Alarge compost pile that is steaming with the
heat generated by thermophilic microorganisms.
Composting organisms require four
equally important things to work
effectively:
Carbon — for energy; the microbial
oxidation of carbon produces the
heat, if included at suggested levels.
High carbon materials tend to be
brown and dry.
Nitrogen — to grow and reproduce
more organisms to oxidize the
carbon.
High nitrogen materials tend to
be green (or colorful, such as
fruits and vegetables) and wet.[7]
Oxygen — for oxidizing the carbon,
the decomposition process.
Water — in the right amounts to
maintain activity without causing
anaerobic conditions.
52. Compost
Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil
amendment. Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming. At its most essential, the process
of composting requires simply piling up waste outdoors and waiting for the materials to break
down from anywhere between 5-6 weeks or even more.
Modern, methodical composting is a multi-step, closely monitored process with measured
inputs of water, air and carbon- and nitrogen-rich materials. The decomposition process is
aided by shredding the plant matter, adding water and ensuring proper aeration by regularly
turning the mixture. Worms and fungi further break up the material.
Aerobic bacteria manage the chemical process by converting the inputs into heat, carbon
dioxide and ammonium. The ammonium is further converted by bacteria into plant-nourishing
nitrites and nitrates through the process of nitrification.
Compost can be rich in nutrients. It is used in gardens, landscaping, and agriculture. The
compost itself is beneficial for the land in many ways, including as a soil conditioner, a
fertilizer, addition of vital humus or humic acids, and as a natural pesticide for soil.
In ecosystems, compost is useful for erosion control, land and stream reclamation, wetland
construction, and as landfill cover. Organic ingredients intended for composting can
alternatively be used to generate biogas through anaerobic digestion.
Anaerobic digestion is fast overtaking composting in some parts of the world including
central Europe as a primary means of downcycling waste organic matter.
52