(1) Particle accelerators are used to study elementary particles by accelerating particles to very high speeds, allowing researchers to probe the interior of nuclei. Major particle accelerator facilities include CERN and Fermilab. (2) The four fundamental forces in nature are the electromagnetic force, weak nuclear force, strong nuclear force, and gravitational force. (3) Antiparticles are particles with the same mass but opposite properties like charge from their corresponding particles. When a particle and its antiparticle collide, they annihilate each other and their mass is converted to energy according to Einstein's mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc2.

1. PHYSICS 3
Handout/Homework on Elementary particles.
Name:
Class No.
YrlSection:
Date:
Reference:
Chapter 32 of Giancoti
Chapter 46 of Serway
PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
(1) Discuss the role of particte acceterators in the study
of etementary partictes. why do particles need
to have very high speeds in order to probe the interior or nucieii
(2) cite laboratories/ research institutes which have particte
acceterators.
FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES
(3) Enumerate the four fundamental forces in nature.
To better perceive how force can act over. a distance,
without contact, Faraday introduced the
idea of a fietd. The force that one.charged particte exerts
on a secono can be said to be due to the
electric fietd set up bv the.first. simitariy, the magneti. ri"ta;;;';#';;#d;'riragnetic
It is atso known that etectromagnetic radialion can be ionsidereo force.
as either a wave or as a
cottection of particles catled photons. -Because o{ this *uuu purillte_duatity,
the etectromagnetic force between charged particles is due
it is possibte to imagine that
to tnl rm rieta set up by one and fett by the
other to an exchange of photons betweei them. ln other
words, the photon can be ihought of as the
mediator particte for the electromagnetic force.
*,:lrif:*"Tl:*,Ir,1Y::1i:lltl lfgre ousf!to be a particre that mediates the force.
II?J",f}?^,?:1.:|"^]:t]:9i:!:dtohaveu,ii'-int"i,"o.it".ffi#H#1.i".:tffi
proton and was therefore catted
, which means',in the middte,,. ln the search for the
the predicted value but does h^+ :-!^--^1 strongty
thp nrprlirtarl vrlrra hrrt .t^^- not interact -r- iliJ i. ;,;U'ri,iil;T,"j,llio,",o
n"i", i' r'" ;,;:,:';,;ruT l"j,lli"*,
i,'"
with mattei wls orscovered. This particte was calted
_.Th.eYukawapartic[ewasfina[tyfoundin194iandwascal[ed
rece.nt theory of quantum chromodynamics, . The
however, n"i l-"ptu.ed mesons with as the basic
carriers of this force.
(9) Enumerate the partictes presumed to mediate
the weak nuctear force.
(10) what is the quantum of the gravitational
force, which has not yet been identified/detected?
ANTIPARTICLES
(11) What is an antiparticte?
(12) when a particle encounter@ each other.
(13) What happens to the energy of theii vanished mass?
CONSERVATION LAWS
conservation laws such as. that of energy, momentum,
precisety in att particte interactions. angular momentum, and charge, are found to hotd
a-siuJv of particie in't"ru.iion, has revealed number
conservation laws. a of new
(14) Cite two of such laws.

2. PHYSICS 3
Handout/Homework on Elementary particles.
31II-',.-q !.Asst FtcAno N AND Dt sI Ncfl oN
l!t!i!!g!!e{tsego l: riu up ur-eiatt"..
(21) Differentiate between
baryons and mesons in terms
of baryon #.
referred to as strange partictes.
Ifl#."J,"t.1?:il:tft what is so strange about these particres?
cite
Particte Ctassification
(J!) What are quarks?
3l
j:,T "ra.te th e r rsTIIffiEf
(3o)Differentiate
I I
betwee; ;iiyffi'fi; mE"* i, terms of quarks.
(31) What is the fourtt
in nature? (since there
nrf",n*id:1ffi:lT#"'i;:il:i,iJ:3:;:1,:l};i:'::.:lymmetry
::Iffi
ii?1jlrilr;"J:iflbely:;;
(33 )rhe distinction
#;t:i'i;:3:;:1':1$#"i,:tllry are4
Yuar^:'
iiJ rii' q lhis
l||,rftl:::,.,ry:rjj qrirri. is the term used to refer
to
Jlll f,E:ll tin r,*J'hourmany corors?
;i ili"'ffi i, m;rerred
Hi
(:0)griefly@
ro as qua n tu m ch romodynam ics?