The document discusses Pakistan's energy sector, including electricity generation, fuel sources, consumption patterns, and key challenges. It notes that thermal sources currently have the largest share of electricity generation, while reliance on natural gas is declining. Circular debt in the energy sector, where consumers, distributors, and the government have delayed payments, has grown substantially in recent years. The government is working to resolve this issue and diversify Pakistan's energy mix through increasing renewable sources like hydropower and nuclear energy.
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's energy sector. It discusses Pakistan's energy mix, including reliance on thermal sources like coal and natural gas as well as increasing renewable energy sources. It outlines details on electricity generation capacity and consumption trends. It also summarizes initiatives by regulatory authorities and provides details on specific energy sectors like oil, gas, liquefied natural gas, nuclear and renewable energy. It concludes by discussing private investment in renewable energy projects.
This document summarizes Bangladesh's energy policy. It discusses domestic energy resources, indicators of energy usage including fuel mixes and energy security, energy intensity, policy instruments introduced, and governmental plans to change energy policy. Key points include reliance on biomass, low per capita electricity access and generation, a growing energy demand-supply gap, plans to increase domestic gas and coal production and import LNG and coal to boost supply and ensure energy security. Renewables like solar and wind are being promoted but make up a small portion of energy usage currently.
This report provides an overview and analysis of Vietnam's energy sector. It finds that energy demand is surging as the economy grows rapidly. Coal currently makes up 35% of primary energy supply but renewable energy sources accounted for over 50% in 2000. The environment is significantly impacted by the growing use of fossil fuels. Energy imports are rising as Vietnam shifts from an energy exporter to importer. Electricity demand is projected to grow 8% annually, requiring major new generation capacity. Renewable energy development strategies aim to increase renewable energy's share of power generation. Energy efficiency presents large untapped potential to reduce emissions and energy imports. Biomass is also an underutilized domestic energy source that could substitute for coal.
The document discusses energy issues facing Pakistan's economy. It notes that energy plays a vital role in economic development but demand has increased rapidly due to economic growth, population rise, and technology. Current high global energy prices resulting from the Russian-Ukraine war are significantly impacting commodity prices and contributing to inflation. Pakistan faces challenges like a growing circular debt problem in its energy sector and increasing reliance on imported LNG due to declining domestic natural gas reserves. The country also relies heavily on imported coal and oil to meet energy needs.
This document discusses the links between climate change and Bangladesh's energy sector. It notes that fossil fuel use for energy contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Bangladesh has one of the lowest per capita energy consumption and carbon emissions rates in the world. However, it faces major energy security challenges including intermittent power supply and lack of generation capacity. Climate change is exacerbating these issues by increasing energy demand for cooling and irrigation. It can also impact energy infrastructure and resources through more extreme weather. The document aims to increase understanding of these links to better incorporate climate change into Bangladesh's energy policies and strategies.
PATHWAYS TO DECARBONISATION – MODELLING TAMIL NADU’S POWER SECTOR DECARBONISA...AurovilleConsulting
Tamil Nadu’s electricity demand is expected to increase year on year, and so are the sector’s absolute carbon dioxide emissions. Considering India’s commitments under the United Nations Framework Climate Change Convention, and the recent announcement of targeting net zero carbon by 2070, Tamil Nadu will require a long-term strategy to reduce its emissions. This may start with establishing sector-specific emission inventories, followed by sector-specific emission target setting.
The power sector is deemed to be one of the sectors easiest to decarbonise. One of the first steps for putting in place a decarbonisation strategy is target setting. This report assumes a net-zero carbon target for the Tamil Nadu power sector by 2050. It applies the Sectoral Decarbonisation Approach (SDA) of the Science Based Target (SBT) model to simulate decarbonisation pathways that are in line with the goals of the Paris agreement – limiting global warming well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels (ETP B2DS) and pursuing efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C (SBT 1.5°C) respectively.
In this paper, we undertake the following steps:
1) Projecting the electricity generation for the upcoming years along with the corresponding emissions.
2) Setting targets for the emissions based on the Science Based Targets (SBT).
3) Comparing various scenario planning models for decarbonising the electricity sector of Tamil Nadu.
One of the opportunity costs of civilization is
increase in the amount of consumption of energy per
capita per year. Many alternative sources of energy
are still being researched and tested but technologies
are continually being developed and enhanced to
improve energy sources
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's energy sector. It discusses Pakistan's energy mix, including reliance on thermal sources like coal and natural gas as well as increasing renewable energy sources. It outlines details on electricity generation capacity and consumption trends. It also summarizes initiatives by regulatory authorities and provides details on specific energy sectors like oil, gas, liquefied natural gas, nuclear and renewable energy. It concludes by discussing private investment in renewable energy projects.
This document summarizes Bangladesh's energy policy. It discusses domestic energy resources, indicators of energy usage including fuel mixes and energy security, energy intensity, policy instruments introduced, and governmental plans to change energy policy. Key points include reliance on biomass, low per capita electricity access and generation, a growing energy demand-supply gap, plans to increase domestic gas and coal production and import LNG and coal to boost supply and ensure energy security. Renewables like solar and wind are being promoted but make up a small portion of energy usage currently.
This report provides an overview and analysis of Vietnam's energy sector. It finds that energy demand is surging as the economy grows rapidly. Coal currently makes up 35% of primary energy supply but renewable energy sources accounted for over 50% in 2000. The environment is significantly impacted by the growing use of fossil fuels. Energy imports are rising as Vietnam shifts from an energy exporter to importer. Electricity demand is projected to grow 8% annually, requiring major new generation capacity. Renewable energy development strategies aim to increase renewable energy's share of power generation. Energy efficiency presents large untapped potential to reduce emissions and energy imports. Biomass is also an underutilized domestic energy source that could substitute for coal.
The document discusses energy issues facing Pakistan's economy. It notes that energy plays a vital role in economic development but demand has increased rapidly due to economic growth, population rise, and technology. Current high global energy prices resulting from the Russian-Ukraine war are significantly impacting commodity prices and contributing to inflation. Pakistan faces challenges like a growing circular debt problem in its energy sector and increasing reliance on imported LNG due to declining domestic natural gas reserves. The country also relies heavily on imported coal and oil to meet energy needs.
This document discusses the links between climate change and Bangladesh's energy sector. It notes that fossil fuel use for energy contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Bangladesh has one of the lowest per capita energy consumption and carbon emissions rates in the world. However, it faces major energy security challenges including intermittent power supply and lack of generation capacity. Climate change is exacerbating these issues by increasing energy demand for cooling and irrigation. It can also impact energy infrastructure and resources through more extreme weather. The document aims to increase understanding of these links to better incorporate climate change into Bangladesh's energy policies and strategies.
PATHWAYS TO DECARBONISATION – MODELLING TAMIL NADU’S POWER SECTOR DECARBONISA...AurovilleConsulting
Tamil Nadu’s electricity demand is expected to increase year on year, and so are the sector’s absolute carbon dioxide emissions. Considering India’s commitments under the United Nations Framework Climate Change Convention, and the recent announcement of targeting net zero carbon by 2070, Tamil Nadu will require a long-term strategy to reduce its emissions. This may start with establishing sector-specific emission inventories, followed by sector-specific emission target setting.
The power sector is deemed to be one of the sectors easiest to decarbonise. One of the first steps for putting in place a decarbonisation strategy is target setting. This report assumes a net-zero carbon target for the Tamil Nadu power sector by 2050. It applies the Sectoral Decarbonisation Approach (SDA) of the Science Based Target (SBT) model to simulate decarbonisation pathways that are in line with the goals of the Paris agreement – limiting global warming well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels (ETP B2DS) and pursuing efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C (SBT 1.5°C) respectively.
In this paper, we undertake the following steps:
1) Projecting the electricity generation for the upcoming years along with the corresponding emissions.
2) Setting targets for the emissions based on the Science Based Targets (SBT).
3) Comparing various scenario planning models for decarbonising the electricity sector of Tamil Nadu.
One of the opportunity costs of civilization is
increase in the amount of consumption of energy per
capita per year. Many alternative sources of energy
are still being researched and tested but technologies
are continually being developed and enhanced to
improve energy sources
The document discusses India's energy sector and provides details on various energy sources like renewable energy, non-renewable energy, coal, oil and gas. It summarizes the key points of the National Energy Policy which aims for energy independence through rationalization of costs and subsidies while boosting renewable energy. The policy targets installing 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 and transitioning from coal to clean energy. It also outlines India's expected energy needs and scenarios for 2040 with electricity demand rising 4.5 times and clean energy sources accounting for 13.5% of production compared to 78% from coal, oil and gas.
The document discusses the function and process of thermal power plants. Coal is the most common fuel used in thermal power plants. Coal is burned to heat water and create steam, which spins turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. The steam is then cooled and recycled to repeat the process. Thermal power plants in Pakistan are located in major cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Quetta. A future non-conventional thermal plant is being built in Thar to use local coal reserves through gasification. Key factors for locating thermal plants include availability of fuel, land for operations and disposal of ash byproduct.
22PESGM3738 Policy Support in Power Sector - Added Role of Renewable Energy.pptxSUBRATAMUKHOPADHYAY9
This article details about the policy support requirement in aid of Renewable Energy Development for more utilization to bring down the cost and eventually lead the transition to replace Conventional Sources supplying electricity.
Summary of NETR Published by PWC - Sep 2023WeiCongTan4
The National Energy Transition Roadmap document provides a summary of Malaysia's plan to transition its energy system, including establishing targets and identifying flagship projects. The plan aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels while capitalizing on opportunities in renewable energy and the green economy. Key parts of the plan include setting a target for 70% renewable energy by 2050, phasing out coal, and identifying six transition levers and ten catalyst projects to help meet emission reduction and economic development goals. The transition is estimated to require up to RM1.85 trillion in financing by 2050 across various initiatives including renewable energy installations, energy efficiency, and grid modernization.
World energy demand is projected to increase 45% by 2030, with coal accounting for over a third of the rise. This level of growth in coal is unsustainable. Turkey's current energy profile relies heavily on thermal sources like coal, gas, and oil to generate electricity. However, Turkey has abundant renewable resources like solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal. The cost of solar power is decreasing and it is projected to reach grid parity within a few years without subsidies. For Turkey to meet its growing energy needs sustainably, it will need to incentivize investment in renewable sources like solar to take advantage of its resources.
Energy Management through Bio-gas Based Electricity Generation System during ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The scarcity of energy especially electrical energy is an acute problem and hinders the modern
economic development of a country. Most of the time only a small percentage of peoples have access to
use continuous electricity supply. But in this modern era, all types of arena like economies, households
and companies have extensive demand for electricity which is due to industrializat ion, extensive
urbanization, population growth, rising standard of living and modernization of the agricultural sector of a
country. Electricity generation from bio-gas plant through cowdungs of a dairy firm can mitigate the
electricity demand to some extends in rural areas, where biogas plant will act act as a backup supply
especially during load shedding. This research paper proposed an electricity generation system from bio -
gas, which can work as a secondary source of the electricity for all electrical appliances of a particular area
in a cost effective manner.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides an executive summary of Indonesia's energy transition progress and challenges. Some key points:
1) Indonesia's energy security is threatened by the global energy crisis as fossil fuel prices rise, though subsidies have helped. Renewable energy growth has slowed despite targets.
2) Demand for energy is declining through efficiency gains but renewable supply remains low due to investment barriers. Green hydrogen development has also begun.
3) The government aims to ensure domestic coal supply for power but schemes could prolong coal use against climate goals. Some fossil fuel firms are expanding into renewables but focus remains on core businesses.
4) Power sector transformation is progressing slowly with new policies enabling earlier coal plant retirement if renewable energy
The document discusses India's history of solar energy policies from the 1970s to present. Early policies focused on rural electrification but saw limited success due to high fossil fuel availability and solar technology immaturity. The Electricity Act of 2003 and National Electricity Policy of 2005 emphasized renewable energy. Key subsequent policies included the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, which set targets to ramp up solar power capacity to 20,000 MW by 2022 through various incentives and programs. The document outlines the goals and implementation of the Mission's first phase from 2009-2013, which included the development of 1000 MW of large solar plants and 100 MW of rooftop solar projects.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
This document discusses Pakistan's energy sector. It notes that Pakistan faces energy deficiencies despite having natural resources. The two main power suppliers are WAPDA and KE. Pakistan's total installed capacity is around 37,000 MW but demand is around 25,000 MW. The government is promoting renewable energy sources like solar and wind to meet its goal of 30% renewable energy by 2030. Current renewable capacity is only around 1,100 MW. The primary energy sources in Pakistan are gas, oil, hydro, and coal.
During the last COP events (COP 26 and COP 27) India stepped up its climate ambitions and announced a goal of reaching net-zero by the year 2070. More specifically its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) includes to achieve about 50 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.
In December 2022 Tamil Nadu launched its own Climate Change Mission. Its goals include the development of strategies to cut emissions by using green and renewable energy. This complements an earlier announcement by the State Government, that it aims to add an additional 20 GW of solar energy by the year 2030.
More recently, in March 2023, the Tamil Nadu Governments announced that it will target that 50% of all energy will be sourced from renewable energy sources. If the state where to meet this target it would firmly establish itself as a climate leader on the national and international stage. Further, Tamil Nadu aspires to be a leading export state and as there is increasing international supply chain pressures for industries to reduce their carbon emissions accelerating the transition towards a renewable energy can help its industries to stay competitive in a decarbonizing world. An accelerated energy transition will also promote Tamil Nadu as an attractive location for industries.
In FY 2021-22 the total energy generated was 1,17,553 million units (MU). Renewable energy, this is solar, wind, bioenergy, and hydro, accounted for a 22% of the total energy generation in FY 2021-22. Coal power with a share of 70% is the single largest energy sources. This total energy generation can be subdivided into two parts, (i) energy procured by TANGEDCO and (ii) energy under Open Access. TANGEDCO accounted for 83% or 97,297 MU of energy in FY 2021-22. Whereas the remaining 17% of 20,266 MU are on account of Open Access.
Interestingly TANGEDO procured only 16% of its energy from renewables. Whereas 52% of all energy under Open Access is RE. 51% of all energy procured by TANGEDCO came from either TANGEDCO owned or Centra owned coal power plants. The actual share of coal power may be higher as there is 24% of energy that was sourced under the category ‘Short term and others’ and this may primarily be coal power.
To meet the 2030 RE target an additional 60,637 MU of RE will need to be generated in 2030. This represents approximately an addition of 28 GW of wind energy capacity or a 32 GW of solar energy capacity and means that in the next six years starting with FY 2023-24 approximately 4.80– 5.50 GW of renewable energy capacity needs to go on-grid. The average annual RE capacity addition in Tamil Nadu from 2018 to 2023 was 1.21 GW.
Meeting the 50% RE target will require a concerted effort by all major power sector institutions and players including the distribution licensee, the Electricity Regulatory Commission, the Energy Department, Independent Power producers and the consumers/prosumers.
THE FUTURE OF ENERGY REQUIRED FOR BRAZIL.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present what the future would require for the production and consumption of energy in Brazil based on the use of clean and renewable energy. To avoid the catastrophic future that is predicted for humanity resulting from global warming, it is imperative, among other measures, to reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases by replacing the current global energy matrix based fundamentally on fossil fuels (oil , coal and natural gas) by another global energy matrix structured based on renewable energy resources (hydroelectricity, biomass, solar energy, wind energy and hydrogen). In Brazil, the Ministry of Mines and Energy prepared the National Energy Plan 2050 (PNE 2050) in 2020, which does not adopt measures capable of preventing the emission of greenhouse gases in both the electricity and oil sectors.
India has been increasing its reliance on imported fossil fuels to meet growing energy demand, straining natural resources and creating fuel security issues. Renewable energy sources like wind and solar are well-suited to address these problems. Government policies have promoted renewable energy development through incentives and initiatives like the National Solar Mission. Wind is currently the leading renewable technology in India, with solar power also experiencing significant growth in recent years due to favorable policies. The state of Karnataka has high renewable energy potential but also suffers from substantial power deficits, making it an important market for further renewable development.
This document provides an overview of Bangladesh's energy sector, including its main sources of energy like natural gas, petroleum, coal, and electricity. Natural gas plays an important role in Bangladesh's economy and is used for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. While gas production and electricity generation have increased over time, demand continues to outpace supply. Bangladesh relies heavily on natural gas but reserves are only sufficient until 2021, so alternatives will need to be developed. The electricity sector has also expanded generation capacity in recent years through both public and private sector investments, but aging infrastructure and gas shortages have prevented peak capacity from being reached. Petroleum production is low so Bangladesh imports most of its oil needs.
Modern Energy Transport - Country Analysis IndiaAdityaDesai77
The document discusses India's modern energy transport and distribution system. It provides statistics on India's installed energy capacity and energy supply from 1947-2018, showing increasing reliance on coal and growth in renewable energy sources like solar and wind. Charts depict rising electricity production, with coal as the dominant source and rapid growth of renewables from 1990-2014. The document outlines India's plans to significantly expand renewable capacity and reduce coal's share by 2027. It describes India's national grid and ongoing upgrades to accommodate increasing electricity demand and integrate more renewable sources.
Waste heat recovery dynamics an analogy of electricity generation & emiss...Arya Jena
This blog concentrates on discussing the untapped energy potential in waste heat recovery in Industries in India. And it's potential benefits in achieving energy efficiency, negawatt (Negative Watt) capacity addition and positive impact on the environment.
The document is a report by the Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency (UREDA) on the impact of the Energy Conservation Act 2001 in Uttarakhand state and initiatives taken by the government, utilities, and other organizations. It discusses India's energy status and the need for conservation. It outlines Uttarakhand's policies for renewable energy and activities by UREDA, Uttarakhand Power Corporation Ltd., and other groups to promote awareness, conduct audits, and support implementation of the Energy Conservation Building Code. It also provides details on training programs, events, and publicity efforts carried out in the state.
The document summarizes energy consumption and production trends in Pakistan from 1996-1997 to 2006-2007. Some key points:
- Energy consumption grew faster in non-OECD countries like China and South Asia (3.0% annually) than in OECD countries (1.0%) from 1996-1997 to 2005-2006.
- Primary energy supplies in Pakistan increased 4.3% from 55.5 MTOE in 2004-2005 to 57.9 MTOE in 2005-2006. Natural gas accounted for 50.4% of supplies and oil 28.4%.
- Electricity generation capacity was 19,440 MW in July-March 2006-2007. WAPDA generated 63,
The demand of energy is dramatically increased nowadays and the demand either can renewable or non renewable depends on the drawbacks. Hence, non renewable energies show the better performance where the limitations are comprisable very few and environmental friendly. Already developed countries are being used renewable energies as the main sources of energy to produce electricity where it proved the less easy and more benefits. However, non renewable energies such as natural gas, gas generator and so on still have been producing more and more electricity and this amount is around 10 times more than renewable energies especially developing countries like Bangladesh. This paper is being discussed the importance of renewable energies and non renewable energies to produce electricity, comparing the different countries electricity production and the using sources. Here analysis the data of different power plants in Bangladesh and the types of fuel, CO2 emission and electricity production. In additionally, Gazipur district has been selected to show the power consumption factories with the cost analysis in selected fuel types.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
The document discusses India's energy sector and provides details on various energy sources like renewable energy, non-renewable energy, coal, oil and gas. It summarizes the key points of the National Energy Policy which aims for energy independence through rationalization of costs and subsidies while boosting renewable energy. The policy targets installing 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 and transitioning from coal to clean energy. It also outlines India's expected energy needs and scenarios for 2040 with electricity demand rising 4.5 times and clean energy sources accounting for 13.5% of production compared to 78% from coal, oil and gas.
The document discusses the function and process of thermal power plants. Coal is the most common fuel used in thermal power plants. Coal is burned to heat water and create steam, which spins turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. The steam is then cooled and recycled to repeat the process. Thermal power plants in Pakistan are located in major cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Quetta. A future non-conventional thermal plant is being built in Thar to use local coal reserves through gasification. Key factors for locating thermal plants include availability of fuel, land for operations and disposal of ash byproduct.
22PESGM3738 Policy Support in Power Sector - Added Role of Renewable Energy.pptxSUBRATAMUKHOPADHYAY9
This article details about the policy support requirement in aid of Renewable Energy Development for more utilization to bring down the cost and eventually lead the transition to replace Conventional Sources supplying electricity.
Summary of NETR Published by PWC - Sep 2023WeiCongTan4
The National Energy Transition Roadmap document provides a summary of Malaysia's plan to transition its energy system, including establishing targets and identifying flagship projects. The plan aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels while capitalizing on opportunities in renewable energy and the green economy. Key parts of the plan include setting a target for 70% renewable energy by 2050, phasing out coal, and identifying six transition levers and ten catalyst projects to help meet emission reduction and economic development goals. The transition is estimated to require up to RM1.85 trillion in financing by 2050 across various initiatives including renewable energy installations, energy efficiency, and grid modernization.
World energy demand is projected to increase 45% by 2030, with coal accounting for over a third of the rise. This level of growth in coal is unsustainable. Turkey's current energy profile relies heavily on thermal sources like coal, gas, and oil to generate electricity. However, Turkey has abundant renewable resources like solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal. The cost of solar power is decreasing and it is projected to reach grid parity within a few years without subsidies. For Turkey to meet its growing energy needs sustainably, it will need to incentivize investment in renewable sources like solar to take advantage of its resources.
Energy Management through Bio-gas Based Electricity Generation System during ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The scarcity of energy especially electrical energy is an acute problem and hinders the modern
economic development of a country. Most of the time only a small percentage of peoples have access to
use continuous electricity supply. But in this modern era, all types of arena like economies, households
and companies have extensive demand for electricity which is due to industrializat ion, extensive
urbanization, population growth, rising standard of living and modernization of the agricultural sector of a
country. Electricity generation from bio-gas plant through cowdungs of a dairy firm can mitigate the
electricity demand to some extends in rural areas, where biogas plant will act act as a backup supply
especially during load shedding. This research paper proposed an electricity generation system from bio -
gas, which can work as a secondary source of the electricity for all electrical appliances of a particular area
in a cost effective manner.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides an executive summary of Indonesia's energy transition progress and challenges. Some key points:
1) Indonesia's energy security is threatened by the global energy crisis as fossil fuel prices rise, though subsidies have helped. Renewable energy growth has slowed despite targets.
2) Demand for energy is declining through efficiency gains but renewable supply remains low due to investment barriers. Green hydrogen development has also begun.
3) The government aims to ensure domestic coal supply for power but schemes could prolong coal use against climate goals. Some fossil fuel firms are expanding into renewables but focus remains on core businesses.
4) Power sector transformation is progressing slowly with new policies enabling earlier coal plant retirement if renewable energy
The document discusses India's history of solar energy policies from the 1970s to present. Early policies focused on rural electrification but saw limited success due to high fossil fuel availability and solar technology immaturity. The Electricity Act of 2003 and National Electricity Policy of 2005 emphasized renewable energy. Key subsequent policies included the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, which set targets to ramp up solar power capacity to 20,000 MW by 2022 through various incentives and programs. The document outlines the goals and implementation of the Mission's first phase from 2009-2013, which included the development of 1000 MW of large solar plants and 100 MW of rooftop solar projects.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
This document discusses Pakistan's energy sector. It notes that Pakistan faces energy deficiencies despite having natural resources. The two main power suppliers are WAPDA and KE. Pakistan's total installed capacity is around 37,000 MW but demand is around 25,000 MW. The government is promoting renewable energy sources like solar and wind to meet its goal of 30% renewable energy by 2030. Current renewable capacity is only around 1,100 MW. The primary energy sources in Pakistan are gas, oil, hydro, and coal.
During the last COP events (COP 26 and COP 27) India stepped up its climate ambitions and announced a goal of reaching net-zero by the year 2070. More specifically its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) includes to achieve about 50 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.
In December 2022 Tamil Nadu launched its own Climate Change Mission. Its goals include the development of strategies to cut emissions by using green and renewable energy. This complements an earlier announcement by the State Government, that it aims to add an additional 20 GW of solar energy by the year 2030.
More recently, in March 2023, the Tamil Nadu Governments announced that it will target that 50% of all energy will be sourced from renewable energy sources. If the state where to meet this target it would firmly establish itself as a climate leader on the national and international stage. Further, Tamil Nadu aspires to be a leading export state and as there is increasing international supply chain pressures for industries to reduce their carbon emissions accelerating the transition towards a renewable energy can help its industries to stay competitive in a decarbonizing world. An accelerated energy transition will also promote Tamil Nadu as an attractive location for industries.
In FY 2021-22 the total energy generated was 1,17,553 million units (MU). Renewable energy, this is solar, wind, bioenergy, and hydro, accounted for a 22% of the total energy generation in FY 2021-22. Coal power with a share of 70% is the single largest energy sources. This total energy generation can be subdivided into two parts, (i) energy procured by TANGEDCO and (ii) energy under Open Access. TANGEDCO accounted for 83% or 97,297 MU of energy in FY 2021-22. Whereas the remaining 17% of 20,266 MU are on account of Open Access.
Interestingly TANGEDO procured only 16% of its energy from renewables. Whereas 52% of all energy under Open Access is RE. 51% of all energy procured by TANGEDCO came from either TANGEDCO owned or Centra owned coal power plants. The actual share of coal power may be higher as there is 24% of energy that was sourced under the category ‘Short term and others’ and this may primarily be coal power.
To meet the 2030 RE target an additional 60,637 MU of RE will need to be generated in 2030. This represents approximately an addition of 28 GW of wind energy capacity or a 32 GW of solar energy capacity and means that in the next six years starting with FY 2023-24 approximately 4.80– 5.50 GW of renewable energy capacity needs to go on-grid. The average annual RE capacity addition in Tamil Nadu from 2018 to 2023 was 1.21 GW.
Meeting the 50% RE target will require a concerted effort by all major power sector institutions and players including the distribution licensee, the Electricity Regulatory Commission, the Energy Department, Independent Power producers and the consumers/prosumers.
THE FUTURE OF ENERGY REQUIRED FOR BRAZIL.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present what the future would require for the production and consumption of energy in Brazil based on the use of clean and renewable energy. To avoid the catastrophic future that is predicted for humanity resulting from global warming, it is imperative, among other measures, to reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases by replacing the current global energy matrix based fundamentally on fossil fuels (oil , coal and natural gas) by another global energy matrix structured based on renewable energy resources (hydroelectricity, biomass, solar energy, wind energy and hydrogen). In Brazil, the Ministry of Mines and Energy prepared the National Energy Plan 2050 (PNE 2050) in 2020, which does not adopt measures capable of preventing the emission of greenhouse gases in both the electricity and oil sectors.
India has been increasing its reliance on imported fossil fuels to meet growing energy demand, straining natural resources and creating fuel security issues. Renewable energy sources like wind and solar are well-suited to address these problems. Government policies have promoted renewable energy development through incentives and initiatives like the National Solar Mission. Wind is currently the leading renewable technology in India, with solar power also experiencing significant growth in recent years due to favorable policies. The state of Karnataka has high renewable energy potential but also suffers from substantial power deficits, making it an important market for further renewable development.
This document provides an overview of Bangladesh's energy sector, including its main sources of energy like natural gas, petroleum, coal, and electricity. Natural gas plays an important role in Bangladesh's economy and is used for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. While gas production and electricity generation have increased over time, demand continues to outpace supply. Bangladesh relies heavily on natural gas but reserves are only sufficient until 2021, so alternatives will need to be developed. The electricity sector has also expanded generation capacity in recent years through both public and private sector investments, but aging infrastructure and gas shortages have prevented peak capacity from being reached. Petroleum production is low so Bangladesh imports most of its oil needs.
Modern Energy Transport - Country Analysis IndiaAdityaDesai77
The document discusses India's modern energy transport and distribution system. It provides statistics on India's installed energy capacity and energy supply from 1947-2018, showing increasing reliance on coal and growth in renewable energy sources like solar and wind. Charts depict rising electricity production, with coal as the dominant source and rapid growth of renewables from 1990-2014. The document outlines India's plans to significantly expand renewable capacity and reduce coal's share by 2027. It describes India's national grid and ongoing upgrades to accommodate increasing electricity demand and integrate more renewable sources.
Waste heat recovery dynamics an analogy of electricity generation & emiss...Arya Jena
This blog concentrates on discussing the untapped energy potential in waste heat recovery in Industries in India. And it's potential benefits in achieving energy efficiency, negawatt (Negative Watt) capacity addition and positive impact on the environment.
The document is a report by the Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency (UREDA) on the impact of the Energy Conservation Act 2001 in Uttarakhand state and initiatives taken by the government, utilities, and other organizations. It discusses India's energy status and the need for conservation. It outlines Uttarakhand's policies for renewable energy and activities by UREDA, Uttarakhand Power Corporation Ltd., and other groups to promote awareness, conduct audits, and support implementation of the Energy Conservation Building Code. It also provides details on training programs, events, and publicity efforts carried out in the state.
The document summarizes energy consumption and production trends in Pakistan from 1996-1997 to 2006-2007. Some key points:
- Energy consumption grew faster in non-OECD countries like China and South Asia (3.0% annually) than in OECD countries (1.0%) from 1996-1997 to 2005-2006.
- Primary energy supplies in Pakistan increased 4.3% from 55.5 MTOE in 2004-2005 to 57.9 MTOE in 2005-2006. Natural gas accounted for 50.4% of supplies and oil 28.4%.
- Electricity generation capacity was 19,440 MW in July-March 2006-2007. WAPDA generated 63,
The demand of energy is dramatically increased nowadays and the demand either can renewable or non renewable depends on the drawbacks. Hence, non renewable energies show the better performance where the limitations are comprisable very few and environmental friendly. Already developed countries are being used renewable energies as the main sources of energy to produce electricity where it proved the less easy and more benefits. However, non renewable energies such as natural gas, gas generator and so on still have been producing more and more electricity and this amount is around 10 times more than renewable energies especially developing countries like Bangladesh. This paper is being discussed the importance of renewable energies and non renewable energies to produce electricity, comparing the different countries electricity production and the using sources. Here analysis the data of different power plants in Bangladesh and the types of fuel, CO2 emission and electricity production. In additionally, Gazipur district has been selected to show the power consumption factories with the cost analysis in selected fuel types.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
1. The use of energy has increased significantly due to various inventions and innovations
of common use made in last century. Thus almost all human activities have become more
dependent on energy. For developing nations in particular, there is fundamental need
for reliable and affordable energy. In these countries, energy demand has been
increased due to expansion in industry, modernized agriculture, increased trade and
improved transportation. Pakistan is dependent on energy imports because there is lack
of investment in indigenous resources of hydro, natural gas and lignite. Biomass is the
largest energy source. The government has decided to stop building new coal-fired
power plants because of environmental issues. The public oil and gas companies are
planned to be privatized for various concerns. Due to significant increase in electricity
demand, both state-owned companies and IPPs are actively engaged in producing
electricity. However, fiscal sustainability has become a challenge due to increase in
energy payments. This energy deficiency began from a fuel mix transformation which
was initiated two decades ago, when power generation used to rely more on imported
furnace oil than hydropower. The current energy crisis began to manifest itself by late
2007. The problem has evolved over the years from one of chronic power supply deficits
to one where there is excess installed capacity but not enough cash flow in the system to
run it. The latter created ‘circular debt’ issue. Specifically, the ‘circular debt’ in Pakistan’s
energy supply chain refers to the cash flow shortfall incurred in the power sector from
the delayed/non-payment of obligations by consumers, distribution companies and the
government. It has continued to grow in size over the years, rising from 1.6 percent of
GDP (Rs161billion) in 2008, to 5.2 percent of GDP (Rs 2,150 billion) in June 2020. The
present government has given prime importance to resolve this issue and working on
various options to reduce circular debt.
In terms of energy-mix, Pakistan’s reliance on thermal which includes imported coal,
local coal, RLNG and natural gas has been decreasing over last few years. Pakistan’s
dependence on natural gas in the overall energy mix is on decline and the reduction of
its share in the energy mix is due to declining natural gas reserves and introduction of
LNG. The share of renewable energy has steadily increased over the years. The
government is also taking measures to increase the shares of Hydel and Nuclear in
energy-mix.
Energy systems around the world are going through rapid transitions that will bring
significant changes to the way we fuel our cars, heat our houses and power our
industries. These trends will have widespread implications for businesses, governments
and individuals in the coming decades. In Pakistan, special measures have been taken to
Energy
Chapter 14
2. Pakistan Economic Survey 2020-21
286
use these innovations for domestic usage of energy, such as Electrical Vehicle Policy
2020-25.
Pakistan’s Electricity Generation Capacity and Energy Mix
The hydro share in total electricity generation has declined in FY2021 as compared to
its share in FY2020. Currently, thermal has the largest share in electricity generation.
Moreover, its percentage share in FY2021 has increased as compared to FY2020.
Significant growth of RLNG usage in energy mix has helped for improved supply to
various power plants. RLNG is also supplied to fertilizer plants, industrial and transport
sectors. The comparison of share of different sources of electricity’s installed and
generation capacity is given below:
Table 14.3: Share in Electricity Generation (GWh) Percentage Share
2019
(July-April)
2020
(July-April)
2021
(July-April)
2020
(July-April)
2021
(July-April)
Thermal 61,003 56,320 61,052 58.43 59.42
Hydel 24,931 29,799 31,357 30.92 30.52
Nuclear 2,903 7,941 8,038 8.24 7.82
Renewable 7,955 2,322 2,294 2.41 2.23
Total 96,792 96,382 102,742 100.0 100.0
Source: Ministry of Energy, (Power Division)
Table 14.1: Fuel-wise Installed Capacity
Breakup
Installed
(MW)
Percentage Share
Hydel 9,874.0 26.00
RLNG 7,325.0 19.66
RFO 6,274.0 16.84
COAL 4,770.0 12.80
Gas 4,529.0 12.15
Nuclear 2,490.0 6.68
Wind 1,235.0 3.31
Solar 400.0 1.07
Bagasse 364.0 0.98
Total 37,261.0 100.00
Source: Ministry of Energy, (Power Division)
Table 14.2: Installed Capacity
2019-20
(July-April)
2020-21
(July-April)
Installed
Capacity
(MW)
35,972 37,261
Source: Ministry of Energy, (Power Division)
Till April, FY2021, installed capacity of
electricity has reached 37,261 MW, posting a
growth of 3.6 percent.
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
0.0
2000.0
4000.0
6000.0
8000.0
10000.0
12000.0
Hydel
RLNG
RFO
COAL
Gas
Nuclear
Wind
Solar
Bagasse
Share%age
Installed
(MW)
Fig-14.1: Fuel-wise Installed Capacity Breakup
35,000
35,500
36,000
36,500
37,000
37,500
2019-20
(Jul-Apr)
2020-21
(Jul-Apr)
Fig-14.2: Installed Capacity (MW)
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Electricity Consumption
There is no considerable change in the consumption pattern of electricity. During July-
April FY2021, the share of agriculture in electricity consumption is constant. However, the
share of Industry in electricity consumption has increased which shows revival of
economic activities. The comparison between consumption patterns of electricity during
July-March 2021 with corresponding period last year is shown below:
Table 14.4: Share in Electricity Consumption
Sector
UNITS SOLD (GWh) %Share
2019-20
(July-March)
2020-21
(July-March)
2019-20
(July-March)
2020-21
(July-March)
Household 39,461 41,508 49.2 49.1
Commercial 6,313 6,246 7.9 7.4
Industry 20,461 22,280 25.5 26.3
Agriculture 7,127 7,558 8.9 8.9
Others 6,825 7,008 8.5 8.3
Grand Total 80,187 84,600 100 100
Source: Hydrocarbon Development Index of Pakistan
58.43
30.92
8.24
2.41
59.42
30.52
7.82
2.23
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
Thermal Hydel Nuclear Renewable
Fig-14.3: Share in Electricity Generation (GWh)
2020 (Jul-Apr) 2021 (Jul-Apr)
49.2
7.9
25.5
8.9 8.5
49.1
7.4
26.3
8.9 8.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Household Commercial Industry Agriculture Others
Fig: 14.4 Share in Electricity Consumption
2019-20
(Jul-Mar)
2020-21
(Jul-Mar)
4. Pakistan Economic Survey 2020-21
288
NEPRA has extended advice to the concerned entities, including Federal/ Provincial
Governments, on various power sector issues. NEPRA also established Occupational
Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) Department to enhance the safe and smooth
operations and well-being of licensee employees, contractors and community as a
whole. NEPRA has also established Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Department to
streamline CSR initiatives taken by licensees for people within their organization and
for the communities within they operate.
NEPRA issued an advisory to ensure following issues to help DISCOs in achieving better
service delivery:
Fully utilize investments as allowed by NEPRA so that new and critical projects are
initiated and completed in time
Install 100% metering at all levels to trace flow of electricity top-down;
Elimination of electricity theft and billing through prepaid and postpaid initiatives;
Engage law enforcement agencies with DISCOs to control theft and for the
enforcement of disconnection order;
Oil Sector
Crude oil’s local extraction and imports reached to 68.9 million barrels in Jul-Mar 2021
from 58.6 million barrel in corresponding period last year, while share of import in July-
March 2021 remained 48.2 million barrel as compared to 38.8 million barrel in last year
same period. Similarly in Jul-Mar 2021, consumption of petroleum products increased
to 14.7 million ton from 12.5 million ton in period under discussion. Oil storage of 38,579
metric tons added in the country’s logistics during the period of Jul-Mar, 2021 at the cost
of Rs.5,786.8 million. Four licenses for construction and one license for operation of
Lube Oil Blending, Reclamation and Grease Plants were issued. Five licenses for setting
up Lubricant Marketing Company (LMC) and three Operational licenses for LMCs were
also issued. These provisions of licenses will enhance the domestic supply of crude oil
and will decrease import bill.
GAS Sector
Natural Gas is a clean, safe, efficient and environment friendly fuel. Its indigenous
supplies contribute about 35 percent in the primary energy supply mix of the country.
Pakistan has an extensive gas network of over 13,315 KM Transmission 149,715 KM
Distribution and 39,612 KM services gas pipelines to cater for the requirement of more
than 10.3 million consumers across the country. The Government of Pakistan is pursuing
policies for enhancing indigenous gas production as well as imported gas to meet the
increasing demand of energy in the country. At present, the capacity of two Floating Re-
gasification Storage Units (FRSU) for Re-gasified Liquefied Natural Gas (RLNG) is 1200
MMCFD and accordingly RLNG is being imported to mitigate gas demand-supply
shortfall. The average natural gas consumption was about 3,723 Million Cubic Feet per
day (MMCFD) including 950 MMCFD volume of RLNG during July-Feb 2021. During July-
Feb 2021, the two gas utility companies (SNGPL & SSGCL) have laid 143 Km Gas
Transmission network, 2,616 Km Distribution and 886 Km Services lines and connected
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289
70 villages/towns to the gas network. During the period 304,573 additional gas
connections including 303,243 Domestic, 1,020 Commercial and 310 Industrial
connections were provided across the country.
It is expected that gas will be supplied to approximately 524,000 new consumers (this
target is subject to approval/revision by OGRA) during the fiscal year 2021-22. Gas
utility companies have planned to invest Rs. 17,571 million on transmission projects, Rs.
91,812 million on distribution projects and Rs. 3,156 million on other projects bringing
the total investment of Rs. 112,539 million during the fiscal year 2021-22.
Table14.5 : Sector Wise Natural Gas Consumption In million Cubic Feet Per Day (MMCFD)
Sector
Gas Consumption
in MMCFD
RLNG (Bcfd) Total
Power 610 578 1,188
Household 915 - 915
Commercial 65 8 73
Transport (CNG) 63 47 110
Fertilizer 687 37 724
General Industry 433 280 713
Total 2,773 950 3,723
Source: Ministry of Energy (Petroleum Division, Policy Wing)
Table 14.6 Gas Transmission Augmentation Projects
S. No Project Description Commissioning
Date
1 Installation of one (01) New Gas Turbine Driven Centrifugal Compressor
at Shikarpur
In order to cater the natural gas requirement at Balochistan and Quetta, SSGCL
has successfully installed one turbo compressor unit of 200 Mmcfd capacity at
Shikarpur. The main objective of this project is to meet the requirement during
winter season.
November 2020
2 30” Diameter x 17 Km Pipeline from CTS Bin Qasim to Pakland
In order to enhance the pipeline capacity of RLNG from 1.2 Bcfd to 1.8 Bcfd, a
30” diameter x 17 Km pipeline has been laid from CTS Bin Qasim to Pakland
in addition to already existing 42” Dia pipeline.
December 2020
Source: Ministry of Energy (Petroleum Division, Policy Wing)
Table 14.7 Gas Projects in progress
1 24” Diameter X 31 KMs Pipeline from ACPL to Surjani
In order to cater the low pressure problem in West end of Karachi & S.I.T.E industrial area, 24”
diameter x 31 Km pipeline has been planned for transporting 100 MMcfd additional gas to
aforesaid area of Karachi.
2 12” Diameter X 9 KMs Pipeline from SMS Pakland to SMS Dhabeji for Special Economic Zone
This project is being executed in order to supply 13.5 MMscfd volumes of gas to Dhabeji Special
Economic Zone.
Source: Ministry of Energy (Petroleum Division, Policy Wing)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Sector
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) plays an important role in the energy mix of Pakistan as
it provides a cleaner alternative to biomass based sources, especially in locations where
6. Pakistan Economic Survey 2020-21
290
natural gas is not available. The total supply of LPG during July–March, 2021 was
927,683 metric tons. Currently there are 11 LPG producers and 216 LPG marketing
companies operating in the country having more than 7,000 authorized distributors.
OGRA has simplified the procedure for grant of LPG license and the same is granted on
fast track basis once the requirements are met / complied. During July–March, 2020-21,
one (01) license for construction of LPG production facility, nine (09) licenses for
operation of LPG Storage & Filling Plants and twenty (20) licenses for construction of
LPG Storage and Filling plants were issued. In addition, OGRA has also issued five (05)
licenses for construction of LPG auto refueling stations and one (01) license for
operation of LPG Auto Refueling Station during the same period.
Due to augmented investment and future expansion plans of the LPG marketing
companies, significant investment in LPG supply and distribution infrastructure has
been witnessed. OGRA has made significant contribution in national economic progress
and created an environment for additional investment which will not only result in
creation of infrastructure in LPG sector all over the country but will also provide jobs to
hundreds of unemployed people. OGRA is playing its vital regulatory role to increase
private investment in midstream and downstream petroleum industry. During July–
March, 2021 an investment of approximately Rs. 17.08 billion has been made in LPG
infrastructure.
Liquefied Natural Gas Sector
As of March 2021, two (02) Operational and five (05) Provisional Licenses pertaining to
LNG regulated activities have been issued by OGRA which are valid and in-force. Two
Provisional Licenses holders for LNG projects i.e. Energas Terminal (Private) Limited
(ETPL) and Tabeer Energy (Private) Limited (TEPL) applied for the next stage of
licensing i.e. construction license. Moreover, Daewoo Gas (Private) Limited (DGPL) and
LNG Easy (Private) Limited have been granted provisional licenses during the period
under reference for virtual pipeline projects. In addition to the above, OGRA has drafted
LNG Terminal Access Rules and LNG Terminal Access Code during the period under
reference. These rules are expected to play a pivotal role in liberalization of LNG market
and shall also promote development of a competitive gas market by ensuring uniform
principles of transparency, fair and non-discriminatory practices in all transactions
concerning use of LNG terminals and ensuring safe and reliable supply of gas thus
participating in economic growth.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Sector
There has been a ban on issuance of new CNG License(s) since 2008 and therefore OGRA
did not issue any new CNG License(s). However, the government has permitted issuance
of CNG License(s) on RLNG basis only in October 2020.
Nuclear Energy
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is the only utility engaged in generation of
electricity through nuclear power in Pakistan. In performing its functions, it undertakes
planning, construction, operation, radioactive waste management and decommissioning
7. Energy
291
of all its nuclear power plants. The electricity produced by the operating Nuclear Power
Plants (NPPs) of PAEC is delivered to its clients, namely K Electric in Karachi and Central
Power Purchasing Agency (CPPA) in the rest of the country.
There are six nuclear power plants operating on two sites in the country, two units
namely Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) at Karachi and four units of Chashma
Nuclear Power Plants (C-1, C-2, C-3 & C-4) at Chashma (Mianwali District of Punjab
Province). The gross capacity of these five nuclear power plants is 2,530 MW that
supplied about 7,076 million units of electricity to the national grid during 1st July 2020
to 31st March 2021.
KANUPP, the oldest of the lot has surpassed its design life of 30 years and has completed
49 years of safe and successful operation. PNRA relicensed the plant after expiry of its
design life and put a cap on thermal power as well as electrical power. KANUPP was
allowed to operate at a maximum power of 90 MW. The second unit at Karachi (K-2)
was connected to grid on 18th March 2021. The four units of Chashma are amongst the
best performing electricity generating plants in the country, in terms of endurance and
availability. Two of these plants, C-2 and C-4 made national records of continuous
longest operation for over one year. Some performance parameters of these plants are
presented in the following table:
Table14.8: PAEC’s Performance Parameters
Plant Capacity (MW) Electricity sent to Grid (Million kWh)
Gross Net 1st July 2020 to
31st March 2021
Lifetime up to
31st March 2021
KANUPP 100 90 162 14,871
C-1 325 300 1,929 41,742
C-2 325 300 1,466 22,328
C-3 340 315 1,723 10,355
C-4 340 315 1,774 8,358
K-2 1,100 1,071 22 22
Source: Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
One more unit with gross capacity of 1,100 MW is currently under construction near the
KANUPP site in Karachi, the Karachi Nuclear Power Plants (K-3). Cold functional tests
for K-3 are in progress. K-3 plants are expected to become operational in 2022. PAEC
has undertaken construction of another nuclear power plant at Chashma near Mianwali.
The site already is home to four operating nuclear plants. This unit will be called C-5 and
it will replicate the design characteristics of K-2 and K-3. As per requirement of
Environment Protection Agency (EPA), Punjab, public hearing of Environment Impact
Assessment Report of C-5 was arranged at Chashma site in September 2020. Punjab EPA
has issued the NOC.
PAEC has intensified its activities to meet the nuclear electricity generation target of
8,800 MW by the year 2030 set through government‘s Energy Security Plan formulated
in 2005. Completion of K-2/K-3 project will be a big step that will bring PAEC 2,200 MW
closer to achieving this target. PAEC is planning to develop additional sites to house
more nuclear power plants in the future and sites identified throughout the country.
8. Pakistan Economic Survey 2020-21
292
These sites are investigated and acquired for future development. Ample technical and
engineering infrastructure is already in place to support both the existing and the under
construction nuclear power plants. Skilled labor is being produced regularly by
Indigenous institutes, imparting state of the art training and education in all relevant
disciplines and at all levels, from technical trainings to academic programs. These
instruments are enough to successfully support the foreseeable future ambitions
envisioned by PAEC for the future nuclear power program of Pakistan.
Mineral Sector
As per constitutional provisions, the Federal Government is mandated with geological
surveys and regulation of mineral oil, natural gas and mineral necessary for generation
of nuclear energy and those occurring in federally, controlled areas, national policy
formulation, facilitation and coordination at national and international levels. All other
minerals are Provincial subject and the executively and legislatively authority for
regulating the development and exploitation of these natural resources through grant of
mineral titles (prospecting/exploration licenses & mining leases) etc. The country is
blessed with 92 minerals, out of which 50 are exploited on commercial basis. Following
initiatives/achievements have been undertaken by the Petroleum Division for the uplift
of mineral sector of Pakistan;
i) Baluchistan Minerals Exploration Company Limited (BMEC) has been established as
joint venture with the Provincial Government in August 2020 to promote large-scale
mining in the mineral rich province of Baluchistan.
ii) An investment facilitation project "Establishment of National Minerals Data Center
(NMDC)" has been launched at federal level through PSDP at cost of Rs 295.000
million to maintain data repository encompassing the available geo-technical data
and administrative details about licensing - granted mineral tiles and the areas
applied for mining concessions. The NMDC will comprise an integrated system of the
units located in each province and other concerned organizations (GSP etc.)
connected to a Central setup managed by the Mineral Wing of Petroleum Division.
This arrangement would enable ready access to the basic data required by the
prospective investors and would facilitate the investors in a big way.
iii) Another initiative has been taken through PSDP "Legal Consultancy Services for
Drafting of Model Mineral Agreement and formulation of uniform regulatory regime"
at cost of Rs 100.000 million to facilitate introduction of an internationally
competitive regulatory and institutional framework in the country in the light of best
industry practices.
iv) Action is underway for revamping of Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation
(PMDC) and restructuring of Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) for better service
delivery to help exploration and development of indigenous mineral resources.
v) Stakeholders' consultation process initiated for formulation of policy framework to
promote use of indigenous coal resources for synthesis of gas and liquid fuels.
vi) Services extended for special development packages introduced by the Federal
Government for minerals sector of Baluchistan and Gilgit-Baltistan.
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vii) Continued support to facilitate smooth operation of mineral sector projects - Saindak
Copper-Gold (Saindak Metals Limited), Duddar Lead-Zinc (MCC Huaye Duddar
Mining Company), Barite-Lead-Zinc (Bolan Mining Enterprises), Chiniot Iron Ore
(Punjab Mineral Company) and mining projects of rock salt and coal.
Coal is still used as source of energy production; however, its share is 12.8% in total
installed capacity. The province wise coal production along with its import is given
below:
Table 14.9: COAL Production
Sr. No. Province FY2020 FY2021 (July to Feb)
1. Balochistan 3,086,576 2,060,624
2. Sindh 4,414,296 3,747,144
3. Punjab 1,072,120 526,190
4. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 257,240 41,212
5. AJ&K 272 205
6. Import 16,421,787 12,183,161
Total 25,252,291 18,558,536
Source: Ministry of Energy (Petroleum Division, Mineral Wing)
Renewable Sector
The Government of Pakistan is emphasizing on utilization of indigenous and
environmentally clean energy generation resources. The government has made
Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) responsible for renewable energy
sector. In this regard, the promotion of alternative and renewable technologies is
amongst the top priorities of the government. Several initiatives have been taken to
create conducive environment for the sustainable growth of Alternative Renewable
Energy (ARE) Sector in Pakistan in order to harness the potential of indigenous
renewable energy resources.
Development of IPP Based Projects
The development of large-scale grid connected on ARE based power generation projects
are being pursued through private investors. Under the vision of the current
Government to exploit clean energy resources and increase the share of ARE in the
energy mix, the Cabinet Committee on Energy (CCOE) had allowed implementation of
projects that had already achieved significant milestones of project development by
placing them into following three categories;
Category-1: 19 projects of 531 MW that have already been issued Letter of
Support (LOS) subject to revision of tariff in case tariff determination has been
done since more than one year or if the tariff validity period has lapsed
Category-II: 24 projects of 1339.3 MW that have acquired tariff and generation
license subject to revision of tariff in case tariff determination has been done
since more than one year or if the tariff validity period has lapsed
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Category-III: 110 projects of 6707 MW cumulative capacity holding LOIs to be
allowed to proceed ahead after becoming successful in a competitive bidding to
be undertaken as per demand communicated by NTDC.
AEDB has actively been facilitating the said projects as per the criterion set by the CCOE.
Four (04) solar PV projects, listed under Category-II have been facilitated to achieve
Financial Closing in February, 2021. The projects will be completed by December 2021.
AEDB has prepared the Request for Proposals (RFP) for carrying out competitive
bidding for wind and solar projects falling under category-III. The RFP package was
considered by NEPRA in Feb 2021 and directed AEDB to make certain changes in RFP
and submit revised RFP after AEDB Board approval. AEDB has revised the RFP
documents as per NEPRA’s directions. Security Documents (EPA & IA) have also been
revised in view of NEPRA’s observations. RFP Packages are ready to be floated upon
receipt of information pertaining to IRZs and total evacuation capacity/ quantum by
NTDC through the Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan (IGCEP).
Alternative Renewable Energy Policy 2019
The Government announced a new ARE Policy 2019 in October 2020. The policy aims at
creating a conducive environment supported by a robust framework for the sustainable
growth of ARE Sector in Pakistan. The GOP’s strategic objectives of energy security,
affordability of electricity, availability for all, environmental protection, sustainable
development, social equity and mitigation of climate change will further be harnessed
under the ARE Policy 2019.
Salient features of the ARE Policy 2019 are as follows:
The policy has an expanded scope encompassing all alternative and renewable
energy sources, competitive procurement and addresses areas like distributed
generation systems, off-grid solutions, B2B methodologies and rural energy services.
The policy is target oriented and sets a target of achieving 20% on-grid capacity from
ARE technologies by 2025 and 30% capacity by 2030.
It envisages development of large scale ARE projects in all parts of the country
through active participation of the provinces.
Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan (IGCEP) outputs will form the basis
of all on-grid capacity procurements.
Provinces are part of the Steering Committee envisaged in the policy that will be
carrying out the planning of annual ARE induction. Provincial energy departments
will be carrying out competitive bidding process as per the annual ARE procurement
plan approved by the AEDB on recommendations of the Steering Committee.
The most significant feature of the policy is that it makes a transition from the
traditional methods of procurement based on cost plus and upfront tariffs to
competitive bidding. All new ARE projects specifically wind and solar power projects
will be developed through competitive bidding.
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The policy envisages simplification and rationalization of the licensing framework
for non-utility procurement to minimize regulatory fee, compliance cost and
timeframes.
Distributed Generation (Net Metering)
Apart from large scale RE projects, the Government of Pakistan is also encouraging
utilization of renewable energy technology at consumer ends across domestic,
commercial, industrial sectors. AEDB has been promoting the renewable energy based
net-metering deployments under the NEPRA (Alternative & Renewable Energy)
Distributed Generation and Net Metering Regulations, 2015.
AEDB has also been carrying out certification of service providers / vendors / installers
of solar systems under AEDB (Certification) Regulations, 2018 in order to facilitate the
consumers, DISCOs and at the same time ensuring quality of service and equipment.
AEDB issued certificates to sixty eight (68) service providers /vendors/installers during
July 2020-March 2021. As of Mar 2021 the total number of active AEDB certified service
providers /vendors/installers reached up to one hundred and four (104).
During the period of July 2020 to March 2021, a total of 5283 new licenses were issued
by NPERA for net-metering based installation of approx. 90.15 MW. As of 31st March,
2021 a total of 10,563 generation licenses for net-metering based solar installations with
a cumulative capacity of 181.27 MW had been issued by NEPRA.
Other Supportive Measures by AEDB
AEDB undertook a number of supportive measures in order to promote ARE
technologies and to attract private sector investments. Some of the supportive measures
taken by AEDB are as follows:
i. AEDB proactively facilitated the RE power projects in achieving their project
milestones and resolution of issues and impediments faced by the project
sponsors from different public sector entities.
ii. Assisted World Bank in study for analyzing the integration of variable
renewable energy in the national grid with the objective of increasing the share
of renewable energy in the energy mix of the country.
iii. Assisted World Bank in carrying out the Pakistan Renewable Energy Locational
study that has the objective to identify the most suitable locations for VRE
deployment in Pakistan to enable an informed strategic planning process of the
imminent capacity ramp-up.
iv. AEDB proactively engaged with World Bank for carrying out the Pakistan
Renewable Energy Competitive Bidding Study that will provide strategic
analysis and advice to the AEDB and other relevant sector agencies on the
implementation of competitive bidding for the contracting of Renewable Energy
(RE) capacity to achieve the 2025 and 2030 targets in line with the Alternative
Renewable Energy (ARE) Policy 2019.
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v. Carried out stakeholder consultation for revision of AEDB (Certification)
Regulations 2018 aimed to simply the procedures laid therein in order to ensure
the implement the present Government’s policy of Ease of Doing Business.
vi. Developed the RFP package after stakeholder consultation for carrying out
competitive bidding amongst pipeline wind and solar projects are per the
decisions of the Cabinet Committee on Energy (CCOE).
vii. Assisted NTDC in carrying out the feasibility study of solar water pumping in
Baluchistan.
viii. Supported Government of Baluchistan in preparation of PC-IIs for renewable
energy based off-grid electrification projects in districts of southern
Baluchistan.
Private Power and Infrastructure Board
Private Power and Infrastructure
Board (PPIB) acts as a one-window
facilitator/one- stop organization to
promote, encourage, facilitate and
safeguard investment in the power
sector. PPIB approves and facilitates
the development and implementation
of power projects and related
infrastructure in private sector,
public-private partnership and
specified public sector projects.
The performance of PPIB is evident
from the fact that under 1994, 1995,
2002 and 2015 Power Policies PPIB
has so far managed to commission forty (40) independent power projects (IPPs) totaling
17,551 MW with a cumulative investment outlay of around US$ 20 billion of which nine
(9) IPPs of more than 8,500 MW have been commissioned within a short period of three
years i.e. during 2017-2020.
Conclusion
Pakistan is successfully overcoming energy crisis, which has direct and indirect impact
on all sectors of the economy, through increase in generation as well as in transmission
capacity of the system. Presently, Energy Sector is confronted with some issues, which
needs to be filled up along with improvement in energy-mix for its supply at lower cost
as well as fixation of other energy related issues which are strained to national
exchequer. Besides ongoing big hydro power projects, present government is also
pursuing renewable energy sources which are cost saving to improve the existing energy
mix in the country.