1425532.ppt
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This document discusses how to calculate GDP, including nominal GDP, real GDP, and the GDP deflator. Nominal GDP is the total value of goods and services using current prices, while real GDP uses constant prices to eliminate the effect of inflation. The GDP deflator measures inflation by dividing nominal GDP by real GDP. Using an example economy, the document demonstrates how to calculate these measures for different years and determine the growth rates of real GDP and inflation rates between years.
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Calculating gdp
GDP measures the value of goods and services produced in a country. Nominal GDP uses current prices, while real GDP expresses values in constant prices (such as a base year) to eliminate the effect of inflation. Calculating real GDP allows analysis of changes in economic activity by quantity rather than price changes. The GDP deflator measures inflation as the ratio of nominal to real GDP and the inflation rate shows price level changes between years.
Inflation measuring
There are two main methods to measure inflation:
1) By calculating the percentage change in price indices like the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or Wholesale Price Index (WPI). CPI measures the price of a basket of consumer goods, while WPI measures wholesale goods prices.
2) By calculating the change in the GDP deflator, which is the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP adjusted for inflation. For example, if nominal GDP is Rs. 1740.2 thousand crores and real GDP is Rs. 1136.9 thousand crores in 1999-2000, the GDP deflator would be 153%. The percentage change in the GDP deflator from one year to the next
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This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on measuring macroeconomic indicators like GDP. It discusses three methods for calculating GDP - production, expenditure, and income - and how they provide identical measures. It also explains how GDP is measured over time using nominal and real GDP, and different price indexes like Laspeyres, Paasche, and chain-weighting which is preferred. Real GDP growth rates and inflation rates are calculated using these concepts.
Real gdp and price level
This document defines key economic concepts like GDP, price indexes, and real GDP. It explains that GDP measures total output in currency terms, but rising prices can make GDP rise even if actual output does not change. To account for changing prices, economists use price indexes like the GDP price deflator. Real GDP divides nominal GDP by the price deflator to express output in constant base year prices, allowing more accurate comparisons of how output changes over time independent of inflation.
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- To measure the aggregate price level, economists calculate the cost of purchasing a market basket of goods and services.
- A price index is the ratio of the current cost of that market basket to the cost in a base year, multiplied by 100.
- Common price indexes include the Consumer Price Index (CPI) which measures prices paid by urban consumers, the Producer Price Index (PPI) which measures prices received by domestic producers, and the GDP deflator which measures the price level by calculating the ratio of nominal to real GDP.
Aggregate price index/Abshor.Marantika/Riki Yosafat
- To measure the aggregate price level, economists calculate the cost of purchasing a market basket of goods and services.
- A price index is the ratio of the current cost of that market basket to the cost in a base year, multiplied by 100.
- Common price indexes include the Consumer Price Index (CPI) which measures prices paid by urban consumers, the Producer Price Index (PPI) which measures prices received by domestic producers, and the GDP deflator which measures the price level by calculating the ratio of nominal to real GDP.
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The document discusses key concepts related to measuring economic activity including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the Consumer Price Index (CPI), and the unemployment rate. It explains that GDP measures total output, income, and expenditure in an economy. The CPI is used to measure inflation and the cost of living. Different methods for calculating GDP, the GDP deflator, and chained weighted GDP are also outlined.
GDP deflator and CPI index.pdf
This document discusses key macroeconomic concepts including nominal GDP, real GDP, GDP deflator, and consumer price index (CPI).
Nominal GDP measures total output using current market prices, while real GDP accounts for inflation by using constant prices. The GDP deflator is used to compare real economic activity between years by dividing nominal GDP by real GDP. CPI tracks price changes of consumer goods and services over time to identify inflationary periods. Formulas are provided to calculate nominal GDP, real GDP, and the GDP deflator using an example economy that produces cheese and wine.
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Calculating gdp
GDP measures the value of goods and services produced in a country. Nominal GDP uses current prices, while real GDP expresses values in constant prices (such as a base year) to eliminate the effect of inflation. Calculating real GDP allows analysis of changes in economic activity by quantity rather than price changes. The GDP deflator measures inflation as the ratio of nominal to real GDP and the inflation rate shows price level changes between years.
Inflation measuring
There are two main methods to measure inflation:
1) By calculating the percentage change in price indices like the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or Wholesale Price Index (WPI). CPI measures the price of a basket of consumer goods, while WPI measures wholesale goods prices.
2) By calculating the change in the GDP deflator, which is the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP adjusted for inflation. For example, if nominal GDP is Rs. 1740.2 thousand crores and real GDP is Rs. 1136.9 thousand crores in 1999-2000, the GDP deflator would be 153%. The percentage change in the GDP deflator from one year to the next
Chapter 2 - Measuring the Macroeconomy
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on measuring macroeconomic indicators like GDP. It discusses three methods for calculating GDP - production, expenditure, and income - and how they provide identical measures. It also explains how GDP is measured over time using nominal and real GDP, and different price indexes like Laspeyres, Paasche, and chain-weighting which is preferred. Real GDP growth rates and inflation rates are calculated using these concepts.
Real gdp and price level
This document defines key economic concepts like GDP, price indexes, and real GDP. It explains that GDP measures total output in currency terms, but rising prices can make GDP rise even if actual output does not change. To account for changing prices, economists use price indexes like the GDP price deflator. Real GDP divides nominal GDP by the price deflator to express output in constant base year prices, allowing more accurate comparisons of how output changes over time independent of inflation.
Aggregate price index/Abshor.Marantika/Riki Yosafat
- To measure the aggregate price level, economists calculate the cost of purchasing a market basket of goods and services.
- A price index is the ratio of the current cost of that market basket to the cost in a base year, multiplied by 100.
- Common price indexes include the Consumer Price Index (CPI) which measures prices paid by urban consumers, the Producer Price Index (PPI) which measures prices received by domestic producers, and the GDP deflator which measures the price level by calculating the ratio of nominal to real GDP.
Aggregate price index/Abshor.Marantika/Riki Yosafat
- To measure the aggregate price level, economists calculate the cost of purchasing a market basket of goods and services.
- A price index is the ratio of the current cost of that market basket to the cost in a base year, multiplied by 100.
- Common price indexes include the Consumer Price Index (CPI) which measures prices paid by urban consumers, the Producer Price Index (PPI) which measures prices received by domestic producers, and the GDP deflator which measures the price level by calculating the ratio of nominal to real GDP.
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This document discusses key macroeconomic concepts including nominal GDP, real GDP, GDP deflator, and consumer price index (CPI).
Nominal GDP measures total output using current market prices, while real GDP accounts for inflation by using constant prices. The GDP deflator is used to compare real economic activity between years by dividing nominal GDP by real GDP. CPI tracks price changes of consumer goods and services over time to identify inflationary periods. Formulas are provided to calculate nominal GDP, real GDP, and the GDP deflator using an example economy that produces cheese and wine.
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The document discusses various measures of national income and output, including GDP. It defines GDP as the total value of goods and services produced domestically in a country. GDP can be measured in three ways - the output method, income method, and expenditure method. Real GDP measures output adjusted for inflation to give a truer picture of economic performance than nominal GDP.
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The document discusses consumer price index (CPI), which is used to measure inflation. It provides examples of calculating CPI using the Laspeyre formula under the aggregate expenditure method and weighted average of price relatives method. CPI is used to measure changes in cost of living and purchasing power over time. It also discusses how CPI can be used to calculate real income by adjusting current income for inflation. Higher CPI indicates higher inflation and lower purchasing power of money.
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Study the concepts of Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and differentiate between the two measures;
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Learn the differences between real and nominal output: and
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The document discusses key concepts related to macroeconomic growth, including:
1. Gross domestic product (GDP) is used to measure aggregate economic activity and output. GDP can be calculated using expenditure, production, and income approaches.
2. Nominal GDP measures total output in current prices, while real GDP accounts for inflation by using constant prices to measure output.
3. Economic growth is measured as the percentage change in real GDP from one period to the next. Periods of growth are called expansions, while declines are called contractions or recessions.
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The document discusses Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how it is used to measure a nation's income. GDP is the total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given year. It has four components: consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports. While GDP indicates economic size, it does not fully capture a society's well-being as it does not account for environmental quality, leisure time, or income distribution. However, GDP remains a key indicator since higher GDP enables countries to invest in areas like education, healthcare, and infrastructure that do contribute to well-being.
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In production, there are direct costs and indirect costs. For example, direct costs for manufacturing an automobile are materials such as the plastic and metal materials used as well as the labor required to produce the finished product. Indirect costs include overhead such as rent, administrative salaries or utility expenses.
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To figure out the cost of production per unit, the cost of production is divided by the number of units produced. Once the cost per unit is determined, the information can be used to help develop an appropriate sales price for the completed item. In order to break even, the sales price must cover the cost per unit. Amounts above the cost per unit are often seen as profit while amounts below the cost per unit result in losses.
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The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures changes in the cost of a fixed basket of goods and services purchased by typical consumers. Statistics BD identifies a market basket of commonly purchased items and surveys prices to calculate the CPI, which tracks costs over time. The CPI is used to calculate inflation rates by comparing costs in the current period to a base year. While useful, the CPI has limitations as it does not account for substitutions, new products, or quality changes that affect consumers' actual cost of living. Economic data can be adjusted for inflation effects by using price indexes to convert nominal values into real terms.
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The document discusses measuring inflation and the cost of living. It introduces the Consumer Price Index (CPI) as a measure of the typical consumer's basket of goods and services. The CPI is used to calculate cost of living adjustments and compare dollar amounts over time. There are problems with using the CPI to fully capture cost of living changes, like substitution bias and quality improvements. The document contrasts the CPI with the GDP deflator and discusses using indexes to correct variables like interest rates for inflation.
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Examine the composition of national income (or national output);
Study the concepts of Gross National Product (GNP) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and differentiate between the two measures;
Look at the two approaches to measuring GDP and GNP;
Learn the differences between real and nominal output: and
Learn what economists use to determine whether the national economy is growing or not.
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The document discusses key concepts related to macroeconomic growth, including:
1. Gross domestic product (GDP) is used to measure aggregate economic activity and output. GDP can be calculated using expenditure, production, and income approaches.
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3. Economic growth is measured as the percentage change in real GDP from one period to the next. Periods of growth are called expansions, while declines are called contractions or recessions.
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The document discusses Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how it is used to measure a nation's income. GDP is the total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given year. It has four components: consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports. While GDP indicates economic size, it does not fully capture a society's well-being as it does not account for environmental quality, leisure time, or income distribution. However, GDP remains a key indicator since higher GDP enables countries to invest in areas like education, healthcare, and infrastructure that do contribute to well-being.
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Also referred to as the cost of production, production costs include expenditures relating to the manufacturing or creation of goods or services. For a cost to qualify as a production cost it must be directly tied to the generation of revenue for the company. Manufacturers experience product costs relating to both the materials required to create an item as well as the labor need to create it. Service industries experience production costs in regards to the labor required to provide the service as well as any materials costs involved in providing the aforementioned service.
In production, there are direct costs and indirect costs. For example, direct costs for manufacturing an automobile are materials such as the plastic and metal materials used as well as the labor required to produce the finished product. Indirect costs include overhead such as rent, administrative salaries or utility expenses.
Deriving Unit Costs for Product Pricing
To figure out the cost of production per unit, the cost of production is divided by the number of units produced. Once the cost per unit is determined, the information can be used to help develop an appropriate sales price for the completed item. In order to break even, the sales price must cover the cost per unit. Amounts above the cost per unit are often seen as profit while amounts below the cost per unit result in losses.
Risk Analysis and Project Evaluation/Abshor.Marantika/Gita Mutiara Ovelia/3-3
1. Risk analysis is important for project evaluation because project cash flows are risky and may differ from estimates, and forecasts are made by humans who can be optimistic.
2. Sensitivity analysis evaluates the effect of each value driver on NPV and identifies the most impactful variable. Scenario analysis considers simultaneous changes to multiple drivers. Simulation generates thousands of value combinations to model outcomes.
3. Break-even analyses determine the sales or output level needed to cover costs, including accounting, cash, and NPV break-even points.
Measuring The Cost of living
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures changes in the cost of a fixed basket of goods and services purchased by typical consumers. Statistics BD identifies a market basket of commonly purchased items and surveys prices to calculate the CPI, which tracks costs over time. The CPI is used to calculate inflation rates by comparing costs in the current period to a base year. While useful, the CPI has limitations as it does not account for substitutions, new products, or quality changes that affect consumers' actual cost of living. Economic data can be adjusted for inflation effects by using price indexes to convert nominal values into real terms.
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This document discusses the effect of inflation on Pakistan's economy. It defines inflation as a general and progressive increase in prices where the value of goods rises faster than the value of money. The document outlines the different types of inflation including cost-push inflation, which occurs when businesses raise prices to maintain profits in response to higher production costs, and demand-pull inflation, which arises when aggregate demand exceeds supply. The consumer price index is used to measure inflation. Some factors that can cause inflation in Pakistan are natural calamities, indirect taxes, rising import prices, and shortages in production factors. The document recommends policies like tight monetary policy, contractionary fiscal policy, and increasing domestic production to help control inflation.
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Week 4 GB2201 Measuring the Cost of Living.pdf
Macroeconomic that will help you understand more and help the country by understanding the topic well. Other than that, it also emphasizes in the stability of the country's economical state. Food security as well no poverty plays a huge part in the balance of the economic state of the country.
Cost behavior and contribution margin reporting
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This document provides an overview of key macroeconomic concepts including GDP, its components and measurement. It defines GDP as the total value of final goods and services produced, which can be measured through total expenditure or total income. GDP has nominal and real components, with real GDP adjusting for inflation using a base year. Other concepts covered include GNP, the GDP deflator, CPI, stocks and flows. Worked examples are provided to demonstrate calculating GDP and inflation rates. Limitations of CPI in measuring inflation are also discussed.
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1425532.ppt
- 1. Calculating GDP Nominal GDP, Real GDP, and the GDP Deflator
- 2. There are two ways that GDP can increase: 1. An increase in the PRICES of goods and services. 2. An increase in the QUANTITY of goods and services. We need a method to calculate GDP that addresses rising prices
- 3. Our Simple Economy Suppose an economy produces three goods or services, Window Washing, Baseballs, and Hammers. Data for the past three years can be found below.
- 4. Prices and Quantities for our Simple Economy
- 5. Nominal GDP Step 1: Calculate Nominal GDP (The value of final goods and services evaluated at current-year prices) for each year: NGDP2006 = Q2006 x P2006 = (90 x $50.00) Window Washing + (75 x $2.00) Baseballs + (50 x $30.00) Hammers = $6,150
- 6. Nominal GDP 2007 NGDP2007 = Q2007 x P2007 = (100 x $60.00) Window Washing + (100 x $2.00) Baseballs + (50 x $25.00) Hammers = $7,450
- 7. Nominal GDP 2008 NGDP2008 = Q2008 x P2008 = (100 x $65.00) Window Washing + (120 x $2.25) Baseballs + (65 x $25.00) Hammers = $8,395
- 8. Real GDP Step 2: Calculate Real GDP (The value of final goods and services evaluated at base-year prices) for each year. For our example assume 2006 is the base year. This means that all values are in what we call “2006 Dollars”, or “Constant Dollars”.
- 9. Real GDP By using the prices from the base-year, (or holding prices constant over time), we eliminate the impact that rising prices have on GDP, to get a measure of “Real” economic activity.
- 10. Real GDP in 2006 RGDP2006 = Q2006 x P2006 = (90 x $50.00) Window Washing + (75 x $2.00) Baseballs + (50 x $30.00) Hammers = $6,150 Note: For the Base-Year Nominal GDP always equals Real GDP
- 11. Real GDP in 2007 RGDP2007 = Q2007 x P2006 = (100 x $50.00) Window Washing + (100 x $2.00) Baseballs + (50 x $30.00) Hammers = $6,700 Note: We use “Current Quantities” and “Constant Prices”.
- 12. Real GDP in 2008 RGDP2008 = Q2008 x P2006 = (100 x $50.00) Window Washing + (120 x $2.00) Baseballs + (65 x $30.00) Hammers = $7,190 Note: We still use “Current Quantities” and “Constant Prices”.
- 13. The General Formula for Calculating a Growth Rate 100 _ _ _ % _ Value Old Value Old Value New Change Percent 100 % _ 1 1 t t t X X X Change Percent
- 14. Calculate the Growth Rate in Real GDP between 2006 and 2007 %Change = [(RGDP2007 – RGDP2006)/RGDP2006] x 100 %Change = [(6,700 – 6,150)/6,150] x 100 %Change = 8.94% That is real GDP grew by 8.94% between 2006 and 2007.
- 15. Calculate the Growth Rate in Real GDP between 2007 and 2008 %Change = [(RGDP2008 – RGDP2007)/RGDP2007] x 100 %Change = [(7,190 – 6,700)/6,700] x 100 %Change = 7.31% That is real GDP grew by 7.31% between 2007 and 2008.
- 16. The Price Level We can use our calculations of Nominal GDP and Real GDP to calculate the Price Level (A measure of the average prices of goods and services in the economy.)
- 17. The GDP Deflator One example of a measure of the average price level is the GDP deflator. 100 _ t t t RGDP NGDP Deflator GDP
- 18. Calculate the GDP Deflator for 2006 GDP Deflator2006 = (NGDP2006/RGDP2006) x 100 GDP Deflator2006 = (6,150/6,150) x 100 = 100 Note: The GDP Deflator is always equal to 100 in the base-year. The Price Index is “unitless”
- 19. Calculate the GDP Deflator for 2007 and 2008 GDP Deflator2007 = (NGDP2007/RGDP2007) x 100 GDP Deflator2007 = (7,450/6,700) x 100 = 111.19 GDP Deflator2008 = (NGDP2008/RGDP2008) x 100 GDP Deflator2008 = (8,395/7,190) x 100 = 116.76
- 20. The Inflation Rate We can use the growth rate formula from previous to calculate the Inflation Rate (the Inflation Rate is The percentage increase in the price level from one year to the next.)
- 21. Calculate the Inflation Rate from 2006 to 2007 Inflation Rate Between 2006 and 2007 = [(GDP Def.2007 – GDP Def.2006)/GDP Def.2006] x 100 Inflation Rate Between 2006 and 2007 = [(111.19 – 100)/100] x 100 = 11.19 That is the inflation rate between 2006 and 2007 was 11.19%.
- 22. Calculate the Inflation Rate from 2007 to 2008 Inflation Rate Between 2007 and 2008 = [(GDP Def.2008 – GDP Def.2007)/GDP Def.2007] x 100 Inflation Rate Between 2007 and 2008 = [(116.76 – 111.19)/111.19] x 100 = 5.01 That is the inflation rate between 2007 and 2008 was 5.01%.
- 23. Nominal GDP in the U.S. 1947 to 2008
- 24. Real GDP in the U.S. 1929 to 2008