This document presents a study on developing an econometric model to determine milk prices for agribusiness centers in Tamil Nadu, India. The study aims to develop a pricing model that takes into account production costs as well as price and non-price factors like technology, input prices, and government policies. The researchers collected primary data from 160 households rearing buffaloes across 4 villages in 2 districts of Tamil Nadu. Using this data and techniques like normalized restricted quadratic profit function analysis, they estimated elasticities of milk supply and input demand. A price determination model was developed based on the cost of production structure and these elasticities. The model was used to project different milk price scenarios for the coming years by taking the year 2002-
11.reviewing performance of indian sugar industry an economic analysisAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the economic performance of the Indian sugar industry from 1979-2009. It begins with an introduction to economic reforms in India since 1991 and how they impacted industries. It then provides background on the sugar industry in India, including key facts about its size, production levels by state, ownership structures, plant sizes, and government controls. The document reviews different definitions and approaches to measuring capacity utilization from an economic perspective. It aims to estimate capacity and utilization levels for the Indian sugar industry over the 30-year period and analyze how economic liberalization has impacted utilization rates.
Reviewing performance of indian sugar industry an economic analysisAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the economic performance of the Indian sugar industry from 1979-2009. It aims to measure capacity utilization econometrically at the aggregate level. The key findings are:
1) There was significant variation in capacity utilization rates over the years within the industry.
2) Capacity utilization growth rates have diminished during the post-reform period beginning in 1991 with the introduction of economic liberalization policies.
3) Liberalization appears to have had a significant negative impact on economic capacity utilization in the Indian sugar industry.
This document summarizes a study that estimates output supply and input demand elasticities for rice production in Sri Lanka using a restricted normalized translog profit function approach. The study analyzes four major rice producing districts from 1990-2012. The results show that changes in input and output prices significantly affect farmer profits, rice supply, and input use. Rice supply elasticity with respect to price is 0.5, while fertilizer demand elasticity with respect to price is -0.05 on average. Fertilizer subsidy increases both fertilizer demand and rice supply. Low substitution elasticity between labor and fertilizer indicates complementary relationships that synergistically increase production when applied together. Overall, higher output prices are essential for greater rice production according to
Determinants of seed cotton output evidence from the northern region of ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the factors influencing seed cotton output in Ghana's Northern Region. 200 cotton farmers were surveyed using multi-stage random sampling. An augmented Cobb-Douglas production model was used for analysis. The results showed farmer's education, experience, farm size, fertilizer use, labor, location, extension contact and farmer group size were significant determinants of output. The estimation also showed decreasing returns to scale of 0.824. The relevance of input factors calls for policies focusing on timely provision of quality inputs.
Effects of Rice Liberalization Law on Rice Production, Farmers’ Wages and Gov...IJAEMSJORNAL
- The document analyzes the effects of the Rice Liberalization Law on rice production, farmers' wages, and government budgets in Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
- Quantitative analysis using time series data from 2010-2019 finds that government budgets have a significant positive effect on rice production, while low production negatively impacts farmers' wages and income.
- The study aims to determine if liberalizing rice trade through the Rice Liberalization Law significantly impacted the current rice market situation in Nueva Ecija.
Md. Forhed Bin Khalique, Sarker Md Touhiduzzaman, Md Shahidul Islam. Hilarius Murmu and Md Rasel . “Economic Analysis of Rice Production in Bangladesh” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 08-17.
Technical and allocative efficiency of smallholder dairy farmers in swazilandAlexander Decker
- The document analyzes the technical and allocative efficiency of smallholder dairy farmers in Swaziland. It estimates the average technical efficiency (TE) was 66% and average allocative efficiency (AE) was 78%.
- Factors like water availability, pasture size, soil fertility, dairy experience, training, distance to market, age, credit access, household size, and herd size influence TE and AE levels.
- There is potential to improve TE by 34% and AE by 22% by addressing inefficient factors. The study recommends soil testing, improved credit access, and strengthened extension services to enhance efficiency.
11.reviewing performance of indian sugar industry an economic analysisAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the economic performance of the Indian sugar industry from 1979-2009. It begins with an introduction to economic reforms in India since 1991 and how they impacted industries. It then provides background on the sugar industry in India, including key facts about its size, production levels by state, ownership structures, plant sizes, and government controls. The document reviews different definitions and approaches to measuring capacity utilization from an economic perspective. It aims to estimate capacity and utilization levels for the Indian sugar industry over the 30-year period and analyze how economic liberalization has impacted utilization rates.
Reviewing performance of indian sugar industry an economic analysisAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the economic performance of the Indian sugar industry from 1979-2009. It aims to measure capacity utilization econometrically at the aggregate level. The key findings are:
1) There was significant variation in capacity utilization rates over the years within the industry.
2) Capacity utilization growth rates have diminished during the post-reform period beginning in 1991 with the introduction of economic liberalization policies.
3) Liberalization appears to have had a significant negative impact on economic capacity utilization in the Indian sugar industry.
This document summarizes a study that estimates output supply and input demand elasticities for rice production in Sri Lanka using a restricted normalized translog profit function approach. The study analyzes four major rice producing districts from 1990-2012. The results show that changes in input and output prices significantly affect farmer profits, rice supply, and input use. Rice supply elasticity with respect to price is 0.5, while fertilizer demand elasticity with respect to price is -0.05 on average. Fertilizer subsidy increases both fertilizer demand and rice supply. Low substitution elasticity between labor and fertilizer indicates complementary relationships that synergistically increase production when applied together. Overall, higher output prices are essential for greater rice production according to
Determinants of seed cotton output evidence from the northern region of ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the factors influencing seed cotton output in Ghana's Northern Region. 200 cotton farmers were surveyed using multi-stage random sampling. An augmented Cobb-Douglas production model was used for analysis. The results showed farmer's education, experience, farm size, fertilizer use, labor, location, extension contact and farmer group size were significant determinants of output. The estimation also showed decreasing returns to scale of 0.824. The relevance of input factors calls for policies focusing on timely provision of quality inputs.
Effects of Rice Liberalization Law on Rice Production, Farmers’ Wages and Gov...IJAEMSJORNAL
- The document analyzes the effects of the Rice Liberalization Law on rice production, farmers' wages, and government budgets in Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
- Quantitative analysis using time series data from 2010-2019 finds that government budgets have a significant positive effect on rice production, while low production negatively impacts farmers' wages and income.
- The study aims to determine if liberalizing rice trade through the Rice Liberalization Law significantly impacted the current rice market situation in Nueva Ecija.
Md. Forhed Bin Khalique, Sarker Md Touhiduzzaman, Md Shahidul Islam. Hilarius Murmu and Md Rasel . “Economic Analysis of Rice Production in Bangladesh” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 08-17.
Technical and allocative efficiency of smallholder dairy farmers in swazilandAlexander Decker
- The document analyzes the technical and allocative efficiency of smallholder dairy farmers in Swaziland. It estimates the average technical efficiency (TE) was 66% and average allocative efficiency (AE) was 78%.
- Factors like water availability, pasture size, soil fertility, dairy experience, training, distance to market, age, credit access, household size, and herd size influence TE and AE levels.
- There is potential to improve TE by 34% and AE by 22% by addressing inefficient factors. The study recommends soil testing, improved credit access, and strengthened extension services to enhance efficiency.
Trends in Area Production and Productivity of Groundnut in Uttar Pradesh: Fut...inventionjournals
India has been ranking among top three producers of Groundnut in the world, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh being the major producing states in the country. However, there has been a consistent fluctuation in the area and production over the years and across the State. Uttar Pradesh being one of the most populous state in the country has been ranking amongst the top two states as far as mustard production is concerned. However it ranks 8 as far as the production and productivity groundnut is concerned. Groundnut oil being a major cooking medium and groundnut seeds an important ingradient in the processing sector, the paper aims to analyse trends in area, Production and Productivity of Groundnut in Uttar Pradesh with future business implications. Orthogonal polynomial technique has been deployed to examine the trends.
This document discusses factors influencing maize production and marketing in Tirupur district, India. It begins with an introduction to maize as an important crop worldwide and in India. It then states the objective of the study is to analyze factors influencing maize production and marketing among farmers in the study area. The methodology section describes how primary and secondary data was collected through surveys of 300 maize farmers. Factor analysis was conducted to identify underlying factors. Three key factors were identified accounting for 62.87% of variance: 1) infrastructure and agricultural services, 2) inputs, and 3) marketing and price stability. The study concludes that crop insurance should be extended to all farmers and losses from high moisture content should be reduced.
The document summarizes the results of surveys conducted in March, June, and December 2014 on dairy farming practices and productivity among milk sector business group members in Bangladesh. Key findings include:
1) The percentage of business group members purchasing ready feed for their cattle doubled from 25% at baseline to 50% in December 2014. However, deworming and vaccination rates decreased.
2) Milk production per cow increased over 20% from the baseline to 1.57 liters per day. The amount of milk sold also increased.
3) Profits per cow rose 25% over baseline to 870 Taka per month, though this was slightly below expectations. 30% of business members increased profits by 25% or
Commercial goat farming in India is emerging as an agribusiness opportunity as large farmers and businessmen adopt intensive goat rearing systems. A study of 18 commercial goat farms across India found that the majority were profitable. Both intensive and semi-intensive management systems can be economically viable. However, adoption of improved technologies, quality breeding stock, low-cost feeds, and innovative marketing will be necessary for commercial goat farming to succeed on a large scale.
An estimation of economic, locational and climatic variables on chick pea pro...Muhammad Usman Malik
This document is the M.Sc. thesis of Muhammad Usman from 2012 supervised by Prof. Dr. M. Ashfaq at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad. The thesis estimates the economic, locational, and climatic effects on the average yield of chickpeas in rain-fed areas of Punjab province. Secondary data from 1981-2011 on climate variables, input prices, and yields from Mianwali and Khushab districts was analyzed. The results show that higher temperatures negatively impact yields while rainfall during vegetation positively impacts yields. Policy suggestions include using heat-tolerant varieties, adjusting planting dates, and educating farmers on irrigation techniques.
The document analyzes the growth and instability of foodgrain production in Odisha, India over a 20-year period from 1995-1996 to 2014-2015 at the state and district level. It finds that while total foodgrain production experienced no growth in the first decade, the second decade saw impressive growth for all crops, especially other cereals which grew at 7.7% annually. At the district level, most districts also saw higher growth rates for paddy, other cereals, pulses and total foodgrains in the second decade compared to the first. However, some districts still experienced negative or low growth for certain crops. The study also found that instability or risk in foodgrain production decreased at the state level in the second
Present Status and Future Prospectus of Agriculture in Jammu and Kashmiriosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
An effect of support price toward the growth rate of sugarcane production: Ev...Premier Publishers
This paper focuses on an effect of support price toward the growth rate of Sugarcane production: Evidence from Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan by using secondary time series data from the period of 1990-91 to 2013-14. Growth rate model and Cobb-Douglas production function was applied to analyze the data. Every year government of Pakistan announced support price for sugarcane crop, the aimed of announcing supporting price to save the sugarcane producers for achieving the target of sugar production. In Punjab province, since 1990-91 to 2013-14 total growth rate of sugarcane in area, production and yield were increased 2.24%, 4.67% and 2.33% respectively. However, in Sindh Province total growth rate was calculated 1.42% for area, 3.35 for production and 1.78% for yield respectively. The results of regression analysis indicate that the both province`s area and support price have significant relationship with production. However its necessary to increase support price if the support price increase than the farmers take keen interest for cultivating more area under sugarcane with use of modern technologies and also increase the applications of inputs, so that the government of Pakistan should increase support price for promoting the sugarcane production both Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan.
The law of demand expresses the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded.
Assumption of ‘ Ceteris Paribus’. A hypothetical assumption
If price of a commodity falls, the quantity demanded of it will rise and vice versa.
Inverse relationship between price and quantity
Other factors also play an important role.
Real world variables.
The indifference curve analysis has also been used to explain producer’s equilibrium, the problems of exchange, rationing, taxation, supply of labour, welfare economics and a host of other problems. Some of the important problems are explained below with the help of this technique.
(1) The Problem of Exchange:
With the help of indifference curve technique the problem of exchange between two individuals can be discussed. We take two consumers A and В who possess two goods X and Y in fixed quantities respectively. The problem is how can they exchange the goods possessed by each other. This can be solved by constructing an Edgeworth-Bowley box diagram on the basis of their preference maps and the given supplies of goods.
The research was conducted at Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia to know the amount of small-scale income obtained by layer’ farmer. The study began on January 6 to February 7, 2017. The method used was a survey method. The total sample was 109 respondents determined by purposive sampling method with the consideration of farmers who breed laying a layer of 1000-5000 for at least 3 years. The collection of research data consisted of primary data and secondary data. Data were analyzed using an input-output approach and descriptive analysis.
Article milk prices and production costs world wideHuongNguyen14273
This document summarizes milk production costs and prices worldwide from 2000-2014 based on data from the International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN). Key points include:
- In 2014, average global milk production costs were $46 per 100 kg, ranging from $4.50 in Cameroon to $118 in Switzerland.
- Typical dairy farm production costs from 2000-2014 increased in Germany and Poland due to currency appreciation and higher input prices, while costs in the US fluctuated more with feed prices.
- In 2014, milk prices were similar to 2013 levels in most countries, making farm economics profitable despite rising costs in previous years. However, prices dropped sharply at the end of 2014, foreshadowing economic
TOP 5 MOST CITED ARTICLES IN 2015 - International Journal of Managing Value a...ijmvsc
The International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains ( IJMVSC ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of value and supply chain management. The journal provides a platform to disseminate new ideas and new research, advance theories, and propagate best practices in the management of value and supply chain management, looking across both product and service-based businesses. This will include works based in service management, logistics and distribution, operations management, process management, flow control, and customer service. The journal offers a forum in which academics, consultants, and practitioners in a variety of fields can exchange ideas to further research and improve practices in all areas of business. The International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains ( IJMVSC ) seek to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in the management of both product and service-based organizations around the world.
The efficiency of food crop agriculture is a fairly common and used performance
parameter, efficiency measurement is widely used to answer the challenges of
calculating the size of agricultural crops. This research uses a method called Data
Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure technical efficiency. DEA method from one
company is a non-parametric analysis method which aims to measure the level of
efficiency relative to the productivity unit that has the same goal. The productivity unit
is here in the form of a decision-making unit (DMU) where the DMU in this study is
the food crop agriculture sub-sector 29 districts in East Java. The results of this study
can be studied as many as 93.
This document presents the objectives, methodology, findings and conclusions of a study on the impact of cold storage facilities on agriculture in Assam, India. The key findings are:
1) Cold storage capacity in Assam grew significantly from 2001-2011, reaching a total of 109,540.9 MT distributed across various districts.
2) During this period, the area, production and productivity of horticultural crops grew faster than food crops, with compound annual growth rates of 2.3%, 6.96% and 4.41% respectively for vegetables.
3) The production portfolio of farmers shifted somewhat towards horticulture as cold storage infrastructure increased, though cropping patterns were still determined more by local soil and location factors
Agriculture production economics is a field that applies economic principles to optimize the use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It analyzes production relationships and rational decision making. The objectives are to provide guidance to farmers and facilitate the most efficient use of resources. Some key aspects covered include input-output relationships, returns to scale, and stages of production. Linear programming is a mathematical tool used to maximize an objective function subject to linear constraints and restrictions on resources.
Agricultural production economics is concerned with optimizing resource use on farms to maximize profits. It applies microeconomic principles to production decisions at the farm level and higher levels. The goals are to determine the most efficient use of resources like land, labor, capital and management and to analyze how production responds to changes in prices and technology. The subject matter includes production relationships, costs, optimization of resource use, and yield analysis. Production economics provides a framework to assist farmers and policymakers in production and resource allocation decisions.
Input Structure Effect of Total Factor Productivity Growth of Animal HusbandryDr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper uses the input-output panel data of China's animal husbandry industry from 1997 to 2017, based on the total factor decomposition framework of total factor productivity (TFP), and uses the Hicks-Moorsteen index completely decompose the growth of animal husbandry TFP. By measuring the effect of mixed efficiency on the development of TFP in animal husbandry and then evaluating the input structure effect of TFP growth in animal husbandry. The results show that the impact of input structure on the TFP growth of animal husbandry has also changed from negative to positive. From 1997 to 2007, the input structure of the Huanghuaihai region alone contributed to the growth of TFP in animal husbandry, and the rest of the region was the opposite. From 2008 to 2017, the input structure of the Mengxin Plateau region hindered the growth of TFP in animal husbandry, while the rest of the region was the opposite.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on agriculture in the Dharwad district of Karnataka, India. It aims to study the association between cropping systems in the district over time. Key findings include:
- Global warming is projected to significantly impact agricultural conditions like temperature, precipitation, etc. Assessing climate change impacts can help adapt suitable farming practices.
- The study analyzed data on area and price of major crops (chilli, maize, groundnut, sorghum, cotton, soybean) in Dharwad district from 1995-2009.
- Results found that while crop areas saw some variation, cotton crop area was consistently first based on the Kendall's coefficient of concordance test
Comparative economic analysis of hybrid vs conventional sunflowersanaullah noonari
Abstract
Sunflower is one of the four most important annual crops in the world grown for edible oil. In Pakistan although
it was introduced as an oilseed crop 40 years back but its expansion in acreage and production is fluctuating due
to various production and socioeconomic constraints. The comparison of total income gained, total costs
associated and profit gained from two sunflower activities. Higher income (155401 Rs.), higher costs (98677
Rs.) and higher profits (56724 Rs.) were gained in sowing hybrid sunflower but conventional sunflower gave
poor results lower income (75372 Rs.). Lower costs (57939 Rs.) and very low profits (17433 Rs.) were recorded.
The question of higher cost of cultivation existed, and was confirmed, mainly because of high seed cost and not
corresponding reduction in pesticide cost.
Keywords: Sunflower, edible oil, conventional, hybrid, Pakistan
Definition:
Production economics is the application of the principles of microeconomics in production. Based on the theory of firm, these principles explain various cost concepts, output response to inputs and the use of inputs/resources to maximize profits and/ or minimize costs. Production economics, thus provides a framework for decision making at the level of a firm for increasing efficiency and profits
*Goals of Production Economics
*BASIC PRODUCTION PROBLEMS
1. WHAT TO PRODUCE?
2. HOW TO PRODUCE?
3.HOW MUCH TO PRODUCE?
4. WHEN TO BUY AND SELL?
5. WHERE TO BUY AND SELL?
*OBJECTIVES
*SUBJECT MATTER
#AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION FUNCTION
*Thank You..!
El documento describe varios aspectos de la vida cotidiana en aldeas rurales como la infraestructura, la salud y la educación, así como los mercados tradicionales y el transporte colectivo. También contrasta la vida en aldeas con la vida en grandes ciudades modernas donde los teléfonos móviles e Internet son más comunes.
Este documento ofrece 10 secretos para lograr la abundante felicidad. Algunos de estos secretos incluyen mantener una actitud positiva, cuidar tu postura corporal para influir en tus emociones, disfrutar del presente en lugar de enfocarse en el pasado o futuro, aprender a amarte a ti mismo, perdonar resentimientos del pasado, cultivar amistades sinceras y mantener la fe a pesar de las dudas.
Trends in Area Production and Productivity of Groundnut in Uttar Pradesh: Fut...inventionjournals
India has been ranking among top three producers of Groundnut in the world, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh being the major producing states in the country. However, there has been a consistent fluctuation in the area and production over the years and across the State. Uttar Pradesh being one of the most populous state in the country has been ranking amongst the top two states as far as mustard production is concerned. However it ranks 8 as far as the production and productivity groundnut is concerned. Groundnut oil being a major cooking medium and groundnut seeds an important ingradient in the processing sector, the paper aims to analyse trends in area, Production and Productivity of Groundnut in Uttar Pradesh with future business implications. Orthogonal polynomial technique has been deployed to examine the trends.
This document discusses factors influencing maize production and marketing in Tirupur district, India. It begins with an introduction to maize as an important crop worldwide and in India. It then states the objective of the study is to analyze factors influencing maize production and marketing among farmers in the study area. The methodology section describes how primary and secondary data was collected through surveys of 300 maize farmers. Factor analysis was conducted to identify underlying factors. Three key factors were identified accounting for 62.87% of variance: 1) infrastructure and agricultural services, 2) inputs, and 3) marketing and price stability. The study concludes that crop insurance should be extended to all farmers and losses from high moisture content should be reduced.
The document summarizes the results of surveys conducted in March, June, and December 2014 on dairy farming practices and productivity among milk sector business group members in Bangladesh. Key findings include:
1) The percentage of business group members purchasing ready feed for their cattle doubled from 25% at baseline to 50% in December 2014. However, deworming and vaccination rates decreased.
2) Milk production per cow increased over 20% from the baseline to 1.57 liters per day. The amount of milk sold also increased.
3) Profits per cow rose 25% over baseline to 870 Taka per month, though this was slightly below expectations. 30% of business members increased profits by 25% or
Commercial goat farming in India is emerging as an agribusiness opportunity as large farmers and businessmen adopt intensive goat rearing systems. A study of 18 commercial goat farms across India found that the majority were profitable. Both intensive and semi-intensive management systems can be economically viable. However, adoption of improved technologies, quality breeding stock, low-cost feeds, and innovative marketing will be necessary for commercial goat farming to succeed on a large scale.
An estimation of economic, locational and climatic variables on chick pea pro...Muhammad Usman Malik
This document is the M.Sc. thesis of Muhammad Usman from 2012 supervised by Prof. Dr. M. Ashfaq at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad. The thesis estimates the economic, locational, and climatic effects on the average yield of chickpeas in rain-fed areas of Punjab province. Secondary data from 1981-2011 on climate variables, input prices, and yields from Mianwali and Khushab districts was analyzed. The results show that higher temperatures negatively impact yields while rainfall during vegetation positively impacts yields. Policy suggestions include using heat-tolerant varieties, adjusting planting dates, and educating farmers on irrigation techniques.
The document analyzes the growth and instability of foodgrain production in Odisha, India over a 20-year period from 1995-1996 to 2014-2015 at the state and district level. It finds that while total foodgrain production experienced no growth in the first decade, the second decade saw impressive growth for all crops, especially other cereals which grew at 7.7% annually. At the district level, most districts also saw higher growth rates for paddy, other cereals, pulses and total foodgrains in the second decade compared to the first. However, some districts still experienced negative or low growth for certain crops. The study also found that instability or risk in foodgrain production decreased at the state level in the second
Present Status and Future Prospectus of Agriculture in Jammu and Kashmiriosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
An effect of support price toward the growth rate of sugarcane production: Ev...Premier Publishers
This paper focuses on an effect of support price toward the growth rate of Sugarcane production: Evidence from Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan by using secondary time series data from the period of 1990-91 to 2013-14. Growth rate model and Cobb-Douglas production function was applied to analyze the data. Every year government of Pakistan announced support price for sugarcane crop, the aimed of announcing supporting price to save the sugarcane producers for achieving the target of sugar production. In Punjab province, since 1990-91 to 2013-14 total growth rate of sugarcane in area, production and yield were increased 2.24%, 4.67% and 2.33% respectively. However, in Sindh Province total growth rate was calculated 1.42% for area, 3.35 for production and 1.78% for yield respectively. The results of regression analysis indicate that the both province`s area and support price have significant relationship with production. However its necessary to increase support price if the support price increase than the farmers take keen interest for cultivating more area under sugarcane with use of modern technologies and also increase the applications of inputs, so that the government of Pakistan should increase support price for promoting the sugarcane production both Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan.
The law of demand expresses the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded.
Assumption of ‘ Ceteris Paribus’. A hypothetical assumption
If price of a commodity falls, the quantity demanded of it will rise and vice versa.
Inverse relationship between price and quantity
Other factors also play an important role.
Real world variables.
The indifference curve analysis has also been used to explain producer’s equilibrium, the problems of exchange, rationing, taxation, supply of labour, welfare economics and a host of other problems. Some of the important problems are explained below with the help of this technique.
(1) The Problem of Exchange:
With the help of indifference curve technique the problem of exchange between two individuals can be discussed. We take two consumers A and В who possess two goods X and Y in fixed quantities respectively. The problem is how can they exchange the goods possessed by each other. This can be solved by constructing an Edgeworth-Bowley box diagram on the basis of their preference maps and the given supplies of goods.
The research was conducted at Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia to know the amount of small-scale income obtained by layer’ farmer. The study began on January 6 to February 7, 2017. The method used was a survey method. The total sample was 109 respondents determined by purposive sampling method with the consideration of farmers who breed laying a layer of 1000-5000 for at least 3 years. The collection of research data consisted of primary data and secondary data. Data were analyzed using an input-output approach and descriptive analysis.
Article milk prices and production costs world wideHuongNguyen14273
This document summarizes milk production costs and prices worldwide from 2000-2014 based on data from the International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN). Key points include:
- In 2014, average global milk production costs were $46 per 100 kg, ranging from $4.50 in Cameroon to $118 in Switzerland.
- Typical dairy farm production costs from 2000-2014 increased in Germany and Poland due to currency appreciation and higher input prices, while costs in the US fluctuated more with feed prices.
- In 2014, milk prices were similar to 2013 levels in most countries, making farm economics profitable despite rising costs in previous years. However, prices dropped sharply at the end of 2014, foreshadowing economic
TOP 5 MOST CITED ARTICLES IN 2015 - International Journal of Managing Value a...ijmvsc
The International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains ( IJMVSC ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of value and supply chain management. The journal provides a platform to disseminate new ideas and new research, advance theories, and propagate best practices in the management of value and supply chain management, looking across both product and service-based businesses. This will include works based in service management, logistics and distribution, operations management, process management, flow control, and customer service. The journal offers a forum in which academics, consultants, and practitioners in a variety of fields can exchange ideas to further research and improve practices in all areas of business. The International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains ( IJMVSC ) seek to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in the management of both product and service-based organizations around the world.
The efficiency of food crop agriculture is a fairly common and used performance
parameter, efficiency measurement is widely used to answer the challenges of
calculating the size of agricultural crops. This research uses a method called Data
Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure technical efficiency. DEA method from one
company is a non-parametric analysis method which aims to measure the level of
efficiency relative to the productivity unit that has the same goal. The productivity unit
is here in the form of a decision-making unit (DMU) where the DMU in this study is
the food crop agriculture sub-sector 29 districts in East Java. The results of this study
can be studied as many as 93.
This document presents the objectives, methodology, findings and conclusions of a study on the impact of cold storage facilities on agriculture in Assam, India. The key findings are:
1) Cold storage capacity in Assam grew significantly from 2001-2011, reaching a total of 109,540.9 MT distributed across various districts.
2) During this period, the area, production and productivity of horticultural crops grew faster than food crops, with compound annual growth rates of 2.3%, 6.96% and 4.41% respectively for vegetables.
3) The production portfolio of farmers shifted somewhat towards horticulture as cold storage infrastructure increased, though cropping patterns were still determined more by local soil and location factors
Agriculture production economics is a field that applies economic principles to optimize the use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It analyzes production relationships and rational decision making. The objectives are to provide guidance to farmers and facilitate the most efficient use of resources. Some key aspects covered include input-output relationships, returns to scale, and stages of production. Linear programming is a mathematical tool used to maximize an objective function subject to linear constraints and restrictions on resources.
Agricultural production economics is concerned with optimizing resource use on farms to maximize profits. It applies microeconomic principles to production decisions at the farm level and higher levels. The goals are to determine the most efficient use of resources like land, labor, capital and management and to analyze how production responds to changes in prices and technology. The subject matter includes production relationships, costs, optimization of resource use, and yield analysis. Production economics provides a framework to assist farmers and policymakers in production and resource allocation decisions.
Input Structure Effect of Total Factor Productivity Growth of Animal HusbandryDr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper uses the input-output panel data of China's animal husbandry industry from 1997 to 2017, based on the total factor decomposition framework of total factor productivity (TFP), and uses the Hicks-Moorsteen index completely decompose the growth of animal husbandry TFP. By measuring the effect of mixed efficiency on the development of TFP in animal husbandry and then evaluating the input structure effect of TFP growth in animal husbandry. The results show that the impact of input structure on the TFP growth of animal husbandry has also changed from negative to positive. From 1997 to 2007, the input structure of the Huanghuaihai region alone contributed to the growth of TFP in animal husbandry, and the rest of the region was the opposite. From 2008 to 2017, the input structure of the Mengxin Plateau region hindered the growth of TFP in animal husbandry, while the rest of the region was the opposite.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on agriculture in the Dharwad district of Karnataka, India. It aims to study the association between cropping systems in the district over time. Key findings include:
- Global warming is projected to significantly impact agricultural conditions like temperature, precipitation, etc. Assessing climate change impacts can help adapt suitable farming practices.
- The study analyzed data on area and price of major crops (chilli, maize, groundnut, sorghum, cotton, soybean) in Dharwad district from 1995-2009.
- Results found that while crop areas saw some variation, cotton crop area was consistently first based on the Kendall's coefficient of concordance test
Comparative economic analysis of hybrid vs conventional sunflowersanaullah noonari
Abstract
Sunflower is one of the four most important annual crops in the world grown for edible oil. In Pakistan although
it was introduced as an oilseed crop 40 years back but its expansion in acreage and production is fluctuating due
to various production and socioeconomic constraints. The comparison of total income gained, total costs
associated and profit gained from two sunflower activities. Higher income (155401 Rs.), higher costs (98677
Rs.) and higher profits (56724 Rs.) were gained in sowing hybrid sunflower but conventional sunflower gave
poor results lower income (75372 Rs.). Lower costs (57939 Rs.) and very low profits (17433 Rs.) were recorded.
The question of higher cost of cultivation existed, and was confirmed, mainly because of high seed cost and not
corresponding reduction in pesticide cost.
Keywords: Sunflower, edible oil, conventional, hybrid, Pakistan
Definition:
Production economics is the application of the principles of microeconomics in production. Based on the theory of firm, these principles explain various cost concepts, output response to inputs and the use of inputs/resources to maximize profits and/ or minimize costs. Production economics, thus provides a framework for decision making at the level of a firm for increasing efficiency and profits
*Goals of Production Economics
*BASIC PRODUCTION PROBLEMS
1. WHAT TO PRODUCE?
2. HOW TO PRODUCE?
3.HOW MUCH TO PRODUCE?
4. WHEN TO BUY AND SELL?
5. WHERE TO BUY AND SELL?
*OBJECTIVES
*SUBJECT MATTER
#AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION FUNCTION
*Thank You..!
El documento describe varios aspectos de la vida cotidiana en aldeas rurales como la infraestructura, la salud y la educación, así como los mercados tradicionales y el transporte colectivo. También contrasta la vida en aldeas con la vida en grandes ciudades modernas donde los teléfonos móviles e Internet son más comunes.
Este documento ofrece 10 secretos para lograr la abundante felicidad. Algunos de estos secretos incluyen mantener una actitud positiva, cuidar tu postura corporal para influir en tus emociones, disfrutar del presente en lugar de enfocarse en el pasado o futuro, aprender a amarte a ti mismo, perdonar resentimientos del pasado, cultivar amistades sinceras y mantener la fe a pesar de las dudas.
The document discusses various English modal verbs and their uses for expressing:
1. Ability, obligation, prohibition, necessity, expectation, advice, permission, requests, offers, past habits, possibility, and criticism.
2. Each modal verb has nuanced meanings and uses for indicating likelihood, permission, expectations, obligations, and more.
3. The modals can be used in various tenses including present, past, perfect, and continuous forms to express deductions, possibilities, or criticisms about ongoing or completed events.
El documento lista varios recursos y productos exportados de África al resto del mundo, incluyendo petróleo y gas, aceite de palma, música y danza, diamantes, cacao, oro, café, biodiversidad natural y coltán.
The Science Society had another successful year in 2011. Several activities were carried out including trips to the Science Centre, a cement factory, and UPM. Film shows on NASA and Asian scientists were also well-attended. Talks on technology, engineering, and electronics drew encouraging support. The monthly subscription was increased to RM3 to fund future activities. The secretary thanked the former and new advisers for their guidance in making the society more active.
The unemployed man is distraught after being told he cannot get a janitor job at Microsoft because he does not have an email address. He decides to buy and sell strawberries door-to-door, doubling his money each time. Within five years, through hard work and reinvesting his profits, he builds the business into one of the largest food chains in the United States. When getting life insurance later, he is reminded that without an email address five years ago, he would still be applying for jobs.
A new partnership between ITE and GST aims to improve efficiency by removing 44,742 pounds of e-waste and destroying 2,230 hard drives from Ashburn facilities for a total cost of $12,293. The partnership identifies responsible organizational units, creates agreements for e-waste disposal with pickups scheduled as "ITE-GST," and implements a 30-day donation process before final disposal.
1) This document contains a review of various algebra 2 concepts across 9 standards, including solving linear equations, quadratic equations, systems of equations, exponents, functions, and probability.
2) Several problems provide examples of solving systems of equations, factoring quadratic expressions, graphing quadratic and exponential functions, simplifying expressions with exponents, and calculating probabilities of independent and dependent events.
3) The review covers a wide range of algebra 2 topics to help students prepare for an upcoming benchmark exam.
This document provides information on various search engines and their usage statistics. The top five search engines are Google with over 1 billion searches per month, Bing with 350 million, Yahoo with 300 million, YouTube with 245 million, and Baidu with 125 million monthly searches. It also provides information on using search engines to search with keywords or images, and describes features of Google including Gmail, Google Drive, Google Calendar, and Wikipedia.
Fluid and electrolytes (celestesversion) 3Celeste Grossi
This document discusses homeostasis and fluid balance. It covers the body's mechanisms for maintaining fluid balance, including the roles of the kidneys, hypothalamus, and heart. It defines key terms like electrolytes, osmolality, and the three fluid compartments. It also examines causes, signs, and treatments of fluid volume deficits and excesses, as well as various electrolyte imbalances. Nursing considerations are outlined for assessing and managing patients with fluid and electrolyte disorders.
Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M) is an Indian automotive manufacturing company and part of the Mahindra Group. It was founded in 1945 and is headquartered in Mumbai. M&M manufactures and markets utility vehicles, trucks, buses, tractors, farm equipment, and defense vehicles. It has expanded into new business areas such as renewable energy, logistics, and real estate. M&M is involved in various corporate social responsibility initiatives related to education, the environment, health, art, culture, sports, and empowering women and girls.
Primo @ ULg : formation à destination du personnel des Bibliothèques de l'Uni...François Renaville
Notes de formation relatives au passage à la solution discovery Primo 4.1 (février 2013) et à l'upgrade vers la version 4.4.1 (automne 2013) dans les Bibliothèques de l'Université de Liège.
Présentation téléchargeable sur http://hdl.handle.net/2268/154830
Max Havelaar France en partenariat avec la Plate-Forme pour le commerce équitable (PFCE) et l’entreprise Ethiquable, ont réalisé une étude sur les pratiques de préfinancement des campagnes de production agricoles dans les filières du commerce équitable.
Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre du plan d’action national en faveur du commerce équitable (2013 -2016) qui vise notamment à encourager la mise en place d’outils de financements (publics et/ou privés) pour faire face aux besoins de préfinancement des importateurs et des organisations de producteurs.
L’étude cherche ainsi à identifier et disséminer les bonnes pratiques et mécanismes innovants de préfinancement des campagnes de production agricoles dans le commerce équitable.
Le travail de recherche a été mené par le réseau CERISE et animé par un comité de pilotage formé de la PFCE, de Max Havelaar France, d’Ethiquable, du ministère français des Affaires Etrangères et du Développement international, de l’Agence Française de Développement, de la Région Île–de–France et du Crédit coopératif.
Il donné lieu à la réalisation de ces fiches techniques présentant l’offre de 11 organismes financiers et 2 outils financiers innovants, le financement participatif et l’épargne salariale. Il a également permis de formuler des recommandations pour valoriser, améliorer et diffuser ces bonnes pratiques.
The study assessed the adoption levels of clean milk production practices by dairy farmers in western Uttar Pradesh, India. It found that 58.33% and 53.33% of farmers had medium adoption levels, while 28.33% and 20% had high adoption levels under clean milk production and non-clean milk production programs, respectively. The results showed milk quality at various collection levels was positively correlated with farmer adoption levels of clean milk production practices. Therefore, improving adoption of these practices is important for higher quality milk and increased income for dairy farmers.
India is the world's largest producer and consumer of milk. Milk production has grown significantly over time due to factors like increased genetic potential of cattle, artificial insemination programs, and government initiatives. However, the dairy industry faces challenges as well, such as lack of infrastructure, quality issues, and unorganized markets. Cooperative dairies play a major role in milk procurement and marketing in India.
The document discusses Automatic Milk Collection Units (AMCUs) in India. It notes that AMCUs aim to increase the efficiency and accuracy of milk testing, reduce staff needs through automation, and gain farmer confidence through transparency. AMCUs can analyze 120-150 samples per hour and test for fat, SNF, water content. The document provides details of typical AMCU components, specifications, suppliers, and functions like weighing milk, analyzing samples, calculating payment, and printing receipts. It also notes that mobile AMCU units are now available which can test milk from different locations.
This document summarizes research on traditional and modern milk marketing chains in India and their implications for smallholder dairy farmers. The key points are:
1) India has a large dairy sector dominated by small farms, but milk is sold through both traditional local markets and modern cooperatives/companies.
2) Research finds smallholder dairy farmers who sell to modern markets earn higher incomes than those relying only on local traders.
3) Factors like farm size, education, and information access influence whether farmers use traditional or modern markets.
4) Policies should encourage smallholder participation in formal markets to improve farmer welfare through higher returns.
Improving food safety and quality in traditional dairy value chain in Assam: ...ILRI
Presented by Ma. Lucila A. Lapar, Rameswar Deka, Johanna Lindahl, Delia Grace at the 58th annual conference of the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society (AARES), Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia, 4-7 February 2014.
Quality and safety improvements in informal milk markets and implications for...ILRI
Presentation by Ma. Lucila Lapar, Rameswar Deka, Johanna Lindahl and Delia Grace at the 8th international conference of the Asian Society of Agricultural Economists (ASAE), Savar, Bangladesh, 15-17 October 2014.
The document summarizes the status of milk marketing and dairy cooperatives in India. It finds that 80% of milk produced in rural India is handled by the unorganized sector, while the remaining 20% is handled by the organized sector which includes government and cooperatives. Dairy cooperatives play a vital role in alleviating rural poverty by augmenting rural milk production and marketing. However, involvement of intermediaries, lack of bargaining power for producers, and lack of infrastructure constrain the prices received by producers. Future challenges for India's milk marketing include improving milk quality, product development, infrastructure, and global marketing.
Feasibility Study on Dairy Farm in Kheda District of Gujarat Harsh Patel
The document discusses a feasibility study on dairy farming in Kheda District of Gujarat. Some key points:
- India is the world's largest producer and consumer of milk. However, production is growing slower than consumption, leading to a demand-supply gap.
- The study analyzes the dairy farming sector in Kheda District through SWOT analysis and examines the costs, benefits, limitations and technological aspects of dairy farms.
- Maintaining good quality feeding, genetics, animal care and health leads to higher productivity and profits for dairy farms. Proper manure management and use of agricultural byproducts also improves sustainability.
Indian dairy industry future prospects & key challengesJitendra Vala
This File shows the current scenario(year 2017) of indian dairy industry with prospects and challenges of current situation.All the data has been discovered from the authorized sources from the governmental websites and relevant sources.
This study analyzed the costs and returns of milk production from crossbred and local cows in Nagaland, India. Data was collected from 120 households rearing crossbred and local cows. The average daily maintenance cost per crossbred cow was Rs. 85.96, while the average daily milk yield was 4.39 liters. The average cost of milk production from crossbred cows was Rs. 19.58 per liter. In comparison, the average daily maintenance cost of local cows was Rs. 42.40, with an average daily milk yield of 1.47 liters. The cost of milk production from local cows was higher at Rs. 28.15 per liter. The study also identified the major constraints in milk production as the
Samridhi Agri Products Private Limited was formed to procure milk from rural milk producers in India. The dairy sector is a major contributor to India's economy, though milk production quality is below international standards. Samridhi aims to procure 100,000 liters of milk per day from over 30,000 milk producers in rural areas where their partner microfinance institution, Sanchetna Financial Services, operates. They plan to establish village-level collection centers and pay farmers competitively to improve livelihoods while meeting growing domestic demand for milk.
The Indian dairy industry reported a market size of USD 48.5 billion in FY2011. With a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 16 percent, it is anticipated to reach USD 118 billion in 2017. On the back of a rise in disposable income, coupled with strong demand for dairy products, the Indian dairy industry is all set to experience high growth rates in the next five years.
Project Report on Vijaykant Dairy and Food Products Pvt LtdRakesh Rachayya
The project is based on the analysis of relationship between the Cost, Volume and Profit associated with the Various Products of Vijaykanth Dairy And Food Products Pvt Ltd, having a very well known Brand 'Adityaa milk'.
Ex-ante impact assessment in improving the dairy value chain in Tanzania: A s...ILRI
Presented by Kanar Hamza (UNE–Australia), Hikuepi Katjiuongua and Amos Omore (ILRI) at the Maziwa Zaidi Review and Planning Meeting, Bagamoyo, 23-25 September 2015
India is the largest producer of milk in the world. Despite being the world’s largest producer, the dairy sector is by and large in the primitive stage of development and modernization. Dairying in the recent decades has been considered as a vital component in the diversification of agriculture and it has progressively been receiving increased emphasis in the recent years. There is growing realization that promotion of dairying not only contributes towards national health building, but also creates substantial employment opportunities. Dairying has been considered as one of the activities aimed at alleviating the poverty and unemployment especially in the rural areas in the rain-fed and drought-prone regions. In India, about three-fourth of the population live in rural areas and about 38% of them are poor. Therefore, among these people, as well as the large vegetarian segment of the country’s population, dairy products provide a critical source of nutrition and animal protein to millions of people in India.
Milk serves as a major source of dietary energy, high-quality protein and fat. It can make a significant contribution to meeting the required nutrient intakes of calcium, magnesium, selenium, riboflavin, vitamin B12 and pantothenic acid. Milk from some animal species can also be a source of zinc and vitamins A, C, D and B6. Bioavailability of some nutrients in milk, for example calcium, is high compared with that in other foods in the diet.
Milk and milk-derived products like curd, butter milk, ghee, lassi etc. form an important part of Indian meal. In India, about 46 per cent of the produced milk is retained for home consumption, while 54 per cent is disposed-off to various agencies (Gupta, 2007). A large part of Indian population including 70.2 million rural households, primarily having small and marginal farmers and landless labourers, are connected directly or indirectly with the dairy sector. Farm households derive triple benefits from dairy sector in the forms of nutritive food, supplementary income and productive employment for family labour.
India is the world’s largest milk producer, with 22% of global production, followed by the United States of America, Pakistan, Brazil and China. Dairying accounts for more than two-thirds of the value of total livestock output and is evidencing a consistent growth in milk production. Milk production in the country increased from about 21 million tonnes in 1970–71 to about 146.3 million tonnes in 2014–15, and the per capita milk availability increased from 112 grams in 1970–71 to 322 grams in 2014–15 (GoI 2016). Correspondingly, the share of milk and milk products in monthly per capita household food expenditures increased from about 12% in 1983 to about 18% in 2011–12 (GoI 2013).
Value chain analysis describes the activities within and around an organization and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the organization.
Leadership of indian coop dairy industryAmit Gupta
The document discusses the Indian dairy cooperative industry, its growth driven by Operation Flood from 1971-1996, and current issues and challenges in the context of globalization. Key points:
1) Operation Flood led to the development of a 3-tier cooperative structure that provided farmers an assured market and established linkages between rural milk production and urban demand.
2) It helped transform the dairy industry and greatly increase milk production and farmers' incomes, establishing India as the world's largest milk producer.
3) However, the cooperative system now faces issues such as rising costs, competition from the private sector following trade liberalization, and the need to focus on value-added products to benefit farmers.
Leadership Of Indian Coop Dairy IndustryAmit Gupta
A Tribute to the Milkman of India,Dr V.Kurien who passed away recently-tracing the history of Amul innovation & competitiveness of Indian dairy industry
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...
14 v-sar
1. Agricultural Economics Research Review
Vol. 22 January-June 2009 pp 155-160
Research Note
Evolving Milk Pricing Model for Agribusiness Centres: An
Econometric Approach
V. Saravanakumara* and D.K. Jainb
a
Directorate of Agricultural and Rural Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu
b
Dairy Economics, Statistics and Management Division, National Dairy Research Institute
Karnal, Haryana - 132 001
Abstract
The two-axes pricing policy is followed normally in the dairy business centres of Tamil Nadu. Though
it is scientifically rational, it ignores the input prices, technology and government policies. For sustaining
the growth momentum and achieving an annual average growth of 7-8 per cent in the next five years
and considering that dairying is practised as a component of mixed farming systems, it becomes
imperative to take into account the interrelationship among the enterprises and general economic
factors while fixing the milk price. In this study, development of a price determination model has
been reported. It is based on the cost of production and takes into account price and non-price factors,
viz. technology, and projected different price scenarios of milk for the coming years. The study
undertaken in the Tamil Nadu state, is based on primary data collected for the year 2002-03 and has
used normalized restricted quadratic profit function analysis and price determination models. It has
been found that to maintain constant returns to the production cost of milk, the milk price would need
an upward adjustment of 9.97 per cent, whereas to provide constant net monetary income, the milk
price would need an upward adjustment by 10.30 per cent for buffalo milk. Considering 2002-03 as
the base year, the estimated price for milk per litre is expected to be Rs 23.64 at constant monetary
income and Rs 23.15 at constant return to production cost in the year 2009-10. The results of the
paper are illustrative of the utility approach in generating consistent price sets for milk in response to
alternative policy interventions.
Introduction Though, India is the world’s top milk producer, the
per capita milk availability remains low at 241 grams
Livestock sector plays a critical role in the welfare
per day (Economic Survey, 2005-06), which is lower
of India’s rural population. It contributes 5.4 per cent
than the minimum requirement of 250 grams per day
to the total GDP and 27 per cent to the GDP from
as recommended by the Indian Council of Medical
agriculture and allied sectors engaging 30 million small
Research (ICMR). The demand for milk is estimated
producers, each raising one or two cows and or
to be of 191.3 Mt by 2020 assuming the growth rate
buffaloes. It is emerging as an important growth-
of the economy at 5 per cent per annum. The milk
leveraging sector of the Indian economy with annual
supply projections have indicated a deficit of 52.7
milk production of 97.1 million tonnes (Mt) in 2005-
Mt by 2020 (Kumar, 1998). The impact of Agreement
06 (Economic Survey, 2005-06). It accounts for more
on Agriculture (AoA) under the globalization process
than 65 per cent of the total value of livestock output.
has made the Indian dairy industry to face several
* Author for correspondence, challenges, including structural changes in the
Email: sharanu2k @gmail.com production and trade patterns.
2. 156 Agricultural Economics Research Review Vol. 22 January-June 2009
In India, price policy for milk and other livestock line (i.e., 85th percentile) of milk production, and (ii)
products has not yet been adopted by the government two-axes pricing policy (considering both fat and
and the same is being handled by middlemen, SNF); fat is estimated by Gerber method (BIS, 1981),
individual traders and vendors. The studies conducted the SNF is estimated by using lactometer reading
by Ray (1978) and Gandhi (2002) with respect to and modified Richmond’s formula. But, there is no
milk pricing policy have concluded that two-axes uniform pattern followed throughout the country to
pricing policy was more appropriate. However, Patel give weightage to SNF-fat value or bulk line costing
(1975), Raut and Singh (1979) and Pundir (1996) method, while fixing the price of milk. Generally,
have concluded that the cost of milk production, the dairy plants fix their own SNF-fat weightage rates
seasonal variations and general market trends should to attract higher milk procurement. These pricing
be taken into account for pricing of milk. Keeping policies completely ignore the factor allocation, yield
these views, the present study has developed a price levels and income, which are very much affected by
determination model based on cost of production the movements of relative prices. In such situations,
taking into account the price and non-price factors it is important to take into account the
and has projected different price scenarios of milk in interrelationships of milk on both the factor and
future. product market sides for determining the price of
milk.
Methodology
Price Determination Model for Milk
Sampling Framework and Data Collection
The price of milk ought to be at a levelwhich
The state of Tamil Nadu has been purposively covers production cost and leaves sufficient margins
selected. It has emerged as the ninth largest milk- to milk producers. The methodology developed by
producing state of the country, with annual milk Kumar(1984) has been used in this study. The analysis
production of 4.75 Mt, accounting for 5.40 per cent required the cost and returns structure of milk
of the total milk production of the country and the computed based on the survey data and has been
second largest milk producer in the southern region given in Appendix Table 1. In addition to these
(CSO, 2004). A multi-stage stratified random parameters, there was also need of elasticity
sampling technique was adopted to select the sample parameters of milk supply and input demand for milk
households. Erode and Trichy districts of the Tamil production with respect to milk price and variable
Nadu state were purposively selected and two blocks and fixed input prices. These production elasticities
were selected randomly from each of these two were derived by using the normalized restricted
districts. A complete enumeration of all households quadratic profit equations. The estimated elaticities
in the selected villages was carried out and a sample have been given in Appendix Table 2. Using the
of 20 households rearing buffaloes from each village models developed by Kumar (1984), the growth
was selected randomly and thus in total, a sample of equations for cost of milk production and net income
160 households was selected. The data for the from milk production were derived and used for fixing
investigation comprised primary data for two seasons, the milk price under few scenarios.
namely flush (August to February) and lean (March
to July) for the year 2002-03 collected through a well- Results and Discussion
structured, pre-tested proforma by personal interview
method and the secondary data were obtained from The price determination model based on cost of
published sources. production was developed for milk and the results
have been presented in the following sections.
Existing Milk Pricing System
Cost of Production Model
In India, the price of milk is determined in
cooperatives by two methods (Ray, 1978 and Gandhi, Growth model used for cost of milk production
2002), viz., (i) bulk line costing method, which is with respect to realized changes in price and non-
that level of cost which covers / reflects the bulk price factors was:
3. Sarvankumar and Jain : Evolving Milk Pricing Model for Agribusiness Centres 157
. . . . .
C = 0.09 p1 + 0.19 p2 + 0.14 p3 + 0.02 p4 – the growth equations for cost of production and net
. .
0.01 Z1 – 0.03 Z2 …(1) income for buffalo milk may be reduced to equation
. . . . (3):
where, p1, p2, p3 and p4 represent the growth in prices . . .
of green fodder, dry. fodder,. concentrate and wage C = 0.0997, I = 5.62 P – 0.5676
~ …(3)
rate, respectively; Z1 and Z2 represent growth in .
where C is the average cost of milk production per
~
veterinary and miscellaneous cost, and fixed cost, litre and I is the average net income.
respectively.
For ten per cent increase in the level of price
It was observed from model (1) that the factors used in milk production for buffalo milk, the
elasticities of growth of cost of production with cost would increase by 9.97 per cent. Thus, if the
respect to prices of variable inputs were positive and objective of the policymakers is to maintain constant
less than one. The elasticities of fixed inputs Z1 and returns to the production cost of milk production,
Z2 were negative and inelastic for buffalo milk the price of milk needs to be adjusted upwards at a
production during the study year. It implied that rate equal to the magnitude of cost-push inflation.
increase in both fixed resources like veterinary and .
For maintaining constant monetary net income (I =
miscellaneous cost and interest and depreciation on 0) to the milk producers, the adjustment in milk price
fixed assets would improve the productivity of milk .
for buffalo would be P = 0.1010 during a year.
and reduce the cost of milk production. The prices
of dry fodder and concentrate had a major impact in The cost of production of milk and prices of milk
raising the cost of milk production for buffalo milk at constant monetary net income (dI = 0) and at
which implied that one per cent increase in these constant return to production cost were estimated
prices would increase the cost of milk production based on the model developed in the study.
by 0.19 per cent and 0.14 per cent, respectively. Considering 2002-03 as the base year, the cost of
milk production, and prices of milk at constant
Net Income Model monetary net income (I = 0) as well as at constant
returns to production cost were estimated for buffalo
The growth model used for the net income from
milk production by the year 2010 (Table 1).
milk with respect to observed changes in price and
non-price factors during the study year was: A perusal of Table 1 revealed that the estimated
. . . . . overall cost of production per litre of buffalo milk
I = 4.55 P – 0.45 p.1 – 0.95 p2 – 0.63 p3 –
. . would be Rs.19.66 during the year 2009-10. And,
0.14 p4 - 0.67 Z1 - 2.72 Z2 …(2)
the estimated price for buffalo milk is expected to
The signs of net income elasticities with respect be Rs.23.64 and Rs.23.15, respectively, at constant
.
to the prices of green fodder, dry fodder, concentrate monetary income (I = 0) and constant return to
and wage rate were observed to be negative, which production cost during the year 2009-10 based on
was anticipated with the theoretical framework. It the price determination model with the assumption
was found that the elasticity estimates were less than of 10 per cent increase in the prices the variable
unity in both the models. With respect to milk price inputs every year.
.
(P), the net income elasticity showed more
The technological change allows the
responsiveness, i.e. one per cent increase in milk
productivity growth to compensate for cost-push
price would raise the income by 4.55 per cent for
inflation, while maintaining product price and rate
buffalo milk production.
of profit to be constant. However, productivity
Under the assumption that there were no changes change itself is conditioned by the rate of profit on
in the fixed factors, viz. veterinary and miscellaneous investment in dairying. Hence, there is a need to set
.
cost (Z1) and interest and depreciation on fixed inputs the limits of milk price at the existing cost-push
.
(Z2) and that factor price inflation in prices of green inflation. Net income from milk for buffalo during
fodder, dry fodder, concentrate and wage rate will the year will face a negative growth, if the milk price
continue to rise in future at the rate of 10 per cent, is adjusted below the level at which net income
4. 158 Agricultural Economics Research Review Vol. 22 January-June 2009
Table 1. Estimated production cost and price of milk, based on the cost and price model for buffalo farms
(Rs/litre)
Year Cost of milk Milk Price
production At constant monetary At constant return to
.
net income (I = 0) production cost
2002-03* 10.11 11.90 11.90
2003-04 11.12 13.13 13.09
2004-05 12.23 14.48 14.39
2005-06 13.45 15.97 15.83
2006-07 14.79 17.61 17.40
2007-08 16.26 19.43 19.14
2008-09 17.88 21.43 21.05
2009-10 19.66 23.64 23.15
Source: Based on survey
elasticity with respect to milk price is negative. This Table 2. Changes in net income elasticity and net
would act as a disincentive to the milk producers in income due to change in corresponding price
the context of adoption of improved technology. On of milk of buffalo farms
the other hand, the price adjustment above the limit, Changes in Change in net Changes in
where net income elasticity is positive and elastic, . .
net income income (I) milk price (P)
will leave the milk producers with high profit rates. elasticity (EIP )
So, the milk price should be adjusted within that range
where net income elasticity floats between zero and - α to 0 -0.46 to 0.00 0.00 to 0.1010
one; it may provide fair income to milk producers, so 0 to 1 0.00 to 0.1010 0.1010 to 0.1229
as to induce them towards the adoption of improved >1 > 0.1229 > 0.1229
milk production technology. Further, keeping in view,
the competition among the farm enterprises, obtained similar results for buffalo milk production in
constraints in rapid adoption of new technology, Himachal Pradesh.
general economic condition and scenario of the
international market, the prices are required to be Conclusions and Policy Implications
adjusted. The changes in net income and elasticity
The pricing model for milk based on cost of
of net income for corresponding changes in milk
production has revealed that the prices of green
prices for buffaloes were calculated during the study
fodder, dry fodder and concentrate play a significant
year and have been presented in Table 2.
role in raising the cost of milk production and the
It is evident from Table 2 that the growth in milk fixed factors influence negatively to reduce the cost.
price will compensate for the cost-push inflation if The growth of net income of milk with respect to
it lies between 10.10 per cent and 12.29 per cent milk price is also influenced positively. The study
during a year. The adjustment of milk price below has indicated that the price of inputs and fixed factors
10.10 per cent per annum will generate a negative influence the cost of milk production significantly.
growth in net income and may not provide enough The study has concluded that the price of feeds is an
incentive to the milk producers for the adoption of important factor in determining the cost of milk
improved technology. Price adjustment above 12.29 production, therefore, to have a rational price policy
per cent will give high rate of profit to the milk of milk, the price and non-price factors like
producers which may led to specialization of dairy technology should be considered for taking up
farms. The results obtained in the present study were appropriate decisions. The price model based on cost
in conformity with the findings of Pundir (1996) who of production developed in the study can be used to
5. Sarvankumar and Jain : Evolving Milk Pricing Model for Agribusiness Centres 159
project the future price of milk by taking into account Greene, W.H. (1997) Econometric Analysis. Prentice Hall,
the cost of inputs, technology and general economic New Jersey, USA.
conditions. The calculated parameters of the model Kumar, P. (1984) Price policy model of sugarcane and its
are to be treated with caution in as much as they are products. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics,
based on the reference year for the milk. The results 39(4): 595-612.
of the study are illustrative of the utility approach in Kumar, P. and Mruthyunjaya (1989) Methodology for
generating consistent price sets for milk in response Simultaneous Determination of Factor Product
to alternative policy interventions. Prices : Project report. Division of Agricultural
Economics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
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6. 160 Agricultural Economics Research Review Vol. 22 January-June 2009
Appendix Table 1
Cost and returns structure of buffalo milk production
Sl No. Particulars Description Rs/day/milch animal
1. Green fodder cost X1p1 5.31
2. Dry fodder cost X2p2 5.64
3. Concentrate cost X3p3 11.63
4. Total labour cost X4p4 4.84
5. Veterinary and miscellaneous cost Z1 1.09
6. Total fixed cost Z2 4.71
7. Gross cost Cost C 33.21
8. Milk production (litres/day) Q 3.17
9. Cost of milk production (Rs/L) C 10.11
10. Net income I 4.31
Appendix Table 2
Factor demand and output supply elasticity estimates (aggregated) of buffalo milk production
Demand Price of Price of Price of Wage Veterinary and Interest and Price
function green fodder dry fodder concentrate rate miscellaneous depreciation of milk
(q1) (q2) (q3) (q4) cost (Z1) on fixed cost (PY)
(Z2)
Green fodder (X1*) -0.1685 0.0144 -0.1510 -0.0561 0.0094 0.1274 0.4671
Dry fodder (X2*) 0.0135 -0.0643 0.0057 0.0014 0.0018 0.0946 0.1388
Concentrate (X3*) -0.1456 0.0032 -0.6125 0.0117 0.0055 0.0004 0.7315
Human labour (X4*) -0.0510 0.0007 0.0197 -0.2378 0.2118 0.1151 0.4018
Milk supply (Y*) -0.0073 -0.0028 -0.0415 -0.0740 0.0225 0.0718 0.1163