The document discusses the rise of minicomputers in the 1970s-1980s as the third epoch in the history of healthcare information systems (HIS). Minicomputers were much smaller and less expensive than mainframes, making HIS affordable for medium and small hospitals for the first time. Pioneering vendors developed pre-packaged "turnkey" clinical software for minicomputers, including order entry and results reporting. Many minicomputer manufacturers like Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Data General, Hewlett-Packard, and Four Phase helped drive adoption in the HIS field during this period. While lower cost, the variety of proprietary platforms created challenges for hospitals.
20 computer technologies from the 1990s that are still used todayAndre Marquet
20 computer technologies from the 1990s that are still used today - This is a list of the 20 tech products from the nineties that have had the most after-lasting impact in our digital connected lives of today. Probably the 1990s were also one of the most creative and defining decades for the computer industry where some of the fundamental tech still used today was defined.
Technology is all around us and is developing at such a fast pace that we could miss out on a great deal of inventions and innovations if we do not stay constantly updated. In this blog post we are happy to share some of the coolest #techfacts we know, that highlight the power of technology and how it has developed over the years.
EWD 3 Training Course Part 14: Using Ajax for QEWD MessagesRob Tweed
This presentation is Part 14 of the EWD 3 Training Course. It explains how (and when) to use Ajax/HTTP messaging instead of WebSockets within your QEWD applications
20 computer technologies from the 1990s that are still used todayAndre Marquet
20 computer technologies from the 1990s that are still used today - This is a list of the 20 tech products from the nineties that have had the most after-lasting impact in our digital connected lives of today. Probably the 1990s were also one of the most creative and defining decades for the computer industry where some of the fundamental tech still used today was defined.
Technology is all around us and is developing at such a fast pace that we could miss out on a great deal of inventions and innovations if we do not stay constantly updated. In this blog post we are happy to share some of the coolest #techfacts we know, that highlight the power of technology and how it has developed over the years.
EWD 3 Training Course Part 14: Using Ajax for QEWD MessagesRob Tweed
This presentation is Part 14 of the EWD 3 Training Course. It explains how (and when) to use Ajax/HTTP messaging instead of WebSockets within your QEWD applications
After the computing industry got started, a new problem quickly emerged. How do you operate this machines and how to you program them. The development of operating systems was relatively slow compared to the advances in hardware. First system were primitive but slowly got better as demand for computing power increased. The ideas of the Graphical User Interfaces or GUI (Gooey) go back to Doug Engelbarts Demo of the Century. However, this did not have much impact on the computer industry. One company though, Xerox, a photocopy company explored these ideas with Palo Alto Park. Steve Jobs of Apple and Bill Gates of Microsoft took notice and Apple introduced first Apple Lisa and the Macintosh.
In this lecture on we look so lessons for the development of software, and see how our business theories apply.
Chapter 10 of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
Lectures on Silicon Valley at Beijing and other cities in China - September 2014 - excerpted from my book http://www.amazon.com/History-Silicon-Valley-Almost-3rd/dp/1500262226/ref=sr_1_3_bnp_1_pap?ie=UTF8&qid=1405191978&sr=8-3&keywords=scaruffi+silicon+valley
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
2. 3rd
epoch in HIS-tory: Minis!
• If you’ve been following this series to date,
you should be familiar with the first 2 HIS
epochs and their strengths & weaknesses:
– 1960 Mainframes – vast improvement over ledger
cards, but huge cost both to the hardware
manufacturer and for inhouse programmers.
– 1970s Shared Systems – affordable for medium &
small hospitals, but mainly financials, no clinicals.
• In the ‘80s, turnkey minicomputer systems solved all 3 problems:
– Cost– hardware manufacturers like DEC & DG introduced minis
that were a fraction of the size and cost of mainframes.
– Clinicals – pioneering vendors like McAuto (yes, the shared giant!)
and HBO (no “C” yet!) developed order entry & results reporting
software that was pre-packaged – just “turn the key!”
3. Minicomputer Hardware Roots
• The development of
minicomputers themselves
actually started way back in
the late 50s, paralleling the
introduction of mainframes;
one of the pioneers was:
– DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) - formed in 1957 by
Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson, both ex-MIT gurus
(about a decade before Neal Pappalardo’s tenure). They
set up shop in an old civil-war era textile mill in
Maynard, Mass. (shades of Ross & Royal Roads in PA?),
and started producing a line of computers both smaller
and cheaper than IBM & the BUNCH Group’s
4. DEC the Halls with PDPs…
• The first prominent line of DEC
minicomputers were called
“Programmable Data
Processors,” or “PDP” in geek.
• In 1959, DEC introduced the
PDP-1, pictured at right.
• Cute piece of DP trivia: remember how IBM’s 360s
used a 1052 terminal as a console, which was little
more than an IBM Selectric typewriter on steroids?
• Well, check out the console for the PDP1: an
electric typewriter, also modified to serve as an I/O
5. Incestuous Interrelationships
The first PDP1 was sold to BBN (Bolt
Bernaek & Newman) of Boston, an
amazing consulting firm with ties to
many early DP initiatives such as
ARPANET (“www” pre-cursor).
• BBN used the PDP1 in the “Hospital Computer Project,”
funded by the NIH and AHA in 1962, staffed by notables such as
Homer Warner (of later IHC fame). Ironically, BBN used the PDP
to pioneer the concept of time-sharing, paving the way for SHAS!
• Massachusetts General Hospital - was the pilot site for this
embryonic on-line HIS clinical system, which used every bit of
the PDP-1’s 16K (that’s K, not Meg, or Gig!) of 18-bit word
memory! Slow response times killed it, but amazing that an
early HIS was the first project for the first minicomputer!
6. PDP Evolution
• After selling ≈50 PDP-1s by 1969, DEC launched a
wave of successors that brought increasing power
at a price far below IBM & the BUNCH’s boxes:
– 24-bit PDP-2, and a 36-bit PDP-3 were developed next,
– Followed by the PDP-4 costing only $65,000 (54 sold)
– And the PDP-9 at only $19,000, of which 445 were sold
- Best-selling of all was the PDP-8, pictured at
right, sold to over 1400 customers. Compare its
refrigerator size to a mainframe’s room-filling
girth! Now, small and medium hospitals could
afford both the capital cost, and find floor space
to fit these boxes in small rooms or closets, while
mainframes usually went in the basement…
7. Other Mini-Makers
• Meanwhile, many more mini
makers multiplied (sorry…)
– Data General – formed in 1968 by
2 ex-DEC-ers, introducing the 16-
bit “Nova” line of minis (pictured
on right – check out the label!)
• Hewlett-Packard – One of the few mini-makers
to survive to this day, HP entered the mini-market
in the 1960s with its 2100 series, pictured at left.
- The 2116 offered up to16K of 16-bit word memory.
• The HP 3000 really took hold in HIS in 1973
- Amazingly, HP 3000s in one form or another (final
version was the “e3000”) were made right up to 2010!
- Later versions of the 3000 cracked the 64-bit word
barrier, something DEC didn’t do until its “Alpha” line.
8. “Big Blue” offered Mini-Blues
• IBM was never one to be left
behind in the early R&D wars
– Mini-mania seemed to sweep
Armonk as IBM released box after
box to keep up with and out-due
its mini rivals in this maxi-market:
• 1969 System/3
• 1975 System/32
• 1976 Series/1
• 1977 System/34
• 1978 System/38
• 1978 8100
• 1983 System/36
• 1985 System/88
• 1988 AS/400
• 1990 RS/6000
• 2000s p & i-Series
9. HIS Mini-Monster: Four Phase
• Another Cupertino firm established in 1967 became
one of the biggest names in the HIS mini market:
• Four Phase – the name coming from a multi-phase
clock in one of their earlier processors, made huge
waves at SMS, McAuto and an upstart called HBO.
• Pictured at right is the System IV/70
- Handled up to 32 CRTs on-line
- “Front-ending” IBM 360/370s
- Memory from 12K to 24K bytes
- Peripherals included:
• IBM Selectric printer (again!)
• Line printers, up to 200 LPM
• 2.5 Meg Disk Drive
10. Minicomputer Roster
• It’s hard to compile (pun intended!) a list of all of the
minis that came pouring into the HIS market in the
70s, but here’s a few more worth noting:
• Wang
• Qantel
• Honeywell
• Xerox
• Varian
• Univac
• TI
• Perkin-Elmer
• Hitachi
• MicroData
• ModComp
• NCR
• GEC
• Harris
• Burroughs
• Prime
11. Platform Profusion
• One of the few negatives to the mini hardware
that flooded the market in the 70s was the
variety of their proprietary data bases,
operating systems and program languages.
• Hospitals who bought a mini system suddenly
found their DP shops pigeon-holed into being
a “DEC shop” or “DG shop” or “IBM shop,”
with their techies speaking VMS or RPG or
Unix…
• Even UNIX had as many variants as there were
manufacturers in this mini tower of Babel.
• Which leads us to next week’s topic: the
“turnkey” software that made minis mighty!