This document discusses RFID technology. It begins by describing the basic components of an RFID system, which include RFID tags/inlays to store data, an antenna for communication, a reader/antenna system to interrogate tags, and application software. It then distinguishes between active, semi-passive, and passive tags based on their power source. Next, it reviews common RFID frequencies and their read ranges and applications. Current applications are also outlined across various industries. Finally, the benefits of RFID for manufacturing, retailing, transportation, and warehousing are presented.
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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2.
A basic RFID system consists of these
components:
◦ A programmable RFID tag/inlay for storing item
data;
Consisting of an RFID chip for data storage
an antenna to facilitate communication with the RFID
chip
A reader/antenna system to interrogate the
RFID inlay
Application software and a host computer
system
3. Active Tags
• Use a battery
• communicate over
distances of several
meters
Semi-passive Tags
• Contain built-in
batteries to power
the chip’s circuitry,
resist interference
and circumvent a
lack of power from
the reader signal due
to long distance.
• They are different
from active tags in
that they only
transmit data at the
time a response is
received
Passive Tags
• Derive their power
from the field
generated by the
reader
• without having an
active transmitter to
transfer the
information stored
4. Frequency of RFID tags in different applications
Frequency
Low Frequency
(125kHz)
High Frequency
(13.56 Mhz)
Appx. Read
Range
<5cm
(passive)
10 cm – 1m
(passive)
Ultra High
Frequency (433,
868-928 Mhz)
3m -7m
Microwave (2.45
& 5.8 Ghz)
10m -15m
(passive)
Data Speed
Low
Low to
Moderate
Moderate to
High
High
Cost of
Tags
High
Mediu
m to
Low
Low
High
Application
•
Animal Identification
•
•
Access Control
Smart Cards
•
Payment (paywave)
•
Logistics and Supply
Chain
•
•
Baggage Tracking
Electronic toll
collection (Autotoll)
•
Container Tracking
(passive)
20m – 40m
(active)
5. Current Applications
Application
Segment
Representative
Applications
Competitive
Technologies
Current
Penetration
Typical Tag Type
Access Control
Doorway entry
High
Passive
Asset Tracking
Locating tractors
within a freight
yard
Tracking
corporate
computing
systems
Luxury goods
counterfeit
prevention
Positive bag
matching
Other keyless entry
technologies
None
Low
Active
Bar Code
Low
Passive
Holograms
Low
Passive
Bar Code, Optical
Character
Recognition
Credit Cards, Smart
Cards, Wireless
Phones
GPS-based Systems
Low
Passive
Medium
Passive
Low
Active
Bar Code
Minimal
Active, Passive
Bar Code
Minimal
Passive
Bar Code, License
plate, reader
systems
Other theft
prevention
technologies
Medium
Active, Passive
High
Passive
Asset Tagging
Authentication
Baggage Tracking
POS Applications
SpeedPass
SCM (Container
Level)
Vehicle
Identification
Tracking
containers in
shipping
terminals
Tracking
palletized
shipments
Identifying
individual items
Electronic toll
collection
Vehicle
Immobilizers
Automotive
ignition systems
SCM (Pallet Level)
SCM (Item Level)
6. Benefits of using RFID in different industries
Manufacturing
Retailing
4
Transportation
Warehousing
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
Enhanced customer
satisfaction
0
Improved efficiency
Increased inventory
turnover rate
0
0
Reduced manpower
Reduced total cost
