13 Basic Types Of Texts In English Full.Pdf

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13 TYPES OF TEXTS
DEFINITION, EXAMPLES, AND ANALYSIS

13 TYPES OF TEXTS
DESCRIPTION NARRATIONS ARGUMENTATION
Descriptive
Report
Procedural
Explanation
Review
Narrative
Recount
News Item
Spoof
Anecdote
Analytical Exposition
Hortatory Exposition
Discussion
A. DESCRIPTION
1. DESCRIPTIVE
Purpose Generic Structure (Dominant) Language Features
to describe a
particular person,
place or thing in
detail.
1. Identification: It identifies a
certain object to be described.
2. Descriptions: It describes
the object in parts size,
characteristics, or qualities.
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms
5. Using attributive and identifying process.
6. Using adjective and classifiers in nominal
group.
 Descriptive text is a text which describes a person, thing, place and certain condition in
particular. According to www.sil.org, the example of descriptive text can be the appearance of a
person, detail of location or requirement for employment. Commonly a descriptive text uses the
first and third person pronoun as point of view.
 Descriptive text portrays the image which the writers catch and is transferred to the readers.
Descriptive give detail explanation on how the specific thing, person, or place looks like.
 The way descriptive text composed is similar to report text. Both try more to show less than tell.
However descriptive text tends to specify the described object while report text will describe the
object in general. The goal of the descriptive text is transferring the experience of the writers.
The experience can be what they see, read, or feel. Descriptive text commonly tries to reveal the
image of certain person, place, animal, or thing.
 Commonly a descriptive text will describe a particular thing, place, or someone. A descriptive
text is structured with general identification and followed by detail description. In Identification
paragraph, descriptive text will explore to answer the question of who, what when and where.
The detail description will include a description to answer how it looks, where it is sees, what it
does, and what it make it special.
Example:
Borobudur Temple
Borobudur is Hindu – Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty
of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta
architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone
terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budhist sculpture in
bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire
adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit
extends through some 4.8 km of passage and stairways.
The design of Borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at
Angkor, Cambodia. Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a
valuable treasure for Indonesian people.
2. REPORT
 to presents information about
something, as it is in general.
 to identify an object and describe
the object or thing in its
classification, class, group,
species.
1. General classification
2. Description
1. Introducing group or general
aspect
2. Using conditional logical
connection
 Report text tries to explain the detail of things as they are. Why is a text called a REPORT TEXT,
and not other types? Well, because the text covers the structure of GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

and DESCRIPTION. It often starts discussion with brief definition or classification about the thing
discussed.
 A report will be very similar text with descriptive text. However if we see to the participant, we
will be able to identify whether it is a report or descriptive text. But if we look from participants
text alone, it looks whether the report or descriptive.
Example:
Fax Machine
Fax, the short term for facsimile is a telecommunications technology used to transfer copies
(facsimiles) of documents, especially using affordable devices operating over the telephone network.
The word telefax, short for telefacsimile, for make a copy at a distance , is also used as a synonym.
The device is also known as a telecopier in certain industries. When sending documents to people at
large distances, faxes have a distinct advantage over postal mail in that the delivery is nearly instant,
yet its disadvantages in quality and its proprietary format have relegated it to a position beneath
email as the prevailing form of electronic document transferral.
3. PROCEDURAL
to help readers how to do
or make something
completely
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments/Tools
3. Steps/Methods
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
4. Using technical terms
 Procedural text is one of genre in According to the generic structure, a procedure text is organized
through sequenced arrangement, they are goal, equipment, and steps. All these elements,
however, are not strictly applied to any instructional text. Some procedure text omit the material
or equipment necessarily. The text is written intentionally to show the steps to completely do
projects or things.
 Mostly, procedural text is composed through arranging paragraph into 3 elements. They are
stating goal which is commonly found in the title, stating the material and equipment, and the last
showing the steps which are needed to completely do the things.
 A procedural text is written in imperative sentences so you have to be very familiar with such
imperative and prohibitive sentences.
 (ow to cook text is characterized by the detail of the ingredients needed at the beginning and
continued by cooking direction.
 (ow to use text is an instruction text to operate something. )n how to use text, the type of the
equipment is usually described specifically because similar equipment with different type may
have different procedure to use it.
 (ow to make text is characterized by detail of the tools and materials required at the beginning
of the text and continued by step-by-step procedure to make the thing. Sometime, the text is
completed with note and tips.
 The other kinds of procedural text are (ow to wear and (ow to clean
Example 1:
How to Cook Pasta
Boil some pasta, give some spaghetti sauce, then we will have the ideal meal for young adult. The
way to boil pasta is very easy; we just need to follow these instructions below.
First, we need to fill a large pot with¾ full of cold water. Then, we have to turn the burner of the
stove to (igh and place the pot on it. We need to wait until the water in the pot boil. Then, add a
tablespoon of salt. More pasta means more salt. Take the pasta and put it on the boiling water and
stir it around. Boil the water once again. Read the instructions on the package and cook the pasta as
long as it is instructed. We have to stir the pasta sometimes so that it will not stick to each other.
To find out if the pasta is done, we can taste it at the earliest time instructed on the package. The
texture should be tender but maybe still firm to the bite. When we still see a little ring of uncooked
pasta, it means we have to wait for a minute or more before we remove it from the stove.
When it is done, remove from the stove and pour it into a colander in the sink. We need to shake
any excess water. To prevent pasta from sticking, we can add a couple drops of olive oil.

Example 2:
How to Cook Omelet
Here is the best omelet recipe. What we need and how to cook are shown you below
Ingredients:
1. 1 egg
2. 1-tablespoon milk
3. A pinch of salt
4. A pinch of powdered pepper
5. 1-tablespoon vegetable oil
Cooking direction:
• Crack the egg into a bowl.
• Put milk, salt, and pepper to the egg.
• Beat the egg until mixed perfectly using a whisk or fork
• Heat the pan on the stove over medium heat.
• Spread vegetable oil on the surface of the pan.
• Pour the egg on the pan and wait until the egg half cooked.
• Fold the egg into half round and flip it.
• Wait until the egg fully cooked. Flip if needed.
• Take the omelet out of the pan and put it on the plate.
• Serve omelet immediately
Note:
1. You can add various ingredients to the egg mix such as onion, mushroom, vegetable, smoked
beef, cheese, etc., to create different taste.
2. You can substitute vegetable oil with other oil or butter.
3. Milk will make the texture smooth. If you do not have milk or do not like milk, you can substitute
it with 1-teaspoon of water.
4. EXPLANATION
To explain the
processes involved in
the formation or
working of natural or
socio cultural
phenomena.
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
2. Using action verbs, and passive voice
3. Using adverbial phrase, and noun phrase
5. Using general and abstract noun
6. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.
 What is an explanation text and how is the explanation text composed? Explanation text is
structured by the generic level of general statement and followed with sequenced explanation.
 Explanation text in some way is similar to procedure text. Explanation passage often make
description about how something happens or why the thing occurs. Meanwhile a procedure text
brings the instruction on how to make something happen completely. Explanation text often use
technical terms related to the thing which is being explained. Explanation text is commonly
compose in the mode of simple present tense.
 Every text genre has its special purpose or social function. However if we see the generic
structure point, we will get the understanding which both the explanation and procedure text
have similar purposes. Both explain how to make or form something. However the procedure
text will explain how to form or make something completely by instruction way. That is why
most of procedure text is composed in command sentences. In the other hand, explanation text
will show a knowledge about how thing is formed.
 In one side, Explanation text is structure in the mode of description. It focuses on the thing which
is explained. In the other side, Procedure text is constructed in the mode of instruction and
commend. That is why Procedure is sometimes called instruction text. It focuses on the second
person to explain how to form the thing.
 The best discourse on how and what is explanation text is answering the question word how
and why . Such question words need detail explanation on it relates. (owever, explanation
text is written in narrative style and not instructional. If it is written for the purpose of
instruction, then the text genre will be labeled as PROCEDURE.
 Explanation text is compose to describe how something forms and why something exists and
happens.

Example:
How does Rain Happen?
Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world, providing suitable
conditions for diverse ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop
irrigation.
The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of the water cycle involves the
sun heating the Earth's surface water and causing the surface water to evaporate. The water vapor
rises into the Earth's atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid
droplets. The droplets grow until they are heavy and fall to the earth as precipitation which can be in
the form of rain or snow.
However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is
called virga, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.
Source: http://mypages.iit.edu/~smart/abduima/lesson2.htm
5. REVIEW
to critique or evaluate an
art work or event for a
public audience
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor
Example:
Online Shopping Software
Internet makes great impacts on the way we do something, including running business.
Formerly, business had to be physically conducted by face to face. Now days, it has changed. It may
be conducted by computer to computer. This way is then what we call electronic commerce, or in
short e-commerce.
Since internet has spread and appeared trustful, many businessmen rely on it. They have ability
to run their business in easy way, flexible place and time. They can sell and buy good and service
from others in any scale, small or big business.
The e-commerce software which merchants and buyer possibly do transactions through internet
is shopping cart software. It is designed specially to run online store business. It helps merchants to
manage their store through internet; from anywhere, any time and any internet connection.
Commonly shopping cart software is completely supported with web optimization. It has been
designed to have top page rank in any search engine tool. Besides that, the facilities such; customer
support, security tool, fraud protection, web customization and handful operation will be included in
a package of a good shopping cart software.
B. NARRATION
1. NARRATIVE
to amuse/entertain the
readers and to tell a story
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Reorientation
1. Using Past Tense
3. Chronologically arranged
 According to Madison Smart Bell - the narrative design - or what we call form or structure, is of
first and final importance to any work of fiction. In that structure, we will find elements of story;
characterization, point of view, theme and plot. Plot is the way of the story constructed. When we
read a text, we can call it narrative as we see the following generic structure inside the text:
o Orientation; the introduction of what is inside the text. What text is talk in general. Who
involves in the text. When and where it happen.
o Complication; what happens with the participants. It explores the conflict among the
participants. Complication is the main element of narrative. Without complication, the text is
not narrative. The conflict can be shown as natural, social or psychological conflict.
o Resolution; this is the phase where the participants solve the problem aroused by the
conflict. It is not matter whether the participants succeed or fail. The point is the conflict
becomes ended.
 The text includes fable, fairy tale, myth, legend, folktales, and horror stories

 Fable is a story which depicts animals to speak and do like human.
 What is fairy tale? Commonly people call it fantasy story. It is about magic things, miracles, and
other amazing happenings. Fairy tale is narrative story that involving fantasy characters in a
fantasy world. The characters are such as fairies, dwarfs, elves, goblins, trolls, gnomes, giants,
witches, and mermaids.
 In popular narrative use, myth is something that some people believe it but has no fact or
scientific support. Myth is commonly associated with fictitious story and legend. Some stories
involve Gods and Goddess, ghosts, and supernatural objects.
 At first glance these two models folk story - myth and legend - consider almost the same. But
theoretically 2 story that people have differences that need to be known. The difference between
myth and legend is as follows:
o The myth is a story that is circulating in the community that is in the writing of the English
"myth" usually regarding about matters relating to the unseen and often seem absurd
mythology for Indonesia rice, especially Java community.
o Legends is a story that circulated widely in the community who is with the origin of the
place, like legend of Toba lake, the legendary city of Surabaya, etc.
 Legend is a story which has a relation to a place, thing, or an object. Though the story is
debatable in the truth of the content, it keeps the the richness of certain society culture. A legend
could be a true story or something with uncertainty. Sometime, it is included miracles and myth.
Complication becomes the main element of narrative story. In this way then narrative text is best
to take as telling story. So if you will attend a telling story competition, simply take one of the
best narrative text in the form of legend.
 Most of narrative texts are story. The story is plotted in generic structure such as orientation,
complication and resolution. The way the structure organized surely determines the
attractiveness of whole story and that we call it as narrative text.
 The term "story" is referring to the events inside the narrative. It means that a story can be
without a narrative sense. The fundamental element of narrative text is the existence of
complications inside the story. A story with the absence of a problematic sense is what we call a
recount text or in the job employment term, usually we call it personal narrative.
 For most long stories, the complication and resolution are not single. So we know there are
major complication and minor complication. We also know that major resolution and minor
resolution to solve the complex complication.
 Text genre narrative very close relation to other forms of folk story, such as: myth, legend, folk
tales, fairy tales or fables. From all forms of the story, there is one equation that is the
exploration of the problems being faced by the offender in developing a path or a story plot.
Referring to the generic structure of a text, "problem" which is being faced by participants of the
story we know as conflict, and to prepare the paragraph narrative, conflict occupies a major
position even as a differentiation with other similar types of text, such as the recount.
 If you read the definition of recount text and narrative text, you will find some similarity between
them. However the differences exist between them through the second element. Since narrative
text is about complication, narrative text is about series of events.
 All narrative texts in whatever story forms should pass some complication. If there is not any
complication, the story should NOT be labeled as narrative but it may be a recount text.
Example 1:
The Dragon's Pearl
Long ago on the top of Mount Kinabalu in Borneo, there lived a dragon. He owned a large and
beautiful pearl. People believed that he controlled the weather with it.
The emperor of China heard this and wanted the pearl. He sent his two sons, Wee Ping and Wee
San to Borneo to steal it. The princes, together with one hundred soldiers, set sail for Borneo in
twelve sailing junks.
When they arrived in Borneo, they set out immediately to find the famous mountain. Their
journey up the rugged slopes of Mount Kinabalu proved very difficult. The dragon guarded his cave
very fiercely and killed many of their soldiers. Then Wee San had a clever idea. He climbed a tall tree,
so he could see the dragon s cave. (e noted what time the dragon left his cave to hunt for food and
what time he returned to it. Next he ordered his men to make a fake pearl and a large kite. He waited
until the dragon left his cave. Then he placed the fake pearl in a bag, slung it across his shoulder and
flew up to the mountain-top on the kite. He exchanged the real pearl for the fake one and then his
brother pulled his kite back to the ground.
The brothers quickly returned to their ships and set sail for China. They sailed safely home. The
emperor was thrilled with the pearl and gave a big party to celebrate his sons return.

Example 2:
The Story of Sleeping Beauty
Long time ago, there is a king who held a festive party to celebrate the birth of his daughter. All
fairies in the kingdom were invited. They were asked to give bless. Unfortunately, there was an old
fairy that did not get the invitation; it is because everybody thought that she was already dead.
In the party, each fairy gave bless. Before the last fairy gave her gift, the uninvited fairy suddenly
appears. She was furious because she was uninvited. Without saying a word, the angry fairy blessed
the princess with a curse. She cursed the princess that she will die on a spinning wheel when she is
16. The fairy was then gone with a flash of light. The last fairy who did not give any blesses yet
stepped forward. She said that she could not eliminated the curse but she could help prolong the
princess destiny. The fairy said, when the spindle pricks the princess finger, she will not die. She will
fall into a sleep and only a kiss from a person who gives her a true love will wake her.
To prevent the curse, the king ordered to destroyed all wheels and spindles. Over the years, the
princess grew into a beautiful girl. When her 16th birthday came, she decided to explore the palace.
She visited a tower that she never visited before. Inside the tower, she saw an old woman playing
something. The old woman played with a wheel and spindle. She talked to the woman and asked if
she could try it. The princess tried the spindle and suddenly her middle finger was punctured leaving
a small wound. And, the curse was happening. The princess fell into a deep sleep so do all people who
lived in the palace.
After thousand years, a prince explored the palace that had been covered by a jungle. He walked
through the trees and found a room where a beautiful girl was sleeping. He could not hold his desire
to kiss the princess, and he done it. Suddenly, the girl woke up and also all people around the palace.
Finally, they were married and lived happily ever after.
 Generic Structure Analysis:
1. Orientation : This is the first information readers get what story about is. Commonly it cover participant,
time and place.
 Long time ago, there is a king who held a festive party to celebrate the birth of his daughter.
2. Complication : This is the heart of any narrative genres. Without this complicates element, the story cannot
be identified as narrative. The complicated situation lead participants face certain problem.
 To prevent the curse, the king ordered to destroyed all wheels and spindles.
 The princess tried the spindle and suddenly her middle finger was punctured leaving a small wound
 The princess fell into a deep sleep so do all people
3. Resolution : The last phase how a story is ended. There are two choices. Writer can finish his story with
good ending or he can make the story tragic by giving sad ending.
 Finally, they were married and lived happily ever after.
o Notes on Moral Lessons from Story of Sleeping Beauty: All stories for learning narrative should arouse
some moral lesson for its readers, and should be this sleeping beauty story. The are some notes on what
moral value we can get from that story. Some of them are listed below. You can add another one.
1. True love will win. It can conquer anything in its path.
2. Home is where the heart is. So be nice with all family members.
3. Angry people can do bad thing on us.
o Furthermore, this complication is explored in the story plot along with orientation and complication. Most
narrative stories consist at least these 3 elements.
2. RECOUNT
to retell something that
happened in the past and
to tell a series of past
event
to retell events for the
purpose of informing or
entertaining readers
1. Orientation : provides the
setting and introduces
participants
2. Events : tell what happened, in
what sequence
3. Re-orientation : optional-
closure of events
1. Using Past Tense
3. Using adjectives
 Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so
narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past
Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological
order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore,
etc while recount text is found in biography.

 The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are
constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social
conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the
contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the
basic structure
 A recount text can be an amazing experience or horrible one, biography, holiday events, or
historical events
 Personal experience is a story about an event that has actually done by the writer. The event is
commonly special or very important for the writer that needs to be shared with others. Subject
used in personal experience story is ) .
 A recount text in English is about retelling a series of events. It is really "retelling". It does not
about "exposing" or "arguing".
Example 1:
Class Picnic
Last Friday our school went to Centennial Park for a picnic. First our teachers marked the rolls
and then we got on the buses. On the buses, everyone was chatting and eating. When we arrived at
the park, some students played cricket, some played cards but others went for a walk with the
teachers. At lunchtime, we sat together and had our picnic. Finally, at two o clock we left for school.
We had a great day.
Example 2:
Watching Movie
My sister and I went to see a film last night. It was an American movie called The Lost Flight. It
showed how people can quickly change when they have to look after themselves in the jungle. It was
an interesting film about a plane which crashed on a small empty island in the Pacific Ocean.
Although the passengers were safe, nobody knew where the plane had crashed. So the passengers
had to learn how to hunt for food in the jungle and how to catch fish from the sea to eat. After a few
weeks, the passengers were eating raw fish and meat. After they had been on the island for two
months, three of the men made a boat and sailed away to find help. But their boat sank and they were
drowned. The film ended without saying whether the passengers were rescued or not. But my sister
and I enjoyed the film.
Example 3:
Travelling Around The World
Deri saved his money and spent two months traveling around the world. He wrote his journey in
his diary.
I spent a week in New York and then flew to London and enjoyed several weeks in Europe. When
I had seen the sights in Europe, I took a train to Istanbul and visited many places in Asia.
First, I flew from his home in Mexico City to New York City. After through Asia, I went to south
America and finally back home to Indonesia.
Deri felt tired but he was very excited and wanted to travel again.
3. NEWS ITEM
to inform readers about
events of the day which
are considered
newsworthy or important
1. Newsworthy event(s)
2. Background event(s)
3. Sources
1. Short, telegraphic information about
story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs: time, place and manner.
Example:
12-year-old Student Ready to University
A 12-year-old Sacramento student who already has three community college degrees and has
been accepted to two University of California campuses says he plans on studying biomedical
engineering and becoming a doctor and medical researcher by the time he turns 18.
Tanishq Abraham has been accepted to UC Davis and received a regents scholarship to UC Santa
Cruz, but he has yet to decide which university he'll attend, reported Sacramento television station
CBS 13 Sunday. Tanishq started community college at age 7 and last year he received associate's

degrees from American River College, a community college in Sacramento, in general science; math
and physical science; and foreign language studies.
Professors at the college didn't initially want him in their classes because of his age. But finally a
professor agreed to let him attend if his mother, a doctor of veterinary medicine, also took the class.
Biology professor Marlene Martinez said he was never afraid to ask lot of questions. "In lecture he
would always pop up with 'so, does that mean ...' or 'what about this?' " Martinez said.
Source: http://bigstory.ap.org/article/114eb0ec6f4449f2801948fe939c8dc8/12-year-old-sacramento-student-
ready-start-university
1. Paragraph newsworthy event:
It show the headline of the news - A boy of 12 years ol has been accepted to enter famous university
2. Paragraph background events:
We can see the detail on the headline news in the paragraph 2 , 3 and 4
a. Tanishq Abraham has been accepted to UC Davis Santa
b. Tanishq started community college at age 7 and last year he received associate's degrees from American
River College.
c. Professors didn't want him in but finally agreed to let him.
3. Paragraph sources:
The last paragraph show from who the news is validated
Biology professor Marlene Martinez said he was never afraid to ask lot of questions.
4. SPOOF
to tell an event with a
humorous twist and
entertain the readers
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist
1. Using Past Tense
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged
 The spoof text is commonly written in a story. While we are talking about a story, it will be close
related to narrative and recount text. What and How is narrative, what is recount and what is
spoof text its self are easily differed from one to other by seeing the generic structure.
Spoof, narrative and recount are similar in how they are constructed in the first step. They
recount the event and experience which introduce the participant, time and place setting.
However in the end of the text, the way they are closed are different from one to other. Narrative
will be closed by a resolution which refers to the conflict. Recount will be concluded with a re-
orientation. While spoof will end the story with some unpredictable way of plot. That
unpredictable way is called twist.
 Spoof text is one kind of text that should be studied secondary school students in Indonesia.
Learn English through tek type is known as the "learning English through text-based approach"
This means devices such as the English language grammar and structure, vocabularies, tenses,
etc. were not studied separately but following types of text again discussed. This is why we know
there is a term "Language Feature" in any kind of text in addition to "Generic Structure"
 A funny story is always interesting. It really amuses reader. This amusement is actually the main
function of spoof text. How spoof text tries to amuse the reader is actually including in the way it
is structured. We all know that SPOOF text is built with generic structure of ORIENTATION,
EVENTS ant TWIST. Two phases in the first are commonly found in the other text genres.
Recount text, for example, has the structures of orientation and events too to hold the reader s
interest. However the end of the story is what makes spoof text differ from recount text.
 Reading a spoof text can be very interesting as it has an unpredictable plot of the story. There
will be a tricky "arrangement". As we build understanding of the plot to certain condition, a spoof
text will be ended with a special contradictory ending. By reading a spoof text, of course we also
learn past tense, direct and indirect speech, action verb, etc which all are the language feature of
spoof text.
 According to wikipedia, a twist ending is a plot twist occurring near or at the conclusion of a
story, unexpected conclusion to a work of fiction that causes the audience to reevaluate the
narrative or characters.There are three common types of twisting ending.
o Types of Humorous Twist
Many stories have twist with a happy,amusing, or heartwarming ending. It is funny and
makes readers amused. Humorous twist ending sometime is called Lighthearted twist.
o Types of Ironic Twist
Stories with a twist or surprise at the end do not necessarily have to have a happy ending.
Many have been written that have an ironic twist. This ironic twist ending often reveal
something about the darker side of human nature. Examples of these types of stories include
The Necklace. In other word ironic twist is tragic.

o Types of Misconception Twist
A narrator who has incorrect information built around their own perception of events that
they pass along can build an unpredictable ending. The ghost who doesn t know he or she
has died, the robot who feels human emotions, the narrator who does not know they are a
mannequin in a store are some ways to create a twist based on faulty or withheld
information.
 The sense of funny produced by that spoof text actually comes from the unpredictable ending of
the story. Spoof text sometime is tragic. The important thing inside a spoof story is twist. That is
all spoof text with a very short unpredictable ending story. If a story does not contain an
unpredictable thing in the end of the story, it can be studies as spoof text.
Example:
The Story of Nasreddin’s Coat
One day Nasreddin had been invited to the dinner party. He went to the party by wearing old
clothes.
When he arrived in the party, nobody looked at him and nobody gave him a seat. He got no food
in the party so he went home and change his clothes.
Next he put on his best clothes. He wore his newest coat and went to the party again. The host at
once got up and came to meet him. The host offered him the best table and gave him a good seat and
served him the best food.
Nasreddin sat and put off his coat. (e put his coat and said; Eat the food, Coat! the hosts and
guests were very surprised and asked Nareddin; What are you doing? Nasreddin replied calmly;
When ) came here with my old clothes, nobody looked at me. Then I went home and put on my best
clothes. I came back in my newest coat and you all give me this best food and drink.
So, you give food to my coat instead of me . Getting Nasreddin's answer, they just shook the head.
Orientation : one day, Nasreddin was invited to a dinner party
Event 1 : He was in the party with his old cloth
Event 2 : He was in the party with his best newest coat
Twist : Among the hosts and guests, he asked his coat to eat the served food
5. ANECDOTE
to share/retell
with others an
account of an
unusual, funny or
amusing incident
in fact or
imagination.
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident / Reaction
5. Coda (additional
conclusion / moral
value)
. Using exclamation words; it s awful! ; it s wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using intensifiers
5. Using material process
6. Using action verb; go, write, etc
7. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
8. Using simple past tense
 Actually the point of anecdote is the CODA (hikma), what do the participants learn from the
series of event in the story.
 Anecdote text is similar to narrative and also spoof and recount. What make different is the
generic structure. Anecdote text is not only a matter of funny story like we often hear. Anecdote
text, in term of text type is an inspirational story, a story which a bring a CODA which is included
in the end of the text
Example:
Blessing Behind Tragedy
There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine children. They
had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They were making plan to travel with
their children to America. It had taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They
had gotten passport. They had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America.
The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in America. However
few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy.
Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for long days. They were in
quarantine when the departure time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not make the
trip to America as they had planned. The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the

dock to watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He
cursed both his son and God for the misfortune.
Five days later, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic, had
shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called the unsinkable
ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was.
The Clark family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they were
left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the
family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy.
Abstract : Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true, there is
something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we do?
Orientation : the Clark family lived in Scotland. They had dream to travel to America. They prepared well for
their plan
Crisis : few days before they went to America, his youngest son was bitten by a dog. It made they were
being quarantined. They had to forget their plan.
Incident : the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with his son and God.
The family failed to travel to America and the father could not accept it.
Coda : the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God because of saving the
family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was not a tragedy but a blessing.
C. ARGUMENTATION
1. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
To reveal the readers that
something is the important
case
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Reiteration/Conclusion
1. Using modals
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
8. Using connectives/transition
 An expository text identifies and characterizes certain phenomenon which happens around us.
Expository text can be in the forms of definition, summaries, and explication.
 Analytical exposition is one of argumentative texts which present some supporting idea on why
certain writer s opinion is important. The opinion is formulated in a thesis which needs to prove
by selecting arguments.
 Both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition are classified as argumentative essay. Both
present argument to support the thesis state in the orientation. This thesis places the writer s
position on the essay. From the generic structure, what make big different is that analytical
exposition ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while hortatory makes a
recommendation for readers.
Example 1:
Why is It Important to Choose the Accredited School?
Most of teenagers need to go to school and there are a lot of schools over there. Nowadays,
schools grow to offer plenty of choice; private and state ones. However it is a hard choice since there
are many factors which need to be considered before making the selection. Some will be influenced
by friends; because some friend got to certain school than we go to there too. Some prefer to choose
certain school because of the closer distance. In fact, the primary decisive matter for selecting school
is whether the school has been accredited or not.
Why is important to choose an accredited school? Well, accredited schools have an edge over the
unaccredited schools. This label of Accredited School has an impact in employment opportunities. As
result, if there are two or more students with similar qualifications, the student who comes from the
accredited school will have an edge over the other candidate. Student from an accredited school has
more open door than student with an accredited one.
Many students select certain school depending more on short term factors like friend influence
and short distance from home. It is not bad since commuting actually needs much cost. Choosing
school which is closer to home will save time, energy and money. However if that school is not
accredited, the time and money spent along studying seems to be waste in the long term because it
could become a limiting factor in gaining future opportunities.

Accredited school is not the only factor which will drive student s success. Personality and
characterization are very important too. However a student with good personality who comes from
an accredited school is better than the others.
 Analytical exposition is one of argumentative texts which present some supporting idea on why certain
writer s opinion is important. The opinion is formulated in a thesis which needs to prove by selecting
arguments.
 The above example of analytical exposition about accredited school has the following generic
structure:
 Thesis: it is the main topic of discourse in analytical exposition essay. Commonly the thesis will be
placed in the first paragraphs. It also has a function of introduction of the text. From the text above
we see that choosing school will be wiser and safer if it is based on the status of the school;
accredited or not.
 Arguments: the arguments are the heart of an analytical exposition. The absence of argument,
analytical will just talk nothing since a thesis must be evaluated, whether it is true or false later, it
does not matter. From the analytical exposition sample above, we see an accredited school
graduate will hold better opportunity. Additionally choosing school based on short term interests
seem to be less benefit in the end.
 Reiteration: it is the writer s thesis which is re-stated in another word. The purpose is to
strengthen the thesis. From the text above, we realize that choosing an accredited school is really
important.
Example 2:
Is Smoking Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50.000 people die every year
in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a
quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are
six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day,
the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are
smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one
hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked
fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from smoking
habit. Smoking however is not good for everybody else.
 Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer s point of view about the topic discussed.
Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic. Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this
analytical exposition text.
 Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as giving conflict plot in
narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated before. In this example of
analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and 3 are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to
support that smoking is not good even for smokers themselves.
 Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is something like conclusive
paragraph from the previous arguments. The last paragraph of this example of analytical exposition
points again that smoking is not good for smokers and people around smokers. However smoking is
very good for Cigarette Companies
2. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
 to persuade the readers
that something should or
should not be the case or
be done
 to persuade the readers
to do, think, and consider
as like the writer does
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
2. Using modals
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
9. Using connectives/transition
 A text of exposition is written to expose a point which is very important to consider. The purpose
of hortatory text is to persuade the readers to do, think, and consider as like the writer does.

 Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition? In simple word,
Analytical is the answer of (ow is/will while hortatory is the answer of (ow should .
Analytical exposition will be best to describe (ow will student do for his examination? The point
is the important thing to do. But for the question (ow should student do for his exam? will be
good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done.
 So what is the generic structure of the hortatory exposition? Any text form is structured
differently from other types. When we read a hortatory text we actually read an exposition of
argument from the writer.
 As we know that both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition are classified as
argumentative essay. Both present argument to support the thesis state in the orientation. This
thesis places the writer s position on the essay. From the generic structure, what make big
different is that analytical exposition ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while
hortatory makes a recommendation for readers.
 Analytical exposition is one essay classified as hortatory exposition in the same genre. Both
analytical exposition and hortatory exposition present arguments for supporting the issued
thesis. What makes them different from one to each other is the last stage of the text, which the
analytical exposition will end with a reiteration. On the other hand, hortatory will close the essay
with a recommendation. Analytical exposition will try to influence the reader by presenting some
arguments to prove that the writer' idea is important. Furthermore, hortatory will try to persuade
the reader how should or not do concerning the writer's idea.
 When we recognize three levels in essay writing intense; descriptive, argumentative and
persuasive, then we have to include the hortatory in the persuasive essay. Its purpose is to
persuade the reader to follow the writer's act and opinion, point forward that certain thing should
or should not be done.
 Hortatory is similar to analytical exposition but if we have to differentiate both from one to each
other, we have one useful tool by making analysis on the generic structure. What makes hortatory
different from analytical exposition is the last finalizing step which analytical exposition is ended
by a reiteration while hortatory is finalized by certain a recommendation.
Example 1:
The Benefit of Reading
Most people believe that reading is a very important. There are many benefits of reading. What
are they?
First, reading can gives us knowledge about many things in the world such as Science,
technology. Sports, arts, culture, etc written in either books, magazine, newspaper, etc.
Second, reading makes us know a lot of news and information about something happening in any
parts of the world.
Reading also give us pleasure. When we are tired, we read books, newspaper or magazine on the
entertainment column such as comedy, short story, quiz, etc, to make us relaxed.
It is obvious that everyone needs to read to get knowledge, information and also entertainment.
However, tot all of us love reading. Here are the steps how we should do to love reading:
1. Identify what kind of reading material we want to enjoy. People enjoy different kinds of reading.
2. Try a variety of books and series of the reading materils.
3. Go to your local library. We can try out as many books as we would like for free.
4. Create a good reading environment. Find a place that is quiet, well-lit, and comfortable. Even
some people love reading while listening to music.
Example 2:
The Chaotic National Exam
As the national exam is an annual activity organized by the Education and Culture Ministry, it can
be prepared for as early as possible. It is very difficult to understand why the implementation of this
year s exam was so chaotic.
I think it was caused by poor management within the central committee, so the minister should
be responsible for its implementation. In an era where all activities can be supported by advanced
technology, 11 provinces had to delay the exams due to the failure in the distribution of exam
materials.

The quality of education reflects the progress of the nation. Therefore, the ministry needs to
thoroughly assess its failure.
Well I think the text is easy to understand. However If some of you still do not understand or get
difficulty of some vocabularies, the text can be understood from the following rough translation.
1. Thesis : there is some chaos in implementation of National Exam this year
2. Arguments : Some provinces had to delay the National exam because they had not received the
exam material on time
3. Recommendation: The minister should assess this failure for better education.
3. DISCUSSION
to present information and
opinions about issues in
more one side of an issue
For/Pros and
Against/Cons
1. Issue
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner
 When we read an example of discussion text, we will see the structure as follow;
1. Stated issue; what issue is going to be discussed. This must drive problematic discussion from
different points of view.
2. Supporting arguments: after stating the issue, it is necessary to present the argument to
support that one point is agreeing.
3. Against arguments: beside the supporting argument, discussion text need the arguments
which disagree to the stated issue.
4. Recommendation; finally in the end of the discussion, it is important to re-think to formulate
certain recommendation for the discussed issue.
 A problematic discourse is the simple key to see whether the text is an example of discussion or
the other genres. Discussion text will see and elaborate the issue from the different point of view.
It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue. One side is agreeing the issue, the other is
disagreeing that issue. The different point of views, according to the generic structure, is the
heart of the discussion text. That will differentiate from the other text types.
 What and How is discussion text? Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse.
This problem will be discussed from different points of view. This kind of text is commonly found
in philosophical, historic, and social text.
 One of the most obvious examples of a discussion text is reading a text which includes the phrase
of ”advantage and disadvantage” It means that the text is about certain issue which 2 different
sides. A discussion text always brings two different opinions on the certain discursive matter.
This different point of view make readers have further consideration before having acting on the
matter.
 Discussion is a process to find the meet point between two different ideas. It is important to to
get the understanding between the two differences. In many social activities, discussion is the
effective way to calm down any friction and difference in thought, perception and
recommendation.
Example 1:
National Exam in Pros and Cons
The existence of national exam which determines whether students succeed or not for 3 years in high
school and deserve to hold graduating certificate extremely raises pros and cons. Some agree to the
existence of national exam for high school students. On the other hand, a lot of people disagree to the
existence of national exam
Pros and Cons of National Exam
National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has
rejected an appeal by the government on the organization of the national exams, the controversy
over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates
include the primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the
national exam? Will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen without national exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education
system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system.

However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam
kept in our high school education say that it doesn't need the national exams because the quality of
education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a
small portion of students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students'
competences throughout the semester.
In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the
level of students' cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale.
Source: www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/12/19/quality-education-and-national-exams.html
Example 2:
Students and Part Time Jobs
Working while in the same time going to school is greatly challenging. Both activities can give
you a rewarding experience. However, )f you are a student and want to take a part time job, you d
better think carefully before you decide to take it.
A lot of things should be considered before making decision to take a part time job. On the bad
side, working while keeping having a good grade at school is not really easy. It is very hard task.
Taking a part time job reduces your time for doing schoolwork. This less time is the main negative
effect. Because of that limited time, many students who work part time tend to fail to keep their best
both on schoolwork and on examinations.
On the good side, taking a part time job can helps students to get good financial condition for
living expenses. Working a part time is a valuable part of a student s life. )f the students take on
responsibly, they can deserve a valuable thing from working. It is not only about money. In most
cases, they can learn discipline and applicable skills. Taking a part time job also help students to
expand their resume for future career.
Studying and working in the same time consume much time and energy. However if the students
can manage their time and energy wisely, going to school and taking a part time job are possible to
do. So contact your school counselor to discuss further.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
What is the generic structure? And how these structures distinguish between types of text with each other?
How is this structure distinguishes discussion example text example text with other genres? In a simple,
generic structure is the way the writers compose a paragraph by paragraph into a coherent whole on the
delivery the meaning of writings.
Differences authors construct the generic structure is affected by the purpose or function of the text. Take an
narrative story that aims to entertain and teach about values, certainly different from the way the text
arrangement with manifold discussion paper which aims to broaden the reader toward an issue or
phenomenon.
So if an essay appears structured like the above settings, we can easily say it is an example text discussion.
SOURCE
http://understandingtext.blogspot.com/
https://bahanajar.wordpress.com/

EXAMPLES OF ALL THE TEXT'S TYPES
13 TYPES OF TEXTS
DESCRIPTION NARRATIONS ARGUMENTATION
Descriptive
Report
Procedural
Explanation
Review
Narrative
Recount
News Item
Spoof
Anecdote
Analytical Exposition
Hortatory Exposition
Discussion
DESCRIPTION
1. Descriptive Texts
Descriptive Text about Person
Cleopatra
One of the most famous women in world history was Cleopatra VII. She was the brilliant and beautiful
last Pharaoh of Egypt. Historically, she became queen of Egypt in 51 B.C. at the age of eighteen. She was a
Ptolemy, descended from one of Alexander the Great's generals. When she was twenty-one, Julius
Caesar became her lover. Seven years later she met Antony. The romantic tragic relationship continued until
they died by suicide in 30 B.C.
Cleopatra was legendary. She was famous not only for her breathtaking beauty but also for her great
intellect. She had brown eyes and they were shaped like cat eyes. Her skin was in fact an olive shade, darker
than Hollywood actress Liz Taylor who portrayed her in the film 'Cleopatra' in 1963. She had medium dark
brown hair, about to the middle of her shoulder blades. She had a reputation as an extraordinarily sensuous
woman.
Cleopatra was a woman of remarkable poise and unusual intelligence. She was highly educated. She
spoke proficiently in nine languages and also skilled in mathematics. She is often considered to be a stunning
seductress though she was studying to be a nun. Cleopatra was a very intelligent queen and a politician with a
great charisma.
Note: The story of Antony and Cleopatra involved true characters and later was dramatized by William Shakespeare. This
example of descriptive text depicthing what Cleopara looks likes is arranged from enote.com, theholidayspot.com,
and current.com
My Friend and Her New Shoes
I have a close Friend. She is beautiful, attractive and trendy. She always want to be a trend setter of the
day. She always pays much attention on her appearance. Recently, she bought a new stylist foot legs from
Blowfish shoes products. This shoes really matches on her.
Her new blowfish women's shoes are wonderful. When she are walking on that shoes, all her friends,
including me watch and admire that she has the most suitable shoes on her physical appearance. The style,
bright color, and brand represent her as a smart woman of the day. She really have perfect appearance.
She is really mad on those shoes. She said that the products covered all genders. The blowfish men's
shoes are as elegant as she has. The products provide varieties of choice. Ballet, casual, boot athletic shoes are
designed in attractive way. The products are international trade mark and become the hottest trend.
Descriptive Text about Place
Yogyakarta
I have always loved going to the city of Yogyakarta, particularly to its beautiful beaches. Yogyakarta is
known as one of the most interesting cities to visit in Indonesia because of its people, stunning scenery and its
reasonable holiday cost. Not just that, because Yogyakarta is also a safe, clean city.
When I was there, I always rent a car because it is quite cheap. To ensure I get the best car rental, I always
compare some of the available car rentals in Yogyakarta via internet.
Though Yogyakarta offers much public transportation but hiring a car will always be the best option since
it gives a more freedom to visit more places. There are many car rentals in the city, so picking one of the best
is something easy to do.

But back to beaches in Yogyakarta, there are many beautiful beaches there. Indrayanti is one of the best
beaches located in Gunung Kidul, in the south east part of the city. There is also Parangtritis where I can find
beautiful scenery of the sunset. However, Yogyakarta is not only offering beaches, because its unique, ancient
places are also one of the main reasons why I loved this city very much. There are Prambanan temple,
Yogyakarta palace, Borobudur and many other interesting places we can find in the city of Yogyakarta.
The Amazing Taj Mahal in India
Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah
Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a
vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the
right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river
Jamuna behind it.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an
unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element
stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating
geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four
subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed
chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate
description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy
morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.
Source: www.islamicity.com/culture/Taj/default.html
Jatim Park
For people in East Java, Jatim Park may have been heard many times as it is one of the famous tourism
object in East Java province. Jatim Park offers a recreation place as well as a study center.
Jatim Park is located at Jl. Kartika 2 Batu, East Java. To reach the location is not too difficult because the
object is only 2, 5 kilos meters from Batu city. This Jatim Park tourism object is about 22 hectares width.
Visitor can enjoy at least 36 kinds of facilities which can attract them as well as give new knowledge. Just
after the pass gate, the visitors will find an interesting view of Galeri Nusantara area. This study offering
continues to step on Taman Sejarah area, which contains of miniature temple in East Java like Sumberawan
temple, customhouse of Kiai Hasan Besari Ponorogo and Sumberawan Statue.
The other facility which is able to be enjoyed is Agro Park area. )t presents crop and rareness fruits,
animal diorama which consists of unique animals that have been conserved, and supporting games like
bowling, throw ball, scooter disco, etc.
Jatim Park is suitable for family and school recreation. The recreation area sites offer precious tour and
can used as alternative media of study.
Suited from:www.eastjava.com/tourism/batu/jatim-park.html
Jakarta
Jakarta is located on the northwest coast of Java Island, at the mouth of the Ciliwung river. It dominates
)ndonesian s administrative, economy, cultural activities, and is a major commercial and transportation hub
within Asia.
The climate is hot and humid. Rainfall occurs throughout the year. The heaviest rainfall is from November
to May. The city lies on a flat, low plain and is likely to be affected by flood during period of heavy rainfall.
The short monologue above is the audio file of listening section test for National Examination 2008. The monologue is
followed by a multiple choice question at listening section number 13 as below:
13. Why is Jakarta at risk of flooding?
A. It lies on high land. D. The climate is hot and humid.
B. It is densely populated. E. It is at the mouth of the Ciliwung River.
C. It lies on a flat low plain area.

Descriptive Text about Thing
My Black Peci
I have some head covers. They are head, cap, had, and peci. I like my peci very much. Do you know what is
peci? I am going to tell you now.
There are some terms or names for this kind of head cover. My father call it "songkok" but some of my
friends call it "kopiah". I myself prefer to call this head cove "peci"
Peci can produced in various colours. They may be sold in green, yellow, and brown colour. I do not like
bright colour. So I bought my peci in dark colour. It is black.
My peci is number 5 in size. It has 6 cm in height. My black peci is made of a stiffened, black velvet-like
fabric and fold flat. So it is truely dark, truely black. My black peci has the shape of a truncated cone with
embroidered felt in its sides.
I always wear my black peci every day. Just like people in Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, the southern
Philippine and southern Thailand, I also wear the black peci in formal situations such as as wedding feasts,
funerals, and festive occasions.
Recently I have known why this black head cover is named peci. The word of "peci" might be derived
from the Dutch word "petje" which has meaning of "small hat".
President Soekarno wearing black peci.
Marsupial Mammal
What am I?
I inhabit a small area in south-western Western Australia. My species was quite widespread in Australia
before European settlement but now we are endangered.
I prefer areas of open woodland. I forage for my food in the mornings and afternoons. At night I sleep in
hollow logs or under fallen timber.
My body is about 25 centimeters long. My bushy tail is nearly as long as my body. I am covered in a
reddish-brown coat with white stripes. My front legs are shorter then my back legs and I have small claws.
My ears are short but my snout is long I have a very long, sticky tongue for eating termites I can eat over
10000 termites in one day.
I am a marsupial mammal. What animal am I?
The Descriptive Facts about the Moon
Moon is the earth's satellite which we often see in the night. The Moon is the one place in our solar
system where humans have visited. For the first time on July 20, 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin
Aldrin landed the Lunar Module of Apollo 11 on the surface of the Moon. Neil Armstrong was the first man to
walk on the Moon. However do you know what descriptive facts about the Moon are?
The moon rises in the east and sets in the west. It moves toward the east in our sky by about 12 degrees
each day. The Moon is about 384,400 kilometers from Earth. The Moon has a diameter of 2,000 miles which is
like to 3,476 kilometers.
The surface of the Moon has many things, such as craters, lava plains, mountains, and valleys. Scientists
believe the craters were formed around 3.5 to 4.5 billion years ago by meteors hitting the moon's surface. The
Moon does not have atmosphere, wind and weather that is why the footprints left there on the Moon by the
Apollo astronauts will remain there for millions of years.
The Moon is not a light source. It mean that Moon does not make its own light. It reflects light from the
sun. All of us can see the Moon especially in the night because light from the Sun bounces off it back to the
Earth. If the Sun wasn't there, we can not see the Moon.
The moon influences many of the tides in the oceans. This is because of the gravity force between the
Earth and Moon. At full Moon and new Moon, the Sun, Earth and Moon are lined up, producing the higher than
normal tides. When the Moon is at first or last quarter, it forms smaller neap tides.
(nasa.gov and kent.sch.uk)

My Cat Gregory
Gregory is my beautiful gray Persian cat. He walks with pride and grace, performing a dance of disdain as
he slowly lifts and lowers each paw with the delicacy of a ballet dancer. His pride, however, does not extend
to his appearance, for he spends most of his time indoors watching television and growing fat.
He enjoys TV commercials, especially those for Meow Mix and 9 Lives. His familiarity with cat food
commercials has led him to reject generic brands of cat food in favor of only the most expensive brands.
Gregory is as finicky about visitors as he is about what he eats, befriending some and repelling others. He
may snuggle up against your ankle, begging to be petted, or he may imitate a skunk and stain your favorite
trousers. Gregory does not do this to establish his territory, as many cat experts think, but to humiliate me
because he is jealous of my friends.
After my guests have fled, I look at the old fleabag snoozing and smiling to himself in front of the
television set, and I have to forgive him for his obnoxious, but endearing, habits.
* With Text Analysis*
The Beautiful Kuta Bali
Kuta is the exciting tourist area on the southern part of Bali. Most tourists visiting Bali do not forget to
spend their time in Kuta.
It is located in southwestern Bali, just minutes from the airport.
Kuta is one of the world's most famous beaches. It first attracted Western surfers with its world
renowned surf break followed closely behind by sun worshipers and party goers attracted to its wide
stretches of white sandy beach.
Kuta is the center of night life activities. Kuta has a shopping mecca, with its lines of shops, boutiques, and
galleries. Restaurants line up the streets as well as the beachfront hotels, ranging from a small, inexpensive
homestay to a luxurious resort
There are many night clubs along Jalan Legian and Jalan Pantai Kuta. The busiest time for all night clubs
are around from 22:00 and will close until down.
Source: http://www.hotels68.com/article_34_kuta-bali-nightlife.html
 Generic Structure Analysis
Identification : Showing what specific participant which will be described in the text. In sample It is about the Kuta
Bali beach. Kuta beach and not the other beaches
Description : Showing the image of the participant. In this sample, Kuta bali beach is described as a location in
Southern Bali which is just minute from the airport. It also described as the place of beautiful place for
surfers. Kuta Bali beach is also described as the center of night life activities.
Borobudur Temple
Borobudur is Hindu - Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of
ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of
India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five
terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief.
The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is
crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through
some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe
influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for
Indonesian people.
 Generic Structure Analysis
Identification : Identifying the phenomenon to be described in general; Borobudur temple
Description : Describing the Borobudur temple in parts; eight terraces of Borobudur temple and its characteristics
 Language Feature Analysis
Using adjective and classifiers; valuable
Using simple present tense; Borobudur is well-known, The temple is constructed, etc

2. Report Texts
Television
Television, or TV, is one of humanity's most important means of communication. It brings pictures and
sounds from around the world into millions of homes.
People, with a television set in their houses, can sit and watch the president makes a speech or visits a
foreign country. They can see a war being fought. Through television, viewers at home can see and learn
about people, places, and things in a away lands.
Additionally, television brings its viewers a steady stream of programs that are designed to entertain. In
fact, TV provides many more entertainment programs than any other kind of information media. The
programs include action-packed dramas, light comedies, soap operas, sports events, cartoons, quizzes, variety
shows and motion pictures.
Mangrove Trees
A mangrove is a tropical marine tree. Mangroves have special aerial roots and salt-filtering tap roots
which enable them to thrive in brackish water. Brackish water is salty but not as salty as sea water. Mangrove
trees are commonly planted and found in coastal areas. Mangroves can serve as walls of protection for
natural disaster in coastal area like tsunami. According to BBC News, healthy mangrove forests had helped
save lives in the Asia disaster tsunami and people tended to respect these natural barriers even more,
especially after the tsunami.
There are several species of mangrove tree found all over the world. Some prefer more salinity, while
others like to be very-close to a large fresh water source such as river. Some prefer areas that are sheltered
from waves. Some species have their roots covered with sea water every day during high tide. Other species
grow on dry land but are still part of the ecosystem. The Times of India reported that rare species of
mangrove had been found and was also known as the looking-glass tree, probably because the leaves are
silver-coated.
Mangroves need to keep their trunk and leave above the surface of the water. Yet they also need to be
firmly attached to the ground so they are not moved by waves.
Any part of root that appears above the water flows oxygen to the plant under water surface. as the soil
begin to build up, these roots procedure additional roots that become embedded in the soil.
Types of Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanic eruptions have caused some of the worst disasters in the world. They can wipe out entire cities
and kill thousands of people.
The name of volcano comes from Roman term. It derives from VULCAN which is the name of Roman fire
god. Romans believed that Vulcan lived on a volcanic Italian coast. Romans called the island VULCANO.
According to scientists, volcanic eruptions are divided in to four basic groups. They are commonly known
as Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian and Peleean. The term of Hawaiian eruptions are named after the
volcanoes in Hawaii. These volcanic eruptions are the least violent type. They produce highly fluid lava which
flows quietly. This gradually builds up a shield volcano.
Strombolian eruptions are named after Stromboli. These result from the constant release of gas from the
magma. As the gas escapes, it produces tephra that piles up, turning into a cinder cone. Strombolian eruptions
happen when sticky magma plugs the central vent. This makes the magmatic gas build up pressure until it
blasts. The magma is turned into volcanic dust and bombs.
Vulcanian eruption which comes from the ancient Roman belief, are more violent than the strombolian
eruption. Vulcanian eruption happens and brings magma which is more viscous. Vulcanian explosions are
usually larger and noisier than the Strombolian eruptions.

Paleean eruptions are famous as the most violent kind of volcanic eruptions. The name of paleean comes
from the eruption of Mount Pelee, Martinique in 1902. It killed almost 38 thousands people. A Peleean
eruption occurs when the magmatic gas build up tremendous pressure. This causes violent explosions with
glowing clouds of hot ash and dust.
Simplified from: library.thinkquest.org/03oct/01027/volcaniceruptions.html
Kinds of Earthquake
Earthquake often happens around us. It brings great damages. Earthquake is hard to be predicted and
that makes lot victims.
Actually there are three kinds of earthquake. This kinds of earthquake are commonly base on the factor
and geological area where the earthquakes happen. These three kinds of earthquake are tectonic, volcanic
and explosion.
Tectonic earthquakes is most common one. This kind of earthquake happens while earth's crust rocks
break because of the geological strength created by moving of the earth's plates.
Volcanic earthquakes happen exactly with volcanic activity. Volcanic earthquakes are when the volcano
produces acidic lava, which drys quickly, when it drys quickly it blocks the top of the volcano. This make no
more magma can escape. Pressure starts to build up and eventually the acidic lava can no longer stand the
pressure. So the volcano is free to explode, the pressure is released so fast that an earthquake is caused. A
volcanic earthquake is usually kept within 10-20 miles of the volcano.
Explosion earthquakes are the result of the collapse earthquakes that are small earthquakes occurring in
underground mines and caverns.
Partly taken from:
www.ngdir.ir/sitelinks/kids/html/earthquake_Kinds%20of%20earthquake.htm
wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_volcanic_earthquake
What and How is a tornado?
Tornadoes are known as one of the most damaging disasters. What and How is the description of
tornadoes? A tornado is a very powerful column of winds which spirals around a center of low atmospheric
pressure. A tornado will look like a large black funnel which hangs down from a storm cloud.
The name "tornado" derives from the Latin "tonare". It means "to thunder." While the Spanish developed
the word into "tornear" which means "to turn or twist". This is why a tornado is sometimes called twister or
cyclone.
The winds inside a twister can spin around at speeds up to 500 miles an hour, but it usually travels at
roughly 300 miles an hour. This speed twisting makes a tornado the most dangerous storm.
The average tornado has a diameter of about 200 to 300 yards. The smaller tornadoes are known as
satellite tornadoes. These small offspring, about 50 yards across, can be very fierce and do lots of damage.
The forming of a tornado can be very quick. Sometimes it can form in a minute or less. A tornado can
travel across the ground at high speeds, then it can suddenly vanish. Most tornadoes last less than twenty
minutes and travel less than 15 miles. However, the super storms sometimes travel over 100 miles before
they are exhausted.
Composed from: library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/tornadoes/whatisatornado.shtml
How Panda Looks Like
Have you known panda? How are pandas look like? Well, pandas are mammal. It means that pandas bear
live babies. They feed the babies on milk.
Panda is like bear. Their bodies are typical. It has two dominant colors, white and black. Panda's fur is
seen dominantly in white or snowy. While the legs, ears, eyes, and also the muzzle are covered with black fur.
Formerly, panda lived in South and East China. It was also found in part of Myanmar and Vietnam. Today,
panda is seen a lot in forest area in Sinchuan, Guang Zhou, and Shaanxi of China
Panda looks cute however it is actually a wild animal. It is like a bear. Because it has strength, panda
potentially becomes a frightful animal.

Komodo Dragon
Do you know what is the largest lizard? This lizard is called komodo. It lives in the scrub and woodland of
a few Indonesian islands.
Komodo dragon is the world's heaviest lizard, weighing 150 pounds or more. The largest Komodo ever
measured was more than 10 feet (3 meters) long and weighed 366 pounds (166 kg) but the average size of
komodo in the wild is about 8 feet (2.5 meters) long and 200 pounds (91 kg).
Komodo has gray scaly skin, a pointed snout, powerful limbs and a muscular tail. They use their keen
sense of smell to locate decaying animal remains from several miles away. They also hunt other lizards as
well as large mammals and are sometimes cannibalistic.
The Komodo dragon's teeth are almost completely covered by its gums. When it feeds, the gums bleed,
creating an ideal culture for virulent bacteria. The bacteria that live in the Komodo dragon's saliva causes
septicemia, or blood poisoning, in its victims. A dragon will bite its prey, then follow it until the animal is too
weak to carry on.
This lizard species is threatened by hunting, loss of prey species and habitat loss.
Source:
http://animal.discovery.com/reptiles/komodo-dragon/
http://animals.howstuffworks.com/animal-facts/komodo-bite.htm
Tyrannosaurus Rex
Tyrannosaurus rex, sometimes just called T-rex, is believed to be the largest and most fearsome predator
on Earth's land ever to have existed.
This dinosaur once lived in the Creataceous period approximately 68 to 65 million years ago. The T-rex
lived in a humid, semi-tropical environment, in open forests with nearby rivers and in coastal forested
swamps. The seasons were mild.
Tyrannosaurus rex was up to 40 feet (12.4 m) long, about 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6 m) tall. The arms were
only about 3 feet (1 m) long. Tyrannosaurus rex was roughly 5 to 7 tons in weight.
As a carnivorous dinosaur, this giant predator most likely ambushed their prey, and devoured them with
jaws full of white sharp teeth. With it's fast ability to run at an astonishing speed of 32 mph (50 kmh), a
perfect slim and stiff tail that gave it an excellent balance and allowed it to make quick turns, equipped this
gigantic predator and made it even more deadly, like a killing machine.
source: enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinos/Trex.shtml
Elephant
An elephant is the largest and strongest of all animals. It is a strange looking animal which it has thick
legs, huge sides and backs, large hanging ears, a small tail, little eyes, long white tusks and above all, elephant
has a long nose, the trunk. An elephant is commonly seen in a zoo, it has hard found in it natural habitat.
The trunk is the elephant's peculiar feature. This trunk has various usages. The elephant draws up water
by its trunk and can squirt the water all over its body like a shower bath. The elephant's trunk also lift leaves
and put them into its mouth. In fact, the trunk serves the elephant as long arm and hand. An elephant looks
very clumsy and heavy and yet an elephant can move very quickly.
The elephant is very intelligent animal. Its intelligence combined with its great strength makes an
elephant a very useful servant to man. Elephant can be trained to serve in various ways such as carry heavy
loads, hunt for tigers and even fight. An elephant is really a smart animal.
Human Body Energy
Human body is actually a living machine and is like all other machines. This living machine needs fuel to
supply it with energy. The fuel is provided by the food which we eat. However do we know how much we
need to stay healthy?
The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat which is required
to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The number of calories which people need per day
varies. It depends on the activity which the people are involved in. For example; people will need more
calories for standing than for sitting, people need more for running than for walking, etc.
The energy which is provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical substances. They are
carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories per gram (cal/gm) of energy, protein 4.0

cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm. Each food contains different proportion of these substances.These three chemical
substances are all important for body staying healthy.
Note:
 Report often starts discussion with brief definition or classification about the thing discussed.
 The first paragraph matches with the brief definition of body energy. After brief definition or
classification paragraph, report text is commonly followed by the important fact about the topic.
 The second and third paragraphs tell the important information about the body energy; how it comes
from and what form it is available.
Report text is commonly featuring technical or scientific term. Calories, carbohydrate, protein, fat etc are
some of the example.
* With Text Analysis*
Platypus
Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like duckbill. Platypus is a native
Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia.
Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45 cm and covered with a thick, and
woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and stirring up mud. Platypus' eyes and head are small. It has no
ears but has ability to sense sound and light.
Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually dig burrows in the streams or river
banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from intruders and flooding. In the other hand, male
platypus does not need any burrow to stay.
 Generic Structure analysis
General classification : stating general classification, the animal of platypus.
Description : describing in detail characterization of platypus' body and habitual life
 Language Feature Analysis
Focusing in group; the animal of platypus conditional,
Logical connective; but, in the other hand
Simple present tense pattern; Platypus lives in streams, male platypus does not need any burrow, etc
Birds
Birds are interesting flying animals. They are vertebrates and warm blooded animals. They belong to
aves class and they can be found all over the world.
Birds breath with their air pocket. Beside as respiration organ, air pocket also can enlarge or reduce their
weight when flying or swimming.
There are many kinds of birds. Earth bird has special characteristic. They have different morphology
according to their food and their habitat. Some of them eat seeds, pollen, fish or meat. There are some species
that live in land and the others live in water. Land birds live on their nest.
Female birds have specific tasks. they lay eggs and feed their baby, Beside that they look for foods for
their baby.
Contoh report text diatas bisa dianalisa susunan schematic atau generic structurenya sebagaimana berikut:
 Paragraf pertama: berupa General statement/ general classification berupa penjelasan bahwa teks tersebut tentang
burung, kelompok burung secara umum.
 Paragraf dua, tiga dan empat: berupa Description dimana diawali dengan penjelasan bagaimana burung itu biasanya
punya cara bernafas. Setelah itu diikuti penjelasan tentang kebiasaan dan habitat dan diakhiri deskripsi tentang cara
burung dalam beregenerasi.
3. Procedural Texts
How to Cook Chicken Vegetable Stew
Chicken vegetable stew is best to warm your body in cold day. It is actually easy to cook. Here is how to
cook it.
Ingredients:
1. 1-pound chicken (any part as you like, cut into small pieces)
2. 2-ounce carrot (cut into small blocks)

3. 2-ounce broccoli (cut into small pieces)
4. 2-ounce potato (cut into small blocks)
5. 1-ounce cabbage (cut into small pieces)
6. 1-pc green onion (sliced)
7. 1-pc celery (minced)
8. 1-pc onion (minced)
9. 4-clove garlic (minced)
10. Half tomato (cut into block)
11. Powdered pepper
12. Salt
13. 2-liters water
14. 2-tablespoon Vegetable oil
Cooking Directions:
 Boil water in the pot.
 Add a little garlic, pepper, and salt to the boiling water.
 Add chicken and let it cook for about 5 minutes.
 In separate stove, heat vegetable oil in small pan.
 Sauté garlic and onion until the smell come out and add tomato.
 Transfer the onions to the boiling chicken.
 Add potato and carrot. Let it boil.
 Add broccoli and cabbage. Let it boil.
 Taste the broth and add more salt and pepper to your taste.
 Turn off the heat. Add green onion and celery.
 Serve chicken stew on a bowl while hot.
Note: You can serve chicken stew alone or with rice or with roasted bread.
How to Cook Omelet
Here is the best omelet recipe. What we need and how to cook are shown you below.
Ingredients:
1. 1 egg
2. 1-tablespoon milk
3. A pinch of salt
4. A pinch of powdered pepper
Cooking direction:
 Crack the egg into a bowl.
 Put milk, salt, and pepper to the egg.
 Beat the egg until mixed perfectly using a whisk or fork
 Heat the pan on the stove over medium heat.
 Spread vegetable oil on the surface of the pan.
 Pour the egg on the pan and wait until the egg half cooked.
 Fold the egg into half round and flip it.
 Wait until the egg fully cooked. Flip if needed.
 Take the omelet out of the pan and put it on the plate.
 Serve omelet immediately
Note:
1. You can add various ingredients to the egg mix such as onion, mushroom, vegetable, smoked
beef, cheese, etc., to create different taste.
2. You can substitute vegetable oil with other oil or butter.
3. Milk will make the texture smooth. If you do not have milk or do not like milk, you can substitute
it with 1-teaspoon of water.
How to Cook Very Easy Fried Rice
Fried rice is easy to cook and become tasteful solution when you do not have much time to prepare your
meal. Here is the step by step instruction to cook very easy fried rice.
Ingredients:

1. 1 plate serving cooked rice
2. 1 egg
3. 2 meatballs (cut thinly)
4. 1-clove garlic (minced)
5. 1-clove shallot (minced)
6. 2 red chilly (more or less as you like it - minced)
7. 1 green onion (cut thinly)
8. 3-tablespoon sweet soy sauce
10. Salt
How to Cook:
 Heat frying pan and put oil.
 Put garlic, onion, and red chilly until smell come out.
 Crack egg and scramble it.
 Add meatballs and green onion. Stir it.
 Add rice and mix well.
 Add soy sauce and salt. Mix well.
 Taste a bit to know whether the salt is enough or not.
 Cook the fried rice for about 5 minutes and stir occasionally.
 Turn off the heat and put the fried rice on the plate.
 Serve fried rice with sliced cucumber and tomato.
Note: instead of scramble the egg with the rice, you can cook the egg separately into sunny upside or omelet
and serve it on the top of fried rice. You can add more ingredients such as vegetables or meat.
How to Cook Broccoli without Damaging the Nutrients
Broccoli is one of the best greenies and it is versatile vegetables because we can find it in the market any
time. The price is also cheap. Many green vegetables offer nutrients, but they are unlike broccoli.
Unfortunately, broccoli is fragile. The nutrients can be easily damaged if we do not cook it in a right way.
There are lots of ways we can do to cook broccoli without losing the nutrients.
Below, we will try to give some ideas on how to cook broccoli without damaging the nutrients. These
tricks are coming from experienced chef.
 The simplest way to cook broccoli is boiling it in salted water. You do not need to spend much time
because you just have to wait for about 4 minutes to find the crisp-tender.
 You can also steam broccoli using a steamer. You need 3 to 5 minutes before serving it.
 Some people loved to sauce broccoli with olive oil, garlic and pepper. It brings a better flavor.
 You can also stir-fry broccoli with ginger and garlic for about 3 minutes. To find a different taste, you
can try to stir-fry it with bean sauce.
 To get a tasty broccoli, you can serve it with lemon juice, butter, cheese and a little salt.
How to Make Super Easy Fish Sticks
The ingredient you need:
1. Cooking spray
2. 1/2 cup whole wheat bread crumbs
3. 1/2 teaspoon paprika
4. 1/2 teaspoon plus more kosher salt
5. 1 large egg
6. 1/4 teaspoon cracked black pepper
7. 8 ounces tilapia or cod fillets
After you get the ingredients you need to cook easy fish stick, you need to do the following steps:
First of all, preheat oven to 400°F. Line a baking sheet and lightly spray with cooking spray
Second, combine the bread crumbs, paprika, and ½ teaspoon salt on a shallow plate. Then beat the egg with a
fork. After that set the two dishes aside.
Third, cut the fish into several stick shapes. Season with salt and ¼ teaspoon pepper. Dredge the fish and
transfer the fish to the prepared baking sheet and lightly coat with cooking spray. Bake in the preheated oven
for 8-10 minutes or until the crumbs are lightly browned and firm.

Sesame Drop Biscuits
Ingredients/Materials:
 2 cups flour
 1 ½ teaspoons baking powder
 ½ reaspoon each baking soda and salt
 Butter or margarine
 2 tablespoons sesame seed
 1 cup buttermilk
Night Before:
1. In a large bowl stir together flour, baking powder, soda and salt.
2. 2 knives or pastry blender cut in ½ cup butter until particles are fine .
3. Stir in sesame seed.
Next Morning:
1. Add buttermilk to flour mixture and stir with a fork just until mixed.
2. Drop by tablespoons on greased cookies sheet.
3. Bake in preheated 450 degrees oven until light brown. 12 to 14 minutes.
4. Serve at once with butter.
How to Use Electric Oven
Electric oven is one of the most popular kitchen appliances that help people cooking foods. Electric oven
is completed with heating elements that are driven by electricity. It also has buttons to control the
temperature and time.
It contains racks upon that are used for placing foods. There are many brands and types of electric oven,
but basically all of them can be operated with the same method. It is better for reading the manual before you
try to use the oven.
Before using the oven, you need to preheat it. Set the temperature button to the number you want to. Let
it heat up for to minutes. There are some ovens that have been given Preheat buttons.
Open the door of the oven and put the foods inside. It is better to cook foods in ceramic or glass dishes.
Close the door and set the time. Do not open the door when the oven cooks your foods. You can check the
progress of the foods by turning the interior light.
When the timer goes off, you can open the door. Make sure that the foods you cook have been cooked
thoroughly. You have to remember that different kind of food may need different time and temperature. So it
is better to check before you eat it to make sure that you get the best result.
How to Use Walkie-Talkie
Two-way radio transceivers or walkie-talkies have been used since World War II. Though Smartphone
has come and brings more features, but walkie-talkie still exists and is commonly used for recreational,
professional and as kid s toy. Today s walkie-talkies also bring some new features and designs, so it is better
for us to know the new features and technology before we use it.
The first thing we need to consider is the purpose of the walkie-talkie is it for recreational use or
intercom. By knowing the purpose, we will know what type of walkie-talkie we have to buy.
We also need to update ourselves on the new technologies offered by walkie-talkie. Some walkie-talkies
have been given compass device, belt clips, holsters and even weather channels.
Consider about the distance we will cover with it. If we just want to use it in a close range, two miles
model would be the best option. But, if we want to cover long range, we can choose the 5 mile.
It is better to communicate on a multi-user compatibility system. We can consider a high quality and
versatile radio receiver if we want to communicate with many users.
It is important for us to learn about code and voice scrambler because usually users will use it for
personalizing messages. Some products offer 14 channels with sub-channels that can be used for
communicating with limited users who have the same sub-channels. Read the manual to understand how to
operate the device and watch what we are saying because other people can hear what we say.

How to Use Rice Cooker to Steam Foods
Rice cooker is commonly found in home equipments to cook rice. It can be used to steam foods. Inside the
box, you will find steamer to place the food you want to steam. You can steam foods in two ways. First is
together with rice cooking while the second is to steam it alone.
1. Steam Foods while Cooking Rice
You can steam foods while cooking rice but only for foods that will be well cooked in the same time with
rice cooking for about half hour. To do it you need to follow the instruction below.
 Prepare the foods you want to steam and prepare the rice as well.
 Put the rice inside the pan and fill sufficient water.
 Put the foods inside steamer and place the steamer on the pan properly.
 Put the pan on the rice cooker body and close the lid.
 Connect power cord to AC outlet, push the switch to cook, and wait until the rice cooked.
 Open the lid and take the steamed foods out.
2. Steam Foods alone
 Prepare the foods and put it at the steamer.
 Boil water and pour it to the pan.
 Put the steamer on the pan.
 Put the pan on the rice cooking body and close the lid.
 Plug in power cord, switch on, and let it cook until the foods well steamed.
How to Use Rice Cooker
1. Put your rice cooker in clean and dry place near AC outlet.
2. Using measuring cup provided in the package, measure the rice you want to cook. Make sure you cook
sufficient rice that meets capacity of the rice cooker. You can check it on the marking in the inner side of
the pan. The marking is actually level indicator of water needed but it is also useful to know capacity of
the pan. The smallest number is the minimum amount of rice and the highest number is the maximum
amount.
3. Wash your rice in separate bowl and drain it.
4. Put the rice on the rice cooker pan.
5. Add water as the water level indicator inside the pan.
6. Dry out the outer side of the pan and place it inside the rice cooker body. Close the lid until hear clicks
that show the lid locked properly.
7. Plug the power cord to AC outlet and you will see the warm lamp indicator turn on.
8. Press down the switch until the cook lamp turn on.
9. Wait until the switch pop up and the lamp turn to warm.
10. Wait for about 15 without opening the lid and your rice would be ready to serve.
How to Use an Ink Printer
 )nstall printer s driver on the PC
 Connect the printer to PC via USB
 Plug in printer s power cord.
 Turn on the printer by pressing power button
 Check whether the printer has been connected to the PC
 Check ink level of each cartridge
 Put paper on the printer according to printer guidance
 Open printer properties on the PC and run printing test.
 Once the test run without problem, you can start to print the document or photo you want by
pressing the printing button.
 You can change printer setting from printing menu
 Perform printer maintenance at least once a month to prevent clog
Note: Commonly, ink printer is refillable. You can refill the cartridge using specific refill ink that
recommended by printer manufacturer. For color cartridge, make sure you refill the color ink correctly.

How to Use GPS
1. Slide to the navigation tab on the home screen!
2. Follow the onscreen prompts to subscribe
3. After login on to the service, tap back to continue
Touch the icon that best describe what you want to do; Drive to, Search, Maps and traffic, or Share and
more
How to Make Beaded Bracelet
Beaded bracelets are back on trend. If you want to wear special bracelet, make it yourself. Here is how to
make beaded bracelet yourself.
Materials and Tools Needed:
1. Beads (any color, any size, any shape you like)
2. Jewelry nylon 13-
3. 2-pcs Double-cup bead tip
4. 2-pcs clasp
5. 1-pc jump ring
6. 1 bead needle
7. Pliers
8. Charms (optional)
9. Extended chain (optional)
Step-by Step Instructions:
 Measure your wrist and cut nylon string with about 1 and a half length needed. You need longer
nylon for the knot.
 Thread the string to the needle.
 Add double-cup bead tip to one of the string s ends, make double knot, and close the cup using pliers.
 Thread the beads beautifully. You can add charms in the middle to make it more beautiful.
 When you get it long enough, measure it on your wrist. Add more beads if it not enough and reduce if
it too long.
 Once you get the desired length, add double-cup bead tip at the end, make double not, and close it.
Cut unwanted string.
 Add clasp at one end and close it using pliers.
 Add clasp at another end, add jump ring to the clasp, and close the clasp with pliers.
Note: If you want to use extended ring, you need to add it to each clasp before you close it.
How to Make Decorative Planter in a Jar
Planter in a jar is a good decoration for your desk that brings freshness to the room. It is very easy to
make and do not cost much.
Material Needed:
1. Glass Jar
2. Spray Paint
3. Fertilized Soil
4. Small flower plant
5. Small rocks or pebbles
6. Water
How to Make It:
 Clean and dry the jar both inner and outer side.
 Spray the paint in the outer side of the jar. You can paint it half height or overall surface. You can use
one color or multi color, as you feel it better.
 Sit the jar to let the paint dry completely.
 Put soil into the jar until third quarter of the height.
 Make a hole in the soil and plant your flower plant. Cover the root of your plant with soil and give a
little push so the plant could stand.
 Sprinkle water to moist the soil.
 Put small rocks or pebble at the inner line of the jar. Do not cover all surfaces with rocks, just the
edge and not the central part.
 Your planter is ready.

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