13 Basic Types Of Texts In English Full.Pdf

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13 TYPES OF TEXTS
DEFINITION, EXAMPLES, AND ANALYSIS

13 TYPES OF TEXTS
DESCRIPTION NARRATIONS ARGUMENTATION
Descriptive
Report
Procedural
Explanation
Review
Narrative
Recount
News Item
Spoof
Anecdote
Analytical Exposition
Hortatory Exposition
Discussion
A. DESCRIPTION
1. DESCRIPTIVE
Purpose Generic Structure (Dominant) Language Features
to describe a
particular person,
place or thing in
detail.
1. Identification: It identifies a
certain object to be described.
2. Descriptions: It describes
the object in parts size,
characteristics, or qualities.
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms
5. Using attributive and identifying process.
6. Using adjective and classifiers in nominal
group.
 Descriptive text is a text which describes a person, thing, place and certain condition in
particular. According to www.sil.org, the example of descriptive text can be the appearance of a
person, detail of location or requirement for employment. Commonly a descriptive text uses the
first and third person pronoun as point of view.
 Descriptive text portrays the image which the writers catch and is transferred to the readers.
Descriptive give detail explanation on how the specific thing, person, or place looks like.
 The way descriptive text composed is similar to report text. Both try more to show less than tell.
However descriptive text tends to specify the described object while report text will describe the
object in general. The goal of the descriptive text is transferring the experience of the writers.
The experience can be what they see, read, or feel. Descriptive text commonly tries to reveal the
image of certain person, place, animal, or thing.
 Commonly a descriptive text will describe a particular thing, place, or someone. A descriptive
text is structured with general identification and followed by detail description. In Identification
paragraph, descriptive text will explore to answer the question of who, what when and where.
The detail description will include a description to answer how it looks, where it is sees, what it
does, and what it make it special.
Example:
Borobudur Temple
Borobudur is Hindu – Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty
of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta
architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone
terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budhist sculpture in
bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire
adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit
extends through some 4.8 km of passage and stairways.
The design of Borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at
Angkor, Cambodia. Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a
valuable treasure for Indonesian people.
2. REPORT
 to presents information about
something, as it is in general.
 to identify an object and describe
the object or thing in its
classification, class, group,
species.
1. General classification
2. Description
1. Introducing group or general
aspect
2. Using conditional logical
connection
 Report text tries to explain the detail of things as they are. Why is a text called a REPORT TEXT,
and not other types? Well, because the text covers the structure of GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

and DESCRIPTION. It often starts discussion with brief definition or classification about the thing
discussed.
 A report will be very similar text with descriptive text. However if we see to the participant, we
will be able to identify whether it is a report or descriptive text. But if we look from participants
text alone, it looks whether the report or descriptive.
Example:
Fax Machine
Fax, the short term for facsimile is a telecommunications technology used to transfer copies
(facsimiles) of documents, especially using affordable devices operating over the telephone network.
The word telefax, short for telefacsimile, for make a copy at a distance , is also used as a synonym.
The device is also known as a telecopier in certain industries. When sending documents to people at
large distances, faxes have a distinct advantage over postal mail in that the delivery is nearly instant,
yet its disadvantages in quality and its proprietary format have relegated it to a position beneath
email as the prevailing form of electronic document transferral.
3. PROCEDURAL
to help readers how to do
or make something
completely
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments/Tools
3. Steps/Methods
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
4. Using technical terms
 Procedural text is one of genre in According to the generic structure, a procedure text is organized
through sequenced arrangement, they are goal, equipment, and steps. All these elements,
however, are not strictly applied to any instructional text. Some procedure text omit the material
or equipment necessarily. The text is written intentionally to show the steps to completely do
projects or things.
 Mostly, procedural text is composed through arranging paragraph into 3 elements. They are
stating goal which is commonly found in the title, stating the material and equipment, and the last
showing the steps which are needed to completely do the things.
 A procedural text is written in imperative sentences so you have to be very familiar with such
imperative and prohibitive sentences.
 (ow to cook text is characterized by the detail of the ingredients needed at the beginning and
continued by cooking direction.
 (ow to use text is an instruction text to operate something. )n how to use text, the type of the
equipment is usually described specifically because similar equipment with different type may
have different procedure to use it.
 (ow to make text is characterized by detail of the tools and materials required at the beginning
of the text and continued by step-by-step procedure to make the thing. Sometime, the text is
completed with note and tips.
 The other kinds of procedural text are (ow to wear and (ow to clean
Example 1:
How to Cook Pasta
Boil some pasta, give some spaghetti sauce, then we will have the ideal meal for young adult. The
way to boil pasta is very easy; we just need to follow these instructions below.
First, we need to fill a large pot with¾ full of cold water. Then, we have to turn the burner of the
stove to (igh and place the pot on it. We need to wait until the water in the pot boil. Then, add a
tablespoon of salt. More pasta means more salt. Take the pasta and put it on the boiling water and
stir it around. Boil the water once again. Read the instructions on the package and cook the pasta as
long as it is instructed. We have to stir the pasta sometimes so that it will not stick to each other.
To find out if the pasta is done, we can taste it at the earliest time instructed on the package. The
texture should be tender but maybe still firm to the bite. When we still see a little ring of uncooked
pasta, it means we have to wait for a minute or more before we remove it from the stove.
When it is done, remove from the stove and pour it into a colander in the sink. We need to shake
any excess water. To prevent pasta from sticking, we can add a couple drops of olive oil.

Example 2:
How to Cook Omelet
Here is the best omelet recipe. What we need and how to cook are shown you below
Ingredients:
1. 1 egg
2. 1-tablespoon milk
3. A pinch of salt
4. A pinch of powdered pepper
5. 1-tablespoon vegetable oil
Cooking direction:
• Crack the egg into a bowl.
• Put milk, salt, and pepper to the egg.
• Beat the egg until mixed perfectly using a whisk or fork
• Heat the pan on the stove over medium heat.
• Spread vegetable oil on the surface of the pan.
• Pour the egg on the pan and wait until the egg half cooked.
• Fold the egg into half round and flip it.
• Wait until the egg fully cooked. Flip if needed.
• Take the omelet out of the pan and put it on the plate.
• Serve omelet immediately
Note:
1. You can add various ingredients to the egg mix such as onion, mushroom, vegetable, smoked
beef, cheese, etc., to create different taste.
2. You can substitute vegetable oil with other oil or butter.
3. Milk will make the texture smooth. If you do not have milk or do not like milk, you can substitute
it with 1-teaspoon of water.
4. EXPLANATION
To explain the
processes involved in
the formation or
working of natural or
socio cultural
phenomena.
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
2. Using action verbs, and passive voice
3. Using adverbial phrase, and noun phrase
5. Using general and abstract noun
6. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.
 What is an explanation text and how is the explanation text composed? Explanation text is
structured by the generic level of general statement and followed with sequenced explanation.
 Explanation text in some way is similar to procedure text. Explanation passage often make
description about how something happens or why the thing occurs. Meanwhile a procedure text
brings the instruction on how to make something happen completely. Explanation text often use
technical terms related to the thing which is being explained. Explanation text is commonly
compose in the mode of simple present tense.
 Every text genre has its special purpose or social function. However if we see the generic
structure point, we will get the understanding which both the explanation and procedure text
have similar purposes. Both explain how to make or form something. However the procedure
text will explain how to form or make something completely by instruction way. That is why
most of procedure text is composed in command sentences. In the other hand, explanation text
will show a knowledge about how thing is formed.
 In one side, Explanation text is structure in the mode of description. It focuses on the thing which
is explained. In the other side, Procedure text is constructed in the mode of instruction and
commend. That is why Procedure is sometimes called instruction text. It focuses on the second
person to explain how to form the thing.
 The best discourse on how and what is explanation text is answering the question word how
and why . Such question words need detail explanation on it relates. (owever, explanation
text is written in narrative style and not instructional. If it is written for the purpose of
instruction, then the text genre will be labeled as PROCEDURE.
 Explanation text is compose to describe how something forms and why something exists and
happens.

Example:
How does Rain Happen?
Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world, providing suitable
conditions for diverse ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop
irrigation.
The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of the water cycle involves the
sun heating the Earth's surface water and causing the surface water to evaporate. The water vapor
rises into the Earth's atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid
droplets. The droplets grow until they are heavy and fall to the earth as precipitation which can be in
the form of rain or snow.
However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is
called virga, a phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.
Source: http://mypages.iit.edu/~smart/abduima/lesson2.htm
5. REVIEW
to critique or evaluate an
art work or event for a
public audience
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor
Example:
Online Shopping Software
Internet makes great impacts on the way we do something, including running business.
Formerly, business had to be physically conducted by face to face. Now days, it has changed. It may
be conducted by computer to computer. This way is then what we call electronic commerce, or in
short e-commerce.
Since internet has spread and appeared trustful, many businessmen rely on it. They have ability
to run their business in easy way, flexible place and time. They can sell and buy good and service
from others in any scale, small or big business.
The e-commerce software which merchants and buyer possibly do transactions through internet
is shopping cart software. It is designed specially to run online store business. It helps merchants to
manage their store through internet; from anywhere, any time and any internet connection.
Commonly shopping cart software is completely supported with web optimization. It has been
designed to have top page rank in any search engine tool. Besides that, the facilities such; customer
support, security tool, fraud protection, web customization and handful operation will be included in
a package of a good shopping cart software.
B. NARRATION
1. NARRATIVE
to amuse/entertain the
readers and to tell a story
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Reorientation
1. Using Past Tense
3. Chronologically arranged
 According to Madison Smart Bell - the narrative design - or what we call form or structure, is of
first and final importance to any work of fiction. In that structure, we will find elements of story;
characterization, point of view, theme and plot. Plot is the way of the story constructed. When we
read a text, we can call it narrative as we see the following generic structure inside the text:
o Orientation; the introduction of what is inside the text. What text is talk in general. Who
involves in the text. When and where it happen.
o Complication; what happens with the participants. It explores the conflict among the
participants. Complication is the main element of narrative. Without complication, the text is
not narrative. The conflict can be shown as natural, social or psychological conflict.
o Resolution; this is the phase where the participants solve the problem aroused by the
conflict. It is not matter whether the participants succeed or fail. The point is the conflict
becomes ended.
 The text includes fable, fairy tale, myth, legend, folktales, and horror stories

 Fable is a story which depicts animals to speak and do like human.
 What is fairy tale? Commonly people call it fantasy story. It is about magic things, miracles, and
other amazing happenings. Fairy tale is narrative story that involving fantasy characters in a
fantasy world. The characters are such as fairies, dwarfs, elves, goblins, trolls, gnomes, giants,
witches, and mermaids.
 In popular narrative use, myth is something that some people believe it but has no fact or
scientific support. Myth is commonly associated with fictitious story and legend. Some stories
involve Gods and Goddess, ghosts, and supernatural objects.
 At first glance these two models folk story - myth and legend - consider almost the same. But
theoretically 2 story that people have differences that need to be known. The difference between
myth and legend is as follows:
o The myth is a story that is circulating in the community that is in the writing of the English
"myth" usually regarding about matters relating to the unseen and often seem absurd
mythology for Indonesia rice, especially Java community.
o Legends is a story that circulated widely in the community who is with the origin of the
place, like legend of Toba lake, the legendary city of Surabaya, etc.
 Legend is a story which has a relation to a place, thing, or an object. Though the story is
debatable in the truth of the content, it keeps the the richness of certain society culture. A legend
could be a true story or something with uncertainty. Sometime, it is included miracles and myth.
Complication becomes the main element of narrative story. In this way then narrative text is best
to take as telling story. So if you will attend a telling story competition, simply take one of the
best narrative text in the form of legend.
 Most of narrative texts are story. The story is plotted in generic structure such as orientation,
complication and resolution. The way the structure organized surely determines the
attractiveness of whole story and that we call it as narrative text.
 The term "story" is referring to the events inside the narrative. It means that a story can be
without a narrative sense. The fundamental element of narrative text is the existence of
complications inside the story. A story with the absence of a problematic sense is what we call a
recount text or in the job employment term, usually we call it personal narrative.
 For most long stories, the complication and resolution are not single. So we know there are
major complication and minor complication. We also know that major resolution and minor
resolution to solve the complex complication.
 Text genre narrative very close relation to other forms of folk story, such as: myth, legend, folk
tales, fairy tales or fables. From all forms of the story, there is one equation that is the
exploration of the problems being faced by the offender in developing a path or a story plot.
Referring to the generic structure of a text, "problem" which is being faced by participants of the
story we know as conflict, and to prepare the paragraph narrative, conflict occupies a major
position even as a differentiation with other similar types of text, such as the recount.
 If you read the definition of recount text and narrative text, you will find some similarity between
them. However the differences exist between them through the second element. Since narrative
text is about complication, narrative text is about series of events.
 All narrative texts in whatever story forms should pass some complication. If there is not any
complication, the story should NOT be labeled as narrative but it may be a recount text.
Example 1:
The Dragon's Pearl
Long ago on the top of Mount Kinabalu in Borneo, there lived a dragon. He owned a large and
beautiful pearl. People believed that he controlled the weather with it.
The emperor of China heard this and wanted the pearl. He sent his two sons, Wee Ping and Wee
San to Borneo to steal it. The princes, together with one hundred soldiers, set sail for Borneo in
twelve sailing junks.
When they arrived in Borneo, they set out immediately to find the famous mountain. Their
journey up the rugged slopes of Mount Kinabalu proved very difficult. The dragon guarded his cave
very fiercely and killed many of their soldiers. Then Wee San had a clever idea. He climbed a tall tree,
so he could see the dragon s cave. (e noted what time the dragon left his cave to hunt for food and
what time he returned to it. Next he ordered his men to make a fake pearl and a large kite. He waited
until the dragon left his cave. Then he placed the fake pearl in a bag, slung it across his shoulder and
flew up to the mountain-top on the kite. He exchanged the real pearl for the fake one and then his
brother pulled his kite back to the ground.
The brothers quickly returned to their ships and set sail for China. They sailed safely home. The
emperor was thrilled with the pearl and gave a big party to celebrate his sons return.

Example 2:
The Story of Sleeping Beauty
Long time ago, there is a king who held a festive party to celebrate the birth of his daughter. All
fairies in the kingdom were invited. They were asked to give bless. Unfortunately, there was an old
fairy that did not get the invitation; it is because everybody thought that she was already dead.
In the party, each fairy gave bless. Before the last fairy gave her gift, the uninvited fairy suddenly
appears. She was furious because she was uninvited. Without saying a word, the angry fairy blessed
the princess with a curse. She cursed the princess that she will die on a spinning wheel when she is
16. The fairy was then gone with a flash of light. The last fairy who did not give any blesses yet
stepped forward. She said that she could not eliminated the curse but she could help prolong the
princess destiny. The fairy said, when the spindle pricks the princess finger, she will not die. She will
fall into a sleep and only a kiss from a person who gives her a true love will wake her.
To prevent the curse, the king ordered to destroyed all wheels and spindles. Over the years, the
princess grew into a beautiful girl. When her 16th birthday came, she decided to explore the palace.
She visited a tower that she never visited before. Inside the tower, she saw an old woman playing
something. The old woman played with a wheel and spindle. She talked to the woman and asked if
she could try it. The princess tried the spindle and suddenly her middle finger was punctured leaving
a small wound. And, the curse was happening. The princess fell into a deep sleep so do all people who
lived in the palace.
After thousand years, a prince explored the palace that had been covered by a jungle. He walked
through the trees and found a room where a beautiful girl was sleeping. He could not hold his desire
to kiss the princess, and he done it. Suddenly, the girl woke up and also all people around the palace.
Finally, they were married and lived happily ever after.
 Generic Structure Analysis:
1. Orientation : This is the first information readers get what story about is. Commonly it cover participant,
time and place.
 Long time ago, there is a king who held a festive party to celebrate the birth of his daughter.
2. Complication : This is the heart of any narrative genres. Without this complicates element, the story cannot
be identified as narrative. The complicated situation lead participants face certain problem.
 To prevent the curse, the king ordered to destroyed all wheels and spindles.
 The princess tried the spindle and suddenly her middle finger was punctured leaving a small wound
 The princess fell into a deep sleep so do all people
3. Resolution : The last phase how a story is ended. There are two choices. Writer can finish his story with
good ending or he can make the story tragic by giving sad ending.
 Finally, they were married and lived happily ever after.
o Notes on Moral Lessons from Story of Sleeping Beauty: All stories for learning narrative should arouse
some moral lesson for its readers, and should be this sleeping beauty story. The are some notes on what
moral value we can get from that story. Some of them are listed below. You can add another one.
1. True love will win. It can conquer anything in its path.
2. Home is where the heart is. So be nice with all family members.
3. Angry people can do bad thing on us.
o Furthermore, this complication is explored in the story plot along with orientation and complication. Most
narrative stories consist at least these 3 elements.
2. RECOUNT
to retell something that
happened in the past and
to tell a series of past
event
to retell events for the
purpose of informing or
entertaining readers
1. Orientation : provides the
setting and introduces
participants
2. Events : tell what happened, in
what sequence
3. Re-orientation : optional-
closure of events
1. Using Past Tense
3. Using adjectives
 Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so
narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past
Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological
order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore,
etc while recount text is found in biography.

 The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are
constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social
conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the
contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the
basic structure
 A recount text can be an amazing experience or horrible one, biography, holiday events, or
historical events
 Personal experience is a story about an event that has actually done by the writer. The event is
commonly special or very important for the writer that needs to be shared with others. Subject
used in personal experience story is ) .
 A recount text in English is about retelling a series of events. It is really "retelling". It does not
about "exposing" or "arguing".
Example 1:
Class Picnic
Last Friday our school went to Centennial Park for a picnic. First our teachers marked the rolls
and then we got on the buses. On the buses, everyone was chatting and eating. When we arrived at
the park, some students played cricket, some played cards but others went for a walk with the
teachers. At lunchtime, we sat together and had our picnic. Finally, at two o clock we left for school.
We had a great day.
Example 2:
Watching Movie
My sister and I went to see a film last night. It was an American movie called The Lost Flight. It
showed how people can quickly change when they have to look after themselves in the jungle. It was
an interesting film about a plane which crashed on a small empty island in the Pacific Ocean.
Although the passengers were safe, nobody knew where the plane had crashed. So the passengers
had to learn how to hunt for food in the jungle and how to catch fish from the sea to eat. After a few
weeks, the passengers were eating raw fish and meat. After they had been on the island for two
months, three of the men made a boat and sailed away to find help. But their boat sank and they were
drowned. The film ended without saying whether the passengers were rescued or not. But my sister
and I enjoyed the film.
Example 3:
Travelling Around The World
Deri saved his money and spent two months traveling around the world. He wrote his journey in
his diary.
I spent a week in New York and then flew to London and enjoyed several weeks in Europe. When
I had seen the sights in Europe, I took a train to Istanbul and visited many places in Asia.
First, I flew from his home in Mexico City to New York City. After through Asia, I went to south
America and finally back home to Indonesia.
Deri felt tired but he was very excited and wanted to travel again.
3. NEWS ITEM
to inform readers about
events of the day which
are considered
newsworthy or important
1. Newsworthy event(s)
2. Background event(s)
3. Sources
1. Short, telegraphic information about
story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs: time, place and manner.
Example:
12-year-old Student Ready to University
A 12-year-old Sacramento student who already has three community college degrees and has
been accepted to two University of California campuses says he plans on studying biomedical
engineering and becoming a doctor and medical researcher by the time he turns 18.
Tanishq Abraham has been accepted to UC Davis and received a regents scholarship to UC Santa
Cruz, but he has yet to decide which university he'll attend, reported Sacramento television station
CBS 13 Sunday. Tanishq started community college at age 7 and last year he received associate's

degrees from American River College, a community college in Sacramento, in general science; math
and physical science; and foreign language studies.
Professors at the college didn't initially want him in their classes because of his age. But finally a
professor agreed to let him attend if his mother, a doctor of veterinary medicine, also took the class.
Biology professor Marlene Martinez said he was never afraid to ask lot of questions. "In lecture he
would always pop up with 'so, does that mean ...' or 'what about this?' " Martinez said.
Source: http://bigstory.ap.org/article/114eb0ec6f4449f2801948fe939c8dc8/12-year-old-sacramento-student-
ready-start-university
1. Paragraph newsworthy event:
It show the headline of the news - A boy of 12 years ol has been accepted to enter famous university
2. Paragraph background events:
We can see the detail on the headline news in the paragraph 2 , 3 and 4
a. Tanishq Abraham has been accepted to UC Davis Santa
b. Tanishq started community college at age 7 and last year he received associate's degrees from American
River College.
c. Professors didn't want him in but finally agreed to let him.
3. Paragraph sources:
The last paragraph show from who the news is validated
Biology professor Marlene Martinez said he was never afraid to ask lot of questions.
4. SPOOF
to tell an event with a
humorous twist and
entertain the readers
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist
1. Using Past Tense
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged
 The spoof text is commonly written in a story. While we are talking about a story, it will be close
related to narrative and recount text. What and How is narrative, what is recount and what is
spoof text its self are easily differed from one to other by seeing the generic structure.
Spoof, narrative and recount are similar in how they are constructed in the first step. They
recount the event and experience which introduce the participant, time and place setting.
However in the end of the text, the way they are closed are different from one to other. Narrative
will be closed by a resolution which refers to the conflict. Recount will be concluded with a re-
orientation. While spoof will end the story with some unpredictable way of plot. That
unpredictable way is called twist.
 Spoof text is one kind of text that should be studied secondary school students in Indonesia.
Learn English through tek type is known as the "learning English through text-based approach"
This means devices such as the English language grammar and structure, vocabularies, tenses,
etc. were not studied separately but following types of text again discussed. This is why we know
there is a term "Language Feature" in any kind of text in addition to "Generic Structure"
 A funny story is always interesting. It really amuses reader. This amusement is actually the main
function of spoof text. How spoof text tries to amuse the reader is actually including in the way it
is structured. We all know that SPOOF text is built with generic structure of ORIENTATION,
EVENTS ant TWIST. Two phases in the first are commonly found in the other text genres.
Recount text, for example, has the structures of orientation and events too to hold the reader s
interest. However the end of the story is what makes spoof text differ from recount text.
 Reading a spoof text can be very interesting as it has an unpredictable plot of the story. There
will be a tricky "arrangement". As we build understanding of the plot to certain condition, a spoof
text will be ended with a special contradictory ending. By reading a spoof text, of course we also
learn past tense, direct and indirect speech, action verb, etc which all are the language feature of
spoof text.
 According to wikipedia, a twist ending is a plot twist occurring near or at the conclusion of a
story, unexpected conclusion to a work of fiction that causes the audience to reevaluate the
narrative or characters.There are three common types of twisting ending.
o Types of Humorous Twist
Many stories have twist with a happy,amusing, or heartwarming ending. It is funny and
makes readers amused. Humorous twist ending sometime is called Lighthearted twist.
o Types of Ironic Twist
Stories with a twist or surprise at the end do not necessarily have to have a happy ending.
Many have been written that have an ironic twist. This ironic twist ending often reveal
something about the darker side of human nature. Examples of these types of stories include
The Necklace. In other word ironic twist is tragic.

o Types of Misconception Twist
A narrator who has incorrect information built around their own perception of events that
they pass along can build an unpredictable ending. The ghost who doesn t know he or she
has died, the robot who feels human emotions, the narrator who does not know they are a
mannequin in a store are some ways to create a twist based on faulty or withheld
information.
 The sense of funny produced by that spoof text actually comes from the unpredictable ending of
the story. Spoof text sometime is tragic. The important thing inside a spoof story is twist. That is
all spoof text with a very short unpredictable ending story. If a story does not contain an
unpredictable thing in the end of the story, it can be studies as spoof text.
Example:
The Story of Nasreddin’s Coat
One day Nasreddin had been invited to the dinner party. He went to the party by wearing old
clothes.
When he arrived in the party, nobody looked at him and nobody gave him a seat. He got no food
in the party so he went home and change his clothes.
Next he put on his best clothes. He wore his newest coat and went to the party again. The host at
once got up and came to meet him. The host offered him the best table and gave him a good seat and
served him the best food.
Nasreddin sat and put off his coat. (e put his coat and said; Eat the food, Coat! the hosts and
guests were very surprised and asked Nareddin; What are you doing? Nasreddin replied calmly;
When ) came here with my old clothes, nobody looked at me. Then I went home and put on my best
clothes. I came back in my newest coat and you all give me this best food and drink.
So, you give food to my coat instead of me . Getting Nasreddin's answer, they just shook the head.
Orientation : one day, Nasreddin was invited to a dinner party
Event 1 : He was in the party with his old cloth
Event 2 : He was in the party with his best newest coat
Twist : Among the hosts and guests, he asked his coat to eat the served food
5. ANECDOTE
to share/retell
with others an
account of an
unusual, funny or
amusing incident
in fact or
imagination.
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident / Reaction
5. Coda (additional
conclusion / moral
value)
. Using exclamation words; it s awful! ; it s wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using intensifiers
5. Using material process
6. Using action verb; go, write, etc
7. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
8. Using simple past tense
 Actually the point of anecdote is the CODA (hikma), what do the participants learn from the
series of event in the story.
 Anecdote text is similar to narrative and also spoof and recount. What make different is the
generic structure. Anecdote text is not only a matter of funny story like we often hear. Anecdote
text, in term of text type is an inspirational story, a story which a bring a CODA which is included
in the end of the text
Example:
Blessing Behind Tragedy
There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine children. They
had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They were making plan to travel with
their children to America. It had taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They
had gotten passport. They had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America.
The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in America. However
few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy.
Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for long days. They were in
quarantine when the departure time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not make the
trip to America as they had planned. The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the

dock to watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He
cursed both his son and God for the misfortune.
Five days later, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic, had
shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called the unsinkable
ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was.
The Clark family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they were
left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the
family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy.
Abstract : Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true, there is
something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we do?
Orientation : the Clark family lived in Scotland. They had dream to travel to America. They prepared well for
their plan
Crisis : few days before they went to America, his youngest son was bitten by a dog. It made they were
being quarantined. They had to forget their plan.
Incident : the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with his son and God.
The family failed to travel to America and the father could not accept it.
Coda : the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God because of saving the
family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was not a tragedy but a blessing.
C. ARGUMENTATION
1. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
To reveal the readers that
something is the important
case
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Reiteration/Conclusion
1. Using modals
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
8. Using connectives/transition
 An expository text identifies and characterizes certain phenomenon which happens around us.
Expository text can be in the forms of definition, summaries, and explication.
 Analytical exposition is one of argumentative texts which present some supporting idea on why
certain writer s opinion is important. The opinion is formulated in a thesis which needs to prove
by selecting arguments.
 Both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition are classified as argumentative essay. Both
present argument to support the thesis state in the orientation. This thesis places the writer s
position on the essay. From the generic structure, what make big different is that analytical
exposition ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while hortatory makes a
recommendation for readers.
Example 1:
Why is It Important to Choose the Accredited School?
Most of teenagers need to go to school and there are a lot of schools over there. Nowadays,
schools grow to offer plenty of choice; private and state ones. However it is a hard choice since there
are many factors which need to be considered before making the selection. Some will be influenced
by friends; because some friend got to certain school than we go to there too. Some prefer to choose
certain school because of the closer distance. In fact, the primary decisive matter for selecting school
is whether the school has been accredited or not.
Why is important to choose an accredited school? Well, accredited schools have an edge over the
unaccredited schools. This label of Accredited School has an impact in employment opportunities. As
result, if there are two or more students with similar qualifications, the student who comes from the
accredited school will have an edge over the other candidate. Student from an accredited school has
more open door than student with an accredited one.
Many students select certain school depending more on short term factors like friend influence
and short distance from home. It is not bad since commuting actually needs much cost. Choosing
school which is closer to home will save time, energy and money. However if that school is not
accredited, the time and money spent along studying seems to be waste in the long term because it
could become a limiting factor in gaining future opportunities.

Accredited school is not the only factor which will drive student s success. Personality and
characterization are very important too. However a student with good personality who comes from
an accredited school is better than the others.
 Analytical exposition is one of argumentative texts which present some supporting idea on why certain
writer s opinion is important. The opinion is formulated in a thesis which needs to prove by selecting
arguments.
 The above example of analytical exposition about accredited school has the following generic
structure:
 Thesis: it is the main topic of discourse in analytical exposition essay. Commonly the thesis will be
placed in the first paragraphs. It also has a function of introduction of the text. From the text above
we see that choosing school will be wiser and safer if it is based on the status of the school;
accredited or not.
 Arguments: the arguments are the heart of an analytical exposition. The absence of argument,
analytical will just talk nothing since a thesis must be evaluated, whether it is true or false later, it
does not matter. From the analytical exposition sample above, we see an accredited school
graduate will hold better opportunity. Additionally choosing school based on short term interests
seem to be less benefit in the end.
 Reiteration: it is the writer s thesis which is re-stated in another word. The purpose is to
strengthen the thesis. From the text above, we realize that choosing an accredited school is really
important.
Example 2:
Is Smoking Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50.000 people die every year
in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a
quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are
six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day,
the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are
smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one
hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked
fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from smoking
habit. Smoking however is not good for everybody else.
 Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer s point of view about the topic discussed.
Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic. Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this
analytical exposition text.
 Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as giving conflict plot in
narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated before. In this example of
analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and 3 are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to
support that smoking is not good even for smokers themselves.
 Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is something like conclusive
paragraph from the previous arguments. The last paragraph of this example of analytical exposition
points again that smoking is not good for smokers and people around smokers. However smoking is
very good for Cigarette Companies
2. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
 to persuade the readers
that something should or
should not be the case or
be done
 to persuade the readers
to do, think, and consider
as like the writer does
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
2. Using modals
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
9. Using connectives/transition
 A text of exposition is written to expose a point which is very important to consider. The purpose
of hortatory text is to persuade the readers to do, think, and consider as like the writer does.

 Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition? In simple word,
Analytical is the answer of (ow is/will while hortatory is the answer of (ow should .
Analytical exposition will be best to describe (ow will student do for his examination? The point
is the important thing to do. But for the question (ow should student do for his exam? will be
good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done.
 So what is the generic structure of the hortatory exposition? Any text form is structured
differently from other types. When we read a hortatory text we actually read an exposition of
argument from the writer.
 As we know that both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition are classified as
argumentative essay. Both present argument to support the thesis state in the orientation. This
thesis places the writer s position on the essay. From the generic structure, what make big
different is that analytical exposition ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while
hortatory makes a recommendation for readers.
 Analytical exposition is one essay classified as hortatory exposition in the same genre. Both
analytical exposition and hortatory exposition present arguments for supporting the issued
thesis. What makes them different from one to each other is the last stage of the text, which the
analytical exposition will end with a reiteration. On the other hand, hortatory will close the essay
with a recommendation. Analytical exposition will try to influence the reader by presenting some
arguments to prove that the writer' idea is important. Furthermore, hortatory will try to persuade
the reader how should or not do concerning the writer's idea.
 When we recognize three levels in essay writing intense; descriptive, argumentative and
persuasive, then we have to include the hortatory in the persuasive essay. Its purpose is to
persuade the reader to follow the writer's act and opinion, point forward that certain thing should
or should not be done.
 Hortatory is similar to analytical exposition but if we have to differentiate both from one to each
other, we have one useful tool by making analysis on the generic structure. What makes hortatory
different from analytical exposition is the last finalizing step which analytical exposition is ended
by a reiteration while hortatory is finalized by certain a recommendation.
Example 1:
The Benefit of Reading
Most people believe that reading is a very important. There are many benefits of reading. What
are they?
First, reading can gives us knowledge about many things in the world such as Science,
technology. Sports, arts, culture, etc written in either books, magazine, newspaper, etc.
Second, reading makes us know a lot of news and information about something happening in any
parts of the world.
Reading also give us pleasure. When we are tired, we read books, newspaper or magazine on the
entertainment column such as comedy, short story, quiz, etc, to make us relaxed.
It is obvious that everyone needs to read to get knowledge, information and also entertainment.
However, tot all of us love reading. Here are the steps how we should do to love reading:
1. Identify what kind of reading material we want to enjoy. People enjoy different kinds of reading.
2. Try a variety of books and series of the reading materils.
3. Go to your local library. We can try out as many books as we would like for free.
4. Create a good reading environment. Find a place that is quiet, well-lit, and comfortable. Even
some people love reading while listening to music.
Example 2:
The Chaotic National Exam
As the national exam is an annual activity organized by the Education and Culture Ministry, it can
be prepared for as early as possible. It is very difficult to understand why the implementation of this
year s exam was so chaotic.
I think it was caused by poor management within the central committee, so the minister should
be responsible for its implementation. In an era where all activities can be supported by advanced
technology, 11 provinces had to delay the exams due to the failure in the distribution of exam
materials.

The quality of education reflects the progress of the nation. Therefore, the ministry needs to
thoroughly assess its failure.
Well I think the text is easy to understand. However If some of you still do not understand or get
difficulty of some vocabularies, the text can be understood from the following rough translation.
1. Thesis : there is some chaos in implementation of National Exam this year
2. Arguments : Some provinces had to delay the National exam because they had not received the
exam material on time
3. Recommendation: The minister should assess this failure for better education.
3. DISCUSSION
to present information and
opinions about issues in
more one side of an issue
For/Pros and
Against/Cons
1. Issue
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner
 When we read an example of discussion text, we will see the structure as follow;
1. Stated issue; what issue is going to be discussed. This must drive problematic discussion from
different points of view.
2. Supporting arguments: after stating the issue, it is necessary to present the argument to
support that one point is agreeing.
3. Against arguments: beside the supporting argument, discussion text need the arguments
which disagree to the stated issue.
4. Recommendation; finally in the end of the discussion, it is important to re-think to formulate
certain recommendation for the discussed issue.
 A problematic discourse is the simple key to see whether the text is an example of discussion or
the other genres. Discussion text will see and elaborate the issue from the different point of view.
It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue. One side is agreeing the issue, the other is
disagreeing that issue. The different point of views, according to the generic structure, is the
heart of the discussion text. That will differentiate from the other text types.
 What and How is discussion text? Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse.
This problem will be discussed from different points of view. This kind of text is commonly found
in philosophical, historic, and social text.
 One of the most obvious examples of a discussion text is reading a text which includes the phrase
of ”advantage and disadvantage” It means that the text is about certain issue which 2 different
sides. A discussion text always brings two different opinions on the certain discursive matter.
This different point of view make readers have further consideration before having acting on the
matter.
 Discussion is a process to find the meet point between two different ideas. It is important to to
get the understanding between the two differences. In many social activities, discussion is the
effective way to calm down any friction and difference in thought, perception and
recommendation.
Example 1:
National Exam in Pros and Cons
The existence of national exam which determines whether students succeed or not for 3 years in high
school and deserve to hold graduating certificate extremely raises pros and cons. Some agree to the
existence of national exam for high school students. On the other hand, a lot of people disagree to the
existence of national exam
Pros and Cons of National Exam
National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has
rejected an appeal by the government on the organization of the national exams, the controversy
over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates
include the primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the
national exam? Will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen without national exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education
system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system.

However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam
kept in our high school education say that it doesn't need the national exams because the quality of
education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a
small portion of students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students'
competences throughout the semester.
In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the
level of students' cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale.
Source: www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/12/19/quality-education-and-national-exams.html
Example 2:
Students and Part Time Jobs
Working while in the same time going to school is greatly challenging. Both activities can give
you a rewarding experience. However, )f you are a student and want to take a part time job, you d
better think carefully before you decide to take it.
A lot of things should be considered before making decision to take a part time job. On the bad
side, working while keeping having a good grade at school is not really easy. It is very hard task.
Taking a part time job reduces your time for doing schoolwork. This less time is the main negative
effect. Because of that limited time, many students who work part time tend to fail to keep their best
both on schoolwork and on examinations.
On the good side, taking a part time job can helps students to get good financial condition for
living expenses. Working a part time is a valuable part of a student s life. )f the students take on
responsibly, they can deserve a valuable thing from working. It is not only about money. In most
cases, they can learn discipline and applicable skills. Taking a part time job also help students to
expand their resume for future career.
Studying and working in the same time consume much time and energy. However if the students
can manage their time and energy wisely, going to school and taking a part time job are possible to
do. So contact your school counselor to discuss further.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
What is the generic structure? And how these structures distinguish between types of text with each other?
How is this structure distinguishes discussion example text example text with other genres? In a simple,
generic structure is the way the writers compose a paragraph by paragraph into a coherent whole on the
delivery the meaning of writings.
Differences authors construct the generic structure is affected by the purpose or function of the text. Take an
narrative story that aims to entertain and teach about values, certainly different from the way the text
arrangement with manifold discussion paper which aims to broaden the reader toward an issue or
phenomenon.
So if an essay appears structured like the above settings, we can easily say it is an example text discussion.
SOURCE
http://understandingtext.blogspot.com/
https://bahanajar.wordpress.com/

EXAMPLES OF ALL THE TEXT'S TYPES
13 TYPES OF TEXTS
DESCRIPTION NARRATIONS ARGUMENTATION
Descriptive
Report
Procedural
Explanation
Review
Narrative
Recount
News Item
Spoof
Anecdote
Analytical Exposition
Hortatory Exposition
Discussion
DESCRIPTION
1. Descriptive Texts
Descriptive Text about Person
Cleopatra
One of the most famous women in world history was Cleopatra VII. She was the brilliant and beautiful
last Pharaoh of Egypt. Historically, she became queen of Egypt in 51 B.C. at the age of eighteen. She was a
Ptolemy, descended from one of Alexander the Great's generals. When she was twenty-one, Julius
Caesar became her lover. Seven years later she met Antony. The romantic tragic relationship continued until
they died by suicide in 30 B.C.
Cleopatra was legendary. She was famous not only for her breathtaking beauty but also for her great
intellect. She had brown eyes and they were shaped like cat eyes. Her skin was in fact an olive shade, darker
than Hollywood actress Liz Taylor who portrayed her in the film 'Cleopatra' in 1963. She had medium dark
brown hair, about to the middle of her shoulder blades. She had a reputation as an extraordinarily sensuous
woman.
Cleopatra was a woman of remarkable poise and unusual intelligence. She was highly educated. She
spoke proficiently in nine languages and also skilled in mathematics. She is often considered to be a stunning
seductress though she was studying to be a nun. Cleopatra was a very intelligent queen and a politician with a
great charisma.
Note: The story of Antony and Cleopatra involved true characters and later was dramatized by William Shakespeare. This
example of descriptive text depicthing what Cleopara looks likes is arranged from enote.com, theholidayspot.com,
and current.com
My Friend and Her New Shoes
I have a close Friend. She is beautiful, attractive and trendy. She always want to be a trend setter of the
day. She always pays much attention on her appearance. Recently, she bought a new stylist foot legs from
Blowfish shoes products. This shoes really matches on her.
Her new blowfish women's shoes are wonderful. When she are walking on that shoes, all her friends,
including me watch and admire that she has the most suitable shoes on her physical appearance. The style,
bright color, and brand represent her as a smart woman of the day. She really have perfect appearance.
She is really mad on those shoes. She said that the products covered all genders. The blowfish men's
shoes are as elegant as she has. The products provide varieties of choice. Ballet, casual, boot athletic shoes are
designed in attractive way. The products are international trade mark and become the hottest trend.
Descriptive Text about Place
Yogyakarta
I have always loved going to the city of Yogyakarta, particularly to its beautiful beaches. Yogyakarta is
known as one of the most interesting cities to visit in Indonesia because of its people, stunning scenery and its
reasonable holiday cost. Not just that, because Yogyakarta is also a safe, clean city.
When I was there, I always rent a car because it is quite cheap. To ensure I get the best car rental, I always
compare some of the available car rentals in Yogyakarta via internet.
Though Yogyakarta offers much public transportation but hiring a car will always be the best option since
it gives a more freedom to visit more places. There are many car rentals in the city, so picking one of the best
is something easy to do.

But back to beaches in Yogyakarta, there are many beautiful beaches there. Indrayanti is one of the best
beaches located in Gunung Kidul, in the south east part of the city. There is also Parangtritis where I can find
beautiful scenery of the sunset. However, Yogyakarta is not only offering beaches, because its unique, ancient
places are also one of the main reasons why I loved this city very much. There are Prambanan temple,
Yogyakarta palace, Borobudur and many other interesting places we can find in the city of Yogyakarta.
The Amazing Taj Mahal in India
Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah
Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a
vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the
right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river
Jamuna behind it.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an
unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element
stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating
geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four
subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed
chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate
description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy
morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.
Source: www.islamicity.com/culture/Taj/default.html
Jatim Park
For people in East Java, Jatim Park may have been heard many times as it is one of the famous tourism
object in East Java province. Jatim Park offers a recreation place as well as a study center.
Jatim Park is located at Jl. Kartika 2 Batu, East Java. To reach the location is not too difficult because the
object is only 2, 5 kilos meters from Batu city. This Jatim Park tourism object is about 22 hectares width.
Visitor can enjoy at least 36 kinds of facilities which can attract them as well as give new knowledge. Just
after the pass gate, the visitors will find an interesting view of Galeri Nusantara area. This study offering
continues to step on Taman Sejarah area, which contains of miniature temple in East Java like Sumberawan
temple, customhouse of Kiai Hasan Besari Ponorogo and Sumberawan Statue.
The other facility which is able to be enjoyed is Agro Park area. )t presents crop and rareness fruits,
animal diorama which consists of unique animals that have been conserved, and supporting games like
bowling, throw ball, scooter disco, etc.
Jatim Park is suitable for family and school recreation. The recreation area sites offer precious tour and
can used as alternative media of study.
Suited from:www.eastjava.com/tourism/batu/jatim-park.html
Jakarta
Jakarta is located on the northwest coast of Java Island, at the mouth of the Ciliwung river. It dominates
)ndonesian s administrative, economy, cultural activities, and is a major commercial and transportation hub
within Asia.
The climate is hot and humid. Rainfall occurs throughout the year. The heaviest rainfall is from November
to May. The city lies on a flat, low plain and is likely to be affected by flood during period of heavy rainfall.
The short monologue above is the audio file of listening section test for National Examination 2008. The monologue is
followed by a multiple choice question at listening section number 13 as below:
13. Why is Jakarta at risk of flooding?
A. It lies on high land. D. The climate is hot and humid.
B. It is densely populated. E. It is at the mouth of the Ciliwung River.
C. It lies on a flat low plain area.

Descriptive Text about Thing
My Black Peci
I have some head covers. They are head, cap, had, and peci. I like my peci very much. Do you know what is
peci? I am going to tell you now.
There are some terms or names for this kind of head cover. My father call it "songkok" but some of my
friends call it "kopiah". I myself prefer to call this head cove "peci"
Peci can produced in various colours. They may be sold in green, yellow, and brown colour. I do not like
bright colour. So I bought my peci in dark colour. It is black.
My peci is number 5 in size. It has 6 cm in height. My black peci is made of a stiffened, black velvet-like
fabric and fold flat. So it is truely dark, truely black. My black peci has the shape of a truncated cone with
embroidered felt in its sides.
I always wear my black peci every day. Just like people in Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, the southern
Philippine and southern Thailand, I also wear the black peci in formal situations such as as wedding feasts,
funerals, and festive occasions.
Recently I have known why this black head cover is named peci. The word of "peci" might be derived
from the Dutch word "petje" which has meaning of "small hat".
President Soekarno wearing black peci.
Marsupial Mammal
What am I?
I inhabit a small area in south-western Western Australia. My species was quite widespread in Australia
before European settlement but now we are endangered.
I prefer areas of open woodland. I forage for my food in the mornings and afternoons. At night I sleep in
hollow logs or under fallen timber.
My body is about 25 centimeters long. My bushy tail is nearly as long as my body. I am covered in a
reddish-brown coat with white stripes. My front legs are shorter then my back legs and I have small claws.
My ears are short but my snout is long I have a very long, sticky tongue for eating termites I can eat over
10000 termites in one day.
I am a marsupial mammal. What animal am I?
The Descriptive Facts about the Moon
Moon is the earth's satellite which we often see in the night. The Moon is the one place in our solar
system where humans have visited. For the first time on July 20, 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin
Aldrin landed the Lunar Module of Apollo 11 on the surface of the Moon. Neil Armstrong was the first man to
walk on the Moon. However do you know what descriptive facts about the Moon are?
The moon rises in the east and sets in the west. It moves toward the east in our sky by about 12 degrees
each day. The Moon is about 384,400 kilometers from Earth. The Moon has a diameter of 2,000 miles which is
like to 3,476 kilometers.
The surface of the Moon has many things, such as craters, lava plains, mountains, and valleys. Scientists
believe the craters were formed around 3.5 to 4.5 billion years ago by meteors hitting the moon's surface. The
Moon does not have atmosphere, wind and weather that is why the footprints left there on the Moon by the
Apollo astronauts will remain there for millions of years.
The Moon is not a light source. It mean that Moon does not make its own light. It reflects light from the
sun. All of us can see the Moon especially in the night because light from the Sun bounces off it back to the
Earth. If the Sun wasn't there, we can not see the Moon.
The moon influences many of the tides in the oceans. This is because of the gravity force between the
Earth and Moon. At full Moon and new Moon, the Sun, Earth and Moon are lined up, producing the higher than
normal tides. When the Moon is at first or last quarter, it forms smaller neap tides.
(nasa.gov and kent.sch.uk)

My Cat Gregory
Gregory is my beautiful gray Persian cat. He walks with pride and grace, performing a dance of disdain as
he slowly lifts and lowers each paw with the delicacy of a ballet dancer. His pride, however, does not extend
to his appearance, for he spends most of his time indoors watching television and growing fat.
He enjoys TV commercials, especially those for Meow Mix and 9 Lives. His familiarity with cat food
commercials has led him to reject generic brands of cat food in favor of only the most expensive brands.
Gregory is as finicky about visitors as he is about what he eats, befriending some and repelling others. He
may snuggle up against your ankle, begging to be petted, or he may imitate a skunk and stain your favorite
trousers. Gregory does not do this to establish his territory, as many cat experts think, but to humiliate me
because he is jealous of my friends.
After my guests have fled, I look at the old fleabag snoozing and smiling to himself in front of the
television set, and I have to forgive him for his obnoxious, but endearing, habits.
* With Text Analysis*
The Beautiful Kuta Bali
Kuta is the exciting tourist area on the southern part of Bali. Most tourists visiting Bali do not forget to
spend their time in Kuta.
It is located in southwestern Bali, just minutes from the airport.
Kuta is one of the world's most famous beaches. It first attracted Western surfers with its world
renowned surf break followed closely behind by sun worshipers and party goers attracted to its wide
stretches of white sandy beach.
Kuta is the center of night life activities. Kuta has a shopping mecca, with its lines of shops, boutiques, and
galleries. Restaurants line up the streets as well as the beachfront hotels, ranging from a small, inexpensive
homestay to a luxurious resort
There are many night clubs along Jalan Legian and Jalan Pantai Kuta. The busiest time for all night clubs
are around from 22:00 and will close until down.
Source: http://www.hotels68.com/article_34_kuta-bali-nightlife.html
 Generic Structure Analysis
Identification : Showing what specific participant which will be described in the text. In sample It is about the Kuta
Bali beach. Kuta beach and not the other beaches
Description : Showing the image of the participant. In this sample, Kuta bali beach is described as a location in
Southern Bali which is just minute from the airport. It also described as the place of beautiful place for
surfers. Kuta Bali beach is also described as the center of night life activities.
Borobudur Temple
Borobudur is Hindu - Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of
ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of
India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five
terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief.
The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is
crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through
some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe
influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for
Indonesian people.
Identification : Identifying the phenomenon to be described in general; Borobudur temple
Description : Describing the Borobudur temple in parts; eight terraces of Borobudur temple and its characteristics
 Language Feature Analysis
Using adjective and classifiers; valuable
Using simple present tense; Borobudur is well-known, The temple is constructed, etc

2. Report Texts
Television
Television, or TV, is one of humanity's most important means of communication. It brings pictures and
sounds from around the world into millions of homes.
People, with a television set in their houses, can sit and watch the president makes a speech or visits a
foreign country. They can see a war being fought. Through television, viewers at home can see and learn
about people, places, and things in a away lands.
Additionally, television brings its viewers a steady stream of programs that are designed to entertain. In
fact, TV provides many more entertainment programs than any other kind of information media. The
programs include action-packed dramas, light comedies, soap operas, sports events, cartoons, quizzes, variety
shows and motion pictures.
Mangrove Trees
A mangrove is a tropical marine tree. Mangroves have special aerial roots and salt-filtering tap roots
which enable them to thrive in brackish water. Brackish water is salty but not as salty as sea water. Mangrove
trees are commonly planted and found in coastal areas. Mangroves can serve as walls of protection for
natural disaster in coastal area like tsunami. According to BBC News, healthy mangrove forests had helped
save lives in the Asia disaster tsunami and people tended to respect these natural barriers even more,
especially after the tsunami.
There are several species of mangrove tree found all over the world. Some prefer more salinity, while
others like to be very-close to a large fresh water source such as river. Some prefer areas that are sheltered
from waves. Some species have their roots covered with sea water every day during high tide. Other species
grow on dry land but are still part of the ecosystem. The Times of India reported that rare species of
mangrove had been found and was also known as the looking-glass tree, probably because the leaves are
silver-coated.
Mangroves need to keep their trunk and leave above the surface of the water. Yet they also need to be
firmly attached to the ground so they are not moved by waves.
Any part of root that appears above the water flows oxygen to the plant under water surface. as the soil
begin to build up, these roots procedure additional roots that become embedded in the soil.
Types of Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanic eruptions have caused some of the worst disasters in the world. They can wipe out entire cities
and kill thousands of people.
The name of volcano comes from Roman term. It derives from VULCAN which is the name of Roman fire
god. Romans believed that Vulcan lived on a volcanic Italian coast. Romans called the island VULCANO.
According to scientists, volcanic eruptions are divided in to four basic groups. They are commonly known
as Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian and Peleean. The term of Hawaiian eruptions are named after the
volcanoes in Hawaii. These volcanic eruptions are the least violent type. They produce highly fluid lava which
flows quietly. This gradually builds up a shield volcano.
Strombolian eruptions are named after Stromboli. These result from the constant release of gas from the
magma. As the gas escapes, it produces tephra that piles up, turning into a cinder cone. Strombolian eruptions
happen when sticky magma plugs the central vent. This makes the magmatic gas build up pressure until it
blasts. The magma is turned into volcanic dust and bombs.
Vulcanian eruption which comes from the ancient Roman belief, are more violent than the strombolian
eruption. Vulcanian eruption happens and brings magma which is more viscous. Vulcanian explosions are
usually larger and noisier than the Strombolian eruptions.

Paleean eruptions are famous as the most violent kind of volcanic eruptions. The name of paleean comes
from the eruption of Mount Pelee, Martinique in 1902. It killed almost 38 thousands people. A Peleean
eruption occurs when the magmatic gas build up tremendous pressure. This causes violent explosions with
glowing clouds of hot ash and dust.
Simplified from: library.thinkquest.org/03oct/01027/volcaniceruptions.html
Kinds of Earthquake
Earthquake often happens around us. It brings great damages. Earthquake is hard to be predicted and
that makes lot victims.
Actually there are three kinds of earthquake. This kinds of earthquake are commonly base on the factor
and geological area where the earthquakes happen. These three kinds of earthquake are tectonic, volcanic
and explosion.
Tectonic earthquakes is most common one. This kind of earthquake happens while earth's crust rocks
break because of the geological strength created by moving of the earth's plates.
Volcanic earthquakes happen exactly with volcanic activity. Volcanic earthquakes are when the volcano
produces acidic lava, which drys quickly, when it drys quickly it blocks the top of the volcano. This make no
more magma can escape. Pressure starts to build up and eventually the acidic lava can no longer stand the
pressure. So the volcano is free to explode, the pressure is released so fast that an earthquake is caused. A
volcanic earthquake is usually kept within 10-20 miles of the volcano.
Explosion earthquakes are the result of the collapse earthquakes that are small earthquakes occurring in
underground mines and caverns.
Partly taken from:
www.ngdir.ir/sitelinks/kids/html/earthquake_Kinds%20of%20earthquake.htm
wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_volcanic_earthquake
What and How is a tornado?
Tornadoes are known as one of the most damaging disasters. What and How is the description of
tornadoes? A tornado is a very powerful column of winds which spirals around a center of low atmospheric
pressure. A tornado will look like a large black funnel which hangs down from a storm cloud.
The name "tornado" derives from the Latin "tonare". It means "to thunder." While the Spanish developed
the word into "tornear" which means "to turn or twist". This is why a tornado is sometimes called twister or
cyclone.
The winds inside a twister can spin around at speeds up to 500 miles an hour, but it usually travels at
roughly 300 miles an hour. This speed twisting makes a tornado the most dangerous storm.
The average tornado has a diameter of about 200 to 300 yards. The smaller tornadoes are known as
satellite tornadoes. These small offspring, about 50 yards across, can be very fierce and do lots of damage.
The forming of a tornado can be very quick. Sometimes it can form in a minute or less. A tornado can
travel across the ground at high speeds, then it can suddenly vanish. Most tornadoes last less than twenty
minutes and travel less than 15 miles. However, the super storms sometimes travel over 100 miles before
they are exhausted.
Composed from: library.thinkquest.org/C003603/english/tornadoes/whatisatornado.shtml
How Panda Looks Like
Have you known panda? How are pandas look like? Well, pandas are mammal. It means that pandas bear
live babies. They feed the babies on milk.
Panda is like bear. Their bodies are typical. It has two dominant colors, white and black. Panda's fur is
seen dominantly in white or snowy. While the legs, ears, eyes, and also the muzzle are covered with black fur.
Formerly, panda lived in South and East China. It was also found in part of Myanmar and Vietnam. Today,
panda is seen a lot in forest area in Sinchuan, Guang Zhou, and Shaanxi of China
Panda looks cute however it is actually a wild animal. It is like a bear. Because it has strength, panda
potentially becomes a frightful animal.

Komodo Dragon
Do you know what is the largest lizard? This lizard is called komodo. It lives in the scrub and woodland of
a few Indonesian islands.
Komodo dragon is the world's heaviest lizard, weighing 150 pounds or more. The largest Komodo ever
measured was more than 10 feet (3 meters) long and weighed 366 pounds (166 kg) but the average size of
komodo in the wild is about 8 feet (2.5 meters) long and 200 pounds (91 kg).
Komodo has gray scaly skin, a pointed snout, powerful limbs and a muscular tail. They use their keen
sense of smell to locate decaying animal remains from several miles away. They also hunt other lizards as
well as large mammals and are sometimes cannibalistic.
The Komodo dragon's teeth are almost completely covered by its gums. When it feeds, the gums bleed,
creating an ideal culture for virulent bacteria. The bacteria that live in the Komodo dragon's saliva causes
septicemia, or blood poisoning, in its victims. A dragon will bite its prey, then follow it until the animal is too
weak to carry on.
This lizard species is threatened by hunting, loss of prey species and habitat loss.
Source:
http://animal.discovery.com/reptiles/komodo-dragon/
http://animals.howstuffworks.com/animal-facts/komodo-bite.htm
Tyrannosaurus Rex
Tyrannosaurus rex, sometimes just called T-rex, is believed to be the largest and most fearsome predator
on Earth's land ever to have existed.
This dinosaur once lived in the Creataceous period approximately 68 to 65 million years ago. The T-rex
lived in a humid, semi-tropical environment, in open forests with nearby rivers and in coastal forested
swamps. The seasons were mild.
Tyrannosaurus rex was up to 40 feet (12.4 m) long, about 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6 m) tall. The arms were
only about 3 feet (1 m) long. Tyrannosaurus rex was roughly 5 to 7 tons in weight.
As a carnivorous dinosaur, this giant predator most likely ambushed their prey, and devoured them with
jaws full of white sharp teeth. With it's fast ability to run at an astonishing speed of 32 mph (50 kmh), a
perfect slim and stiff tail that gave it an excellent balance and allowed it to make quick turns, equipped this
gigantic predator and made it even more deadly, like a killing machine.
source: enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinos/Trex.shtml
Elephant
An elephant is the largest and strongest of all animals. It is a strange looking animal which it has thick
legs, huge sides and backs, large hanging ears, a small tail, little eyes, long white tusks and above all, elephant
has a long nose, the trunk. An elephant is commonly seen in a zoo, it has hard found in it natural habitat.
The trunk is the elephant's peculiar feature. This trunk has various usages. The elephant draws up water
by its trunk and can squirt the water all over its body like a shower bath. The elephant's trunk also lift leaves
and put them into its mouth. In fact, the trunk serves the elephant as long arm and hand. An elephant looks
very clumsy and heavy and yet an elephant can move very quickly.
The elephant is very intelligent animal. Its intelligence combined with its great strength makes an
elephant a very useful servant to man. Elephant can be trained to serve in various ways such as carry heavy
loads, hunt for tigers and even fight. An elephant is really a smart animal.
Human Body Energy
Human body is actually a living machine and is like all other machines. This living machine needs fuel to
supply it with energy. The fuel is provided by the food which we eat. However do we know how much we
need to stay healthy?
The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat which is required
to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The number of calories which people need per day
varies. It depends on the activity which the people are involved in. For example; people will need more
calories for standing than for sitting, people need more for running than for walking, etc.
The energy which is provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical substances. They are
carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories per gram (cal/gm) of energy, protein 4.0

cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm. Each food contains different proportion of these substances.These three chemical
substances are all important for body staying healthy.
Note:
 Report often starts discussion with brief definition or classification about the thing discussed.
 The first paragraph matches with the brief definition of body energy. After brief definition or
classification paragraph, report text is commonly followed by the important fact about the topic.
 The second and third paragraphs tell the important information about the body energy; how it comes
from and what form it is available.
Report text is commonly featuring technical or scientific term. Calories, carbohydrate, protein, fat etc are
some of the example.
Platypus
Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like duckbill. Platypus is a native
Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia.
Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45 cm and covered with a thick, and
woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and stirring up mud. Platypus' eyes and head are small. It has no
ears but has ability to sense sound and light.
Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually dig burrows in the streams or river
banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from intruders and flooding. In the other hand, male
platypus does not need any burrow to stay.
 Generic Structure analysis
General classification : stating general classification, the animal of platypus.
Description : describing in detail characterization of platypus' body and habitual life
Focusing in group; the animal of platypus conditional,
Logical connective; but, in the other hand
Simple present tense pattern; Platypus lives in streams, male platypus does not need any burrow, etc
Birds
Birds are interesting flying animals. They are vertebrates and warm blooded animals. They belong to
aves class and they can be found all over the world.
Birds breath with their air pocket. Beside as respiration organ, air pocket also can enlarge or reduce their
weight when flying or swimming.
There are many kinds of birds. Earth bird has special characteristic. They have different morphology
according to their food and their habitat. Some of them eat seeds, pollen, fish or meat. There are some species
that live in land and the others live in water. Land birds live on their nest.
Female birds have specific tasks. they lay eggs and feed their baby, Beside that they look for foods for
their baby.
Contoh report text diatas bisa dianalisa susunan schematic atau generic structurenya sebagaimana berikut:
 Paragraf pertama: berupa General statement/ general classification berupa penjelasan bahwa teks tersebut tentang
burung, kelompok burung secara umum.
 Paragraf dua, tiga dan empat: berupa Description dimana diawali dengan penjelasan bagaimana burung itu biasanya
punya cara bernafas. Setelah itu diikuti penjelasan tentang kebiasaan dan habitat dan diakhiri deskripsi tentang cara
burung dalam beregenerasi.
3. Procedural Texts
How to Cook Chicken Vegetable Stew
Chicken vegetable stew is best to warm your body in cold day. It is actually easy to cook. Here is how to
cook it.
Ingredients:
1. 1-pound chicken (any part as you like, cut into small pieces)
2. 2-ounce carrot (cut into small blocks)

3. 2-ounce broccoli (cut into small pieces)
4. 2-ounce potato (cut into small blocks)
5. 1-ounce cabbage (cut into small pieces)
6. 1-pc green onion (sliced)
7. 1-pc celery (minced)
8. 1-pc onion (minced)
9. 4-clove garlic (minced)
10. Half tomato (cut into block)
11. Powdered pepper
12. Salt
13. 2-liters water
14. 2-tablespoon Vegetable oil
Cooking Directions:
 Boil water in the pot.
 Add a little garlic, pepper, and salt to the boiling water.
 Add chicken and let it cook for about 5 minutes.
 In separate stove, heat vegetable oil in small pan.
 Sauté garlic and onion until the smell come out and add tomato.
 Transfer the onions to the boiling chicken.
 Add potato and carrot. Let it boil.
 Add broccoli and cabbage. Let it boil.
 Taste the broth and add more salt and pepper to your taste.
 Turn off the heat. Add green onion and celery.
 Serve chicken stew on a bowl while hot.
Note: You can serve chicken stew alone or with rice or with roasted bread.
How to Cook Omelet
Here is the best omelet recipe. What we need and how to cook are shown you below.
Ingredients:
1. 1 egg
2. 1-tablespoon milk
3. A pinch of salt
4. A pinch of powdered pepper
Cooking direction:
 Crack the egg into a bowl.
 Put milk, salt, and pepper to the egg.
 Beat the egg until mixed perfectly using a whisk or fork
 Heat the pan on the stove over medium heat.
 Spread vegetable oil on the surface of the pan.
 Pour the egg on the pan and wait until the egg half cooked.
 Fold the egg into half round and flip it.
 Wait until the egg fully cooked. Flip if needed.
 Take the omelet out of the pan and put it on the plate.
 Serve omelet immediately
Note:
1. You can add various ingredients to the egg mix such as onion, mushroom, vegetable, smoked
beef, cheese, etc., to create different taste.
2. You can substitute vegetable oil with other oil or butter.
3. Milk will make the texture smooth. If you do not have milk or do not like milk, you can substitute
it with 1-teaspoon of water.
How to Cook Very Easy Fried Rice
Fried rice is easy to cook and become tasteful solution when you do not have much time to prepare your
meal. Here is the step by step instruction to cook very easy fried rice.
Ingredients:

1. 1 plate serving cooked rice
2. 1 egg
3. 2 meatballs (cut thinly)
4. 1-clove garlic (minced)
5. 1-clove shallot (minced)
6. 2 red chilly (more or less as you like it - minced)
7. 1 green onion (cut thinly)
8. 3-tablespoon sweet soy sauce
10. Salt
How to Cook:
 Heat frying pan and put oil.
 Put garlic, onion, and red chilly until smell come out.
 Crack egg and scramble it.
 Add meatballs and green onion. Stir it.
 Add rice and mix well.
 Add soy sauce and salt. Mix well.
 Taste a bit to know whether the salt is enough or not.
 Cook the fried rice for about 5 minutes and stir occasionally.
 Turn off the heat and put the fried rice on the plate.
 Serve fried rice with sliced cucumber and tomato.
Note: instead of scramble the egg with the rice, you can cook the egg separately into sunny upside or omelet
and serve it on the top of fried rice. You can add more ingredients such as vegetables or meat.
How to Cook Broccoli without Damaging the Nutrients
Broccoli is one of the best greenies and it is versatile vegetables because we can find it in the market any
time. The price is also cheap. Many green vegetables offer nutrients, but they are unlike broccoli.
Unfortunately, broccoli is fragile. The nutrients can be easily damaged if we do not cook it in a right way.
There are lots of ways we can do to cook broccoli without losing the nutrients.
Below, we will try to give some ideas on how to cook broccoli without damaging the nutrients. These
tricks are coming from experienced chef.
 The simplest way to cook broccoli is boiling it in salted water. You do not need to spend much time
because you just have to wait for about 4 minutes to find the crisp-tender.
 You can also steam broccoli using a steamer. You need 3 to 5 minutes before serving it.
 Some people loved to sauce broccoli with olive oil, garlic and pepper. It brings a better flavor.
 You can also stir-fry broccoli with ginger and garlic for about 3 minutes. To find a different taste, you
can try to stir-fry it with bean sauce.
 To get a tasty broccoli, you can serve it with lemon juice, butter, cheese and a little salt.
How to Make Super Easy Fish Sticks
The ingredient you need:
1. Cooking spray
2. 1/2 cup whole wheat bread crumbs
3. 1/2 teaspoon paprika
4. 1/2 teaspoon plus more kosher salt
5. 1 large egg
6. 1/4 teaspoon cracked black pepper
7. 8 ounces tilapia or cod fillets
After you get the ingredients you need to cook easy fish stick, you need to do the following steps:
First of all, preheat oven to 400°F. Line a baking sheet and lightly spray with cooking spray
Second, combine the bread crumbs, paprika, and ½ teaspoon salt on a shallow plate. Then beat the egg with a
fork. After that set the two dishes aside.
Third, cut the fish into several stick shapes. Season with salt and ¼ teaspoon pepper. Dredge the fish and
transfer the fish to the prepared baking sheet and lightly coat with cooking spray. Bake in the preheated oven
for 8-10 minutes or until the crumbs are lightly browned and firm.

Sesame Drop Biscuits
Ingredients/Materials:
 2 cups flour
 1 ½ teaspoons baking powder
 ½ reaspoon each baking soda and salt
 Butter or margarine
 2 tablespoons sesame seed
 1 cup buttermilk
Night Before:
1. In a large bowl stir together flour, baking powder, soda and salt.
2. 2 knives or pastry blender cut in ½ cup butter until particles are fine .
3. Stir in sesame seed.
Next Morning:
1. Add buttermilk to flour mixture and stir with a fork just until mixed.
2. Drop by tablespoons on greased cookies sheet.
3. Bake in preheated 450 degrees oven until light brown. 12 to 14 minutes.
4. Serve at once with butter.
How to Use Electric Oven
Electric oven is one of the most popular kitchen appliances that help people cooking foods. Electric oven
is completed with heating elements that are driven by electricity. It also has buttons to control the
temperature and time.
It contains racks upon that are used for placing foods. There are many brands and types of electric oven,
but basically all of them can be operated with the same method. It is better for reading the manual before you
try to use the oven.
Before using the oven, you need to preheat it. Set the temperature button to the number you want to. Let
it heat up for to minutes. There are some ovens that have been given Preheat buttons.
Open the door of the oven and put the foods inside. It is better to cook foods in ceramic or glass dishes.
Close the door and set the time. Do not open the door when the oven cooks your foods. You can check the
progress of the foods by turning the interior light.
When the timer goes off, you can open the door. Make sure that the foods you cook have been cooked
thoroughly. You have to remember that different kind of food may need different time and temperature. So it
is better to check before you eat it to make sure that you get the best result.
How to Use Walkie-Talkie
Two-way radio transceivers or walkie-talkies have been used since World War II. Though Smartphone
has come and brings more features, but walkie-talkie still exists and is commonly used for recreational,
professional and as kid s toy. Today s walkie-talkies also bring some new features and designs, so it is better
for us to know the new features and technology before we use it.
The first thing we need to consider is the purpose of the walkie-talkie is it for recreational use or
intercom. By knowing the purpose, we will know what type of walkie-talkie we have to buy.
We also need to update ourselves on the new technologies offered by walkie-talkie. Some walkie-talkies
have been given compass device, belt clips, holsters and even weather channels.
Consider about the distance we will cover with it. If we just want to use it in a close range, two miles
model would be the best option. But, if we want to cover long range, we can choose the 5 mile.
It is better to communicate on a multi-user compatibility system. We can consider a high quality and
versatile radio receiver if we want to communicate with many users.
It is important for us to learn about code and voice scrambler because usually users will use it for
personalizing messages. Some products offer 14 channels with sub-channels that can be used for
communicating with limited users who have the same sub-channels. Read the manual to understand how to
operate the device and watch what we are saying because other people can hear what we say.

How to Use Rice Cooker to Steam Foods
Rice cooker is commonly found in home equipments to cook rice. It can be used to steam foods. Inside the
box, you will find steamer to place the food you want to steam. You can steam foods in two ways. First is
together with rice cooking while the second is to steam it alone.
1. Steam Foods while Cooking Rice
You can steam foods while cooking rice but only for foods that will be well cooked in the same time with
rice cooking for about half hour. To do it you need to follow the instruction below.
 Prepare the foods you want to steam and prepare the rice as well.
 Put the rice inside the pan and fill sufficient water.
 Put the foods inside steamer and place the steamer on the pan properly.
 Put the pan on the rice cooker body and close the lid.
 Connect power cord to AC outlet, push the switch to cook, and wait until the rice cooked.
 Open the lid and take the steamed foods out.
2. Steam Foods alone
 Prepare the foods and put it at the steamer.
 Boil water and pour it to the pan.
 Put the steamer on the pan.
 Put the pan on the rice cooking body and close the lid.
 Plug in power cord, switch on, and let it cook until the foods well steamed.
How to Use Rice Cooker
1. Put your rice cooker in clean and dry place near AC outlet.
2. Using measuring cup provided in the package, measure the rice you want to cook. Make sure you cook
sufficient rice that meets capacity of the rice cooker. You can check it on the marking in the inner side of
the pan. The marking is actually level indicator of water needed but it is also useful to know capacity of
the pan. The smallest number is the minimum amount of rice and the highest number is the maximum
amount.
3. Wash your rice in separate bowl and drain it.
4. Put the rice on the rice cooker pan.
5. Add water as the water level indicator inside the pan.
6. Dry out the outer side of the pan and place it inside the rice cooker body. Close the lid until hear clicks
that show the lid locked properly.
7. Plug the power cord to AC outlet and you will see the warm lamp indicator turn on.
8. Press down the switch until the cook lamp turn on.
9. Wait until the switch pop up and the lamp turn to warm.
10. Wait for about 15 without opening the lid and your rice would be ready to serve.
How to Use an Ink Printer
 )nstall printer s driver on the PC
 Connect the printer to PC via USB
 Plug in printer s power cord.
 Turn on the printer by pressing power button
 Check whether the printer has been connected to the PC
 Check ink level of each cartridge
 Put paper on the printer according to printer guidance
 Open printer properties on the PC and run printing test.
 Once the test run without problem, you can start to print the document or photo you want by
pressing the printing button.
 You can change printer setting from printing menu
 Perform printer maintenance at least once a month to prevent clog
Note: Commonly, ink printer is refillable. You can refill the cartridge using specific refill ink that
recommended by printer manufacturer. For color cartridge, make sure you refill the color ink correctly.

How to Use GPS
1. Slide to the navigation tab on the home screen!
2. Follow the onscreen prompts to subscribe
3. After login on to the service, tap back to continue
Touch the icon that best describe what you want to do; Drive to, Search, Maps and traffic, or Share and
more
How to Make Beaded Bracelet
Beaded bracelets are back on trend. If you want to wear special bracelet, make it yourself. Here is how to
make beaded bracelet yourself.
Materials and Tools Needed:
1. Beads (any color, any size, any shape you like)
2. Jewelry nylon 13-
3. 2-pcs Double-cup bead tip
4. 2-pcs clasp
5. 1-pc jump ring
6. 1 bead needle
7. Pliers
8. Charms (optional)
9. Extended chain (optional)
Step-by Step Instructions:
 Measure your wrist and cut nylon string with about 1 and a half length needed. You need longer
nylon for the knot.
 Thread the string to the needle.
 Add double-cup bead tip to one of the string s ends, make double knot, and close the cup using pliers.
 Thread the beads beautifully. You can add charms in the middle to make it more beautiful.
 When you get it long enough, measure it on your wrist. Add more beads if it not enough and reduce if
it too long.
 Once you get the desired length, add double-cup bead tip at the end, make double not, and close it.
Cut unwanted string.
 Add clasp at one end and close it using pliers.
 Add clasp at another end, add jump ring to the clasp, and close the clasp with pliers.
Note: If you want to use extended ring, you need to add it to each clasp before you close it.
How to Make Decorative Planter in a Jar
Planter in a jar is a good decoration for your desk that brings freshness to the room. It is very easy to
make and do not cost much.
Material Needed:
1. Glass Jar
2. Spray Paint
3. Fertilized Soil
4. Small flower plant
5. Small rocks or pebbles
6. Water
How to Make It:
 Clean and dry the jar both inner and outer side.
 Spray the paint in the outer side of the jar. You can paint it half height or overall surface. You can use
one color or multi color, as you feel it better.
 Sit the jar to let the paint dry completely.
 Put soil into the jar until third quarter of the height.
 Make a hole in the soil and plant your flower plant. Cover the root of your plant with soil and give a
little push so the plant could stand.
 Sprinkle water to moist the soil.
 Put small rocks or pebble at the inner line of the jar. Do not cover all surfaces with rocks, just the
edge and not the central part.
 Your planter is ready.

Note: place your planter near window so the plant will get enough sunlight or you need to take the
planter out in the morning for one hour or two to get sunlight.
How to Make Artificial Aquarium Rock
Making our own rocks for aquarium is a fun and easy activity. The price we need is also quite cheap and
moreover, we can get the design we wanted. When we want to make aquarium rock, it is suggested to use
non-toxic materials. Artificial aquarium rock is also easy to make using specific instructions below.
The first thing we need to prepare is Portland cement that can be found at most hardware stores. Then,
we need to mix three parts of fine gravel or play sand with one part cement together. We have to mix those
materials into a ball. To make a coral reef rock, we need to add additional fine gravel to the mixture.
Place the rock mold mixture into a container. We need to make a hole that will make it sinks underwater.
Plastic or rubber molds can be used if we want to create a specific rock shape. Let the mixture harden for at
least 6 weeks.
If we want to have a specific color, we can paint the artificial rock when it has hardened. It is suggested to
use a non-toxic paint for the fish safety. Before we put the rock in the aquarium, we have to make sure that
there are no excess paint or ingredient chemicals by placing the rock in a child s pool or bathtub for some
minutes.
How to Make a Handkerchief
Requirements:
1. Cotton fabric
2. Scissors
3. Sewing machine
4. Thread in the same color of the fabric
5. Needles
How to Make:
 Using scissors, cut the fabric into 20 cm x 20 cm (L x W)
 Fold thinly the edge of the fabric twice and use needle to hold it.
 Do the same thing with the other edges of the fabric. Pay attention to the corner and make sure it
comes clean and uncluttered.
 Prepare the sewing machine and put the thread.
 Sew the edges of the fabric carefully.
Note:
1. If you do not have sewing machine, you can stitch it using needle. However, be sure you do it
carefully and evenly.
2. It would be better if you add embroidery on the handkerchief to make it unique and different.
3. You can use different type of fabric as long as the fabric has smooth surface and could absorb water.
4. You can use thread in contrast color but ensure the color match the fabric.
How to Make Bottle Rocket
Chemical reactions happened on everything we found in life. There are certain substances that can
produce huge amounts of gas when mixed with other substances. The combination of substance that can
produce gas can be used for giving a bottle rocket the power to fly. Creating a plastic bottle rocket is not hard.
You just have to provide an acidic substance, such as concentrated lemon juice and alkaline substance, such as
baking soda. When those two substances are combined, you will have enough gas to help the plastic bottle fly
into the air.
There are some things you need to collect, which are:
1. plastic bottle
2. paper towel
3. lemon juice
4. baking soda
5. cork
6. rubber band
7. string

Fill the plastic bottle with concentrated lemon juice halfway up. Take a sheet of paper towel and place it
on the table. Put about 4 tablespoons of the baking soda in the middle of the paper towel. Pull up the sides of
the paper towel into a pouch. Do not forget to wrap it with a rubber band to secure it. Tape the string onto the
end of the cork. Put the bottle on the ground, slip the paper towel pouch into it and quickly put the cork into
the bottle mouth. The baking soda will be released when the paper towel dissolves. The lemon juice inside the
bottle will react with the baking soda. It produces gas that will pop the cork like a small rocket.
How to Clean Swimming Goggle
There are two methods you can use to clean swimming goggle, which are:
Method 1 using cold water: Using cold water to clean your swimming goggle is the best method. It does
not spend too much time, because your swimming goggle can be cleaned within just 3 minutes. If you wash
your swimming goggle after you use it, it helps prevent residue buildup, especially from chlorine and salt
water. When washing the goggle, do not use detergent or soap because those substances can damage the
lenses and make it foggy. Touch the lenses smoothly to make sure that the anti-fog coating does not rub-off.
Method 2 use dry cleaning: Before you store the swimming goggle, you have to dry it thoroughly. If you
keep it wet and then store it, it can lead to bacteria and mold to grow. Lay the goggle on a clean dry towel. Do
not put it under the direct sunlight because it can damage the plastic or the elastic band. Store the goggle in a
protective case.
How to Wear a Neck Tie
First of all, start with the wide end on your right. Extend it about 12" below the narrow end. Secondly,
cross the wide end over the narrow, and back underneath. Then, bring the wide end up, and turn down
through loop. After that, pass the wide end around to the front from your left to right. Then, bring the wide
end up through the loop. Finally, pull the wide end through the knot in front. Tighten and draw up to collar.
Source: www.how-to-tie-a-tie.org/necktie.php
How to Wear Belt Nicely
Before wearing belt, it is better to identify the occasion. Semi-formal to formal occasion will always need
a belt. For such occasion, the best option is wearing leather. For casual or daily wear, it is better to choose belt
that is made from cloth or other casual material. For semi-formal to formal occasion, it is suggested to wear
leather or other classy materials.
Choose the right color. For dark colored pant, the best color is black. For khaki and other variety of
brown, we can wear a brown belt. If we wear jeans, we can choose any color since denim is a general material.
Try to match the color and do not bring a contrast combination.
We have to make sure that the belt we wear is wrapped perfectly through all belt loops. Secure the belt
by placing the belt tail end into the buckle and secure it with fastener.
4. Explanation Texts
How Cancer is Formed?
What and how is cancer? It is actually a group of more than one hundred separate diseases. Most of us are
fear from cancer. It is reasonable because next to heart disease, cancer is the second leading cause of death.
Cancer cells come from normal cells because of mutations of DNA. Those mutations can occur
spontaneously. The mutations may be also induced by other factors such as: nuclear and electromagnetic
radiation, viruses, bacteria and fungi, parasites, heat, chemicals in the air, water and food, mechanical cell-
level injury, free radicals, evolution and ageing of DNA, etc. All such factors can produce mutations that may
start cancer.
Cancer cells are formed continuously in the organism. It is estimated that there are about 10,000 cancer
cells at any given time in a healthy person. Why do some result in macroscopic-level cancers and some do
not? First, not all damaged cells can multiply and many of them die quickly. Second, those which potentially
divide and form cancer are effectively destroyed by the mechanisms available to the immune system.
Therefore cancer develops if the immune system is not working properly or the amount of cells produced is
too great for the immune system to eliminate.
(Simplified from:www.digital-recordings.com/publ/cancer.html)

How does Rain Happen?
Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world, providing suitable conditions for
diverse ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation.
The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of the water cycle involves the sun heating the
Earth's surface water and causing the surface water to evaporate. The water vapor rises into the Earth's
atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid droplets. The droplets grow until
they are heavy and fall to the earth as precipitation which can be in the form of rain or snow.
However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is called virga, a
phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain
How do seasons happen?
Seasons come to us regularly. We have probably noticed that it gets warmer in summer or dry season
while it get colder in the winter or wet season. However do we know how these seasons change?
Seasons happen and change every year. This happens because the earth tilts back and forth as it goes
around the sun. During the summer, the earth tilts toward the sun. It makes half of the earth hotter. this
condition is what we call summer. During the other half of the year, the earth tilts away from the sun. As a
result, it makes that half of the earth cooler. This cool condition is then what we call winter.
The different parts of the world have the same season at different times. In the northern half of the world,
winter happens during the months of December, January and February. The regions are such North America
and Europe. In the other hand, the southern half of the world have winter during the months of June, July and
August.The regions are like South America and Australia. How does this difference happen? The same season
happens at different times because the top and bottom halves of the earth tilt away from the sun at different
times.
Source: kidscientist.com/5/why-do-seasons-happen
How Venus Eclipse Happens?
On May 16, 2010, people in most regions in the world have seen a very rare natural phenomenon. It was
Venus eclipse. It was very rare amazing natural event. It was reported that the Venus eclipse will seen again
in the future in 2050. Do you know how this rare Venus eclipse happens?
Well, actually Venus eclipse is like Sun eclipse. Venus eclipses occurs when the position of the earth,
moon and Venus is parallel. Venus planet will slowly disappear for a moment because it is covered the surface
of the Moon. Venus planet seems to move to the back side of the Moon.
The moon and planets are sharing a similar apparent path in the sky. That is why, it is not unusual for the
moon to appear to pass close to Venus. In fact, the moon appears somewhere near it about once a month.
(owever, most people don t see these events because they are visible in the evening sky only half the time,
and then only for a short period after sunset. The apparent closeness varies from month to month as well.
Source: beranda-jiwa.info and earthsky.org
How a cell phone works?
A cell phone is a great gadget in this modern world. What and How is a cell phone? A cell phone is actually
a radio in certain way. Like a radio, by a cell phone we can communicate to other people in real time. Million
people use cell phone for their communication. Even nowadays, people use cell phones to communicate in
voice, written and data. Alexander Graham Bell is the person who make great change in the way people
communicate to each other. He invented a telephone in 1876. While wireless radio was formally known in
18994 presented by Guglielmo Marconi. By these two technologies, then a cell phone was born. However do
you know how actually cell phones work?
This short explanation on how a cell phone work is really wonderful. A cell phone or in long term
"cellular telephone' works by transmitting signals of radio to towers of cellular. The towers are networked to
a central switching station. The connection usually uses wire, fiber optic-cables, or microwave.
Then the central switching station which handles calls in certain given area is directed connected to the wire-
based telephone system. Cellulars are pick up by the towers and relayed to another cellular telephone user or
the user of wire-based telephone network.
The towers vary in the capacity and capability to receive signals. Some can receive the signal from short
distance and the others can receive more distance. However, there are usually more than one tower in certain
given area so that the system can handle the increasing telephone traffic.

How Day and Night Happen
The sun seems to rise in the morning, crosses the sky during the day and sets at night. However the sun
does not actually move around the earth. Earth's turning on its axis makes it look as if the sun is moves.
The earth makes a complete turn on its axis for 24 hours. It is called as rotation. It causes day and night.
Also the earth moves around the sun. It takes 365 days or a year. This process is called revolution. The
revolution process causes the changes of the season
How Fuel Warning Light Works?
Many cars, motorcycles and other modern vehicles have fuel warning light devices. the warning light is
usually red which switches on automatically when the level of fuel in the tank is very low. The warning light
gives the driver information about the amount of petrol in the tank. When the light switches on red, it tells the
driver that the petrol in the tank is almost empty. Therefore he have to put more fuel into the tank. However
do you know how the fuel warning works?
Well this is the way the fuel warning light work and gives the driver information about the accurate
amount of the petrol in the tank. When the level of the fuel falls, the float inside the tank moves downwards.
When this condition happens, the arm also moves downwards and it make the lever touch an electrical
contact. This switches on the fuel light in the car dashboard.
The red light which appears in the fuel panel of the dashboard tells the driver that he needs more petrol
for his car. When he pours more petrol into the tank, this condition makes the fuel level rise and it pushes the
float upwards. In return it disconnects to the electrical contact and makes the red light switch off.
Tsunami
The term of tsunami comes from the Japanese which means harbor ("tsu") and wave ("nami"). A
tsunami is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or a sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale.
A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying
water. Such large vertical movements of the earth's crust can occur at plate boundaries.
Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunami, and occur where denser
oceanic plates slip under continental plates.
As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its equilibrium, it radiates
across the ocean like ripples on a pond.
Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge mass of water behind the
initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into the coastal area.
(simplified from www.panda.org)
Why is Bali Famous for Tourism Object?
One of the famous tourism spots in Indonesia is Bali island. Bali lays at the part east of Java. Thousand
domestic and foreign tourists visit Bali each month. Do you know why Bali island is so famous?
A lot of tourists like fresh natural environment. If that what they want, Bali is the best choice to visit. Bali
has beautiful landscape dominated with green luxurious terrace fields. Moreover Bali give fantastic view;
beautiful sunrise in Sanur and fascinating sunset in Kuta beach.
Beside the beautiful beach and panorama, domestic and foreign tourists also enjoy the Balinese local
genius arts such as; dances, puras, and temples. Most of these objects are amazing. Like many other tourism
objects, Bali also provide souvenir center which they can take home. Most Balinese people are artists. They
spend their time to apply skill and imagination through painting, carving dancing.
What make them more exposed is that most of them are English speaking people. That is why Bali is well-
known all over the world.
How a Plane Flies
Today, Everyone must see a plane flying. Even some of the people have flown with an airplane. Have you
ever thought why this heavy metal object can be lifted in the air? How can the airplane fly?
An airplane flies because it can generate a force. The force is scientifically called Lift. It normally moves
that heavy airplane upward. So, how does the Lift happen? Well. Lift occurs by the generating of the forward
motion of the airplane through the air. please note that this motion of the airplane is produced by what we
call the Thrust of the engines.

There are four forces which act on a flying airplane. They are Thrust, Lift , Drag and Weight. How do these
four forces work? When the Thrust which is produced by the engines is greater than the force of Drag which
is produced by the resistance of the air, the airplane will moves forward. When the forward motion is enough
to produce a force of Lift which is greater than the force of Weight, the airplane will moves upward.
How Earthquakes Happen?
Earthquake is one of the most destroying natural disasters. Unluckily it often happens in several regions.
Recently a horrible earthquake has shaken West Sumatra. It has brought great damages. Why did it occur? Do
you know how an earthquake happens?
Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden
release of energy causes the seismic waves. It make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates
are rubbing against each other, they stick a little. They don't just slide smoothly. The rocks are still pushing
against each other, but not moving. After a while, the rocks break because of all the pressure that's built up.
When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs.
During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start moving, and they continue to
move until they get stuck again. The spot underground where the rock breaks is called the focus of the
earthquake. The place right above the focus is called the epicenter of the earthquake.
Mainly taken from: www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/why.html
How Chocolate is Made?
Have we wondered how we get chocolate from? Well this time we will enter the amazing world of
chocolate so we can understand exactly how chocolate is made.
Chocolate is taken from a tree called cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in place
such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a small pine
apple. Inside the fruits are the tree's seeds. They are also known as coco beans.
Next, the beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun. After that they are shipped to the
chocolate makers. The chocolate makers work by roasting the beans to bring out the flavor. The beans from
different places have different qualities and flavor. So they are often sorted and blended to produce a
distinctive mix.
The next process is winnowing. The roasted beans are winnowed to remove the meat nib of the cacao
beans from the shell. Then the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to make liquid. The liquid is
called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter.
All seeds contain amount of fat and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fats.
They are pure bitter chocolates.
General statement : it is a statement which says about chocolate and how it is formed
Sequenced explanation : it is a series of explanation on how chocolate is formed before we eat. First, the chocolate is
coming from the cacao tree. Then it is fermented and ship to the chocolate producer. The
cacao bean then are roasted and winnowed.
How is a Kite Flying?
A kite is an object which is made from a light material stretched over a frame. Due to its light material a
kite will lift off the ground and fly when it is tilted into the wind.
A kite is uses wind to make it fly because it is heavier than air. When wind travels over the surface of the
kite, it is split into two streams of air. One stream of the air goes over the kite while the second stream goes
under the kite.
The upper stream creates an area of low pressure above the kite. The lower stream hits the kite at a
shallow angle and creates an area of high pressure.
The high pressure area has a pushing effect while the low pressure area has a pulling effect. The
combination of push and pull can creates enough force to lift the kite into the air.
Kites have been known for thousand of years. They are used for military or scientific purposes. Today's
kites are much used for leisure and competition.

 General Structure Analysis
General Statement : the introduction of the topic on with a brief definition on kites.
Sequenced Explanation : this is the main element of explanation text. It explain the important points of the kite. The
explanation of how kites fly is given in order.
Why Summer Daylight is Longer than Winter Daylight?
In the summer, the amount of daylight that we get is more than we get in winter. This is not because as
much people think we are closer to the sun but because of the tilt of the earth.
The earth is actually closer to the sun in winter than it is in summer but you would be forgiven for
thinking that this cannot be true after looking out of your window on a cold and frosty morning.
It seems strange that as the earth get closer to the sun during its orbit then the amount of daylight that
we get decrease. But that is the case. It is the tilt of the earth that determine the amount of daylight that we
get and so the length of time that for us the sun is above the horizon.
(Taken from: www.ictteachers.co.uk)
General statement : stating the phenomenon which daylight in summer is longer than in winter.
Explanation : it is the tilt of the earth that determines the amount of daylight not the distance of the earth
from the sun.
Focusing generic participant: daylight.
Using chronological connection: then, so, but.
Using passive voice: you would be forgiven.
Using present tense: the earth is actually closer to the sun.
Why Eiffel Tower was Built?
If we talk about the Wonders of the World buildings, then we will see Eiffel Tower as one of them.
However many of us do not know the tower s past history on why it was build. Everything has the reasonable
background, especially for the tower which is to be one of the most recognized buildings in the world.
Primarily, the Eiffel Tower was built for the World Exhibition. It was called Paris Exposition in 1889. The
exhibition was organized to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. The purpose of
building Eiffel Tower in such structure was to show to the world France s advancement of technology and
beauty. The Eiffel Tower was designed by Gustave Eiffel. It seemed that then the name of the tower was
derived from the designer s last name, Eiffel
Another reason on why the tower was built was for scientific progress. Although few realized it,
the Eiffel Tower would become the prominent structure in terms of science and technology. Many experiment
with temperature, pressure and pendulums were performed atop the unique famous building. Additionally
the Eiffel Tower was used for radio transmission tower. Many experiments were conducted atop
the Eiffel Tower for radio transmission advancement. Once the Eiffel Tower was proposed to be demolished
but it was spared because the tower had the promising future as a radio tower.
(Simplified from http://ezinearticles.com/)
General Statement : the introduction of the passage on why the Eiffel Tower was built.
Sequenced Explanation: this is the main element of explanation text. This explanation is explored to answer
the why or how question introduced in the general statement. From the example
above, the text was written to explain why, not how, the Eiffel Tower was built. Then
it elaborates the reasons. First is for the show case and the second is for scientific
and technological purposes.
How Roman Roads were Built?
The system of roads for mobility has been begun early decades. It was started since the Roman Empire
conquered the world. The roads in Roman era were known as the best construction.
The Romans built roads are for the purpose of mobility, especially for the army. Having the best road, the
army could march from one place to another. They built the roads as straight as possible, so that the army
could take the shortest route.

It is interesting to know how the roads were built, which some of them are still in use today. First, the
Romans builders would clear the ground of rocks and trees. Then they dug a trench where the road was to go
and filled it with big stones.
Next, they put in big stones, pebbles, cement and sand which they packed down to make a firm base. After
that, they added another layer of cement mixed with broken tiles. On top of that rough construction, then they
put paving stones to make the flat surface.
These stones were cut so that they fitted together tightly. As the finishing touch, kerb stones were put at
each sides of the road to hold in the paving stones. It was also used to make a channel for the water to run
away.
(Partly taken from: www.teachingideas.co.uk)
General Statement : From the example above, we point that the Roman road architect is the main
discussion, just seeing from the first sentences.
Sequenced Explanation : In the last paragraph, we clearly get the explanation on how formerly the Roman
Empire Roads were built step by step.
5. Review Texts
Zenni Optical
Eyeglasses will become more and more important. It is not only because for protecting our eyes from the
hot light but also for holding the trend. There are a lot of online sites which provides products of eyeglasses
but Zenni Optical was on FOX news! is just the perfect one.
If we visit the site, we will easily catch various information about eyeglasses. The site is quite simple but
very informative. It is real, easy and not complicated design. With quick loading this site will bring us quickly
in to what we want.
There is information about Variable Dimension Frames From Zenni. Titanium, aluminum and rimless
frame are available. The eyeglasses are designed for different users. Eyeglasses for children, woman and man
are available choice.
Again, what makes it different is this site gives the Great Eyeglasses For Less cost. The product can be
sold in cheap price because it has cut the marketing link. It straightly goes to the end user.
Choosing Web Hosting
Web site appears more important and it simply becomes the second home in virtual world. Surely it is
very reasonable to selectively choose web hosting company for building, managing and maintaining the web.
There are a lot of hosting companies. They provide several services to convince the customer and try to
represent as the best web hosting company. Actually customers will get benefit. Customers will have
alternatives to be chosen. Which one is the most suitable for them? There are some aspects which have to be
considered before choosing one.
Feature looks like to be the most considering aspect. Does the hosting company provide all features
which we need? Make a list of them then check whether they are available or not in the package. Compare the
volume or quality of the feature. It is reasonable or not.
Cheap price will be the favorite one. Everyone will like the cheap price. However it cannot be said that it
is cheap or expensive if there are not compared products referring to the feature and quality. For example try
to compare Hon Monster, Host Gator, Yahoo Host and other host companies.
Many things have to be known before choosing one but the included feature and offered price might be
the main aspects to be considered.
Guide to Japanese Pop Culture
Cassandra Morgan is a married woman. She has a kid. As other fixed family, she likes pets too. She does
not close herself to popular stuff; movie, game, electronical equipments, artist life, progressive music and
others. In fact she is a Japanese pop culture its self.
She has been building her website, The Geek Within. She has composed her reviews to various topics in
side pop culture. She presents them to be known that they are the recent life of Japanese. Music, interest,
digital equipments and accessories are found in her subject. She eagerly strengthens her website as another
side of medium for communication.

She has been familiar with various games. She writes about what she has known. What she writes in her
blog is short but effective. It just shows the way, walking through or not is up to the reader. She has a brave
heart to show what she has known but she has a willingness to accept any suggestion
When She Writes
Finding idea to write is sometime difficult enough. The most common things to be explored is owner's
experience. Daily activities, dream, obsession, thought are the value resource to write.
Young period is always interesting idea to be exposed. It always brings fresh and new energy. It is always
colorful but proud of its existence. Sometime it inspires other even the older.
She is productive and flamboyant. She is young and attractive. She writes her life, documents and shares
it to others. She likes to be known but she has her own. She is brave to say "it is I am".
Reading her site is finding teenager's spirit; colorful, curious, strong, flamboyant and easy going. She
deeply involves herself in her writing. I like the way she writes idea in her virtual diary and I enjoy reading it.
Why don't you read it? Visit her site! She likes to call herself glam baby! Then you will find full teenage ways.
Let's Write with Smorty
If you enjoy writing and you have a blog, Smorty will be advantageous for you. What and How is Smorty?
How does Smorty give benefit to blogger?
Smorty is one of the reliable paid service programs. It bridges bloggers to advertisers. Smorty provides
blogger a large opportunity to get paid for blogging. Bloggers write opinion referring to an advertising site
which is provided by Smorty.
If writing in a blog is an interest and you would like to make your blog for money, then it is the time think
about Smorty. You will be rewarded based on your own writing work in your own blog. Writing more means
more money. Of course, your posted articles have to acquire some Smorty's standard requirement. Otherwise
your articles will be rejected.
These are some requirements that blogger have to fulfill in posting opinions about advertising site in
their blog. The article must be unique. Blogger cannot cheat or duplicate other's blog content precisely in the
same way. If bloggers do it, Smorty will see and decline even ban that blog. Smorty pays much attention in
originality.
In addition, the posted articles have to include the anchor text beside some key word which Smorty has
given. The anchor text will directly drive to the advertiser site. This is the challenge for blogger to write and
arrange word by word for their articles look natural and genuine.
Well, if you need a challenge to post your blog and you want it to make money, Smorty is the fastest and
right choice.
Recommended Software Applications
Software application have grown to their density. A lot of softwares have been offered to us. They claim
that they are the best product. A buyer is really a king. He/she has so many choices to select which he/she
likes most. In one side, this phenomenon present us comparable software products but, in the other hands, it
make us complicated to choose.
Due to this complex phenomenon of consumer, a review site is necessary. It will be a recommending
bridge between consumer and producer. A good reviewer will place hes/her self in the middle arena. He/she
will not tend to specially software producer or absolutely consumer. He/she just presents the real description
of the product. He/she will observes to find the good and bad side of the product. In the last, he/she will
recommends whether the reviewed products deserve to choose or not. That is really helpful for consumer.
Synopsis of Gone Girl Gillian Flynn
Gone Girl is criminal story with dark suspense. Gone girl is written by Gillian Flynn. In her GONE GIRL
NOVEL, she writes a portrait of a hilarious terrifying marriage. From this synopsis of Gone Girl's Gillian Flynn,
we see that Gone Girl is a great crime novel. Read the following GONE GIRL GILLIAN FLYNN SYNOPSIS below!
On a warm summer morning in North Carthage, Missouri, it is Nick and Amy Dunne s fifth wedding
anniversary. Presents are being wrapped and reservations are being made when Nick s clever and beautiful
wife disappears from their rented McMansion on the Mississippi River. Husband-of-the-Year Nick isn t doing
himself any favors with cringe-worthy daydreams about the slope and shape of his wife s head, but passages
from Amy's diary reveal the alpha-girl perfectionist could have put anyone dangerously on edge. Under
mounting pressure from the police and the media—as well as Amy s fiercely doting parents—the town golden

boy parades an endless series of lies, deceits, and inappropriate behavior. Nick is oddly evasive, and he s
definitely bitter—but is he really a killer?
As the cops close in, every couple in town is soon wondering how well they know the one that they love.
With his twin sister, Margo, at his side, Nick stands by his innocence. Trouble is, if Nick didn t do it, where is
that beautiful wife? And what was in that silvery gift box hidden in the back of her bedroom closet? Gone Girl
by Gillian Flynn becomes one of best seller crime novel in various bookstores
Fifty Shades Trilogy: Best Book to Buy
Fifty shade trilogy is best seller book by EL. James. Formerly she was a TV executive. She is a wife and
mother of two based in West London. Since early childhood she dreamed of writing stories that readers
would fall in love with, but put those dreams on hold to focus on her family and her career. She finally plucked
up the courage to put pen to paper with her first novel, Fifty Shades of Grey.
Fifty Shades Trilogy contains three best seller novel. They are:
FIFTY SHADES OF GREY: When college student Anastasia Steele goes to interview young entrepreneur
Christian Grey, she encounters a man who is beautiful, brilliant, and intimidating. The unworldly Ana realizes
she wants this man, and Grey admits he wants her, too—but on his own terms. When the couple embarks on a
daring, passionately physical affair, Ana discovers Christian s secrets and explores her own desires.
FIFTY SHADES DARKER: Daunted by Christian s dark secrets and singular tastes, Ana has broken off their
relationship to start a new career. But desire for Christian still dominates her every waking thought. They
rekindle their searing sensual affair, and while Christian wrestles with his inner demons, Ana is forced to
make the most important decision of her life.
FIFTY SHADES FREED: Now, Ana and Christian have it all—love, passion, intimacy, wealth, and a world of
possibilities for their future. But Ana knows that loving her Fifty Shades will not be easy, and that being
together will pose challenges that neither of them would anticipate. Just when it seems that their strength
together will eclipse any obstacle, misfortune, malice, and fate conspire to turn Ana s deepest fears into
reality.
Enjoy your time by reading this best book Fifty Shades Trilogy.
Bad Credit Improvement
Some of us are fear of a problem with bad credit. What and How is bad credit? Bad credit is a given term
to someone who has a "difficulty" in payment for his loans. Lender considers him failing to pay. This
consideration makes credit rating poor. Bad credit phenomenon tends to spreads out among society. Actually
bad credit status is not as frightening as it was. With reliable resource and suitable effort, bad credit can be
improved.
In such situation, BadCreditOffers is helpful. It reveals some trusty sources. It informs some institutions
which provide bad credit loans and give the opportunity to make a better rating. It gives a comprehensive
analysis of the sites which offer loans and credit card for people with bad credit history. It helps them to take
the most suitable loans and credit for themselves.
This helpful site will gives a wide knowledge about credit card feature. It shows comparison of credit
card offers from trustful lenders with easy and simple application. It also presents source of car and home
loans for borrower with bad credit history. Or if the borrower needs a comprehensive source of quick and
easy fund, it is available. Besides that, it also provides advice and counseling about credit knowledge before
and after applying credit offers.
Online Shopping Software
Internet makes great impacts on the way we do something, including running business. Formerly,
business had to be physically conducted by face to face. Now days, it has changed. It may be conducted by
computer to computer. This way is then what we call electronic commerce, or in short e-commerce.
Since internet has spread and appeared trustful, many businessmen rely on it. They have ability to run
their business in easy way, flexible place and time. They can sell and buy good and service from others in any
scale, small or big business.
The e-commerce software which merchants and buyer possibly do transactions through internet is
shopping cart software. It is designed specially to run online store business. It helps merchants to manage
their store through internet; from any where, any time and any internet connection.

Commonly shopping cart software is completely supported with web optimization. It has been designed
to have top page rank in any search engine tool. Besides that, the facilities such; customer support, security
tool, fraud protection, web customization and handful operation will be included in a package of a good
shopping cart software.
Beneficial Shopping Cart
It is believed that electronic commerce will take its place in the future business. An easy applicable
shopping cart software covering all scales of business is necessary. Ashop sopping cart software is providing
that necessity. It helps online merchants to run business effectively and catch wider market easily.
What does Ashop shopping cart software cover?
 Setting up is easy even non web-experienced merchant can do. It needs no additional software to work.
 Inventory tool is complete. It provides product identification, status, discount,
 Display appearance is easy and flexible to be changed
 Covering all optional ways in payment
 Including delivering feature and tax calculation
 Optimizing web tool
 Presenting sales record
 Customer satisfactory oriented
What will online merchants get?
 Low costs. Setting up and running business can be by oneself.
 Efficient work. Database record everything
 Wider market. Internet catches world audience
 Quicker payment. Online transaction is faster than offline
 No day off. Business is not restricted timely
 Better chance to satisfy and catch loyal customers
Ashop Commerce shopping cart software presents internet more beneficial for merchants. It helps to
build and operate store in easier way.
2012 Film Review
2012 is Roland Emmerich's film which uses the Mayan calendar and other end-of-days prophecies for
their doomsday scenario. It imagines the world coming to an end in 2012.
2012 film brings off a series of wonders. The movie hits its peak early on. It starts when Cusack drives a
limo through the streets of Los Angeles as freeways and skyscrapers crumble all around him from the shock
of a 10.5 earthquake. The preposterous flying sequence is equally thrilling. The climax occurs aboard the
giant ark, when an equipment malfunction almost threatens the entire mission.
Unfortunately, the crucial sequence is not filmed or edited with the requisite clarity. In 2012 film,
Emmerich leaves us befuddled as to exactly what is happening to whom. However, Emmerich' 2012 deserves
credit for offbeat casting. Cusack supplies his trademark hangdog charm. McCarthy has perhaps his best role
ever as Peet's cocky. Danny Glover lends dignity to the role of the tormented president. Chiwetel Ejiofor, as
the chief scientist, brings a moving sense of anguish to a stock role. Platt has fun playing the villain of the
piece, and Woody Harrelson also chews the scenery as a bug-eyed radio prophet trying to warn his listeners
about Armageddon.
All in one, 2012's cinematography, production design and visual effects are awards-worthy. Music also
propels the movie. It presents American Idol runner-up, Adam Lambert, who provides a rousing anthem over
the end credits.
Source: www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/2012-film-review-1004041300.story
A Site from Reog Boy
It has been appearing. It calls its self gusblake. It is a site of a boy from Ponorogo. If you have not known
Ponorogo yet, it is one of regencies in East Java, Indonesia. Recently, this town has appeared as public issues
because Reog Ponorogo, one of its local genius traditional dances got on the stage in Malaysia as its icon. I am
not going to talk about this traditional culture. Instead of it, a site which has been built by a young boy with
with this local reog spirit has attracted me much.
This site is trying to attract to the world. With its physical design, it is simple but easily eyes catcher. Each
of the pages is divided into three columns with different size. The left wider column is for main content. The

central positioned column is seemingly designed for monetizing and SEO tools. The rest column which takes
place in the right side is taken place by archives, content summary and blogging community.
This site concentrates to several topics, namely health, information, tips, trick, thought, personal sharing,
technology, refreshing, travel and other topics. The author named Sofyan tries to present these topics
seriously but in nice way.
Good Young Mother
It is about a young mother. It has a title of yummy mummy. This blog is representative of her idea of
becoming young mother. He pours her thought and opinion on this blog in relating her position of a mother of
kid and a wife of a husband. Beside that, she is trying to monetizing it.
This blog has fresh physical appearance. She choose green border of her template. She is young therefore
she has to have a blog look fresh and energetic. She looks to have strong care to her baby that is why we find
her monthly calendar of feeding milk to her baby attaches on the header of the blog.
She is not only a good mother for her baby but also a good wife for her husband. She expresses it in her
post labeled wedding anniversary. It is a romantic scene. In the last she is monetizing this blog. It must help
her husband support financially the family. It is really a reference blog for every young mother and wife.
All about Ohio Sports
It is time for men speak. If previous post is about kid and mother, this post is about men and their
masculine stuff. Sport is always attracted us much. It shows power, strength, strategy, dedication and
commitment.
This site features Ohio State player and recruit interviews of football, basketball and National Football
League of America information completely with top pictures. It presents scores and improvement of player
and game. This site is useful resource for sport affiliates; player, spectator, commentator, journalist, coach
and others.
It also provides news area which a lot of up-to-date information about sport and things related to it.
Beside that, it also gives forum area where visitors have opportunity in interact with others. They can discuss
a hot news and topic. They can ask certain question while others give comment. If they maximally use these
facilities, they will be strongly connected and appear as solid community on sport.
Making Money Online
I read the description of this blog which has title The World is Yours Now and I straightly catch the point
that this blog is about how to make money online. I have read several such point blogs but this one is
different. This blog is strongly motivated reader that there is wide opportunity to make money online
especially through writing blog.
This blog gradually guides reader how to make money through blog fast and easily. There are ways to
make money by blogging. Bloggers can apply some pay per click program. They can write for some reviews in
their blogs and receive payment for their approval reviews. They can build massive affiliate program by
selling good and service of certain merchant and getting payment for what they sell.
This blog shows reader that the opportunity of making money is widely open. This blog tries to open the
reader's mind and show how to do to earn money by blogging. Certain content itself about buying Ferrari
represents simple example which readers can think and do suitably for their own to make money by blogging.
Good Translation
Translation is transferring not only words by word but also message to message. In certain case, it will be
quite difficult to make translation. (ow is to make good Arabic translation from English phrase of as white as
snow meanwhile there is no snow in Arabian?
The basic requirement of a good translator is mastering resource and target language with all non-
linguistic aspect. If he is an English translator and wants to make Hindi translation, he should understand well
the language and aspect of India. Similarly, if he works with Farsi translation, he has to be familiar with
linguistics and non-linguistics of Farsian.
However, translation providers can bridge that difficulty. The translation experts, such as India
translation will help to fix the problem. The experts who have grammatical, lexical, sociolinguistics
specialization will match in transferring the message from one language to another language.

Recording Mommy Journey
Life itself is a journey. For Rosemarie, a pretty young Filipino single mother for 2-year kid, the daily
activities are worthily documented. The site is her effort to record of what she did, does and will do daily.
The site consists of several topic; family, motherhood, shopping, money, love fashion and shopping. These
topics are close related to her own life. She is not only young but also pretty and she has a kid. These topics
will be useful to her. Rosemarie is also interested with making money, internet, business, computer, loan and
other interesting stuff. She is a widely knowledge mom.
The template design of her site is very girly, pink centered. She has arranged her site very attractive, fresh
and bright. Again, this physical appearing site must represent her personal mood because she is a young and
pretty mom. I like this site and you, young mothers, surely will like the site too.
Opera Mini Phone Browser
Opera has officially launched the best phone web browser world widely. I've been using it since last
summer.
Here are the things that separate Opera Mini out from other applications. Opera Mini is small and easy to
download and install. Beside that Opera has made the process simple by providing direct access to download,
no registration or multiple page view needed. Opera Mini's speed of downloading is incredible. It makes GPRS
seem a lot faster. It compresses and down-sizes of picture on the server but not every web page will looks
perfect. The header image on my blog doesn't show up.
I think Opera has done an amazing job. I expect huge things from this. I bet you could easily base a new
web-based business around this browser.
Opera Mini is just about the best browser I've ever seen on mobile phone.
(Simplified from: www.russellbeattie.com)
Introduction : the best browser on mobile phone has been launched wordwidely by Opera.
Evaluation : Opera Mini is easy to download, has an incridible speed but image of the page isn't perfect.
Interpretation : I think Opera has done an amazing job. A new web-based business could be easily based around this
browser.
Summary : Opera is the best browser on mobile phone.
Focusing on certain participant; I
Using evaluative adjective; best, perfect, easy, etc

NARRATION
1. Narrative Texts
MYTH
The Story of Watu Ulo Beach
Once upon a time, there was a skillful magical man named Aji Saka came to Medang Kamulan, a kingdom
in Java. There, he taught people many things, including magical spells. Accidentally, when he taught the spell,
a hen heard it. Actually, no one allowed sneaking and hearing because Aji Saka prohibited it. Because the hen
learned only halfway, she laid a very strange egg. It was bigger than before.
Just like usual, the hen brooded the egg. What happened next was shocking because the egg did not
contain a chicken but a dragon baby that could talk just like human. During the time, the dragon continuously
asked about his father. By people who lived in Medang Kamulan, the dragon was told that he must find and
ask Aji Saka. He obeyed it and met Aji Saka who then admitted that he was the father because her mother
overheard his lesson.
However, Aji Saka disallowed the dragon to go with him. He asked the dragon to meditate near the sea.
Year by year, the dragon meditated until he grown up. He turned to be a giant dragon. Because he had
meditated for so long, his body turned to be like wood. People who lived near the beach often cut it and used
it as firewood. Finally, his body turned into stone and people believed that the pieces of the dragon body are
still in the beach, which is now called as Watu Ulo. This is a beach in Jember, East Java.
Nyi Roro Kidul Mythology Story
Long time ago, there was a king named Munding Wangi who had a beautiful princess named Kadita.
Munding Wangi did not have a son, so he married with other woman, Dewi Mutiara, and finally got what he
had wanted. Unfortunately, Dewi Mutiara is not a type of good woman. He understood that Kadita had a
better position than his son. That was why Dewi Mutiara wanted to make her step daughter gone from the
kingdom.
Dewi Mutiara cursed Kadita with a powerful spell. Because of the curse, the princess got scab and puss on
her skin. Munding Wangi was pushed by his wife to exile the princess because it was embarrassing to have an
ugly disgusting princess. Kadita is a kind hearted girl. Though he knew that Dewi Mutiara was the creator of
her disease, but she did want to make revenge.
Kadita gone from the palace and she walked to the south. Finally, she found the Southern Sea. At the
beach, she heard a voice which asked her to throw her body right to the sea. Kadita obeyed the demand and
decided to swim into the sea. When her body touched the seawater, the disease was gone and she got her
beautiful face again. At the same time, she also got the power to rule the southern sea for the rest of her life.
Story of Batara Kala
Once there was an evil giant. He was called Batara Kala. He liked to kill people, especially children. His
hair was was made form fire. Everybody was frightened of him.
One day, The chief of gods, Batara Guru, invited all the gods and goddesses to drink sacred water in
Paradise. The water was called Tirta Amertasari. Anyone who drank the water, he or she would live forever.
Because Batara Kala was not invited, he secretly flew into Paradise and stole some of the water and drank it.
Unfortunately the god of Sun, Batara Surya, and the goddess of Moon, Batara Chandra, knew what he did.
They reported what Batara Kala had done to Batara Visnu, the keeper god of universe.
Batara Visnu took his weapon, Cakra, and shot it to Batara Kala. )t hit him on the neck. Batara Kala s body was
separated from head at once but his head was alive. He was very furious with Batara Surya and Batara
Chandra. He swore to take revenge on them.
The giant, Batara Kala, then chased Batara Surya and Batara Chandra. He swallowed them up.
Fortunately, Batara Surya and Batari Chandra could escape from Batara Kala s throat because he had no
longer his body.
The Story of Cindelaras
Long time ago, there live a handsome, clever, gallant young boy, named Cindelaras. He was not an
ordinary boy because he was also a prince. (e was born from the empress. Because of evil deed of king s
concubine, Cindelaras mother was forced to go from the palace and lived in the jungle.

One day, Cindelaras found an egg falling from flying eagle. He took it home and showed it to her mother.
They decided to let the egg hatch. The day they have waited come. The egg hatched and became a strong
rooster.
The rooster told Cindelaras that he was a prince, the son of King Raden Putra. He asked her mother about
it and found the real answer. During the time, the rooster fought briefly and became a champion among
villagers. The toughness of Cindelaras rooster was heard by the king and then invited him to the palace.
Cindelaras rooster fought with the king s rooster and win. After the fight, Cindelaras rooster cackled that
his owner is the king s son. The king was disbelieved. (e told Cindelaras to mention his mother. Cindelaras
told the real story that his mother was the empress who gone from the palace because of the wickedness of
the concubine. The story was supported by the governor.
Finally, Cindelaras and his mother brought back to the palace. The king also banished the concubine to
the jungle.
Orientation : Cinderalas and his mother liven in a jungle
Complication : Cindelaras found his true identity. He knew that he was a prince. He tried to take his right back. A
rooster helped him
Resolution : Cindelaras finally went to palace with his mother
 If the story is long enough, there will be two or three complications and resolutions. They are sub-parts of the
problem constituting the major complication and resolution. Most of this typical prince stories have good ending. The
main character succeeded and got what he should have.
The Myth Story of Green Lantern of St. Martin Island
In St. Martin Island, there was once lighthouse keeper who lived alone with his children. His wife had die
and he tried hard to raise his children well. The children must row a small dory everyday to attend school at
the mainland.
One day, sudden storm caught them until the dory overturned and the children drowned in the water.
None of the children s body was found.
The lighthouse keeper shattered. Every night, he searched the beaches using green lantern to find his
children. He did it until his last day.
Additional Note:
Some version of this myth story of Green Lantern of St. Martin Island stated that after the lighthouse keeper died,
some people testified that before a storm, they saw green lantern light in the beaches. Some people believe it was
the spirit of the lighthouse keeper keep searching for his children. The other believe that the dead lighthouse
keeper was finally met his children in the heaven but continuing guide the ships using his lantern so the sad story
of his poor children will not happen again to anyone.
Orientation : A light house keeper with his children
Complication : His children disappeared and he kept searching
Resolution : The lighthouse keeper passed his last day
The Myth of Dewi Sri
Once upon a time, Batara Guru commanded all the gods and goddesses to contribute their power in order
to build a new palace. Anybody who disobeyed this commandment were considered lazy and would lose their
arms and legs.
Hearing the Batara Guru's commandment, Naga god was very anxious because he didn't have arms or
legs. He might not be able do the job. So he asked advice from Batara Narada who was the younger brother
of Batara Guru. Unfortunately Narada was also confused. The Naga god became very upset.
While the Naga god was crying for his bad luck, three teardrops fell on the ground. Not long after that,
those teardrops became three beautiful shining eggs which looked like jewels. Then Batara Narada advised
him to offer those shining eggs to Batara Guru.
With the three eggs in his mouth, the Naga god went to the Batara Guru's palace. On the way, an eagle
asked him a question. Surely Naga god could not answer the question because he was holding the eggs in his
mouth. Seeing that, the bird thought that Naga god was arrogant and the bird attacked him.

Being attacked, one egg fell to earth. Then Naga god was hiding in the bushes but the bird was waiting for
him. The bird attacked for the second time and one egg fell again. So Naga god only had one egg in his mouth.
He kept moving to Batara Guru's palace.
Finally Naga god arrived at the palace. He offered the egg to the Batara Guru. And miraculously the egg
hatched became a very beautiful baby girl. Naga god gave the baby girl to the Batara Guru. The baby grew up
into a beautiful girl and later known for Dewi Sri.
Orientation : There were of participants in that story. They dragon god, Guru, God Narada and an eagle. They were
on time once.
Complication : Dragon god faced a problem Relating to Guru Commandment. Then he was in conflict with an eagle on
the way to the palace.
Resolution : Dragon god close the story by successfully offering an egg Guru roommates turned into a beautiful
girl.
FABLE
Frog and Ants Crossing the River
In a bright day, a group of ants walked to find foods for their colony. An ant named Cryo saw very
delicious bread across the river. The group is joyful but they wonder how to cross the river.
Gogi the frog saw the group and come closer. (i ants, you look troubled, what happen?
We saw a big crump over there but we don t know how to cross the river , Cryo answered.
Oh, ) can help you, just jump to my back , said Gogi.
The ants jumped on Gogi s back but all of a sudden, Gogi felt so ticklish and wiggle so the ants fell apart.
) m sorry, ) think it will not work , said Gogi. (e felt sorry for the ant and then, he got an idea. (e took a
leaf and put it on the water.
You all get on the leaf and ) will push you cross the river , said Gogi to the ants.
The ants followed Gogi instruction and they successfully cross the river. They took the bread; put it on
the leaf, and Gogi once again pushed the leaf back to where they were. The ants were very thankful to Gogi
that smile brightly.
The Rabbit and the Tiger
Once upon a time, there was a small rabbit trapped in a big hole in the middle of a jungle. He was
confused because there were no roots or branches that could be used for climbing. Suddenly, he heard a roar.
It was coming from the king of the jungle, which is the tiger. He realized that it could be the end of his life if
the tiger knew he was there.
However, the small rabbit was not stupid. He understood that the tiger was the only chance for him to get
out from the hole. Without a doubt, the small rabbit called the tiger loudly, (ey, tiger come here! Tiger
heard the calling and searched for it. The king of the jungle found a small rabbit in the bottom of a hole. Tiger
laughed because he thought that he would have a delicious easy meal that day.
Before the tiger jumped to the hole, the rabbit told him, Tiger, you can eat me but with one condition,
you must turn your back and counting from one to .
) want to take off my clothes, so you can eat my flesh easily, so do not look back , the rabbit added.
Without asking, the tiger did what rabbit asked. He turned his back, closed his eyes and counting. In that
position, his tail went down to the hole, near the rabbit s position. As soon as possible, the rabbit grabbed the
tail, jumped onto the tiger s back and then run as fast as he could. (e said to tiger, Thank you for helping me
out Tiger.
The Story Rabbit and Bear
Once upon a time, there lived a bear and a rabbit. The rabbit was a good shot. On the contrary, the bear
was always clumsy and could not use the arrow to shoot.
One day, the bear called over the rabbit and asked the rabbit to take his bow and arrows. Because he was
afraid to arouse the bear's anger, he did not refuse the challenge. He went with the bear and shot buffaloes.
He shot and killed so many that there were lots of meats left after.

However the bear did not make the rabbit get any of the meat. Even he could not taste it. The poor rabbit
went home hungrily after a day of hard work.
Fortunately, the youngest child of the bear was very kind to the rabbit. His mother bear always gave him
an extra large piece of meat but he did not eat it all. He took some outside with him and pretended to play ball
with the meat. He kicked the ball of meat toward the rabbit's house. The meat flew into the rabbit's house. In
this way, the hungry rabbit got his meal.
Story of Rabbit and Bear
Once upon a time, there lived as neighbors, a bear and a rabbit. The rabbit is a good shot. In contrary, the
bear is always clumsy ad could not use the arrow to good advantage.
One day, the bear called over the rabbit and asked the rabbit to take his bow and arrows and came with
bear to the other side of the hill. The rabbit was fearing to arouse the bear's anger so he could not refuse it. He
consented and went with the bear and shot enough buffalo to satisfy the hungry family. Indeed he shot and
killed so many that there was lots of meat left after the bear and his family had loaded themselves and packed
all they could carry home.
The bear was very gluttonous and did not want the rabbit to get any of the meat. Th e rabbit could not
even taste the blood from the butchering as the bear would throw earth on the blood and dry it up. The poor
rabbit would have to go home hungry after his hard day's work.
The bear was the father of five children. The youngest child was very kind to the rabbit. He was very
hearty eater. The mother bear always gave him an extra large piece of meat but the youngest child did not eat
it. He would take it outside with him and pretended to play ball with the meat. He kicked toward the rabbit's
house and when he got close to the door he would give the meat with such a great kick. The meat would fly
into the rabbit's house. In this way, the poor rabbit would get his meal unknown to the papa bear.
Story of Venus and the Cat
A Cat fell in love with a handsome young man, and begged the goddess Venus to change her into a
woman. Venus was very gracious about it, and changed her at once into a beautiful maiden, whom the young
man fell in love with at first sight and shortly afterwards married. One day Venus thought she would like to
see whether the Cat had changed her habits as well as her form; so she let a mouse run loose in the room
where they were. Forgetting everything, the young woman had no sooner seen the mouse than up she jumped
and was after it like a shot: at which the goddess was so disgusted that she changed her back again into a Cat.
Story of Cat and Birds
A Cat heard that the Birds in an aviary were ailing. So he got himself up as a doctor, and, taking with him a
set of the instruments proper to his profession, presented himself at the door, and inquired after the health of
the Birds. "We shall do very well," they replied, without letting him in, "when we've seen the last of you."
Story of Cat and Mice
There was once a house that was overrun with Mice. A Cat heard of this, and said to herself, "That's the
place for me," and off she went and took up her quarters in the house, and caught the Mice one by one and ate
them. At last the Mice could stand it no longer, and they determined to take to their holes and stay there.
"That's awkward," said the Cat to herself: "the only thing to do is to coax them out by a trick." So she
considered a while, and then climbed up the wall and let herself hang down by her hind legs from a peg, and
pretended to be dead. By and by a Mouse peeped out and saw the Cat hanging there. "Aha!" it cried, "you're
very clever, madam, no doubt: but you may turn yourself into a bag of meal hanging there, if you like, yet you
won't catch us coming anywhere near you."
Story of Cat and Cock
A Cat pounced on a Cock, and cast about for some good excuse for making a meal off him, for Cats don't as
a rule eat Cocks, and she knew she ought not to. At last she said, "You make a great nuisance of yourself at
night by crowing and keeping people awake: so I am going to make an end of you." But the Cock defended
himself by saying that he crowed in order that men might wake up and set about the day's work in good time,
and that they really couldn't very well do without him. "That may be," said the Cat, "but whether they can or
not, I'm not going without my dinner"; and she killed and ate him.
Story of Parrot and Cat
A Man once bought a Parrot and gave it the run of his house. It reveled in its liberty, and presently flew up
on to the mantelpiece and screamed away to its heart's content. The noise disturbed the Cat, who was asleep
on the hearthrug. Looking up at the intruder, she said, "Who may you be, and where have you come from?"

The Parrot replied, "Your master has just bought me and brought me home with him." "You impudent bird,"
said the Cat, "how dare you, a newcomer, make a noise like that? Why, I was born here, and have lived here all
my life, and yet, if I venture to mew, they throw things at me and chase me all over the place." "Look here,
mistress," said the Parrot, "you just hold your tongue. My voice they delight in; but yours—yours is a perfect
nuisance."
Story of Eagle, Cat, and Wild Sow
An Eagle built her nest at the top of a high tree; a Cat with her family occupied a hollow in the trunk half-
way down; and a Wild Sow and her young took up their quarters at the foot. They might have got on very well
as neighbors had it not been for the evil cunning of the Cat. Climbing up to the Eagle's nest she said to the
Eagle, "You and I are in the greatest possible danger. That dreadful creature, the Sow, who is always to be
seen grubbing away at the foot of the tree, means to uproot it, that she may devour your family and mine at
her ease." Having thus driven the Eagle almost out of her senses with terror, the Cat climbed down the tree,
and said to the Sow, "I must warn you against that dreadful bird, the Eagle. She is only waiting her chance to
fly down and carry off one of your little pigs when you take them out, to feed her brood with." She succeeded
in frightening the Sow as much as the Eagle. Then she returned to her hole in the trunk, from which, feigning
to be afraid, she never came forth by day. Only by night did she creep out unseen to procure food for her
kittens. The Eagle, meanwhile was afraid to stir from her nest, and the Sow dared not leave her home among
the roots: so that in time both they and their families perished of hunger, and their dead bodies supplied the
Cat with ample food for her growing family.
A Merchant and Golden Egg
In a village, there lived a cloth merchant with his family. The merchant family was indeed quite well-off.
The family had a hen that can lay an egg each day. The egg was not just an ordinary egg but it was a golden
egg. However, the husband was not satisfied with it because he always wants to get more and more.
One day, he planned something that could make the hen laid more than one eggs within a day. The plan
was to kill the hen and take all the golden eggs together.
The next day, when the hen laid the egg, the merchant caught hold of it. He took a sharp knife and
chopped off the neck of the hen. The hen dead and the merchant cut its body open. Unfortunately, he did not
find anything there, only blood. He was upset because now he would never get golden egg anymore.
(e felt sad because he remembered that his family s life was running smoothly when the hen lived and
laid one golden egg. But now, he felt that his life would be miserable. Because what he did, he and his family
must started to live differently from before the hen was slaughtered.
Unity is Strength - The Doves Story
Once upon a time, there was a group of doves flew led by their leader. They were searching for foods. One
day, they felt very tired because they had flown for a long time. The leader encouraged the group to keep
flying. One of the doves finally found some corn scattered beneath a tree. He told the group about it and they
landed there and began to eat.
Suddenly, a big net fell and they were trapped. A man was approaching with a huge bag in his hand. The
doves desperately flapped their wings. They were trying to get out from the net. The attempt was failed. The
leader had a good idea. He said that all doves must fly up together. He said to his group that they would have
strength to carry the net with them if they work together.
Each of the doves then picked a small part of the net. They flew together and carrying the net. The hunter
looked shocked and he tried to run after them. But, the doves were flying in a speed. They flew above the hill
and reached a temple where they found a mouse that helped them cut the net.
The story of Mouse Deer and Tiger
One day, there was a mouse deer. He was thirsty so he wanted to drink on the river.
When the mouse deer came next to the river, a tiger approached him and wanted to eat him. Of course
the mouse deer tried to escape, but the tiger run faster and caught him. In that dangerous situation the mouse
deer thought hard how to escape the tiger. Then he got idea and said to the tiger, "Listen! Your mightiness and
toughness are all great! But I have my own king. He has a greater strength than yours! I am sure that nobody
can match his powers!" Because the tiger felt taunted, he declared that he would challenge the mouse deer's
king.
Next the mouse deer lead the tiger to the river, and said, "Now Look at the water. You will see my king"
Foolishly the tiger looked in the river and surely saw another tiger in the water. Then he growled, but the

tiger in the river imitated to growl too. Because of his too high self pride, the tiger jumped into the water, and
wanted to fight. He was believing there was another tiger in the water.
The mouse deer took that opportunity to escape. After fighting with himself in the river, the tiger realized
that he was fooled by the mouse deer.
The story of Mouse Deer and Crocodile
Once upon time there were a smart mouse deer. He lived near a river. The mouse deer used to go to the
river to drink.
One day, the mouse deer was thirsty. He wanted to drink in the river but he knew that crocodiles were
staying and waiting underwater to eat him. (i thought hard and got bright idea. (e said out loudly. ) will put
in my leg and find out whether the water is warm or not Of course the mouse deer did not do what he said.
He did not put his leg but the mouse deer took a wood stick and put one end into the water. Blurrr…! Surely a
crocodile grabbed the wood stick and pulled it underwater. Seeing that, the mouse deer laughed and said
"Stupid crocodile! Can't you see the difference between a wood stick and a leg? Then the mouse deer ran to
another side of the river and drink some water.
On the following day, the mouse deer was hungry. He wanted to eat some grass on the side of the river so
he had to to cross the dangerous river which was full of crocodiles. Again he thought hard and found another
smart idea and said loudly Crocodiles come up! then some crocodiles rose from the water. They looked
happy and saw their sharp teeth and said (ello, Mouse Deer. Do you come to be my lunch? We are hungry
The mouse deer just smiled and replied. Sorry, Crocodiles, not today, ) come to you to bring an invitation
from the king. You are invited to the party. The king ordered me to count all crocodiles in this river so he
knew how to prepare enough meal for you.
All the crocodiles felt happy and said Really…? Tell us what to do, said a crocodile. You have to line up
from this side of the river to the other side, said the mouse deer. Not long after that the crocodile got all his
friends and family. (e ordered to lined up across the river. the mouse deer then jumped on the Crocodile s
back. One, the mouse deer counted. (e jumped onto the next crocodile, Two. And he jumped again on the
next crocodile, Three. he kept jumping until he arrived on the other side of the river. Just enough, said the
mouse deer. "I have counted all of you" He laughed and ran to the field of grass.
Source ://studyenglish-guide.blogspot.com/2010/09/mouse-deer-and-crocodiles.html
5 Fable Stories about Fox
1. THE BEAR AND THE FOX
A Bear was once bragging about his generous feelings, and saying how refined he was compared with other
animals.
A Fox, who heard him talking in this strain, smiled and said, "My friend, when you are hungry, I only wish you
_would_ confine your attention to the dead and leave the living alone."
2. THE LION, THE BEAR, AND THE FOX
A Lion and a Bear were fighting for possession of a kid, which they had both seized at the same moment. The
battle was long and fierce, and at length both of them were exhausted, and lay upon the ground severely
wounded and gasping for breath. A Fox had all the time been prowling round and watching the fight: and
when he saw the combatants lying there too weak to move, he slipped in and seized the kid, and ran off with
it. They looked on helplessly, and one said to the other, "Here we've been mauling each other all this while,
and no one the better for it except the Fox!"
3. THE LION, THE MOUSE, AND THE FOX
A Lion was lying asleep at the mouth of his den when a Mouse ran over his back and tickled him so that he
woke up with a start and began looking about everywhere to see what it was that had disturbed him.
A Fox, who was looking on, thought he would have a joke at the expense of the Lion; so he said, "Well, this is
the first time I've seen a Lion afraid of a Mouse." "Afraid of a Mouse?" said the Lion testily: "not I! It's his bad
manners I can't stand."
4. THE WOLF, THE FOX, AND THE APE
A Wolf charged a Fox with theft, which he denied, and the case was brought before an Ape to be tried. When
he had heard the evidence on both sides, the Ape gave judgment as follows: "I do not think," he said, "that you,
O Wolf, ever lost what you claim; but all the same I believe that you, Fox, are guilty of the theft, in spite of all
your denials."
5. THE FARMER AND THE FOX

A Farmer was greatly annoyed by a Fox, which came prowling about his yard at night and carried off his
fowls.
So he set a trap for him and caught him; and in order to be revenged upon him, he tied a bunch of tow to his
tail and set fire to it and let him go. As ill-luck would have it, however, the Fox made straight for the fields
where the corn was standing ripe and ready for cutting. It quickly caught fire and was all burnt up, and the
Farmer lost all his harvest.
The Story of Mouse Deer and Elephant
One day, there was a mouse deer. He was trapped in a hole that had been made by a group of hunters.
The mouse deer screamed for help but no one heard him. It was hopeless for him to escape from the trap. He
waited and waited and finally an elephant came. He was happy and asked for help but the elephant was not
smart enough to help him. The elephant did not know how to do. In the end, the mouse deer got a bright idea.
He said to the elephant, "Come down here! Come down to this hole so you can help me get out!" Foolishly the
elephant agreed and followed the mouse deer's order. The elephant jumped down to the hole. Of course the
mouse deer quickly hopped on the elephant's body and then hopped out of the hole. He was free and leaving
the elephant trapped in the hole in turn.
Orientation : Introduction figure when and where the story. In the story of the deer and elephants above, clearly
stated that the orientation is the deer itself and an elephant in once time.
Complication : Conflicts or problems. The basic concept desire problems are nothing like reality. The deer wanted to
get out of the trap but could not. Even the elephant did not know how to help the deer.
Resolution : In the end, with a little trickery, the deer can get out of the trap while the elephant helper got trapped
on its own.
 Moral Value
Each of us must strive to do good. Helping is a commendable attitude. However, having the attitude and good intentions
are not enough. We must also smart.
The Story of Mouse Deer and Farmer
Once there were a mouse deer and a farmer. The farmer planted cucumber in his farm. In the same time
the mouse deer was trying to steal the cucumbers.
One day, when the mouse deer wanted to steal the cucumber, he saw a scarecrow int the farmer's field.
He was frightened in the first time but soon found that the scarecrow could not scare off him. Even he
punched the scarecrow with his front leg. Unluckily his front leg got stuck in the scarecrow because the
farmer had filled it with strong adhesive glue.
The mouse deer forcefully tried to pull out his leg, but it did not work. The glue was too strong for him to
set free. Not long after that, the farmer came. The farmer was satisfied to his work. The mouse deer was
finally trapped. Then the farmer put the mouse deer in a cage.
The mouse deer was really in a big trouble as the farmer's dog came approaching him. The dog said that
the mouse deer would be cut and cooked for the following morning. In such dangerous situation, the mouse
deer kept calm even relaxed. Of course it made the dog confused and asked the mouse deer why he was not
scared. So the mouse deer answered," I'll not be cooked but I'll be a prince" Hearing the answer, the dog
became more confused then the mouse deer continued. "I'm going to marry the farmer's daughter so I'm
going to be a prince. I am sad about you. You have loyalties but they are paid just like this" The mouse deer
knew that the dog felt unhappy and continued proudly, "Now, look at me! I'll become a prince in this house
tomorrow"
The dog felt discriminated and asked the mouse deer to switch place. The dog thought that by switching
place with the mouse deer in the cage, he would become a prince. The mouse deer agreed. Soon the dog
opened the cage and let the mouse deer free.
Orientation : The mouse deer and farmer in once time
Complication : The mouse deer struggles to set free form the escrow. Then how the mouse deer convinces the
farmer's dog to switch place in the cage
Resolution : The mouse deer gets free from the cage
The Story of Hare and Tortoise
There was once an arrogant hare who wanted to prove that he was better than everybody else, so he
chose the slowest animal in the county, the tortoise, and invited him to a five mile race.

The tortoise accepted his challenge and trained hard for the event, while the hare walked around
boasting that he was going to humiliate the tortoise and make him look stupid.
The day of the race dawned. The tortoise set off at a slow and steady pace, while the hare was dancing
around laughing at him; other animals were laughing too, including the rabbit, the badger, and even the little
hedgehog.
The hare became exhausted from all his dancing around, so he decided to have a nap. When he awoke, he
realised that a few hours had passed and the tortoise was nowhere to be seen. The hare panicked and ran the
whole course as fast as he could, which was very fast indeed.
As he reached the top of the final hill, he could see the finish line in the distance, with the tortoise walking
slowly across it, the victor.
Orientation : It clearly states that the participants are the hare and the tortoise who live in once time.
Complication : From the second, third, and forth paragraphs, we see that the major complication is set by the
arrogant hare. In the first scene, hare and his supporters tried to humiliate tortoise while in the same
time the tortoise was practicing hard. Because hare thought it was safe, he took a nap, but that was his
big mistake.
Resolution : The story of hare and tortoise is closed with the scene of tortoise winning the race. It was a bed and
sad ending for hare but it was the victory of tortoise.
 Moral Value
What we can catch for above narrative text in the story of hare and tortoise is that we feel entertained with the fable
story, animals do like we do. The second thing we get the point is that "fast" is not always winning but "slow" and steady
is winning in the end.
The story of a Mouse and a Frog
Once, there was a mouse which made of close friendship with a frog.
One day, the frog said to the mouse; "Let's bind ourselves together with a string so that we may never get
separated". The mouse agreed. Both tied themselves together leg to leg. It went quite well on land. When they
came to a small pool, it was a tragic for the mouse.
In the end, the frog kept swimming across the small pool dragging the mouse with him. Soon, the mouse
drowned and floated on the surface of the pool.
Orientation : The frog and the mouse were in once time
Complication : They wanted to make "true friendship". They didn't want to be separated so they tied together
Resolution : The mouse had to pay for their "true friendship" he was drowning and floating on the pool
The Ugly Duckling
One upon time, a mother duck sat on her eggs. She felt tired of sitting on them. She just wished the eggs
would break out.
Several days later, she got her wish. The eggs cracked and some cute little ducklings appeared. "Peep,
peep" the little ducklings cried. "Quack, quack" their mother greeted in return.
However the largest egg had not cracked. The mother duck sat on it for several days. Finally, it cracked
and a huge ugly duckling waddled out. The mother duck looked at him in surprise. He was so big and very
gray. He didn't look like the others at all. He was like a turkey
When the mother duck brought the children to the pond for their first swimming lesson. The huge grey
duckling splashed and paddled about just as nicely as the other ducklings did.
"That is not a turkey chick. He is my very own son and quite handsome" the mother said proudly.
However, the other animals didn't agree. They hissed and made fun of him day by day. Even his own
sisters and brothers were very unkind. "You are very ugly" they quacked.
The little poor duckling was very unhappy. "I wish I looked like them" he thought to himself. One day, the
ugly duckling run away and hid in the bushes. The sad duckling lived alone through the cold and snow winter.
Finally the spring flowers began to bloom. While he was swimming in the pond, he saw three large white
swans swimming toward him. "Oh, dear. these beautiful birds will laugh and peck me too" he said to himself.
But the swans did not attack him. Instead, they swam around him and stroked him with their bills. As the ugly
duckling bent his neck to speak to them, he saw his reflection in the water. He could not believe his eyes. "I
am not an ugly duckling but a beautiful swam" he exclaimed.

He was very happy. From that day on, he swam and played with his new friends and was happier than he
had never been.
Orientation : It introduces the participants which involve in the story of the Ugly Duckling. They are duck mother,
Ugly duckling, duckling's sister, and the swan.
Complication : It brings the rising conflict. In a long story, the complication should be minors and a major. In this
story of ugly duckling, the major complication is that the new born duck is different form other little
ducks. The difference makes him get bad treatment from others animals. As results, he is sad, unhappy
and finally runs away.
Resolution : It comes to a solution for the complication. In narrative texts, a resolution can be happy ending or sad
ending. In this story of the Ugly duckling, the resolution is happy one. He gets new friends who do not
treat him badly.
The Fox and The Crow
A Crow was sitting on a branch of a tree with a piece of cheese in her beak when a Fox observed her and
set his wits to work to discover some way of getting the cheese. Coming and standing under the tree he
looked up and said, "What a noble bird I see above me! Her beauty is without equal, the hue of her plumage
exquisite. If only her voice is as sweet as her looks are fair, she ought without doubt to be Queen of the Birds. "
The Crow was hugely flattered by this, and just to show the Fox that she could sing she Gave a loud caw.
Down Came the cheese, of course, and the Fox, snatching it up.
Orientation : A crow and a fox were in branch of tree
Complication : The fox wanted to get the crow's cheese
Resolution : The cheese fall down and taken by the fox
The Fox and The Monkey
A Fox and a Monkey were on the road together, and fell into a dispute as to the which of the two was the
better born. They kept it up for some time, till they Came to a place where the road passed through a
cemetery full of monuments, when the Monkey stopped and looked about him and Gave a great sigh. "Why do
you sigh?" said the Fox. The Monkey pointed to the tombs and Replied, "All the monuments that you see here
were put up in honor of my forefathers, who in their day were eminent men." The Fox was speechless for a
moment, but quickly intervening recovering he said, "Oh! Do not stop at any lie, sir; you're quite safe: I'm sure
none of your ancestors will rise up and expose you."
Orientation : A fox and a monkey were on the road together
Complication : The monkey felt very frightened
Resolution : The fox encourage the monkey
The Fox, The Dog, and The Cock
A Dog and a Cock Became great friends, and agreed to travel together. At nightfall the Cock flew up into
the branches of a tree to roost, while the Dog curled himself up inside the trunk, which was hollow. At the
break of day the Cock crew woke up and, as usual. A Fox Heard, and, wishing to make a breakfast of him,
Came and Stood under the tree and begged him to come down. "I should so like," he said, 'to make the
acquaintance of one who has such a beautiful voice. " The Cock Replied, "Would you just wake my porter who
sleeps at the foot of the tree? He'll open the door and let you in." The Fox accordingly rapped on the trunk,
when out rushed the Dog and tore him in pieces.
Orientation : A dog and a cock became friend
Complication : A fox wanted to eat them
Resolution : The dog and cock were safe
The Fox and The Goat
A Fox fell into a well and was Unable to get out again. By and by a thirsty Goat Came by, and seeing the
Fox in the well asked him if the water was good. "Good?" said the Fox, "it's the best water I've ever tasted in
all my life. Come down and try it yourself." The Goat thought of nothing but the prospect of quenching his
thirst, and Jumped in at once. When he had had enough to drink, he looked about, like the Fox, for some way
of getting out, but could find none. Presently the Fox said, "I have an idea. You stand on your hind legs, and
plant your forelegs firmly against the side of the well, and then I'll climb on to your back, and, from there, by
stepping on your horns, I can get out. And when I'm out, I'll help you out too. " The Goat did as he was
requested, and the Fox climbed on to his back and so out of the well; and then he coolly walked away. The
Goat called loudly after him and reminded him of his promise to help him out: but the Fox Merely turned and

said, "If you had as much sense in your head as you have hair in your beard you would not have got into the
Certain well without making that you could get out again."
Orientation : A fox and a goat meet in unpredictable situation
Complication : The fox was trapped in a well and could not go out
Resolution : The goat helped the fox but he himself was in trouble in return
The Fox without Tail
A fox once fell into a trap, and after a struggle managed to get free, but with the loss of his brush. He was
then so much ashamed of his appearance that he thought life was not worth living UNLESS he could persuade
the other foxes to part with Reviews their tails Also, Thus and divert attention from his own loss. So he called
a meeting of all the Foxes, and advised them to cut off Reviews their tails: "They're ugly things anyhow," he
said, "and besides they're heavy, and it's tiresome to be always carrying them about with you . " But one of the
other Foxes said, "My friend, if you had not lost your own tail, you would not be so keen on getting us to cut
off ours."
Orientation : A fox was with no tail
Complication : The fox was very shamed with such physical condition
Resolution : Some foxes supported him
The Fox and The Wild Boar
A Wild Boar was engaged in whetting his tusks upon the trunk of a tree in the forest when a Fox Came by
and, seeing what he was at, said to him, "Why are you doing that? The huntsmen are not out to-day , and there
are no other Dangers at hand that I can see. " "True, my friend," Replied the Boar, "but the instant my life is in
danger I shall need to use my tusks. There'll be no time to sharpen them then."
Orientation : A wild boar and a fox met
Complication : The fox discourage the boar not to sharpen the tusk
Resolution : The boar gave arguments to the fox
Farmer, Bufallo and Tiger
Once there was a farmer from Laos. Every morning and every evening, he ploughed his field with his
buffalo.
One day, a tiger saw the farmer and his buffalo working in the field. The tiger was very surprised to see a
big animal listening to a small animal. The tiger wanted to know more about the big animal and the small
animal.
After the man went home, the tiger spoke to the buffalo, you are so big and strong. Why do you do
everything the man tells you? The buffalo answered, oh, the man is very intelligent . The tiger asked; can
you tell me how intelligent he is? . No, ) can t tell you , said the buffalo; but you can ask him
So the next day the tiger asked to the man, Can ) see your intelligence? . But the man answered, it at
home . Can you go and get it? asked the tiger. Yes said the man, but ) am afraid you will kill my buffalo
when ) am gone. Can ) tie you to a tree?
After the man tied the tiger to the tree, he didn t go home to get his intelligence. (e took his plough and
hit the tiger. Then he said, Now you know about my intelligence even you haven t seen it.
Orientation : introducing specific participants; farmer and his buffalo, once in Laos
Complication : revealing a series of crisis: the tiger wanted to know more about the farmer and the buffalo, the tiger
wanted to know about the farmer s intelligence.
Resolution : the crisis is resolve: the farmer hit the tiger
o Using saying verb; answered
o Using thinking verb; saw, was surprised to
o Using action verb; tie, hit
o Using time conjunction; once, one day
o Using connectives; after, the next day
o Using past tense; there was a farmer, the man tied the tiger.

The Fox and The Lion
A fox who had never seen a Lion one day met one, and was so Terrified at the sight of him that he was
ready to die with fear. After a time he met him again, and was still rather frightened, but not nearly so much
as he had been when he first met him. But when he saw him for the third time he was so far from being afraid
that he went up to him and Began to talk to him as if he had known him all his life.
Orientation : A fox met a lion
Complication : The fox manage himself not to feel fear meeting the lion
Resolution : The fox did not feel fear in the third chance
The Thirsty Crow
On a hot day, a thirsty crow flew over a field looking for water. For a long time, she could not find any. She
left very exhausted. She almost gave up.
Suddenly, she saw water jug below her. She flew straight down to see if there was any water inside. It was
surprised because there was some water inside the jug. The crow tried to push her head into the jug. Sadly
she found that the neck of the jug was too narrow. Then she tried to push the jug down for the water to flow
out but she found that the jug was too heavy.
The crow thought hard for a while. Then she was looking around. She saw some pebbles. She suddenly
had a good idea. She started picking up the pebbles one by one, dropping it into the jug. As more and more
pebbles filled the jug, the water level kept rising. Soon it was high enough for the crow to drink. )t s working
she said.
Orientation : introducing specific participants; a crow
Complication : revealing a series of crisis: the thirsty crow found some water inside the jug but she could not find the
way to drink it
Resolution : the crisis is resolve: the crow found the way to drink water from the jug by filling the jug with some
pebbles.
o Using saying verb; said
o Using thinking verb; thought
o Using action verb; flew
o Using time conjunction; on a hot day
o Using connectives; then, suddenly, then, soon
o Using past tense; the crow thought hard
The Monkeys and The Cap Seller
Once, a cap seller was passing through a jungle. He was very tired and needed to rest. Then, he stopped
and spread a cloth under a tree. He placed his bag full of caps near him and lay down with his cap on his head.
The cap seller had a sound sleep for one hour. When he got up, the first thing he did was to look into his bag.
He was startled when he found all his caps were not there.
When he looked up the sky, he was very surprised to see monkeys sitting on the branches of a tree, each
of the monkeys is wearing a cap of on its head. They had evidently done it to imitate him
He decided to get his caps back by making a humble request to the monkeys. In return, the monkeys only
made faces of him. When he begun to make gesture, the monkeys also imitated him.
At last he found a clever idea. " Monkeys are a great imitator," he thought. So he took off his own cap and
threw it down on the ground. And as he had expected, all the monkeys took off the caps and threw the caps
down on the ground. Quickly, he stood up and collected the caps, put them back into his bag and went away.
Orientation : The cap seller as the participant (main character), once time as time setting, and in the jungle as place
setting. We note from discussion that the elements of orientation is shortly answering who, when and
where of the story.
Complication : The cap seller wants the monkeys to bring back his caps but the monkeys do not return them. Of
course this makes the cap seller face a problem. Complication in a narrative text is not always in single
problem. That is we know a major conflict and minor conflict.
Resolution : The cap seller gets the monkey to bring back the cap by acting of throwing his own cap. The monkeys
imitate what he has done so the problem is is solved. This story has happy ending as the cap seller has
his caps returned.

LOVE STORY
Romeo and Juliet Tragic and Romantic Story
There lived two families, the Capulets and the Montagues. They engaged in a bitter feud. Among the
Montagues was Romeo, a hot-blooded young man with an eye for the ladies. One day, Romeo attended the
feast of the Capulets', a costume party where he expected to meet his love, Rosaline, a haughty beauty from a
well-to-do family. Once there, however, Romeo's eyes felt upon Juliet, and he thought of Rosaline no more.
The vision of Juliet had been invading his every thought. Unable to sleep, Romeo returned late that night
to the Juliet's bedroom window. There, he was surprised to find Juliet on the balcony, professing her love for
him and wishing that he were not a "Montague", a name behind his own. "What's in a name? That which we
call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet." Romeo was ready to deny his name and professed his
love. The two agreed to meet at nine o-clock the next morning to be married.
Early the next morning, Romeo came to Friar Lawrence begging the friar to marry him to Juliet. The Friar
performed the ceremony, praying that the union might someday put an end to the feud between the two
families. He advised Romeo kept the marriage a secret for a time.
On the way home, Romeo chanced upon his friend Mercutio arguing with Tybalt, a member of the Capulet
clan. That qurreling last caused Merquito died. Romeo was reluctant no longer. He drew his sword and slew
Tybalt died. Romeo realized he had made a terrible mistake. Then Friar Lawrence advised Romeo to travel to
Mantua until things cool down. He promised to inform Juliet.
In the other hand, Juliet's father had decided the time for her to marry with Paris. Juliet consulted Friar
Lawrence and made a plot to take a sleeping potion for Juliet which would simulate death for three days. The
plot proceeded according to the plan. Juliet was sleeping in death.
Unfortunately, The Friar's letter failed to reach Romeo. Under the cover of darkness, he broke into Juliet's
tomb. Romeo kissed the lips of his Juliet one last time and drank the poison. Meanwhile, the effects of the
sleeping potion wear off. Juliet woke up calling for Romeo. She found her love next to her but was lying dead,
with a cup of poison in his hand. She tried to kiss the poison from his lips, but failed. Then Juliet put out his
dagger and plunged it into her breast. She died
Love Story of Antony and Cleopatra
Mark Antony became one of the three rulers of the Roman Empire, together with Octavius Caesar and
Lepidus, and was responsible for the eastern part of the empire. He fell in love with Cleopatra, the Queen of
Egypt.
As his wife had just died Antony married Octavius sister, Octavia, in an attempt to heal the rift between
the two emperors. When Cleopatra heard about Antony s marriage she flew into a jealous rage as she knew
that Antony did not love Octavia. Antony went to Athens when war broke out between Caesar and Pompey,
Antony sent Octavia back to Rome and he returned to Egypt.
Caesar was very angry with Antony s behaviour and he declared war on both Antony and Cleopatra.
When the Romans arrived, Antony was offered a choice of how to fight. He chose to fight on sea. The Egyptian
navy was inadequate. When Cleopatra s navy turned and fled, Antony followed them. Caesar defeated him.
Antony got news that Cleopatra was dead. Antony was devastated and decided to kill himself. He
wounded himself without dying. (is followers took him to Cleopatra s tomb, where he died in her arms.
Source: www.nosweatshakespeare.com/play-summary/antony-cleopatra/
Love Story of Naruto and Hinata
Naruto was walking alone in the Konoha village, he saw Hinata and waved to her. Fortunately
Hinata turned around and walked over to him.
"Hey, Hinata, would you like to take a walk with me?" Naruto asked smilingly but Hinata blushed and
looked down, quiet for a second. "Hm? What's wrong?" Naruto ask looking at her. "Oh! Um nothing Naruto
kun. I... I love to.. walk with with you." Hinata said shyly.
Naruto placed his hands behind his head and smiled. Hinata walked by him as the two were silent for a
moment. "Hinata, why are you so quiet all the time?" Naruto broke the silent. Hinata didnt answer, then
hesitated, "....I.... I've... always... been... that way." She said softly.
"I see. You need to talk more-- how am I supposed to know more about you, if you don't talk. You're
always acting weird around me." Naruto pointed out. Hinata looked at him shyly then looked down looking
ashamed. "S.......sorry. I--"

"Hm?" Naruto replied not opening his mouth.
"I..... I l--li.....like y.. you!" She said finally committing her feelings. Her face blushed a deep red. Naruto
stopped walking. He didn't know what to say. Silence took off the moment. Tears filled in Hinata's eyes "S-
sorry!" She said in a quiet tone as she took off running, ashamed. Tears flew from her eyes as she ran passed.
Naruto ran after her. But Hinata ran fast. Suddenly She tripped on a tree stump. Her face implanted in the
dirt, as her hands clenched the grass and dirt. She sobbed quietly. Naruto finally caught up to her. He
crouched down, placed his hand, shaking on Hinatas shoulder.
"Hinata... do... do you really like me?" He asked in his quiet tone. Under her muffled crying voice, Hinata
answered, "y...yes..." Naruto didn't answer for a moment, then he replied, "Well... I have...feelings for you too....
I like you, Hinata"
Source: quizilla.teennick.com/stories/4743668/hinata-and-naruto-mini-story
Let Me Love You
Once upon a time, there was once a guy who was very much in love with this girl. This romantic guy
folded 1,000 pieces of papercranes as a gift to his girl. Although, at that time he was just a small executive in
his company, his future doesn't seem too bright, they were very happy together. Until one day, his girl told
him she was going to Paris and will never come back.She also told him that she cannot visualize any future for
the both of them, so let's go their own ways there and then... heartbroken, the guy agreed.
When he regained his confidence, he worked hard day and night, just to make something out of himself.
Finally with all these hard work and with the help of friends, this guy had set up his own company...
"You never fail until you stop trying." he always told himself. "I must make it in life!" One rainy day, while
this guy was driving, he saw an elderly couple sharing an umbrella in the rain walking to some destination.
Even with the umbrella, they were still drenched. It didn't take him long to realize those were his ex-
girlfriend's parents. With a heart in getting back at them, he drove slowly beside the couple, wanting them to
spot him in his luxury saloon. He wanted them to know that he wasn't the same anymore, he had his own
company, car, condo, etc. He had made it in life!
Before the guy can realize, the couple was walking towards a cemetery, and he got out of his car and
followed them...and he saw his exgirlfriend, a photograph of her smiling sweetly as ever at him from her
tombstone... and he saw his precious papercranes in a bottle placed beside her tomb. Her parents saw him.He
walked over and asked them why this had happened. They explained that she did not leave for France at all.
She was stricken ill with cancer. In her heart, she had believed that he will make it someday, but she did not
want her illness to be his obstacle ... therefore she had chosen to leave him.
She had wanted her parents to put his papercranes beside her, because, if the day comes when fate brings
him to her again he can take some of those back with him. The guy just wept.
*With Text Analysis*
Sad Love Story of Tom and Angela
In a narrow, quiet street of old apartment buildings, Tom walked along the pavement, looking at the
numbers on the doors, Angela's house.
There was only one street light and it was difficult to see but finally he found Angela's address. the
building had a large glass door. Tom pushed it but it was locked. There was no bell. He knocked on the door
but nothing happened. He knocked again, louder this time, and listened. Silence. "How can be!" he thought. He
was impatient now and worried.
Then he stood back in the middle of the street and looked up. There were five floors and all the windows
were black. There was no light anywhere. "Why is this apartment so dark and silence? Tom thought hard.
In the end Tom just kept standing in that street looking up at the dark and silence building. "Angela" he
said quietly to himself, "Angela, where are you now?"
 Generic structure Analysis
Orientation : The paragraph became an introduction to the reader. In the text above, the first paragraph has been
informing to the reader THAT an actor - TOM was looking for someone who named Angel. This
happened in a narrow street on apartment buildings that are old.
Complication : Paragraphs that show the problems being faced by the offender story. In the above example of
narrative text, found the problem which constraints to meet with the person sought. Her home has
been found with difficulty but it seems people are looking for is not in it.

Resolution : Paragraph story that shows how the perpetrator to resolve the problem. As in the previous discussion
that the resolution could be a happy ending or a sad ending. In the example above the short narrative
text, as the resolution is bad sad ending story in which actors appear deadlocked in facing the problem.
LEGEND
Story Behind How Animals Got Their Appearance
Long time ago, animals were very different from how they appear today. Some animals were taller, some
were thinner and some even had more legs than they have today. However, everything was boring and
peaceful at the time until a red dragon saying that the world is going to end. Lion and chicken who had ever
heard such issue before disbelieved.
The red dragon convinced both animals and said that the world is coming to an end within few days.
Other animals who heard the issue asked the dragon where he found the information. Red dragon said that he
had been told by a witch that the world is too old and would going to an end.
A rhino then asked to the dragon about what shall they do next. Red dragon said that all animals should
climb onto his back and he would bring them fly to another world. All animals rushed to get on the red
dragon s back, except the lion. (e said that he is a king and he never frightened of anything. (e decided to
stay.
The red dragon then flapped both wings and flew into the sky. Some animals felt uncomfortable because
they never fly before. The animals started to fight each other. Because there were too many movements on his
back, the flight was unstable and finally all of them fell down from the sky. Some animals landed with their
face, some were with their body and some other landed with their tail first. All of them were injured and got
different appearance like what we saw today.
The Crying Stone
Once upon a time, in a small village in Borneo Island, there lived a mother and her daughter. The
daughter was popular among villagers because of her beautiful face but she has a bad behavior. She always
spent her time in front of the mirror to admire her beautiful face. She never helped her mother to fulfill their
daily needs. The daughter always made her mother sad. However, the mother still loved her very much.
One day, the girl asked her mother to buy her a new gown. The mother refused it because she had no
money. Because the mother loved her daughter so much, she finally bought her a new gown.
Both went to the market. But the daughter asked her mother to walk behind because she was
embarrassed if people saw them together. Once again, because of her love, the mother obeyed the daughter s
request.
Along the way home, the daughter still walked in front of her mother. People passing asked about the
woman behind her. The daughter answer that she was not her mother but her servant. The mother kept
silent. But inside her deep heart, she prayed to the God to punish her daughter. Suddenly, her daughter s legs
turned into stone. The daughter realized that it was because she had hurt her mother s feeling. She begged to
her mother to forgive but it was too late. Slowly, her body also turned into stone. Though the daughter had
become a stone, but the tears were still seen, which was why the stone was called Batu Menangis.
The Story of BauNyale in Lombok
Once upon a time, in Lombok, there was a kingdom named Kuripan that was led by a wise king. The
princess or the daughter of the king was so beautiful. Her name was Princess Mandalika. There were many
princes wanted to marry Mandalika. However, the king was confused because too many princes came and
proposed. Because of that reason, the king held an arrow competition. He promised that the winner had the
chance to marry with his beloved daughter.
Just like expected, on the competition day, many princes came and participated. They had a good skill on
arrow, so all of them were perfectly hit the target. The king became more confuse. Because there was no clear
decision, the princes started to fight each other. Princess Mandalika was desperate. The beautiful princess did
want to find anyone got killed. So, she then decided to go to the beach. She cried and thrown her body into the
deep sea.
The beach where princess Mandalika killed herself is in southern Lombok. Up to today, in February or
March, people who live near the sea celebrate the moment. On that day, there are thousands of seas worms
appear to the surface. People call the worms as Nyale. They believe that the worms are the incarnation of
princess Mandalika. The celebration is called BauNyale .

The Legend of Bali Strait
Long time ago in Daha Kingdom, lived a great Brahma named Sidi Mantra. He had a son named Manik
Angkeran who fell in big debt due to gamble. Sidi Mantra knew about treasure in Agung Mountain that
safeguarded by Besukih Dragon. With bell in his hand, Sidi Mantra recited a spell to call the dragon. Once the
dragon came out, Sidi Mantra asked for help. The dragon agreed to gave him gold.
Manik Angkeran so happy to see the gold but greed made him want more. He stole his father bell and go
to Agung Mountain to meet the dragon himself. After the dragon gave him gold, he became greedier and cut
the tail of the dragon to get more. The dragon got angry and burnt him to death.
Sidi Mantra felt so sad and ask the dragon to bring his son back to life. The dragon agreed as long as he
could get tail back. With his power, Sidi Mantra got the dragon s tail back and Manik Angkeran alive.
Although Manik Angkeran felt sorry, Sidi Mantra knew they could not live together again. He put a stick
on the ground between him and his son. Suddenly, water came out from the ground and became strait, which
separate Bali Island and Java Island.
The Dragon’s Daughter - The legend Story of Pulau Banyak
Based on legend, there were a couple of dragon lived in Teluk, which today known as Tapaktuan. The
king exiled them there because they did not have children. Day and night, the dragon prayed. Finally, God
gave them a baby they had expected for so many years by sending a cute baby through the river. The dragon
called the baby Putri Bungsu.
The dragons loved the baby so much. Year by year pass through and PutriBungsu had grown up as a
beautiful young girl. One day, there were a man and woman showed up and met the dragon. They were
coming from Asranaloka kingdom. They said that they are looking for a girl who lost about 17 years ago.
The human couple knew that PutriBungsu was their baby, so they asked the dragon to give her back.
Because the dragon also loved her, and they had adopted her as their daughter, they did want to give what the
couple wanted. The dragon and the man fought before a priest, named Tuan Tapa showed up. The priest
asked the dragon to let the girl back to her family.
Once again, the dragon refused to do it. He then fought with Tuan Tapa. Tuan Tapa killed the male dragon
and the girl was taken and returned to her family. The female dragon run to China and destroyed anything
she found. She even separated an island into two parts. Now a days, the island known as Pulau Dua. She also
destroyed a big island into 99 pieces, which today known as Pulau Banyak.
The legend of Rainbow
A long time ago, there was a farmer. He had a small farm. One day he found that a wall which he had built
on previous days was getting knocked down. The farmer did not know who or what made it. Because he felt
tired of this happening the farmer decided to catch who should be responsible.
One evening, while the farmer was in guard he heard something strange near that wall, then he ran to
find out who or what it was. It was surprising him because there were three star maidens there. When they
saw the farmer was approaching, they tried to escape. Two of the star maidens could run and escape but one
of them was left behind.
The farmer then caught the star maiden. She was beautiful and soon the farmer felt in love with her.
Because he was afraid that the star maiden would run away, the farmer hid her magical wings so she could
not fly anymore. the farmer and the star maiden got married.
Time went by they live together and got a beautiful baby boy. They lived happily for a long time, until one
day, the star maiden found her magical wings near their house. She wore her wings back and flew with her
son next to her. The farmer was alone and heart broken.
The gods saw the tears of the farmer. They felt pity of him so they decided to build a bridge of different
colors for him to climb to the sky and see his son and wife.
The Legend of Sura and Baya
A long time ago, there were two animals, Sura and Baya. Sura was the name of a shark and Baya was a
crocodile. They lived in a sea.
Once Sura and Baya were looking for some food. Suddenly, Baya saw a goat.
Yummy, this is my lunch, said Baya.

No way! This is my lunch. You are greedy said Sura. Then they fought for the goat. After several hours, they
were very tired.
Feeling tired of fighting, they lived in the different places. Sura lived in the water and Baya lived in the
land. The border was the beach, so they would never fight again.
One day, Sura went to the land and looked for some food in the river. He was very hungry and there was
not much food in the sea. Baya was very angry when he knew that Sura broke the promise. They fought again.
They both hit each other. Sura bit Baya's tail. Baya did the same thing to Sura. He bit very hard until Sura
finally gave up and Awent back to the sea. Baya was happy.
The Story of Sangkuriang and Tangkuban Perahu Mountain
Once, there was a kingdom in Priangan Land. Lived a happy family. They were a father in form of dog,his
name is Tumang, a mother which was called is Dayang Sumbi, and a child which was called Sangkuriang.
One day, Dayang Sumbi asked her son to go hunting with his lovely dog, Tumang. After hunting all day,
Sangkuriang began desperate and worried because he hunted no deer. Then he thought to shot his own dog.
Then he took the dog liver and carried home.
Soon Dayang Sumbi found out that it was not deer lever but Tumang's, his own dog. So, She was very
angry and hit Sangkuriang's head. In that incident, Sangkuriang got wounded and scar then cast away from
their home.
Years go by, Sangkuriang had travel many places and finally arrived at a village. He met a beautiful
woman and felt in love with her. When they were discussing their wedding plans, The woman looked at the
wound in Sangkuriang's head. It matched to her son's wound who had left severall years earlier. Soon she
realized that she felt in love with her own son.
She couldn't marry him but how to say it. Then, she found the way. She needed a lake and a boat for
celebrating their wedding day. Sangkuriang had to make them in one night. He built a lake. With a dawn just
moment away and the boat was almost complete. Dayang Sumbi had to stop it. Then, she lit up the eastern
horizon with flashes of light. It made the cock crowed for a new day.
Sangkuriang failed to marry her. She was very angry and kicked the boat. It felt over and became the
mountain of Tangkuban Perahu Bandung.
simplified from: www.bandungtourism.com/home_legend_e.php
Malin Kundang
A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra, a woman and her son lived. They were
Malin Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent because Malin Kundang's father had passed
away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with his mother.
Malin Kundang was a healthy, diligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting
fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town.
One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small
band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The
merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To
get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.
Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship
crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey,
his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town;
Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here .
An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang s mother. She
wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother
came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old
lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last
Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!"
After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of
both sadness and angriness.
Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn't apologize. Malin
Kundang just laughed and really set sail.

In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin
Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really too
late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone.
(Re-written from www.st.rim.or.jp)
Orientation : the first paragraph is set to be the story introduction. Reading the orientation, reader will know that
the story is characterized with Malin Kundang and his mother. Wes Sumatra is set as the place.
Complication : this is the main element of narrative story. From the Malin Kundang myth, we know that there are
more than one complication. Many stories are composed with multi complications. They are minor
complication and major complication. When Malin Kundang and her mother did life hard, it can be the
minor complication. this hard life in the first time was solved by his successful trading as new
merchant. However this narrative sotry is more interesting when we see the major complication
among the participants- Malin Kundang denied his mother after being successful merchant. In every
story, complication must be ended; happy ending or sad one
Resolution : this is the end of the story, the sad ending one. Malin Kundang faces his curse of turning into a stone.
The Story of Toba Lake
Once upon a time, there was a man who was living in north Sumatra. He lived in a simple hut in a farming
field. They did some gardening and fishing for his daily life.
One day, while the man was do fishing, he caught a big golden fish in his trap. It was the biggest catch
which he ever had in his life. Surprisingly, this fish turned into a beautiful princess. He felt in love with her
and proposed her to be his wife. She said; "Yes, but you have to promise not to tell anyone about the secret
that I was once a fish, otherwise there will be a huge disaster". The man made the deal and they got married,
lived happily and had a daughter.
Few years later, this daughter would help bringing lunch to her father out in the fields. One day, his
daughter was so hungry and she ate his father s lunch. Unfortunately, he found out and got furious, and
shouted; You damned daughter of a fish . The daughter ran home and asked her mother. The mother started
crying, felt sad that her husband had broke his promise.
Then she told her daughter to run up the hills because a huge disaster was about to come. When her
daughter left, she prayed. Soon there was a big earthquake followed by non-stop pouring rain. The whole area
got flooded and became Toba Lake. She turned into a fish again and the man became the island of Samosir.
Orientation : The first paragraph presents information about the participant of the story. In literary term, the
participant is called as character. Orientation commonly introduces information about WHO, WHERE
and WHEN.
Complication : Paragraph two explores the niche of the story. That is conflict among the characters of the story. This
conflict will involve physical and psychological conflict. The conflict is actually the heart of any
narrative text. It will drive the participant to make effort in solving the crisis.
Resolution : The last paragraph closes the story with solving the crisis. However it can be better or worse.
FAIRY TALE
Story of Pinocchio
Once upon a time there was a woodcarver, called Geppetto who lived with out a child. So he decided to
make a puppet and named him 'Pinocchio'. As he began to carve the wood ,in surprise him, Pinocchio laughed
at him. When Geppetto was getting finished, the puppet kicked the old man and ran-out of the door.
As Pinocchio was running on the street, a policeman caught him but people said to the policeman that
puppet belongs to Geppetto. So the policeman arrested the old man instead of Pinocchio.
Pinocchio had to remain alone at home and felt hungry so he tried to cook an egg. As it put on hot pan, a
little chicken flew away. Then he sat by fire. When Geppetto came to house, the old man saw the puppet's feet
had burnt. Geppetto then made him new feet and some clothes to go school like real boy. Geppetto was so
poor because he had to sell his coat for Pinocchio's text book.
On the school way, Pinocchio heard some exciting music came from a puppets show.He went there and
joined it's show with them. At first the puppet master angry with Pinocchio but later he made a friend with
Pinocchio and gave him five gold coins
One day a fox and cat came to him. Pinocchio ran and climb a tall oak tree. Luckily Pinocchio was rescued
by a beautiful blue fairy who lived nearby. The fairy asked about his coins. He said that he had lost his money.
Then his nose began to grow longer and longer. The fairy laughed and said, "that what happens when you lie."

Rapunzel
A pregnant woman sent her husband to a witch's garden to pick up some rapunzel (salad plant) since she
was craving it. The witch caught the husband for stealing from her garden. She told him that he could take
some plant but she would get the baby when it's born. The husband agreed and brought some plant to his
wife.
When the baby was born, the witch took the girl. When the girl was old enough, the witch locked her in a
tower with no exit. The only way to get in was by having Rapunzel throw down her hair so that the witch
could climb it.
One day, a prince came by and saw the witch climbing the hair into the tower, and after the witch left, he
called out, "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair." She lowered her hair, he climbed up and they began an
epic love story until the witch founds out.
The witch cut off the girl's hair, and sent her into the wild, wait for the prince coming. When the prince
was climbing up the witch dropped him. The prince fell. He was blind and roamed the land in search of
Rapunzel.
Eventually, he found her. Rapunzel cried into his eyes. The tears cured him of his blindness. They
returned to his kingdom to live happily ever after.
The King of the Mice and the Woodcutter
Once, there was a king of mice. He lived inside a banyan tree in a forest. He loved the tree as his home. He
lived there happily.
One day, a poor man wanted to cut down the banyan tree. The king of the mice was frightened so he
asked the woodcutter to leave the tree standing. In result, he would give the woodcutter a gold every day. The
woodcutter agreed.
Every evening, the king of the mice gave a piece of gold to the woodcutter. The gold was taken out from
the roots of the banyan tree. The woodcutter was happy and took the gold home.
After a few days, the woodcutter's wife asked him, Where does the gold come from? So he replied, The
king of the mice gives me the gold from under the roots of the tree. Oh, you are stupid! his wife said and
suggested. Why don t you cut down the tree and take the gold all away? The woodcutter would do as his
wife said.
The following day, the woodcutter cut down the banyan tree. Unfortunately, he did not find any gold
there instead the king of the mice had run away and crept up to the woodcutter s house. The king of the mice
took back all the gold.
The Story of Thumbelina
Once upon a time, there was a very poor woman. There was not a boy or a daughter who lived with her.
She wished very much to have a child.
One day, the poor woman went to a fairy god mother. The fairy lived near the green meadow in the valley.
The poor woman received a Barleycorn seeds from the fairy. She went home and planted it in a flower pot.
Several days later, the seed grew up into a large beautiful flower.
Surprisingly, the woman saw a little girl inside the flower. The sweet little girl was as long as a woman
thumb. They Gave her the name of Thumbelina Because she was so small.
Orientation : In a text story Thumbelina, the orientation is itself the poor woman who were living in a time
Complication : Opposition must be paramount in any narrative text. Inside, Thumbelina story above, starting with
the complication package strikes high against a child
Resolution : a settlement must be performed on each text narrative. A settlement could be a success or failure at
the end of troubleshooting problems. Preformance Thumbelina story narrative above, its resolution is
a success, a happy ending, in which women who go to the Fairy finally found a little child in a flowers.
Snow White
Once upon a time there lived a little, named Snow White. She lived with her aunt and uncle because her
parents were died.

One day she heard her aunt and uncle talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they
wanted to go to America and they didn t have enough money to take Snow White with them.
Snow White didn t want her uncle and aunt to do this. So she decided to run away. The next morning she run
away from home when her aunt and uncle were having breakfast, she run away into the wood.
In the wood she felt very tired and hungry. Then she saw this cottage. She knocked but no one answered
so she went inside and felt asleep. Meanwhile seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside.
There, they found Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said; What and (ow is your name? .
Snow White said; My name is Snow White . One of the dwarfs said; )f you wish, you may live here with us .
Snow White told the whole story about her. Then Snow white ad the seven dwarfs lived happily ever after.
Orientation : introducing specific participants; Snow White
Complication : revealing a series of crisis: Snow White s aunt and uncle would leave her in a castle, Snow White run
away, Snow White felt hungry in the wood.
Resolution : the crisis is resolve: the dwarfs permitted Snow White lived in their cottage lived happily
o Using saying verb; answered
o Using thinking verb; decided
o Using action verb; run away
o Using time conjunction; once upon a time, one day
o Using connectives; then, meanwhile
o Using past tense; she heard her uncle
Cinderella
Once upon a time, there was a young girl named Cinderella. She lived with her step mother and two step
sisters.
The step mother and sisters were conceited and bad tempered. They treated Cinderella very badly. Her
step mother made Cinderella do the hardest works in the house; such as scrubbing the floor, cleaning the pot
and pan and preparing the food for the family. The two step sisters, on the other hand, did not work about the
house. Their mother gave them many handsome dresses to wear.
One day, the two step sister received an invitation to the ball that the king s son was going to give at the
palace. They were excited about this and spent so much time choosing the dresses they would wear. At last,
the day of the ball came, and away went the sisters to it. Cinderella could not help crying after they had left.
Why are crying, Cinderella? a voice asked. She looked up and saw her fairy godmother standing beside
her, because ) want so much to go to the ball said Cinderella. Well said the godmother, you ve been such a
cheerful, hardworking, uncomplaining girl that ) am going to see that you do go to the ball .
Magically, the fairy godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and mice into a coachman and two
footmen. (er godmother tapped Cinderella s raged dress with her wand, and it became a beautiful ball gown.
Then she gave her a pair of pretty glass slippers. Now, Cinderella , she said; You must leave before
midnight . Then away she drove in her beautiful coach.
Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again with the king s son. Suddenly
the clock began to strike twelve, she ran toward the door as quickly as she could. In her hurry, one of her glass
slipper was left behind.
A few days later, the king son proclaimed that he would marry the girl whose feet fitted the glass slipper.
Her step sisters tried on the slipper but it was too small for them, no matter how hard they squeezed their
toes into it. In the end, the king s page let Cinderella try on the slipper. She stuck out her foot and the page
slipped the slipper on. It fitted perfectly.
Finally, she was driven to the palace. The king s son was overjoyed to see her again. They were married
and live happily ever after.
Orientation : The first paragraph is clearly seen to introduce the participants of the Cinderella Story. They were
Cinderella herself as the main character of the story, her step mother which treated Cinderella badly,
and her steps sister which supported her mother to make Cinderella was treated very badly. Cinderella
was introduced as a hero in this story. She struggled against the bad treatment from her step mother
and sisters.
Complication : it is such the crisis of the story. If there is not the crisis, the story is not a narrative text. In a long story,
the complication appears in several situations. It means that some time there is more then one
complication. In this Cinderella story, we can see clearly that there are Major Complication and Minor
Complication.
The second paragraph is the major complication of this Cinderella story. Cinderella got bad treatment

from her stepmother. It is the bad crisis which drives into several minor complications which
Cinderella has to overcome.
Resolution : it is the final series of the events which happen in the story. The resolution can be good or bad. The
point is that it has been accomplished by the characters. Like complication, there are Major
Resolution and Minor Resolution.
In the last paragraph, it is said that finally Cinderella lived happily. It is the happy resolution of the bad
treatment.
Harvest Feast in Blossom Valley
In Blossom Valley, dwarfs prepared their tools for the harvest day. They were so happy because they will
hold a feast with the fairies in the afternoon.
) will bring the sweetest carrot , said Buba, the red dwarf.
) will bring the crunchiest lettuce , said Pupi, the green dwarf.
) will bring the prettiest rose for Queen Emma , said Silsa, the purple dwarf.
(ey it s not ingredients for the pot , Buba complained.
Who cares? said Silsa.
Everybody worked hard to harvest the plants and bring the best ingredients to the party but in the
middle of the way, they saw the trolls cried out lout.
Our tools were stolen by the goblins. We could not harvest the potatoes without it , said one of the troll.
(ey this is a harvest feast day. No one should cry in big day like this. Don t worry, we have the tool, we will
help you , said Yowie, the blue dwarf.
Dwarfs and trolls work hand in hand to harvest the potatoes. They were a little late for the feast but
everybody happy because the fairies cook the most delicious food from the ingredients they brought.
Orientation : Dwarf and fairies in blossom valley
Complication : Trolls were crying because their harvest tells were stolen
Resolution : Dwarf and trolls work together and were happy in harvest feast.
The Story of Sleeping Beauty
Long time ago, there is a king who held a festive party to celebrate the birth of his daughter. All fairies in
the kingdom were invited. They were asked to give bless. Unfortunately, there was an old fairy that did not
get the invitation; it is because everybody thought that she was already dead.
In the party, each fairy gave bless. Before the last fairy gave her gift, the uninvited fairy suddenly appears.
She was furious because she was uninvited. Without saying a word, the angry fairy blessed the princess with
a curse. She cursed the princess that she will die on a spinning wheel when she is 16. The fairy was then gone
with a flash of light. The last fairy who did not give any blesses yet stepped forward. She said that she could
not eliminated the curse but she could help prolong the princess destiny. The fairy said, when the spindle
pricks the princess finger, she will not die. She will fall into a sleep and only a kiss from a person who gives
her a true love will wake her.
To prevent the curse, the king ordered to destroyed all wheels and spindles. Over the years, the princess
grew into a beautiful girl. When her 16th birthday came, she decided to explore the palace. She visited a
tower that she never visited before. Inside the tower, she saw an old woman playing something. The old
woman played with a wheel and spindle. She talked to the woman and asked if she could try it. The princess
tried the spindle and suddenly her middle finger was punctured leaving a small wound. And, the curse was
happening. The princess fell into a deep sleep so do all people who lived in the palace.
After thousand years, a prince explored the palace that had been covered by a jungle. He walked through
the trees and found a room where a beautiful girl was sleeping. He could not hold his desire to kiss the
princess, and he done it. Suddenly, the girl woke up and also all people around the palace. Finally, they were
married and lived happily ever after.
Orientation : This is the first information readers get what story about is. Commonly it cover participant, time and
place. Long time ago, there is a king who held a festive party to celebrate the birth of his daughter.
Complication : This is the heart of any narrative genres. Without this complicates element, the story cannot be
identified as narrative. The complicated situation lead participants face certain problem, which are:

a. To prevent the curse, the king ordered to destroyed all wheels and spindles.
b. The princess tried the spindle and suddenly her middle finger was punctured leaving a small
wound
c. The princess fell into a deep sleep so do all people
Resolution : The last phase how a story is ended. There are two choices. Writer can finish his story with good
ending or he can make the story tragic by giving sad ending. Finally, they were married and lived happily ever after.
 Moral Lessons from Story of Sleeping Beauty
All stories for learning narrative should arouse some moral lesson for its readers, and should be this sleeping beauty
story. There are some notes on what moral value we can get from that story. Some of them are listed below. You can add
another one.
1. True love will win .It can conquer anything in its path.
2. Home is where the heart is. So be nice with all family members.
3. Angry people can do bad thing on us.
4. Kids should be given a knowledge on certain dangerous thing earlier.
Tulip Fairy Story
Once upon a time, in a small village near the forest, there was a kind hearted old lady who lived in a small
house. The old woman loved her garden and one flower she always loved is tulip. Because of it, she built a
small garden full with colorful tulip.
Because of her love too, she made a small bed in the middle of the tulip garden and often spent the night
there. One night, she slept in the middle of the garden. But there was something strange because unlike usual,
she heard a sound from the garden. There was babies laughing and sweet singing. She tried to find out where
the sound came from but she found nothing.
On the following night, she once again slept in the garden. And once again, she heard the sounds; babies
laughing and sweet singing. She was curious. She walked along the garden quietly. She was surprised; there,
somewhere in the garden, she found a little fairy mother rocking and crooning the tulip flower like a cradle.
There was a little fairy baby, laughing and playing in the tulip cup.
The old woman walked back to her house. From that moment, she never picked the tulip. She did not
allow other people touch her beloved flowers.
Orientation : Once upon a time, in a small village near the forest, there was a kind hearted old lady
Complication : She liked her flower in the garden very much. She heard a crying baby in the middle of her garden in
the night. He found the baby needed the tulip flower to play with.
Resolution : The old woman never picked up tulip flower any more.
When you read long story of novel, you will find some minor complications which rise into the major one. To overcome
the conflict, then the story need more than one resolution, some minor resolution for minor complication and then
completed with a major resolution.
2. Recount Texts
Watching Movie
My sister and I went to see a film last night. It was an American movie called The Lost Flight. It showed
how people can quickly change when they have to look after themselves in the jungle. It was an interesting
film about a plane which crashed on a small empty island in the Pacific Ocean.
Although the passengers were safe, nobody knew where the plane had crashed. So the passengers had to
learn how to hunt for food in the jungle and how to catch fish from the sea to eat. After a few weeks, the
passengers were eating raw fish and meat.
After they had been on the island for two months, three of the men made a boat and sailed away to find
help. But their boat sank and they were drowned.
The film ended without saying whether the passengers were rescued or not. But my sister and I enjoyed
the film.
Travelling Around The World
Deri saved his money and spent two months traveling around the world. He wrote his journey in his
diary.
I spent a week in New York and then flew to London and enjoyed several weeks in Europe.
When I had seen the sights in Europe, I took a train to Istanbul and visited many places in Asia.

First, I flew from his home in Mexico City to New York City. After through Asia, I went to south America and
finally back home to Indonesia.
Deri felt tired but he was very excited and wanted to travel again.
Going to School
My mother got me ready for school then I had to wait for her to brush my hair and place every strand
in just the perfect position.
I had to show her my shoes that I had cleaned the night before and my school bag had to be neatly put on
my shoulder before I could get near the door. Only after my mother was totally satisfied, would I be allowed
to rush out of the front door. I would leave home at 8 am on the dot and make my way down the lane. After a
walk of about 700 meters, I would be able to see the tall steeple of the school.
The playground would be full in the summer and the noise would make me want to rush into the yard
and get into a good game of football before the bell went.
My Great Day of Proposing Girl
I woke up at about five o'clock yesterday. It wasn't a regular day, because I was about to propose a girl.
After praying and taking a bath, I had my early breakfast. At about nine o'clock I was in my office but my soul
wasn't there. I was thinking about the lines that I had to say to her.
At one o'clock, I had my lunch but I wasn't enjoying it either. So, I practiced the lines to almost all girls I
met at my lunch. Yes, I was a little bit crazy. Finally, it was three o'clock. I remembered all my lines. I wrapped
my works and got ready to pick her up and of course proposed her.
I met her at four o'clock, took a little walk and went to a movie. At seven, we had a romantic dinner. I
thought it was the perfect time to ask her to be my wife. Then I said the lines that I practiced the whole
afternoon. She smiled. I reached my pocket to get a ring and put it around her finger. Then she said "Yes."
After driven her home I went back to my house.
Meeting a Star
On Saturday morning at 9:30, I was walking down Sunda Street, looking for a record store.
A man stopped me and asked me the way to the Hyatt Hotel. I wasn't sure exactly where it was, but I walked
with him to the end of Sunda Street. He was very friendly, and his face looked so familiar.
Then I remembered where the Hyatt was and told him how to get there. He thanked me and tried to give
me something. I thought it was money. I said 'no' at first, but he really wanted me to have it, so I took it.
I found the record store and listened to a few records. d'Massive had a new record that was number two in
the top twenty. I decided to buy it. I looked in my bag for my wallet and found a piece of paper the man gave
me. It was a photo. I was so surprised! He was a singer in d'Massive!
Going Camping
Last weekend, my friends and I went camping.
We reached the camping ground after we walked for about one and a half hour from the parking lot. We
built the camp next to a small river. It was getting darker and colder, so we built a fire camp. The next day, we
spent our time observing plantation and insects while the girls were preparing meals. In the afternoon we
went to the river and caught some fish for supper.
At night, we held a fire camp night. We sang, danced, read poetry, played magic tricks, and even some of
us performed a standing comedy.
On Monday, we packed our bags and got ready to go home.
My Bad Day on Sunday
I had a terrible day yesterday.
First, I woke up an hour late because my alarm clock didn't go off. Then, I was in such a hurry that I
burned my hand when I was making breakfast. After breakfast, I got dressed so quickly that I forgot to wear
socks. Next, I ran out of the house trying to get the 9:30 bus, but of course I missed it. I wanted to take a taxi,
but I didn't have enough money. Finally, I walked the three miles to my school only to discover that it was
Sunday!
I hope I never have a day as the one I had yesterday.

Holiday in Bali
We had a wonderful holiday in Bali.
It was a really great place. The people were friendly, the food was great, and the weather was a lot better
than at home. Most days were pretty. I swam two or three times a day, but my brother Fachri just spent all his
time lying on the beach with his eyes closed.
Last Saturday I got on the bus and went to the north of the island, It was much quieter there than here–
very beautiful, but no tourists. The next day we went across to the east coast to see some of the old villages.
I learned Balinese–I couldn't say much, but it was fun to try. Fachri actually spoke it quite well, but he was
afraid to open his mouth, so I was the one who talked to people.
Source: Achmad, D. 2008. Developing english competencies 1. Jakarta : Pusat Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
Getting The First Cat
I am Anna and I already 17 years old now. Since I was a kid, I always interested with cat. I do not know
why but every time I saw them, I felt that they are the cutest animal in this planet. Many people love dog, but I
do not.
One day, on my 6th birthday, my father brought me a white kitten. I remembered that it was one of the
best days I have ever had. I fell in love with the kitten, so I called him Luna. According to my father, Luna was
Persian breed. He had clear white fur. His face partly covered by it. His nose was so small and it looked cute,
especially if he starred at me. He liked playing so much; so many people in the house loved him.
Every day, I spent some of time with him. Once a month, I brought him to pet shop for grooming, of
course with my father. Luna stayed with me for more than 4 years. My heart was broken when Luna sick at
that time because of unknown disease. I asked my father to bring him to veterinary but it was too late. I was
sad but my father said that I have to let Luna go.
My First Time of Driving Lesson
It was the time when I learned to drive a car. I never imagined that the chance would come to me. At that
time, I was still 18 years old. My body was not as big as other people. I was not tall at all, because I was only
163 cm. Because of that reason, my parents bought a small car, a Japanese car which suits with me.
I registered to a driving school by paying some money. The instructor was an old man who had years of
experience. The car used for my lesson was the school s car. )t was specially designed for teaching new young
driver. At the first moment, the instructor gave me some instructions. He explained me about each component
in the vehicle. He also explained the importance of seat belt.
After some hours spent with the theory, it was the time for me to try holding the steering wheel. I was
little bit nervous because it was the first time I am touching and trying to control a car. However, the
instructor told me to keep all stress and nervous in my pocket. He asked to relax and focus. The lessons run
smoothly, and finally, after many days if got my driving license, showing that I could drive a car anywhere.
The First Day Working For Learning Recount Text
It was Monday in the first week of January, the first day I entered the office. It is a great building where
hundreds employees worked every day. I understood that working in such a big company is something
expensive for some people. I got the chance which means that I had the qualification to take big responsibility.
My company is one of the biggest in the country. It runs business on construction project. Many buildings
had been constructed, including some skyscrapers. I was surprised that they accepted by as employee. I had
no experiences before since I was fresh graduate. However, my points were excellent. My lecturer has said to
me that my future is good because I have the ability to solve every problem I met.
I spent almost 2 months for learning my duties. I was guided by an experienced employee who has
worked in the company for more than 10 years. I understood that the fact I would faced was different from
the lessons I have learned in the college. However, that is my responsibility to bring all the skills and
knowledge to reality. Today, I have worked and built career in the company for more than 3 years and I
enjoyed my job.
My Embarrassing Presentation
Presentation was not a big deal for me. I have done it so many times without flaw. However, last week
presentation was a big different. That Wednesday, I should perform presentation in front of the owner of the

company. That was the first time for me to stand up in front of the highest person in my company. I got a little
nervous but I can keep myself calm because had prepared everything.
The opening was run without problem. I had the confident and I was sure the materials are checked.
Unfortunately, I made mistake when I was played the video. I supposed to play video about our research in
the next construction site but the video I played was my kitty playing a yarn ball. People were suddenly
laughing that time.
I was so embarrassed. I apologized, and quickly changed the video. The laughing last long until my boss
stop it. I was so blessed that my boss is very kind person. He smiled and asked me to continue my
presentation. Apparently, my boss love cat so the video did not bother him much. Thankfully, the rest of the
presentation was run well without problem.
First Day at Laboratory
I always thought experimenting in laboratory as a cool stuff, as if I become a clever researcher. Therefore,
I could not wait for my first day at laboratory.
The night before the D-day, I was so excited. I learned the subject for the experiment again and again. I
didn t want to make mistake on my first day. ) went to bed early so ) will not late.
Finally, the day came and I became the first to run to the laboratory. I mesmerized by the equipment lined
up at the table and the cabinets. I could not wait to use them all.
The topic for the day was microscope. My teacher thought us about the usage and about how to use it. I
learned about how to find the light and set the right angle. I fascinated to see how a very small thing that we
hardly see with bare eyes became so clear through microscope. Such simple experiment made me love
laboratory more
3. News Item Texts
EgyptAir Flight 804 Missing
EgyptAir Flight 804 went missing over the Mediterranean Sea on 19 May 2016 at 02:30 Egypt Standard
Time.
The flight was an international passenger flight from Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport to Cairo
International Airport. It was operated by EgyptAir.
Wreckage believed to be that of the aircraft was found approximately 80 km southeast of the airliner's
last known position, near the Greek island of Karpathos. However, this was disputed by Greece's lead air
accident investigator, and later, EgyptAir officials retracted the claim that wreckage from MS804 had been
found.
There were 66 people on board. They were 56 passengers, 7 aircrew, and 3 security personnel. It is
currently not known if anyone survived. A multinational search and rescue operation is under way.
According to Greek military radar data, Flight 804 veered off course shortly after entering the Egyptian
Flight Information Region (FIR).
Source: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_804
Newsworthy event: What is the important event happened. It is short captured information stated in the first paragraph.
Egypt Air Flight 804 went missing.
Background events: What additional event happened before and after the main event. It can be an additional
information to the main event.
a. The flight was an international passenger flight from Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport to Cairo International Airport.
b. Wreckage believed to be that of the aircraft was found approximately 80 km southeast of the airliner's last known
position.
c. There were 66 people on board.
Source : There should be a valid news. To make it, news item text should be accomplished by at least one of the three
sources. They are statement from participants, witness, or authorized side. According to Greek military radar
data, Flight 804 veered off course shortly after entering FIR.

4. Spoof Texts
The Necklace
Mathilde Loisel was one of those pretty and charming girls born,and she let herself be married off to a
little clerk in the Ministry of Education. One evening her husband came home with a large envelope in his
hand, an invitation card:
"The Minister of Education and Madame Ramponneau request the pleasure of the company of Monsieur and
Madame Loisel at the Ministry on the evening of Monday, January the 18th."
Instead of being delighted, she flung the invitation petulantly across the table, murmuring. "Why, darling,
I thought you'd be happy. You never go out, and this is a great occasion." She looked at him out of furious
eyes, and said impatiently: "And what do you suppose I am to wear at such a party?"
Her husband had not thought about it. But soon he had bright idea and exclaimed "Why don't you go and
see Madame Forestier and ask her to lend you some jewels. " She uttered a cry of delight. "That's true. I never
thought of it."
Next day she went to see her friend. Madame Forestier went to her dressing-table, took and opened a
large box. Her heart began to beat covetously. She discovered a superb diamond necklace. Her hands
trembled as she lifted it. She fastened it round her neck, upon her high dress, and remained in ecstasy at sight
of herself.
The day of the party arrived. She was the prettiest woman present, elegant, graceful, smiling, and quite
above herself with happiness. All the men stared at her, inquired her name, and asked to be introduced to her.
She left the party about four o'clock in the morning. Arriving at home, She took off the clothes. But suddenly
she uttered a cry. The necklace was no longer round her neck. So her husband returned to the party to find
the necklace but he had found nothing. His face lined and pale. "You must write to your friend," he said, "and
tell her that you've broken the clasp of her necklace and are getting it mended. That will give us time to work
and get money to replace the necklace"
She came to know the heavy work. She washed the plates, dirty linen, the shirts and dish-cloths, and hung
them out to dry on a string. Every morning she took the dustbin down into the street and carried up the
water, stopping on each landing to get her breath. She went to the fruiterer, to the grocer, to the butcher, a
basket on her arm, haggling, insulted, fighting for every wretched halfpenny of her money. While her husband
worked in the evenings at putting straight a merchant's accounts, and often at night he did copying at
twopence-halfpenny a page. This life lasted ten years and they had enough money to to buy and replace the
necklace.
She went to meet Madame Forestier. "You remember the diamond necklace you lent me?. Actually I lost
it" "How could you? Why, Well, you meet me to return the necklace now?" "Yes, I bring you another necklace
just like it. And for the last ten years we have been working hard for it. You realise it wasn't easy for us; we
had no money. Well, it's paid for at last, and I'm glad indeed." Madame Forestier smiled in proud and innocent
happiness. She deeply moved and said, "Oh, my poor Mathilde! But mine was imitation. It was only worth at
five hundred francs!"
Source://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/UBooks/Neck.shtml
Horseman In The Sky
Carter Druse was born in Virginia. He was a southerner. When the United States was divided by a terrible
civil war, Carter decided to join the Union Army of the north.
He told his father about his decision to join the north army. His father looked deep into his son's eyes.
"Carter, No matter what happens, be sure you always do what you think is your duty."
One sunny afternoon, Carter was sent to guard. It was his duty to be sure that no enemy soldier spied on.
Suddenly, he saw a man on horseback standing on the huge rocky cliff. He held a gun in his right hand, and the
horse's reins in the other. Unavoidably, Carter pointed his gun. Carter was calm as he pulled the trigger.
Soon after firing his gun, Carter was joined by a Union sergeant.
"Did you fire?" The sergeant whispered.
"Yes."
"At what?" The sergeant continued.
"A horse"

"Was there anyone on the horse?" The sergeant asked again.
"Yes."
"Who?" The sergeant kept asking.
"My father."
(This example of ironic spoof text is summarized VOA special English program in Ambrose Bierce's A Horseman in the Sky)
The Spying parrot
A guy was having marital problems. He and the wife were not communicating at all and he had lonesome
so he went to a pet store thinking a pet might help.
In the store he came to parrots. As he wandered down the rows of parrots he noticed one with no feet.
Surprised he mutters "I wonder how he hangs onto the perch?"
The parrot said "With my prick, you dummy."
The guy was startled and said "You certainly talk well for a parrot."
The parrot said "Of course, I'm very well educated. I can discuss politics, sports, religion, most any subject
you wish."
The guy said "Gee, you sound like just what I was looking for."
Then the guy bought the parrot and for three months things go great. When he came home from work the
parrot told him about the recent and hottest news.
One day the guy come home from work and the parrot waved a wing at him and said "Come in and shut
the door."
The guy said "What's up?"
The parrot said "I don't know how to tell you this, but the mailman came today. I saw that your wife
answered the door in her transparent gown and he kissed her right on the lips."
The guy said "He did? Did you see?"
The parrot said " Yes, Then he pulled her gown down... and ....."
"My God, what happened next?"The guy said curiously to know next.
Then the parrot replied "I don't know. I got a hard-on and fell off my perch."
Absence
Joe's Mother got angry because her son got a low mark on English test.
"Why did you get such a low mark on that test?" Asked mother angrily. Asked by his angry mother, Joe just
kept silent and went out.
A few moment, Joe came back home and met his mother again. His mother asked the same question.
Joe answered steadily, "Because of absence."
"You mean you were absent on the day of the test?" Mother wondered.
Joe replied, "No, but the kid who sits next to me was."
It’s Time to Go to School!
Early one morning, a mother went in to wake up her son. "Wake up, son. It's time to go to school!" "But why,
Mom? I don't want to go." "Give me two reasons why you don't want to go." "Well, the kids hate me for one,
and the teachers hate me, too!" "Oh, that's no reason not to go to school. Come on now and get ready." "Give
me two reasons why I should go to school." "Well, for one, you're 52 years old. And for another, you're the
Principal!"
(Taken from: www.rd.com/)

Sam Ting Wong
Jacky Wong got married with Lia Wong. Both of them had a white skin and straight hair. They were really
a well-matched couple. One year later, Wong family got a new baby. A nurse brought them a son with curly
hair and a black skin. The nurse congratulated and said, "What name will you give to this son?" With a
confused face, Jacky Wong grumbled, "Sam Ting Wong!"
Source: scribd.com/doc/103009909/4/Nature-of-Spoof-Text
The Perfect Husband?
Several men are in the locker room of a golf club. A cell phone on a bench rings and a man engages the
hands-free speaker function and begins to talk. Everyone else in the room stops to listen.
MAN: "Hello"
WOMAN: "Honey, it's me. Are you at the club?"
MAN: "Yes"
WOMAN: "I'm at the mall now and found this beautiful leather coat. It's only $1,000. Is it OK if I buy it?"
MAN: "Sure, go ahead if you like it that much."
WOMAN: "I also stopped by the Mercedes dealership and saw the new 2007 models. I saw one I really
liked."
MAN: "How much?"
WOMAN: "$80,000."
MAN: "OK, but for that price I want it with all the options."
WOMAN: "Great! Oh, and one more thing. The house we wanted last year is back on the market. They're
asking $950,000."
MAN: "Well, then go ahead and give them an offer, but just offer $900,000."
WOMAN: "OK. I'll see you later! I love you!"
MAN: "Bye, I love you, too."
The man hangs up. The other men in the locker room are looking at him in astonishment. Then he smiles
and asks: "Anyone know whose phone is???!!!"
Source: www.cleanjoke.com/humor/The-Perfect-Husband.html
The Boss and The Trainee
A Man joined a big Multi National Company as a trainee. On his first day he dialed the pantry and shouted
into the phone, "Get me a coffee quickly!"
The voice from the other side responded, "You fool you've dialed the wrong extension! Do you know who
you're talking to, dumbo?"
"No", replied the trainee.
"It's the Managing Director of the company, you fool!" The man shouted back, "And do you know who
YOU are talking to, you fool?"
"No", replied the Managing Director. "That's Good!", replied the trainee and put down the phone!
Fixing The Headstone
Two men were walking home after a Halloween party and decided to take a shortcut through the
cemetery just for laughs.
Right in the middle of the cemetery they were startled by a tap-tap-tapping noise coming from the misty
shadows. Trembling with fear, they saw an old man with a hammer and chisel, chipping away at one of the
headstones.

"Holy cow, Mister," one of them said after catching his breath, "You scared us half to death - we thought
you were a ghost! What are you doing working here so late at night?" "Those fools!" the old man grumbled.
"They misspelled my name!"
Abu Ali Counts his Donkeys
One day Abu Ali went to the fair, and bought nine donkeys. He rode home on one of them the rest of the
donkeys followed behind.
After a while Abu Ali said to himself, ) must make sure all my donkeys are here. And he turned round to
count them.
One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight. Oh! Where s number nine? Abu Ali cried He jumped down
from his donkey. He looked behind the rocks and behind the trees. But there was no donkey to be seen.
) ll count them again, Abu Ali said. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. Oh, he must have
come back.
So Abu Ali climbed back on to the donkey and trotted away.
After a while he counted his donkeys again. He counted only eight! Once more he looked behind the rocks
and behind the trees. But there was no donkey to be seen.
) will count again, he said, and this time there were nine.
Just then Abu Ali saw his friend Musa walking along the road. Musa, he called. (elp me to count my
donkeys. I keep losing one. When I stop to count I have only eight, but when I get down looking for the ninth,
there he is again!
Well, ) can see ten donkeys, Abu Ali, laughed Musa. And the tenth donkey s name is Abu Ali
Honey, What's For Supper?
An elderly gentleman of 85 feared his wife was getting hard of hearing. So one day he called her doctor to
make an appointment to have her hearing checked. The Doctor made an appointment for a hearing test in two
weeks, and meanwhile there's a simple informal test the husband could do to give the doctor some idea of the
state of her problem.
(ere's what you do, said the doctor. Start out about feet away from her, and in a normal
conversational speaking tone see if she hears you. If not, go to 30 feet, then 20 feet, and so on until you get a
response.
That evening, the wife is in the kitchen cooking dinner, and he's in the living room. He says to himself,
)'m about feet away, let's see what happens. Then in a normal tone he asks, (oney, what's for supper?
No response.
So the husband moved to the other end of the room, about feet from his wife and repeats, (oney,
what's for supper?
Still no response. Next he moves into the dining room where he is about 20 feet from his wife and asks,
(oney, what's for supper?
Again he gets no response. So he walks up to the kitchen door, only feet away. (oney, what's for
supper?
Again there is no response. So he walks right up behind her. (oney, what's for supper?
Damn it Earl, for the fifth time, C()CKEN!
Source: www.joe-ks.com/archives_nov2003/For_Supper.htm
What time is it?
A tramp lie down and sleep in the park. He had been sleeping for about 5 minutes when a couple walked
by.
The man stopped, woke the tramp up , and asked him, "Excuse me. Do you know what the time is?" The
tramp replied, "I'm sorry - I don't have a watch, so I don't know the time."
The man apologized for waking the tramp and the couple walked away.

The tramp lay down again, and after a few minutes went back to sleep. Just then, a woman, who was out
walking her dog, shook the tramp's shoulder until he woke up again.
The woman said, "I'm sorry to trouble you, but I'm afraid I've lost my watch - do you happen to know the
time?" The tramp was a little annoyed at being woken up again, but he politely told the woman that he didn't
have a watch and didn't know the time.
After the woman had gone, the tramp had an idea. He opened the bag that contained all his possessions
and got out a pen, a piece of paper and some string. On the paper, he wrote down, 'I do not have a watch. I do
not know the time'.
He then hung the paper round his neck and eventually dropped off again.
After about 15 minutes, a policeman who was walking through the park noticed the tramp asleep on the
bench, and the sign around his neck.
He woke the tramp up and said, "I read your sign. I thought you'd like to know that it's 2:30 p.m."
This example of spoof text is taken from www.kinglishschool.com/joke_tramp.htm
The Zoo Job Story
One day a clown was visiting the zoo and attempted to earn some money by making a street performance.
He acted and mimed perfectly some animal acts. As soon as he started to drive a crowd, a zoo keeper grabbed
him and dragged him into his office. The zoo keeper explained to the clown that the zoo's most popular gorilla
had died suddenly and the keeper was fear that attendance at the zoo would fall off. So he offered the clown a
job to dress up as the gorilla until the zoo could get another one. The clown accepted this great opportunity.
So the next morning the clown put on the gorilla suit and entered the cage before the crowd came. He felt that
it was a great job. He could sleep all he wanted, played and made fun of people and he drove bigger crowds
than he ever did as a clown. He pretended the gorilla successfully.
However, eventually the crowds were tired of him for just swinging on tires. He began to notice that the
people were paying more attention to the lion in the next cage. Not wanting to lose the attention of his
audience, he decided to make a spectacular performance. He climbed to the top of his cage, crawled across a
partition, and dangled from the top to the lion's cage. Of course, this made the lion furious, but the crowd
people loved it.
At the end of the day the zoo keeper came and gave him a raise for being such a good attraction. Well, this
went on for some time, he kept taunting the lion, the audience crowd grew a larger, and his salary kept going
up. Then one terrible day happened. When he was dangling over the furious lion, he slipped and fell into the
lion cage. The clown was really in big terrible situation. He was terrified.
Sooner the lion gathered itself and prepared to pounce. The clown was so scared. He could do nothing
and he began to run round and round the cage with the lion close and closer behind. Finally, the lion could
catch him. The clown started screaming and yelling, "Help me, help me!", but the lion was quick and pounces.
The clown soon found himself flat on his back looking up at the angry lion and suddenly he heard a voice from
the lion s mouth;"Shut up you idiot! Do you want to get us both fired?"
Source: This spoof text sample is we-written and simplified from www.onlyfunnystories.com
Loving Money Too Much
There was a man who liked money very much. He worked all of his life and wanted to save all of his
money for his own future. He was a real miser when it came to his money. He loved money more than just
about anything.
Even, just before he died, he said to his wife; "Now listen, when I die, I want you to take all my money and
place it in the casket with me. I wanna take my money to the afterlife." So he asked his wife to promise him
with all her heart that when he died, she would put all the money in the casket with him.
Well, one day, he really died. Then he was stretched out in the casket. The wife was sitting there in black
clothes next to her closest friend. When they finished the ceremony, just before the undertakers got ready to
close the casket, the wife said "Wait just a minute!"
She had a box in her hands. She came over with the box and placed it in the casket. After that the
undertakers locked the casket down and rolled it away. Not long after that, her friend said, "I hope you were
not crazy enough to put all that money in the casket."

The wife turned to her friend and replied; "Yes, because I have promised." Then she continued; "I can't lie.
I promised him that I was going to put that money in that casket with him." Feeling shocked, her friend said;
"You mean that you have put every cent of his money in the casket with him?" Then the wife answered;
"Surely I did. I got it all together, put all the money into my account and I just wrote him a check."
Source: www.onlyfunnystories.com
Orientation : It is the introduction of the story. By giving the orientation, reader will recognize, for the first time,
who involves in the story. The above story talks about a wife and his husband who loves money too much even up to his
death.
Events : Several events are explored in chronological way which able to arrange the story read nicely.
Promising with her money miser husband, Putting the box inside casket, locking and rolling the casket are the events
which build the complete story.
Twist : This is the unpredictable event/thing/way which amuse the reader. Readers even did not predict
before that it would be. When reading the above story, for the first, readers likely think that the wife would put all the
money instead of just a check
The Story of Nasreddin’s Coat
One day Nasreddin had been invited to the dinner party. He went to the party by wearing old clothes.
When he arrived in the party, nobody looked at him and nobody gave him a seat. He got no food in the
party so he went home and change his clothes.
Next he put on his best clothes. He wore his newest coat and went to the party again. The host at once got
up and came to meet him. The host offered him the best table and gave him a good seat and served him the
best food.
Nasreddin sat and put off his coat. (e put his coat and said; Eat the food, Coat! the hosts and guests
were very surprised and asked Nareddin; What are you doing? Nasreddin replied calmly; When ) came
here with my old clothes, nobody looked at me. Then I went home and put on my best clothes. I came back in
my newest coat and you all give me this best food and drink. So, you give food to my coat instead of me .
Getting Nasreddin's answer, they just shook the head.
Orientation : one day, Nasreddin was invited to a dinner party
Event 1 : He was in the party with his old cloth
Event 2 : He was in the party with his best newest coat
Twist : Among the hosts and guests, he asked his coat to eat the served food
The Lucky Thief - Example of Spoof Text with Generic Structure
One usual day in the middle of night, there was a thief. He came in a madman's house and stole a TV and
DVD set.
While the thief was getting out of the house, the madman wake up and tried to chase him. The thief was
running out the house quickly but the madman followed just behind. After two hours race, the thief felt tired
and gave up, Soon the thief was caught, wet handed, by the mad man.
Under unlucky situation, the thief started pleading and begged the madman not to send him to police
officers. The mad man replied calmly;"Don't worry, I just want to give you the remotes"
Orientation : The story clearly states the main characters; the thief and the mad man
Events : Paragraph 3 describes three important events. They are how the thief tries to get out from the house,
how the mad man tries to catch the thief, and how finally the thief gives up.
Twist : How the story is accomplished becomes the main element of spoof text. It is the twisting end of the
story. What the mad man replies after catching the thief is really unpredictable for readers.
Reading Flipping Book
There was a student. He studied at a college. The student was deeply in love with his girl classmate.
Unfortunately he did not know what to do to get the girl s attention.
One day, the student got assignment. He planned to attract the girl. So he asked the girl for help with his
assignments. The day was his fortunate as the beautiful girl agreed. So he came to sit next to the girl happily.
He built an impression as a diligent student and took out a book pretending to read.
After while, the girl was curious and asked: You must be a genius. (ow can you read a book upside
down? She continued: "I am impressed"

Orientation : Of course the participants are the student and the girl
Events : Some events in that story are asking help, approaching her, sitting next to her, and reading book
Twist : The last impressed comment from the girl is very unpredictable. The student was worried that he did
not know how to read.
Saved by Stilts
The king wanted to test Abu Nawas smartness. So he invited Abu Nawas to the palace. You want me,
your Majesty? greeted Abu Nawas. Yes, you have fooled me three times and that s too much. ) want you to
leave the country. Otherwise you will have to go to jail said the king. )f that is what you want, ) will do what
you said said Abu Nawas sadly. Then Remember, from tomorrow you may not step on the ground of this
country anymore the king said seriously. Then Abu nawas left the king palace sadly.
The following morning the king ordered his two guards to go to Abu Nawas house. The guards were very
surprised found Abu Nawas still in his house. He had not left the country yet. Instead leaving the country, Abu
Nawas was swimming in small pool in front of his house. (ey Abu Nawas, why haven t you left this country
yet? The king ordered you not to step on the ground of this country anymore, didn t he? said the guards.
Sure he did answered Abu Nawas calmly. But look at me! Do ) step on the ground of this country? No, ) do
not step on the ground. I am swimming on the water continued Abu Nawas.
The guards were not able to argue with Abu Nawas so they left Abu Nawas house and went back to the
palace. The guards reported what they had seen to the king. The king was curious on Abu Nawas excuse not
to leave the country. Therefore the king ordered his guard to call Abu Nawas to come to the palace.
Abu Nawas came to the palace on stilts. The king wondered and said Abu, ) will surely punish you
because you haven t done what ) have said. You have not left this country . The King continued And now,
look at you. You walk on stilts like a child. Are you crazy? The king pretended to be furious.
) remember exactly what you said, Your Majesty Abu Nawas answered calmly. This morning ) took a
bath in the small pool in my house so that I had not to step on the ground. And since yesterday, I have been
walking on this stilts. So you see, Your Majesty, ) do not step on the ground of this country . The king was not
able to say anything.
(Adapted from S. Harianto’s Abu Nawas and King Aaron)
Orientation : Introducing Abu Nawas and the King on the counteracts about leaving and staying in the country
Event 1 : Abu Nawas was swimming on the pool
Event 2 : Abu Nawas was walking on the stilts
Twister : Abu Nawas explained that swimming in the pool and walking on the stilts meant not stepping on the
ground of the country
Private Conversation
Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting.
I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking very
loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned around. I looked at the man and the young
woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it.
I turned around again. ) could not hear a word ) said angrily. )t s none of your business the young man
said rudely. This is a private conversation
(From: English New Concept)
Orientation : introducing a writes as point of view ) which is in a theatre last week
Event 1 : the other theatregoers, young man and young woman, were talking noisily.
Event 2 : the writer used physical language by turning around to the young man and young woman talk to not
to make noisy.
Event 3 : the write used verbal language by saying ) could not hear a word .
Twister : the young man misunderstood the writer s word and said; )t s none of your business. )t s a private
conversation .

Bad Dream
Once there was a couple sleeping. The wife had a bad dream. She woke up. She was scared and cried.
(er husband tried to make her comfortable and asked why she cried. Then she replied: ) had a dream
that a very rich and handsome man kidnapped me from you. (earing his wife answer, the husband said: )t is
ok honey, it was just a dream.
)mmediately the wife responded loudly: That is why ) m crying.
 Generic structure Analysis
Orientation : Wife and her husband
Events : The husband makes her wife calm. The wife tells his dream about kidnapping. Then the husband
make his wife that it was just a dream
Twist : The wife answer is twisting. What makes her crying is actually the kidnapping was only a dream
A Story of Penguin in the Park
Once a man was walking in a park when he across a penguin. He took it to a policeman and said; "What
should I do?" The policeman replied; "Take it to the zoo!".
The next day, the policeman saw the man in the same park. The man was still carrying the penguin. The
policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked; "Why are you still carrying the
penguin? Didn't you take it to the zoo?" The man replied; "I certainly did. And it was a great idea because the
penguin really enjoyed it. So, today I am taking it to the movie".
Orientation : introducing participants: "He" and Penguin. They were in the park
Event1 : The man tended to take the penguin to the park
Event : The following day, the man were still carrying the penguin
Twist : Even, finally the man would take the penguin to the movies
Focusing on certain participants: He, penguin, policeman
Using action verb: carry, walk up
Using adverb of time and place: once, in the park
Told in chronological order: chronological order by days, the next day
5. Anecdote
Snake in the Bathroom
How would you like to find a snake in you bath?
We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so long that everything was in a terrible
mess. Anna and I decided that we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned on the tap. Suddenly to
my horror, a snake's head appeared in the plug hole. Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He
twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and hissing at us. For an instant I stood there
quite paralyzed. Then I yelled for my husband, who luckily came running and killed the snake with the handle
of a broom.
Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her
out of the way or she'd probably have lean over the bath to get a better look. We found out later that it was a
black mamba, a poisonous kind of snake. It had obviously been fast asleep, curled up at the bottom of the nice
warm water-pipe. It must have had an awful shock when the cold water came trickling down! But nothing to
the shock I got! Ever since then I've always put the plug in firmly before running the bath water
Note: example / example of anecdote text is recomposed from karupin'blog
From Bankrupt Candle to Best Seller Soap
In 1879, William and James' best seller was candles. They had begun business together in Cincinnati.
While they were in peak of popularity, the candle company was in trouble as Thomas Edison had invented the
light bulb. It looked as if their candle product would become obsolete. People would like to use light bulb and
would not use candle anymore.
The fears became reality when the market for candles plummeted since the candle product were now
sold only for special occasions. The outlook of candle company appeared to be bleak and depressing for
William and James. The situation was more miserable. Several months later the accident occurred. Without
thinking one of the employee left to go to lunch and forgot to turn off the machine. Since the machinery was
left in operation, air would work its way into the mixture.

However after discussing with his supervisor, the employee decided not to discard the mixture. Instead,
he poured the mixture into frames and the soap hardened. Thus, the floating soap was born. He decided to
give the soap a name that people could remember. Then the soap was named IVORY. This ivory soap became
the mainstay of the William and James Company.
Amazingly, William and James began to receive letters from buyers of this "accidental" soap. They wanted
more of the soap that floats. Ivory soap was introduced to the marketplace. Even though this interesting
formula was one of their best products, they were perplexed as to how this happened. The mysterious
formula for the floating soap was resolved when the lunchtime accident was revealed.
Note: liraz.com and essortment.com
Blessing Behind Tragedy
There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine children. They had a
dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They were making plan to travel with their children
to America. It had taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport.
They had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America.
The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in America. However few
days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of
the possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine when
the departure time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they
had planned.
The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the ship leaved without him
and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He cursed both his son and God for the misfortune.
Five days later, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic, had shank. It
took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called the unsinkable ship had sunk. It
was unbelievable but it was.
The Clark family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they were left
behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the family. He
thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy.
This sample of anecdote text is taken from Look Ahead 2
Abstract : Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true, there is something
wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we do?
Orientation : the Clark family lived in Scotland. They had dream to travel to America. They prepared well for their
plan
Crisis : few days before they went to America, his youngest son was bitten by a dog. It made they were being
quarantined. They had to forget their plan.
Incident : the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with his son and God. The
family failed to travel to America and the father could not accept it.
Coda : the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God because of saving the family
from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was not a tragedy but a blessing.

ARGUMENTATION
1. Analytical Exposition Texts
Why is Learning English Important?
Language is the mean of communication. Mostly groups of society have their own languages. Some of
them appear the top global languages. Most people in the world hear about English, Arabic, and Mandarin.
However English is the most global spoken language. Then if a man wants to catch a global goal, he has to
master English.
Everyone recognize that English is an international language. English is used in writing and speaking by
many people all over the world. It can be either as a first or second language. We even hear British, American,
Australian, and even Singaporean English. Those various names of English are used as the first language in
those countries. Furthermore, some countries have their own languages as a mother language but also use
English mostly in daily communication.
Besides usage in daily interaction, English is also used as a key to open doors leading to scientific and
technical knowledge. No wonder we find manual guides and instructions of many devices written in English.
Even if we have a pack of instant noodle, we will see the cooking instruction also written in English. This
transfer of science will include many countries in economic, social and politics development.
Finally, the most easily seen in the importance of learning English is that most top requirement in filling
job opportunities is the ability using English; active or passive. Job applicants who master English are more
favorable than ones who do not.
The above facts prove that everybody needs to learn English if he likes to greet the global era.
Students Need Laptop
Conventionally, students need book, pen, eraser, drawing book, ruler and such other stuff. Additionally, in
this multimedia era, students need more to reach their progressive development. Students need mobile
keyboards to record every presented subject easily. Of course it will need more cost but it will deserve for its
function.
First, modern schools tend to apply fast transferring knowledge because the school needs to catch the
target of curriculum. Every subject will tend to be given in demonstrative method. Consequently students
need extra media cover the subject. Since there is a laptop on every students' desk, this method will help
student to get better understanding.
Secondly, finding an appropriate laptop is not difficult as it was. Recently there is an online shop which
provides comprehensive information. The best is that the shop has service of online shopping. The students
just need to brows that online shop, decide which computer or laptop they need, then complete the
transaction. After that the laptop will be delivered to the students' houses. That is really easy and save time
and money.
From all of that, having mobile computer is absolutely useful for students who want to catch the best
result for their study. Buying laptop online is advisable because it will cut the price. This online way is
recommended since online shop also provide several laptoptypes. Students just need to decide which type
they really need.
Career in Translation
Functionally, translation is transferring the message or the meaning and not the word. According to Nida,
such translation is called dynamic equivalence translation. It tries to bring the precise message in different
language.
Many people like to watch Hollywood movie but many get trouble in understanding to the actors'
dialogue. So the way they get the understanding about the movie is reading the translating text running. If
Hindi translation is provided, it will bring the better understanding for Indian moviegoer. Hollywood movie
spread over other Asia countries. Therefore, Arabic translation, Indonesian translation and Farsi translation
are widely needed and that is a big chance for English master in that countries.
India is likely being an English speaking country. India translation will grow better and. It
seems Indonesia, Malaysia and Filipina will reach that mark too soon. Translation job will be great in amount
and that is good development for translating job seekers.

Why Exercise is Important
The majority of us claim that we do not have time for exercise. We feel too busy to do that. However,
many experts said that exercise has great role in making our body healthy.
Being physically active offers many advantages. In physical reword, exercise can reduce weight then our
body will become fitter. Exercise is also believed to reduce stress levels, improve sleep patterns, and reduce
the risk of heart disease, diabetes and some forms of cancer. Beside physical advantage, exercise also brings
good effects mentally. Due to the fitter body, exercise can make us feel refreshed and happy then we can
increase our life quality and expectancy.
How can we do exercise while we are busy? Such question is commonly found among us. Actually
exercise can be done in simple ways. We can go walking while shopping. In the office we can take stair rather
than lift to run up and down. Or we can go cycling while enjoy the leisure time.
Over all, doing exercise is little bit difficult in busy life but the little bit of exercise will help better.
Adapted from: www.hifit.co.uk/health-breaks/importance-exercise.html
The Advantages of Gold Coin Investment
Gold has become a precious metal to mankind since it was the dawn of civilization. The nature of gold is
soft and malleable which people can make and easily change to any forms, even it is done just by a simple
technology. The beautiful golden and shiny color does not easily fade out. The form of gold can be as jewelry,
bar, or coin. Now days gold coin, such as gold IRA, becomes an advantageous investment.
Gold is safe and profitable for investment. In uncertain situations, many people are turning to gold
because gold has a more stable value and regarded as currency without limitation assets. It is secure and can
be cashed out at any time we need. The Gold values tend to be stable; take a look an IRA gold discussion. It is
zero inflation effect. It is very rare that the gold prices fell. Even every year, the gold price tends to increase.
Investments in the form of coins, it is famous as gold coin, is more profitable if it is compared with the
investment gold in the form of jewelry. Gold Coin, for example gold 401k which some people call 401k gold, is
very good when used as an alternative investment, whether it is for the medium-term investment and long-
term investment. Besides that gold coins need less cost in production and manufacturing sot it is more
lucrative than investing gold in the form of jewelry.
Moreover, some people do not just think gold as an investment, but also as collections. Because the
character is a collection so the uniqueness and rareness are the point. There might be coins that cost up to
more than a million because of the history variables, ownership, and perhaps an important event when the
coin is launched.
From the reason above, if we decide to make an investment, it could be useful to consider investing gold
coin or think about gold IRA transfer. It is really recommended.
The Problem of Being Too Fat
Being too fat is commonly known as overweight or obesity. It is simply defined as too much body fat
inside. Overweight potentially leads high risk of health problem.
Being too fat is recognized as a major factor for heart disease. Due to the overweight, the heart will work
harder. It can lead to the heart attack. Furthermore, obesity potentially rises blood cholesterol and blood
pressure. In addition, being too fat can change the amount of sugar in the blood. This will cause diabetes and
other serous disease.
Beside all of that, being too fat is often avoided by many young women. They said that becoming too fat
will bother their physical beauty appearance.
More serious studies are necessary to see the effect of obesity. However it is clear enough that
overweight is not good enough for healthy life.
Controlling Children Using Computer
Computer and internet are useful as well as powerful. Information about health and safe usage of
computer and Internet, especially for children, should be owned by each family. Computer connected to
internet is powerful way to socialize with others. It can be good but also bad effect. Recently we hear a lot of
children get the advantage of social networking sites but we often see the news about the disadvantage of it
for children. Healthy and safety of computer and Internet usage should continue to be campaigned.
The role of parent in assisting and directing children in using computer is very necessary. Installation of
software monitor such as key logger which has function to watch and note all activities relating to keyboard

usage is helpful but not enough to protect children from potential harms. Children tend to hide what they
have done in front of the computer to their parent. They see that all of they have done are their privacy and
no one may know.
We cannot prevent children from using computer because it is multifunctional. However, many parents
worry about what their kids do in front of the computer; whether they are doing homework or even just
playing games. Or spending all time to surf internet which is the materials do not fit with his age. There is a
tendency, especially teenagers, want to become acquainted with many strangers outside. The lack parental
supervision of children's activities is likely to pose a potential danger to them. So parental monitor against the
use of computers needs to be done from time to time.
The Unhealthy Fast Food
Fast food nowadays is considered a normal eating venture. People are not just eating out on special
occasions or weekends anymore. It means that all the time they mostly eat fast foods. However is fast food
good for health?
Fast food has its popularity in the s. Within a few years, fast-food operations popped up
everywhere. With the compelling rise in fast-food restaurants since the s, oddly it started the rise in
obesity and cancer during that same time period.
Fast food is highly processed with a wide array of additives. To ensure fast food s low cost, the fast food
products are made with highly-processed ingredients to give it shelf-life, to hold consistency, and to enhance
flavor. Fast food is altered from its original healthy form.
It is not the calories in fast food which damage health and waistline. It is the chemical additives such as
aspartame and MSG (monosodium glutamate). Studies show that the chemical additives lead to weight and
disease issues.
So, there is absolutely nothing nutritional about fast food. Fast food simply feeds hunger and craving.
Simplified from: www.criticalbench.com/unhealthy_fast_food.htm
The Power of Music in our life
Do you agree that music is important in our life? Yes I do, music has certain role completing our day to
day activities. Here are some reasons why music is heard everywhere and anywhere.
Music is a way to express feelings. When we fall in love, the kind of music we d listen to would be all
about love. When we re sad, we would go for music that is melancholic in nature and immerse ourselves in
the sadness. When we re happy, we d choose songs with happy tunes too.
Song can help to memorize the last experiences. A favorite song is a powerful documentary. People with
Alzheimer which are impaired the brain would remember details about songs they were familiar with. For
example, an elderly woman who couldn t even remember her husband s name would remember the details of
her favorite song; when it was played, how it made her feel and things about the song that made it especially
memorable for her.
Further, music can unite people for a cause and changes the world. A song with good lyric and striking
deep chord can stimulate the universal feeling of all people. We can see it in the case of the famous and
legendary Michael Jackson's Heal the World. It can arouse humanism of a lot people in this world.
So what would the world be like without music? It would be lonely.
Adapted from The Jakarta Post
The Dangers of using SMS while Driving
The popularity of mobile devices has had some dangerous consequences. We know that mobile
communications are linked to a significant increase in distracted driving which results in injury and loss of
life.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported that in 2010 driver distraction was the
cause of 18 percent of all fatal crashes – with 3,092 people killed – and crashes resulting in an injury – with
416,000 people wounded.
The Virginia Tech Transportation Institute found that text messaging creates a crash risk 23 times worse
than driving while not distracted.

Eleven percent of drivers aged 18 to 20 who were involved in an automobile accident and survived
admitted they were sending or receiving texts when they crashed.
Distracted driving endangers life and property and the current levels of injury and loss are unacceptable.
Source://www.fcc.gov/guides/texting-while-driving
Jakarta - Bad Working Place for Expatriates
Jakarta is the second-worst place for expatriates to work in outside of the United States of America,
Canada and Western Europe. It is according to a recent report published by Businessweek.
The Businessweek report ranked emerging markets that might be challenging to move into due to their
level of pollution, disease, political violence and availability of good and services.
The report ranked Jakarta second, just below Lagos in Nageria and above Riyadh Saudi Arabia, saying the
threat of violence from extremist, in particular, was serious drawback to living in Jakarta. Bombings targeting
foreign interests in Jakarta, such as the JW Marriot hotel bombing in 2003, have been repeated elsewhere in
the city.
The report said despite problem common to many developing cities such as the risk of disease, poor
sanitation, and excessive pollution, Indonesia can be an enticing location.
In response, the Jakarta administration took the report positively, saying it could spur the administration
to improve its performance.
Source: www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/04/15/
Proposing to Get the Job
(ello. Good morning. ) wonder if you can help me. My name is Emma (eath. ) m looking for a job as an
administrator.
At the moment ) m working at a solicitor s as a clerk. Do you know Blame, Payne and Co.? ) ve been
working there for about two years but there doesn t seem to be any chance of promotion, so ) m trying to find
something else.
The other thing is, ) m moving soon, so ) m looking for a job in Leicester. I would prefer it if it was in the
city centre really. My current address is Terraced Walk, Derby, DE GP, but ) m going to be moving out
on the th, and then ) ll be living with my mum until ) ve found a house to rent in Leicester. After the th
you ll be able to contact me at my mum s. (er address is Cedars Lane, Swinscote, Derby, DE UR.
By the way, my mobile number is 079421 645784. If you do ring me on my mobile, please can you ring after
six because ) ll be at work all day and my boss doesn t know that ) m planning on leaving.
My current salary is K per annum and ) would like to find something for at least thirteen or more. ) ll bring
my CV in to your office once ) ve finished updating it.
Oh yes, last month I went on a four-day intensive first aid course, which makes me fully qualified to give
first aid.
Source: Englishbanana.com
 Type of the questions for this kind of text will be formed in topic or main idea, detail information, implied information,
meaning (synonym and antonym), and also references.
Example Questions:
1. Who is the paragraph about?
2. Why does she leave the message?
3. What job does she do at the moment?
4. What job would she like to do?
5. Name the company that she works for.
6. How long has she been working there?
7. Why does she want to leave?
8. Which city is she moving to?
9. What and How is her address at the moment?
10. Is she planning to buy a house in Leicester?
11. What and (ow is her mum s address?
12. When can she be contacted there?
13. Add together the first four digits of her phone number.
14. When can she be contacted on her mobile number?
15. How much would she like her salary to increase by?
16. What and How is a CV?
17. What do the letters CV stand for?
18. )s Emma s boss upset that she will be leaving?
19. In your opinion, is Emma right to look for another job?
20. Do you think she will be happier living in Leicester?
Writing is a Great for Money Online
The emergence of the internet has given internet entrepreneurs many ways to make money. Writers are
one group that have benefited from their talents as a result in the rise of internet based jobs.

Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn money online, determined by the owner of the blog.
They are very popular because of the blogs are usually written on a certain subject area but can vary as its
content is heir simplicity to get up and running. There are many free websites out there that will help you set
up your own blog if you choose to go that route because blog plus advertisement is a potential money.
Translation writing is also a good money to earn money online. Make sure to gear your articles to
promote and advertise you own business ventures. These articles are a free way to market the products and
services you offer for free. The most effective advertising with these articles comes from the dialogue box that
is inserted at the end of each article. These dialogue boxes contain links to basically any website you would
like to drive traffic to. For instance, you might have one link in your dialogue box to a product you are selling
and one to a blog where you are promoting a discussing other products.
Writing takes some time to gain credibility through but once it's done' earning potential can become very
powerful.
Simplified from: http://EzineTranslationcles.com/?expert=Michael_Noto
Thesis : Writing is good in making money online
Argument 1 : blog is a potentially earning money tools
Argumant 2 : writing articles is good in earning money
Conclusion : credible writer is powerful to make money online
Opportunity in the Global Financial Crisis
US. Financial crisis and its contagion to Europe and the rest of the world could also create new
opportunity for Indonesia in term of foreign direct investment and the development of basic infrastructure.
As the US. financial crisis has now spread to Europe, the oil-rich countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and
Arab Emirate which have accumulated hundreds of billion of Dollars in their foreign reserve, are now
reviewing their holding or investment vehicle. They are looking for more diversified investment outside the
US and Europe.
Because of unfavorable political developments in Thailand and Malaysia over the past few months,
Indonesia which has largely Muslim population could become one of these oil-rich countries' favorite place
for foreign direct investment. That will be true if the conditions, legal and market infrastructure are
conducive for Islamic financial instruments.
The government had improved the legal framework with the recent actment of laws on sharia banking
and bonds. The long term nature of Islamic bonds could make them the most suitable investment instrument
for Indonesia, as these bonds grant an investor a share in an asset along with the cash flows and risks
commensurate with such ownership.
The financial crisis that has gripped the globe and weakening economic growth in the rest of the world
will serve to the government to accelerate the investment reform measures in order to grab the hidden
opportunity in the global crisis.
(simplified from the jakartapos.com on Oct 9)
o Paragraph 1 is THESIS. It introduces the topic of the text which state the potential opportunity behind the global
financial crisis.
o Paragraphs 2 and 3 are the ARGUMENTS which support to the opinions stated in the above thesis.
o Paragraph 4 is REITERATION which restates the thesis in another phrases to point the writer's opinion.
Why is It Important to Choose the Accredited School?
Most of teenagers need to go to school and there are a lot of schools over there. Nowadays, schools grow
to offer plenty of choice; private and state ones. However it is a hard choice since there are many factors
which need to be considered before making the selection. Some will be influenced by friends; because some
friend got to certain school than we go to there too. Some prefer to choose certain school because of the closer
distance. In fact, the primary decisive matter for selecting school is whether the school has been accredited or
not.
Why is important to choose an accredited school? Well, accredited schools have an edge over the
unaccredited schools. This label of Accredited School has an impact in employment opportunities. As result, if
there are two or more students with similar qualifications, the student who comes from the accredited school
will have an edge over the other candidate. Student from an accredited school has more open door than
student with an accredited one.

Many students select certain school depending more on short term factors like friend influence and short
distance from home. It is not bad since commuting actually needs much cost. Choosing school which is closer
to home will save time, energy and money. However if that school is not accredited, the time and money spent
along studying seems to be waste in the long term because it could become a limiting factor in gaining future
opportunities.
Accredited school is not the only factor which will drive student s success. Personality and
characterization are very important too. However a student with good personality who comes from an
accredited school is better than the others.
Thesis : it is the main topic of discourse in analytical exposition essay. Commonly the thesis will be placed in
the first paragraphs. It also has a function of introduction of the text. From the text above we see that
choosing school will be wiser and safer if it is based on the status of the school; accredited or not.
Arguments : the arguments are the heart of an analytical exposition. The absence of argument, analytical will just
talk nothing since a thesis must be evaluated, whether it is true or false later, it does not matter. From
the analytical exposition sample above, we see an accredited school graduate will hold better
opportunity. Additionally choosing school based on short term interests seem to be less benefit in the
end.
Reiteration : it is the writer s thesis which is re-stated in another word. The purpose is to strengthen the thesis.
From the text above, we realize that choosing an accredited school is really important.
Is Smoking Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About fifty thousand people die every year
in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of
smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times
more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen
greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two
and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in
smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen
cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from smoking habit.
Smoking however is not good for everybody else.
Thesis : This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer s point of view about the topic discussed. Writer has show
himself in clear position of the discussed topic. Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It
states the fact of the very fatal impact of the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that smoking is
not a good habit.
Arguments : Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as giving conflict plot in narrative text.
The series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated before. In this example of analytical exposition text,
paragraph 2 and 3 are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is not
good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who do not smoke but they are in smoky area have
the bad effect too from the smoking habit.
Reiteration : This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is something like conclusive paragraph from the
previous arguments. The last paragraph of this example of analytical exposition points again that smoking
is not good for smokers and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for Cigarette
Companies
2. Hortatory Exposition Texts
The Benefit of Reading
Most people believe that reading is a very important. There are many benefits of reading. What are they?
First, reading can gives us knowledge about many things in the world such as Science, technology. Sports,
arts, culture, etc written in either books, magazine, newspaper, etc.
Second, reading makes us know a lot of news and information about something happening in any parts of
the world?
Reading also give us pleasure. When we are tired, we read books, newspaper or magazine on the
entertainment column such as comedy, short story, quiz, etc, to make us relaxed.

It is obvious that everyone needs to read to get knowledge, information and also entertainment.
However, not all of us love reading. Here are the steps how we should do to love reading:
1. Identify what kind of reading material we want to enjoy. People enjoy different kinds of reading.
2. Try a variety of books and series of the reading materials.
3. Go to your local library. We can try out as many books as we would like for free.
4. Create a good reading environment. Find a place that is quiet, well-lit, and comfortable. Even some
people love reading while listening to music.
Higher Education for Woman
In this modern era, there are still some parents who are reluctant about sending their daughter to college.
Such narrow attitude shown to woman higher education is largely due to the traditional role of woman in
society. A woman is expected just to be a wife and a mother most parents believe that if their daughter gets
married and chooses to be a housewife, then the higher education will be a waste. However an educated
woman does not only make a better wife but also contribute better thing to the large society.
Nowadays more women are successfully combining their career and marriage. Educated women are
richer both emotionally and financially. They are able to find an outlet for monotonous drudgery of their
housekeeping. They bring more satisfaction and contentment to their lives.
Depriving girl of higher education is crash discrimination. Time has changed. Modern society need the
talents of its people regardless of gender. Today women work alongside men. In fact, in the last few decades
women have made outstanding contributions to society.
Woman should be given the freedom to be educated whether they get married or go to work after
finishing their education because it is only through education that a woman will find herself useful and
discover what she wants in life. A woman who works is not an insult to her husband. Conversely, her husband
should feel proud of her achievement since marriage is actually an equal partnership. Therefore, parents
should not think that girls should receive less education just because they will get marriage one day.
The Use of English
Many of us are dismayed about the quality of our education, which is not commensurate with the high
cost spent on school fees. It is way below our expectations if we compare our graduates with those who
studied overseas, especially concerning the mastery of English. It is important to know that most of
employments require competence in English, for office work and correspondence. Government officials,
speakers, writers and observers use a lot of English.
Then the important thing is to use English as a medium in schools so that we can compete with graduates
from abroad. All students have studied English since they are in junior high school. Even some of them had
been introduced with English when they were in elementary school. However, lots of graduates have less
English skills. Learning English is difficult but it is more difficult to customize us with it.
Then it will be beneficial to have TV films in English like in Singapore. It will help to increase our
graduates competence in English.
(Adapted from: thejakartapost.com/news/2000/05/06/)
School Need More Dust Bins
To improve comfort and cleanliness at the school, there should be an increasing number of dust bins.
When we look at classroom, school corridors and schoolyard, there papers, mineral water cops, straws,
and napkin everywhere. The condition of unseemliness really hinders learning and teaching environment.
They can be filled out with water coming from the rain. This can be placed for mosquito to spread out.
Anyway I notice that most of the students have responsibilities for their school environment. They put
their litter on the proper place but some of them are not diligent enough to find the dust bins. The numbers of
the dust bins in the school are not enough. More dust bins should be put beside each step, outside of the
classrooms and some along of the corridors. Probably one dust bin should be in every ten meters. So when
students want to throw away their litters, they can find the dust bins easily.
When school is equipped with sufficient dust bins, students do not have problem of discomfort any more.
So provide more dust bins and school will be very clean and become a very nice place to study.

No Mobile Phone to School
Recently most people own mobile phone. Why does mobile phone user increase dramatically in recent
years?
First, the feature and functions has increased. Mobile phone is not used just for calling, but sending text,
taking pictures, recording videos, accessing internet, playing games and much more. Second, mobile phone
has also become a lot cheaper. Now this communication device does not only fill the pocket of adult but also
teenager and student. Even a lot phones are intentionally designed to teenaged market. However should they
be allowed to bring them to school?
Many schools do not allow students to bring cell phones to school. It is very reasonable because bringing
phone to school potentially disrupts the learning process. Most students use cell phones irresponsibly. They
use cell phones to talk to their friend during class time. They also use the calculator and camera features in
the class as well. Those potentially lead less concentration in the time of learning and teaching process.
Students go to school to learn and behave fair way. Mobile phones provide a large temptation to cheat in
tests. They can communicate to anyone and almost anywhere in the world. Because of the small size of the
cell phone, students can send a text quietly and discreetly. The text can go unnoticed anywhere to get help on
answering tests, homework, and other class assignment. Learning in school is to behave fair not cheating.
Therefore, schools should ban students from bringing their cell phones. However it should be done fairly.
In case of an emergency some student need a call for help, providing easy access to phone is better.
The Importance of Speaking English
English nowadays has an important role in our daily life. It is the massive means of communication. Is
there a strong argument which says that English will not give any benefit?
Learning to speak English well may be the best way to improve our life. It seems all the people in the world
have agreed to use English to talk to each other. About 1,500,000,000 people in the world speak English.
While another 1,000,000,000 are still learning English.
If we can communicate in English, we can contact people from all over the world. We can talk about our
ideas and opinions on Internet discussion groups. We can chat with other interesting people to learn about
their life and culture.
If we can communicate in English, we can travel more easily. English is spoken in more than 100
countries. If we lost, we can ask directions or ask for help. Who knows, English will save our life somewhere
someday.
That is why we should make every effort possible to find somebody to speak with. Where can we find
people who can speak English with us? We can find them at school, shopping mall, tourist destination, etc
Above all, don't be afraid to speak English. We must try to speak, even if we make mistakes. We cannot learn
without mistakes. So, speak English as much as possible!
Think After High School
The National examination result will be publicly announced in next short time. Euphoria will flood for
those who get success. In the other hand, It will be sorry to hear that there are some of them do not succeed in
their national final examination. For those who succeed soon will think to decide; where will they be after
graduating high school?
Actually it will be easy to decide for those has been arranged and thought earlier but for those have not
planed yet, it will be quite confusing.
Continuing study or looking for work is the primary choice among them. When they think about
continuing study, they will think hard about the time and cost. How long the higher study will last? And how
high is about the cost. In the same way, when they think about straightly seeking job, what skill and
competence they have got is a big matter of questioning. So, doing both choices in the same time is an
alternative.
Continuing study as well as seeking job is possibly done but it will be hard for them. Conventionally
studying in the university needs much time to spend especially in the first year. It is true because they have to
do and adapt a lot of things in their new higher school. it will be very hard to looking for job. Therefore it
should come to their mind of continuing studying at higher school from their own home. As result, the
available time will be more flexible for them. Then it will be very possible to seek job and get the appropriate
one. This type of studying is publicly known as distance learning.

As the alternative method of studying, besides the conventional studying which students and the lecturer
have to meet in the fixed time and place regularly, distance learning provides possibility to grow better.
Possibly working and studying surely will create high quality graduate. Distance learning should appear as a
considerable choice for them.
The Chaotic National Exam
As the national exam is an annual activity organized by the Education and Culture Ministry, it can be
prepared for as early as possible. )t is very difficult to understand why the implementation of this year s exam
was so chaotic.
I think it was caused by poor management within the central committee, so the minister should be
responsible for its implementation. In an era where all activities can be supported by advanced technology,
11 provinces had to delay the exams due to the failure in the distribution of exam materials.
The quality of education reflects the progress of the nation. Therefore, the ministry needs to thoroughly
assess its failure.
Well I think the text is easy to understand. However If some of you still do not understand or get difficulty
of some vocabularies, the text can be understood from the following rough translation.
Source: www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/04/20/text-your-say-examination-fiasco.html
Thesis : thesis is similar to tentative conclusion which needs to be proven by certain fact and argument. In the
end, it can be true or false - there is some chaos in implementation of National Exam this year
Arguments : this is the phase which try to examine and support that the thesis stated above is true - Some
provinces had to delay the National exam because they had not received the exam material on time
Recommendation: this is what should or should not be done in the hortatory text. This recommendation is
differentiating from analytical exposition - The minister should assess this failure for better education.
3. Discussion
National Exam in Pros and Cons
The existence of national exam which determines whether students succeed or not for 3 years in high school
and deserve to hold graduating certificate extremely raises pros and cons. Some agree to the existence of
national exam for high school students. On the other hand, a lot of people disagree to the existence of national
exam
 Pros and Cons of National Exam
National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an
appeal by the government on the organization of the national exams, the controversy over whether it is
necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary questions
such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam? Will the quality of the
Indonesian education system worsen without national exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education system will
drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system.
However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam kept in
our high school education say that it doesn't need the national exams because the quality of education does
not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students'
competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students' competences throughout the semester.
In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of
students' cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale.
Note: www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/12/19/quality-education-and-national-exams.html
 3 Discussion Texts on The Topic of Working While Studying
A discussion text can be very interesting as it present two different views on certain issues, for example, a
discussion text on the topic of working while studying for students. It means the text presents pro arguments
as well as con reasons on certain problem. How does it look like? Read the following 3 examples of discussion
text.

Students and Part Time Jobs
Working while in the same time going to school is greatly challenging. Both activities can give you a
rewarding experience. However, )f you are a student and want to take a part time job, you d better think
carefully before you decide to take it.
A lot of things should be considered before making decision to take a part time job. On the bad side,
working while keeping having a good grade at school is not really easy. It is very hard task. Taking a part time
job reduces your time for doing schoolwork. This less time is the main negative effect. Because of that limited
time, many students who work part time tend to fail to keep their best both on schoolwork and on
examinations.
On the good side, taking a part time job can helps students to get good financial condition for living
expenses. Working a part time is a valuable part of a student s life. )f the students take on responsibly, they
can deserve a valuable thing from working. It is not only about money. In most cases, they can learn discipline
and applicable skills. Taking a part time job also help students to expand their resume for future career.
Studying and working in the same time consume much time and energy. However if the students can
manage their time and energy wisely, going to school and taking a part time job are possible to do. So contact
your school counselor to discuss further.
Becoming Blue Collar Students
For some students, getting a job while they are still in high school is not an option. Working seems to be a
necessity for them, as they might not get any help from their parents to pay for tuition or for living expenses.
Therefore, they may not have any other choices but to accept a part- time job. However, working is not the
only option if there are some better alternatives to help them.
There are several ways that students can attempt to get the necessary funds that they need, to pay for
tuition, and living expenses. Student loans, grants, and scholarships are the best alternatives that students
should turn to. Instead of working part time while going to school, attempting to win scholarships will not
take much effort. They had better take the challenge to compete for scholarships than working. Moreover, it
motivates students to keep striving to perform their best at schoolwork.
On the other hand, not many students have the opportunity to compete winning the scholarships. Taking
the same efforts, students with average grade might have less opportunity to win. Therefore, working
through school is a valid option. Finding a way to budget your time between school and work can take some
effort, but it s much easier than most students think.
All the students need is discipline. With minimal effort, students should have no trouble striking
a balance between work and school. Working part-time while going to school can easily be done, if students
are disciplined and budget their time accordingly. However, there are actually some better ways to overcome
students financial problems.
Advantage and Disadvantage of Students Taking a Part Time Job
Nowadays, many people think that college students should take a part-time job for several advantages.
For one thing, it gives the students a chance to know the society to learn to be independent. For another,
they can also get financial reward and working experiences as well, such as teaching or selling practice, which
is helpful to their growth. What s more, they can put what they have earned into practice, and know their
strong and weak points so that they can improve their studies and personalities, which are beneficial in their
later lives.
However, still many people think taking part-time job may have some negative effects on students. In
their opinions, it will take them much time and energy, and will affect their studies as a result. What s worse,
some students may be so keen on making money that they may neglect their studies in the end.
Note:
These 3 examples of discussion text is taken and adapted from Priyana, Joko. Interlanguage : English for Senior High School
Student. Jakarta : Pusat Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2008.
After High School; an Example of Discussion Text
Going to college or getting a job right after graduating high school is the common choices of teens will
likely face. Some likely choose to continue studying at college or university but the others try to find job. Here
are the reasons.

Why is it so important for student to continue on to post-secondary education; university or college? The
reason is that post-secondary education will allow them to get the skills and tools that they will need to help
them prepare for a good career. It has been said that the more education they have the more careers will be
open for them to choose from. Employers today will tend to be more open to a person with the more
education.
However some of them choose to get job right after high school. They believe that education is critical but
college is not. In fact, there are numerous careers, such as in healthcare, technology, operations,
transportation, and the building trades, that do not require a four-year degree from college or university.
Furthermore, as they advance in these careers, there is also nothing stopping them from pursing a college
degree at a later age.
So, what are you doing after graduating high school? Think carefully!
This example of discussion text about life after high school is arranged from:
http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/growing/after_hs.html
http://www.r-go.ca/postsecondary.htm
http://www.quintcareers.com/college_alternatives.html
The Advantage and Disadvantage of the Internet
Computer, tablet, mobile phone, and other devices connected to Internet have been the most outstanding
innovation in the history of mankind. As with every single innovation, internet has its own advantages and
disadvantages.
The target of internet has always been the communication. By the advent of computer's Internet, our
earth has reduced and has attained the form of a global village. Now we can communicate in a fraction of
second with a person who is sitting in the other parts of the world. Today for better communication, we can
avail the facilities of e-mail; we can chat for hours with our loved ones. There are plenty messenger services
in offering. With help of such services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of global friendship.
However, Internet also has disadvantageous sides. One of them is the wide spread of unsuitable content for
kids. It is a very serious issue and related to children's healthy mental life. There are thousands of such
inappropriate contents on the Internet which can be easily found.
Though, internet can also create havoc, destruction and its misuse can be very fatal, the advantages of it
outweigh its disadvantages.
Source: www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-disadvantages-internet.html
Gift Cards Bring Advantages and Disadvantages
Gift cards become more popular during recent years. For example, in one season of holiday, sales reach
$19 billion in United Stated and seem to grow more in the following season due to their convenience in the
side of consumers and retailers.
In retailers side, gift cards bring them some benefits. Selling gift card in simply selling product. When the
cards are sold, they will get benefit. Additionally, gift card tends to be a matter of image and trend which
means it is not strictly influenced by the functionality. Since gift card is the trend, the sales will increase
significantly.
However, there is potential disadvantages in the side of consumers. For example, itune gift cards apply
process in the way of completing the shopping. they need do one step to another steps in processing the
shopping. Likely, most of the steps apply time and date of validity or expiration. When certain step loose that
validating date, the gift cards may be in risk. The gift card can be rejected to redeem. Again, in retailers side,
producing card its self is costly. It means that there is additional cost which retailers have to pay.
In whatever thing, we need to be wise. if we can use that gift card effectively, the disadvantages can be
reduced.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Homeschooling
Homeschooling is an alternative way to educate our kids beside sending them to public school.
Homeschooling is becoming more popular every day. There are about two million children currently learning
at home. However it has some advantages and disadvantages.
Parents choose homeschooling to educate their kids because they believe that homeschooling can be a
personalized schedule. Home schooling allows parents and children to work out a schedule that will best
work for the child.

Another advantage is flexibility in time and curriculum. By home schooling parents can set the
curriculum around vacation, illnesses, and other surprise event
On the other hand, homeschooling can spoil parents' time. Homeschooling needs a lot of time in
preparation and delivery. Parents have to research topics, prepare the lessons, set up the projects and field
the trips.
So, when thinking about putting children through home school, we should make sure that we understand
all of the criteria involved in the home education.
Source: whitney05.hubpages.com/hub/Advantages-and-Disadvantages-to-Homeschooling.
The advantages and Disadvantage of Facebook
Everything which we have in the world has two sides; good aspect and bad one. It is also definitely true
for the phenomenon of Facebook. There are a large number of people who have Facebook account. If we see
closely, Facebook also has some pros and cons.
Certainly, Facebook has many advantages. The easiness of communication is what most people agree. We
have had old friends and we are being separated by time and distance. Facebook is a great way to reconnect
us again. We have a family who lives far away. Again, Facebook can helps us to stay connected. We can send
news and share pictures with them of recent family activities. This easy communication makes us get
together though we are not.
Another advantage of Facebook is for business purpose. Some companies use Facebook to promote their
products and services. They will make Facebook page and write about their product and services and will be
easily connected to millions of people in the world. Facebook is a great outlet for companies which needs to
find new clients and keep contact with them easily. This is actually the biggest selling point to Facebook.
Besides the advantages, facebook has also disadvantages. Facebook is sometime scaring and annoying. It
is about a "virtual" friend. Facebook makes such friend connection exist, though may not in fact. Fake Identity
is another disadvantage. Who can guarantee that your friends in Facebook have used the real identity?
Facebook newsfeed can also become annoying. There are a lot of people who just want to talk everything
which sometimes makes no sense for us. Spamming is another problem with Facebook. We often receive
invitations to games or things which we don't like but we feel to be forced to like them too.
According to me, Facebook is not as an entirely bad thing or a completely good thing. Facebook is
absolutely about how we can use it wisely and safely.
Giving Children Homework; Pro and Con
There are a lot of discussion as to whether children should be given homework or not. Is it enough for
children having time to study at school or needing additional time in home for study after school time?
Some people claim that children do enough work in school already. They also argue that children have
their hobbies which they want to do after school, such as sport or music. A further point they make is that a
lot of homeworks are pointless and does not help the children learn at all.
However, there are also strong arguments against this point of view. Parents and teachers argue that it is
important to find out whether children can work on their own without the support from the teacher. They say
that the evening is a good time for children to sit down and think about what they have learned in school.
Furthermore they claim that the school day is too short to get anything done. It makes sense to send
home tasks like independent reading or further writing task which do not need the teacher support.
I think, on balance, that some homework is good idea but that should only given at the weekend when
children have more time.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Home Office
Everybody like home sweet home however making office at home is possible and recommend. Of course
home office will has both advantage and disadvantage. Therefore it is wise to consider the strengths and
weaknesses to have a home office.
Some people will agree that having office at home will make benefit. It saves time. We need no
commuting which occasionally takes a long time. Besides we are free to set the work schedule. Having home
office will save money as we need not to purchase or lease of office space from rent companies. What make it
more flexible is that we can set part or all parts of our home just as a real office. What we need is only a
wireless router to cover all parts of our house with Internet. We can run our business wherever part of house

we want, from living room, bed room, veranda, etc even we can make sell or purchase by online shopping for
things we need. Furthermore Working at home might reduce stress, effort and time and divert it to other
more productive things because while working, we are close to our families.
However making home as office also has some disadvantages. For some people, keeping the schedule is
hard in flexible time. Such people type will harder if they are working just from home. There will no clear
border between working and breaking. Working just from home also reduces the possibility to meet new
people. It is true that computer and Internet connection possibly relate people every time and everywhere
but we will interact with them in a dimension which is not real face.
So considering carefully what we actually need in running our business is very recommended before
choosing to have office at home or not.
The Pros and Cons of School Uniform
School uniforms are dress codes that are determined by the teaching institutions and students has to
follow the designed code obediently everyday. Many people believe that school uniforms should be applied
but the others don't.
Uniforms have various advantages for both the family and the child. A united school apparel can relief a
financial stress of the backs of many families. As kids tend to compete and imitate each other, the race of
following new trends in fashion or, providing different attire for every school day is considered a financial
burden, not every family can afford it.
Additionally, a uniform creates a sense of equality between all pupils. Young kids tend to judge others
according to their look and what they wear. Uniting their school attire will draw their attention to other
criteria and, the only advantage of one student over another would be personality, academic achievement or
being good at sports.
On the other hand, as repetition can lead to boredom, children can get frustrated of wearing same thing
to school every day. Also, prevent their first steps of individuality by taking away their right to choose what to
wear on their own free well.
)n conclusion, ) believe uniforms aren t meant to suppress the creativity or freedom of children. )t helps
redirecting kids creativity towards more important things than outer look, and waive financial burden of
their families.
Source: http://www.english-test.net/forum/ftopic40618.html
The advantages and Disadvantages of Distance Learning
A few years ago, distance learning was seen as an inferior way but nowadays even famous and
established traditional colleges and universities are providing distance learning courses and it is generally
considered a way to improve one's life.
However, people still argue whether distance learning give more advantage or disadvantage. Some of
them who see the benefit of distance learning will say that distance learning needs no commuting. Of course it
saves money and time that students would take. Furthermore, distance learning can be done at any student s
convenience. Mostly of the classes of distance learning are asynchronous. It means that students do not have
to attend a lecture at a fixed particular time and place. Students can review the assignments and do their
homework during off-hours or from home. Additionally, distance learning gives more accessibility. No one
can deny it. People with limited mobility may encounter the problem when they take traditional class. With
the online class system, the problem is absent.
Despite the many advantages, the other people will see that distance learning is costly and needs complex
technology. To attend online learning, student must have a computer with possibly access to the internet.
Admitted or not, such technology devices are not always available for common students. Another
disadvantage of distance learning is that it does not provide immediate feedback. Unlikely traditional
classroom, students have to wait for the feedback and comment until the instructor has review the works and
sent response to them. Most of the time students will study alone. Distance learners may feel isolated or miss
that social physical interaction that comes with attending a traditional classroom
Regarding the individual s learning style, some students are able to learn when there is a live interaction
between them and the available of accompanying teacher while others don t really need it. So before deciding
a choice of attending distance learning or not, each student needs to do a fair analysis regarding the kind of
person he/she is.

The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power
Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. The
first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces around
11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as we would
get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:
 It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.
 It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
 It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
 It produces small amount of waste.
 It is reliable.
On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years
to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on
safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident.
People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the fastest growing
source of power in many parts of the world.
Stating the Issue : In the first paragraph, it is stated that using nuclear power can be the choice in fulfilling the needed
energy.
Supporting Point : In the second paragraph, it is presented the advantages of nuclear power plant to be used as the
source of the world's energy needed
Contrastive Point: The third paragraph shows the balance. It gives the contradictory idea in using nuclear power plant as
the resource of energy.
Recommendation: This text is ended with a similar recommendation on how people should concern in the matter of
nuclear energy.
Discussion Text of Hunting Fox
Foxhunting is a subject that provokes very strong feelings.
Many people believe that it is cruel to hunt a fox with dogs and totally agree with its ban.
Many farmer and even conservationists, however, have always argue that the fox is a pest which attacks
livestock and must be controlled.
Source: this discussion text is taken from: www.bbc.co.uk
Stating the Issue : hunting fox.
Supporting Point : farmers and conservationists agree to hunt fox because they attack livestok.
Contrastive Point: many people disagree hunting fox with dog because it is cruel.
Recommendation: Do not be cruel in hunting fox just control it in safe way.
1. Introducing category participant; farmer, conservationists.
2. Using thinking verb; believe.
3. Using connectives;
4. Using modalities; must, always
Pro and con of Computers for Students
Do you know that most schools and colleges strongly recommend students to have computers to help
them Achieve better results of learning. With computer connected to the Internet, students can learn English
online. They can Easily Make reports by using word processing software. They can play games to get of
boredom. However, a computer can also give negative impacts for a student.
One thing that makes a computer useful is that students can use it to finish some assignments from
schools. By connecting to the Internet, they can Easily surf and find any materials related to Reviews their
lessons and assignments. They have unlimited resources from all over the worlds. Online libraries are open. A
lot of books are free to download and read online. Finding friends from the related field of study is not
difficult, anymore. They can work together to boost their best achievement. What more benefit is they can do
all of that just by sitting on the a chair of Reviews their rooms. What an amazing world it is, is not?
Although a computer has many benefits, it should be Considered deeply. A computer certainly does not
promote students to do and move more. A computes the make students have less physical activities. Even not
a few of them forget to have lunch while they are playing Certain games. They just sit in front of monitors.

They are caught up in the mystique of the smart machines. In short, students who usually work with
computers growing niche to have a few physical activities and exercises.
So what should students do? Should they avoid using computers? Of course "No". Computer will the make
even greater benefits if physical activities are Also promoted to done by the students.
In the Issue Statement clearly stated in the first paragraph above text presents a thought about the benefits and the
downside of a computer for students
Argument For in the second paragraph presented several reasons why the computer was important for students. With a
computer that students can easily achieve better performance. Moreover, support for Internet connection, students will
have the resources
Arguments Against For paragraph four create the equilibrium standpoint to provide exposure to the negative side of
computers morning loyal users. Heavy computer users will tend to reduce physical activity. They prefer to spend time in
front of the monitor from the sport for example.
Recommendation Paragraph covers some suggestions to do after determines two different things to the problem. in
this case should remain recommended for students using the computer at the same time doing activities and physical
exercise.

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