This document provides information about Science Prof Online, a free science education website that offers various educational resources including virtual science classrooms, PowerPoints, articles, and images. It details the types of materials available on the site such as practice questions, review questions, lecture PowerPoints, video tutorials, and course syllabi. The document explains that images and PowerPoints on the site can be viewed and downloaded in different formats for various purposes. It also provides contact information for the creators of Science Prof Online.
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix at the replication fork and using each original strand as a template to synthesize new partner strands. On the leading strand, DNA polymerase moves continuously to add nucleotides, while on the lagging strand it adds fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined together. This semi-conservative process ensures that each new cell has an exact copy of the original DNA.
The document provides information about Science Prof Online, a free science education website that offers various educational resources including virtual science classrooms, PowerPoints, articles, and images. It describes the PowerPoint resources available on the site, which can be downloaded in different formats. The document also provides attribution information for images used and explains how to view the PowerPoints, which include hyperlinks to additional learning tools. It is licensed for reuse under a Creative Commons license.
The document provides information about Science Prof Online, a free science education website that offers various educational resources including virtual science classrooms, PowerPoints, articles, and images. It details the types of materials available on the site such as practice questions, review questions, lecture PowerPoints, video tutorials, and course syllabi. The document provides licensing information and contact details for the creators of the website.
This document provides an overview and resources from the website Science Prof Online (SPO). SPO is a free science education website that offers virtual science classrooms, PowerPoints, articles, and images. The virtual classrooms contain educational materials like practice questions, lectures, videos, and course information. Many PowerPoint presentations are available in editable and uneditable formats for ease of use. Images are credited to their sources wherever possible. The site is designed to be helpful for students, educators, and anyone interested in learning science.
This document provides an overview and resources from the website Science Prof Online (SPO). SPO is a free science education website that offers virtual science classrooms, PowerPoints, articles, and images. The virtual classrooms contain educational materials like practice questions, lectures, videos, and course information. PowerPoints from SPO are available in different formats for ease of use and printing. Images are credited to their sources wherever possible. The site is designed to be helpful for students, educators, and anyone interested in learning science.
Science Prof Online provides free online science education resources including virtual science classrooms, PowerPoints, articles and images. The site offers educational materials like practice questions, lectures, videos and course materials. PowerPoints are available in different formats for ease of use and printing. Prokaryotic cells, which include bacteria, differ from eukaryotic cells in that they lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They have variations in cell wall structure that determine if they are gram-positive or gram-negative. Prokaryotes also have distinctive cell shapes, surface appendages and arrangements that provide clues to their identification.
The document provides information about Science Prof Online (SPO), a free science education website that offers various educational resources like virtual classrooms, PowerPoints, articles and images. It details the types of materials available on SPO like practice questions, lecture slides, video tutorials and more. The document also provides guidance on how to access and use the PowerPoint slides available on SPO, such as downloading editable or non-editable versions. It concludes by crediting the chief creators of SPO and their contact information.
1) Molecular mechanisms that ensure the fidelity of DNA replication, such as DNA polymerase proofreading and mismatch repair, have evolved through natural selection.
2) Some viruses like HIV lack these proofreading mechanisms, resulting in a higher mutation rate and more rapid evolution.
3) The rapid evolution of HIV, caused by its high mutation rate, presents many challenges to developing treatments and vaccines for AIDS.
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix at the replication fork and using each original strand as a template to synthesize new partner strands. On the leading strand, DNA polymerase moves continuously to add nucleotides, while on the lagging strand it adds fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined together. This semi-conservative process ensures that each new cell has an exact copy of the original DNA.
The document provides information about Science Prof Online, a free science education website that offers various educational resources including virtual science classrooms, PowerPoints, articles, and images. It describes the PowerPoint resources available on the site, which can be downloaded in different formats. The document also provides attribution information for images used and explains how to view the PowerPoints, which include hyperlinks to additional learning tools. It is licensed for reuse under a Creative Commons license.
The document provides information about Science Prof Online, a free science education website that offers various educational resources including virtual science classrooms, PowerPoints, articles, and images. It details the types of materials available on the site such as practice questions, review questions, lecture PowerPoints, video tutorials, and course syllabi. The document provides licensing information and contact details for the creators of the website.
This document provides an overview and resources from the website Science Prof Online (SPO). SPO is a free science education website that offers virtual science classrooms, PowerPoints, articles, and images. The virtual classrooms contain educational materials like practice questions, lectures, videos, and course information. Many PowerPoint presentations are available in editable and uneditable formats for ease of use. Images are credited to their sources wherever possible. The site is designed to be helpful for students, educators, and anyone interested in learning science.
This document provides an overview and resources from the website Science Prof Online (SPO). SPO is a free science education website that offers virtual science classrooms, PowerPoints, articles, and images. The virtual classrooms contain educational materials like practice questions, lectures, videos, and course information. PowerPoints from SPO are available in different formats for ease of use and printing. Images are credited to their sources wherever possible. The site is designed to be helpful for students, educators, and anyone interested in learning science.
Science Prof Online provides free online science education resources including virtual science classrooms, PowerPoints, articles and images. The site offers educational materials like practice questions, lectures, videos and course materials. PowerPoints are available in different formats for ease of use and printing. Prokaryotic cells, which include bacteria, differ from eukaryotic cells in that they lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They have variations in cell wall structure that determine if they are gram-positive or gram-negative. Prokaryotes also have distinctive cell shapes, surface appendages and arrangements that provide clues to their identification.
The document provides information about Science Prof Online (SPO), a free science education website that offers various educational resources like virtual classrooms, PowerPoints, articles and images. It details the types of materials available on SPO like practice questions, lecture slides, video tutorials and more. The document also provides guidance on how to access and use the PowerPoint slides available on SPO, such as downloading editable or non-editable versions. It concludes by crediting the chief creators of SPO and their contact information.
1) Molecular mechanisms that ensure the fidelity of DNA replication, such as DNA polymerase proofreading and mismatch repair, have evolved through natural selection.
2) Some viruses like HIV lack these proofreading mechanisms, resulting in a higher mutation rate and more rapid evolution.
3) The rapid evolution of HIV, caused by its high mutation rate, presents many challenges to developing treatments and vaccines for AIDS.
Genetic engineering involves modifying the genes of an organism. It is done by isolating a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism using enzymes and vectors. This allows genes from different species to be combined to produce organisms with new traits. Common applications of genetic engineering include producing bacteria that create human insulin and clotting factors to treat diseases, as well as modifying crops to increase yields or add nutrients.
Connecting life sciences data at the European Bioinformatics InstituteConnected Data World
Tony Burdett's slides from his talk at Connected Data London. Tony is a Senior Software Engineer at The European Bioinformatics Institute. He presented the complexity of data at the EMBL-EBI and what is their solution to make sense of all this data.
Chapter 3 Recombinat DNA & Genomics.pptssuser4743df
This document discusses recombinant DNA technology and genomics. It begins by introducing key concepts like restriction enzymes, plasmids, and bacterial transformation that enabled gene cloning in the 1970s. It describes how restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sequences, and how plasmids can act as vectors to carry foreign DNA. Libraries of genomic DNA or cDNA fragments can be screened to identify genes of interest using probes or PCR. Once cloned, genes can be mapped using restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis to determine their structure. Applications include producing proteins like insulin through gene expression in bacteria.
introduction to plasmid editor softwareYasinAhmadi5
The document provides an introduction to in silico DNA digestion using the ApE software and restriction mapping of DNA. It discusses how students will learn to access and download DNA sequences from the NCBI GenBank database in FASTA format, digest DNA sequences in silico using restriction enzymes, and analyze the results of in silico digestion. It also provides background information on restriction enzymes and vectors used in recombinant DNA technology.
This PowerPoint presentation from Science Prof Online provides an overview of Mendelian genetics and heredity. It begins with an introduction to Gregor Mendel and his experiments breeding pea plants in the 1860s. It then defines key genetics terminology and covers Mendel's three laws of inheritance: the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment. The presentation further explains concepts like incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and codominance using examples like snapdragons, eye color, and blood types. It emphasizes that Mendel was able to deduce basic inheritance patterns before the mechanisms of genes and chromosomes were discovered. Interactive links and resources are provided for additional learning.
This PowerPoint presentation from Science Prof Online provides an overview of Mendelian genetics and heredity. It begins with an introduction to Gregor Mendel and his experiments with pea plants in the 1860s that laid the foundations for genetics. Key genetics concepts and terminology such as genes, alleles, genotypes and phenotypes are defined. Mendel's three laws of inheritance - the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment - are then explained. The presentation explores inheritance patterns beyond simple dominance, including incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and codominance. Blood types are used as an example of codominance. The presentation concludes by directing students to an activity worksheet and additional learning resources.
This PowerPoint presentation from Science Prof Online provides an overview of Mendelian genetics and heredity. It begins with an introduction to Gregor Mendel and his experiments breeding pea plants in the 1860s. It then defines key genetics terminology and covers Mendel's three laws of inheritance: the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment. The presentation further explains concepts like incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and codominance using examples like snapdragons, eye color, and blood types. It emphasizes that Mendel was able to deduce basic inheritance patterns before the mechanisms of genes and chromosomes were discovered. Interactive links and resources are provided for additional learning.
This presentation was created by Ioanna Leontiou and it is intended as a creative and flexible tool for students on Biological sciences who focus on the chromosome segregation. It is created to facilitate students performing research projects in our lab (especially during Covid restrictions), but it is suitable for every student who wants to learn more about chromosomes and the molecular mechanism controlling chromosome segregation. The presentation includes a generic overview of the cell division, illustrates the chromosome structure and provides molecular details of the spindle assembly checkpoint, an important pathway that ensures high fedility of chromosome segregation through mitosis. It also includes an introduction to some of the molecular biology techniques used in a yeast lab and incoporates some fluorescent microscopy images/videos. At the end of the presentantion there is a list of open access scientific publications for further reading on the the molecular mechanism of spindle checkpoint and some links of some very interesting sites, which include a range of videos on laboratory molecular biology techniques, research talks and guided papers. The purpose of this presentantion is to create a piece of work that students could return to when needed. Diagramms and illustrations are also encouranged to be used by scientists, science communicators and educators.
This presentation is licensed under a Creative Common Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0), unless otherwise stated on the specific slide.
Confirming DNA Replication Origins of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae A Deep Learnin...Anthony Parziale
This document describes research using deep learning models to predict DNA replication origins in the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast). The researchers preprocessed the yeast genome and replication origin data and trained various discriminative and generative deep learning models. For discriminative models like RNNs, LSTMs and GRUs, the goal was to capture long-term dependencies between DNA base pairs and predict new replication origins. The models achieved mismatches between 75-76% when generating new DNA sequences, suggesting they partially learned the dependencies. The researchers also tested generative models to learn representations of the DNA distribution, which could provide features for other models.
Confirming dna replication origins of saccharomyces cerevisiae a deep learnin...Abdelrahman Hosny
In the past, the study of medicine used to focus on observing biological processes that take place in organisms, and based on these observations, biologists would make conclusions that translate into a better understanding of how organisms systems work. Recently, the approach has changed to a computational paradigm, where scientists try to model these biological processes as mathematical equations or statistical models. In this study, we have modeled an important activity of cell replication in a type of bacteria genome using different deep learning network models. Results from this research suggest that deep learning models have the potential to learn representations of DNA sequences, hence predicting cell behavior. Source code is available under MIT license at: http://abdelrahmanhosny.github.io/DL-Cerevesiae/
This document provides information about cloning and gene cloning techniques. It discusses three types of cloning: gene cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Gene cloning involves copying genes or DNA segments. Reproductive cloning produces copies of whole organisms, while therapeutic cloning produces embryonic stem cells. The document then describes various methods for cloning genes into plants and animals, including using restriction enzymes, plasmids, and transformation. It discusses creating genomic and cDNA libraries to clone genes of interest. Methods for inserting genes into plants include protoplast fusion, leaf fragments, gene guns, and chloroplast engineering. Gene cloning applications in plants include producing disease-resistant and pest-resistant crops as well as enhancing nutrition. Gene cloning in animals uses retroviruses and pron
Genome Assembly: the art of trying to make one BIG thing from millions of ver...Keith Bradnam
Genome assembly is the process of reconstructing an entire genome sequence from many short DNA sequences generated by sequencing technologies. It is a difficult problem due to the massive size and repetitive nature of most genomes. Accurate genome assemblies are important for understanding biology at the molecular level and for medical applications like disease diagnosis. Evaluation of genome assemblies involves ensuring they contain sufficiently long and accurate sequences to be biologically meaningful.
This document provides information about the website Science Prof Online (SPO) and its resources for teaching and learning about science. SPO offers fully developed virtual science classrooms with educational materials like PowerPoint presentations, articles, images, practice questions, and video tutorials. Many of the PowerPoint files are available in different formats for various uses. Images and links are properly attributed. The site is meant to be a helpful free resource for students, educators, and anyone interested in science.
How to become a molecular biologist/PCR expert in 4 daysCJ Xia
In this how to become expert in application X series, Boster Bio presents the comprehensive information for you to get a head start on the subject. In this case, you will learn everything you need to know to get started on PCR. You will learn how it works, how to prep cDNA library, and many more.
Molecular biology has long been the basis for the understanding of each individual step in the biology central dogma: DNA replication, DNA transcription into RNA, and RNA translation into proteins. These molecules are responsible for giving information to cells of each organism on how to survive and reproduce according to the environmental conditions at each exact moment. All this information is stored in the genetic material of cells and transferred to progeny as well.
Manipulation and investigation of this genetic material is done through various techniques including traditional molecular cloning (library construction), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), qRT-PCR, and much more. These molecular biology techniques have various broad and useful applications in our scientific community including:
In molecular medicine for disease diagnosis, medical therapies and gene therapy
Generation of new protein products and drug therapies
Manipulation of organisms for desired phenotypic traits
Understanding the actions and physiology of the cell
This comprehensive manual will guide you through the basic principles and techniques relevant to current molecular biology research, including protocols and troubleshooting solutions. If you would like a refresher course on the fundamental principles of molecular biology including DNA molecular structure, replication and transcription process mechanics, and more, please refer to the appendix at the end of this handbook.
We at Boster Biological Technology hope that this Molecular Biology ebook will be a useful reference to you at the lab bench. If you ever encounter questions that this guide does not answer, feel free to contact the Boster Support Team by email at support@bosterbio.com. Get better results with Boster!
The document provides an overview of molecular biology techniques including molecular cloning, DNA library construction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and their applications. It discusses key principles such as how molecular cloning is used to study protein function by inserting DNA into plasmids. It also explains how DNA libraries store DNA fragments from different sources using vectors, and how common applications are identification of new genes. Finally, it summarizes the fundamental principles of PCR, including how it amplifies specific DNA sequences exponentially through repeated heating and cooling cycles.
This document discusses opportunities and challenges presented by next-generation DNA sequencing technologies. It begins by introducing the speaker, C. Titus Brown, and their commitment to open science. It then describes the dramatic decreases in cost and increases in scale of DNA sequencing. While this enables sequencing entire genomes and environmental samples, it presents challenges for analysis due to lack of reference genomes and limited computational tools. The document outlines goals for shotgun sequencing analysis and challenges for non-model organisms. It concludes by emphasizing the need for training in data analysis to take advantage of the vast amounts of sequencing data being generated.
The document summarizes the process of cell division or mitosis in animal and plant cells. Mitosis involves five stages - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - where the cell replicates its DNA and organelles, aligns and separates its chromosomes, and divides into two identical daughter cells. While animal and plant cells undergo the same stages, plant cells form a cell wall between the two daughter cells during telophase instead of pinching in two like animal cells.
Biotechnology allows scientists to genetically engineer bacteria by inserting genes of interest into bacterial plasmids. Gene cloning uses bacteria to make multiple identical copies of DNA. Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase make possible the combination of DNA from different organisms into recombinant DNA. The Human Genome Project sequenced the entire human genome to develop a set of genetic instructions as a research tool. Biotechnology raises ethical issues around who owns genetic information and its applications like gene therapy, stem cells, and genetically modifying plants and animals.
This document outlines a 45-minute lesson plan on meiosis and gene linkages for high school biology students. The lesson includes a PowerPoint presentation, discussion of mitosis vs meiosis, drawing and acting out the phases of meiosis, explaining gamete formation and gene linkage, and a follow-up lab on mutations. Formative and summative assessments are used to evaluate students' understanding of the key concepts taught.
Genes are segments of DNA that encode instructions for making proteins and controlling traits. In eukaryotes like humans, genes are located on chromosomes. The human genome project mapped all human genes, determining that humans have around 20,000-23,000 genes located across 23 chromosome pairs. Prokaryotes like bacteria have circular chromosomes while eukaryotes have linear chromosomes associated with histone proteins. Understanding gene sequences allows for screening of genetic diseases and development of targeted therapies.
Genetic engineering involves modifying the genes of an organism. It is done by isolating a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism using enzymes and vectors. This allows genes from different species to be combined to produce organisms with new traits. Common applications of genetic engineering include producing bacteria that create human insulin and clotting factors to treat diseases, as well as modifying crops to increase yields or add nutrients.
Connecting life sciences data at the European Bioinformatics InstituteConnected Data World
Tony Burdett's slides from his talk at Connected Data London. Tony is a Senior Software Engineer at The European Bioinformatics Institute. He presented the complexity of data at the EMBL-EBI and what is their solution to make sense of all this data.
Chapter 3 Recombinat DNA & Genomics.pptssuser4743df
This document discusses recombinant DNA technology and genomics. It begins by introducing key concepts like restriction enzymes, plasmids, and bacterial transformation that enabled gene cloning in the 1970s. It describes how restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sequences, and how plasmids can act as vectors to carry foreign DNA. Libraries of genomic DNA or cDNA fragments can be screened to identify genes of interest using probes or PCR. Once cloned, genes can be mapped using restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis to determine their structure. Applications include producing proteins like insulin through gene expression in bacteria.
introduction to plasmid editor softwareYasinAhmadi5
The document provides an introduction to in silico DNA digestion using the ApE software and restriction mapping of DNA. It discusses how students will learn to access and download DNA sequences from the NCBI GenBank database in FASTA format, digest DNA sequences in silico using restriction enzymes, and analyze the results of in silico digestion. It also provides background information on restriction enzymes and vectors used in recombinant DNA technology.
This PowerPoint presentation from Science Prof Online provides an overview of Mendelian genetics and heredity. It begins with an introduction to Gregor Mendel and his experiments breeding pea plants in the 1860s. It then defines key genetics terminology and covers Mendel's three laws of inheritance: the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment. The presentation further explains concepts like incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and codominance using examples like snapdragons, eye color, and blood types. It emphasizes that Mendel was able to deduce basic inheritance patterns before the mechanisms of genes and chromosomes were discovered. Interactive links and resources are provided for additional learning.
This PowerPoint presentation from Science Prof Online provides an overview of Mendelian genetics and heredity. It begins with an introduction to Gregor Mendel and his experiments with pea plants in the 1860s that laid the foundations for genetics. Key genetics concepts and terminology such as genes, alleles, genotypes and phenotypes are defined. Mendel's three laws of inheritance - the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment - are then explained. The presentation explores inheritance patterns beyond simple dominance, including incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and codominance. Blood types are used as an example of codominance. The presentation concludes by directing students to an activity worksheet and additional learning resources.
This PowerPoint presentation from Science Prof Online provides an overview of Mendelian genetics and heredity. It begins with an introduction to Gregor Mendel and his experiments breeding pea plants in the 1860s. It then defines key genetics terminology and covers Mendel's three laws of inheritance: the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment. The presentation further explains concepts like incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and codominance using examples like snapdragons, eye color, and blood types. It emphasizes that Mendel was able to deduce basic inheritance patterns before the mechanisms of genes and chromosomes were discovered. Interactive links and resources are provided for additional learning.
This presentation was created by Ioanna Leontiou and it is intended as a creative and flexible tool for students on Biological sciences who focus on the chromosome segregation. It is created to facilitate students performing research projects in our lab (especially during Covid restrictions), but it is suitable for every student who wants to learn more about chromosomes and the molecular mechanism controlling chromosome segregation. The presentation includes a generic overview of the cell division, illustrates the chromosome structure and provides molecular details of the spindle assembly checkpoint, an important pathway that ensures high fedility of chromosome segregation through mitosis. It also includes an introduction to some of the molecular biology techniques used in a yeast lab and incoporates some fluorescent microscopy images/videos. At the end of the presentantion there is a list of open access scientific publications for further reading on the the molecular mechanism of spindle checkpoint and some links of some very interesting sites, which include a range of videos on laboratory molecular biology techniques, research talks and guided papers. The purpose of this presentantion is to create a piece of work that students could return to when needed. Diagramms and illustrations are also encouranged to be used by scientists, science communicators and educators.
This presentation is licensed under a Creative Common Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0), unless otherwise stated on the specific slide.
Confirming DNA Replication Origins of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae A Deep Learnin...Anthony Parziale
This document describes research using deep learning models to predict DNA replication origins in the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast). The researchers preprocessed the yeast genome and replication origin data and trained various discriminative and generative deep learning models. For discriminative models like RNNs, LSTMs and GRUs, the goal was to capture long-term dependencies between DNA base pairs and predict new replication origins. The models achieved mismatches between 75-76% when generating new DNA sequences, suggesting they partially learned the dependencies. The researchers also tested generative models to learn representations of the DNA distribution, which could provide features for other models.
Confirming dna replication origins of saccharomyces cerevisiae a deep learnin...Abdelrahman Hosny
In the past, the study of medicine used to focus on observing biological processes that take place in organisms, and based on these observations, biologists would make conclusions that translate into a better understanding of how organisms systems work. Recently, the approach has changed to a computational paradigm, where scientists try to model these biological processes as mathematical equations or statistical models. In this study, we have modeled an important activity of cell replication in a type of bacteria genome using different deep learning network models. Results from this research suggest that deep learning models have the potential to learn representations of DNA sequences, hence predicting cell behavior. Source code is available under MIT license at: http://abdelrahmanhosny.github.io/DL-Cerevesiae/
This document provides information about cloning and gene cloning techniques. It discusses three types of cloning: gene cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Gene cloning involves copying genes or DNA segments. Reproductive cloning produces copies of whole organisms, while therapeutic cloning produces embryonic stem cells. The document then describes various methods for cloning genes into plants and animals, including using restriction enzymes, plasmids, and transformation. It discusses creating genomic and cDNA libraries to clone genes of interest. Methods for inserting genes into plants include protoplast fusion, leaf fragments, gene guns, and chloroplast engineering. Gene cloning applications in plants include producing disease-resistant and pest-resistant crops as well as enhancing nutrition. Gene cloning in animals uses retroviruses and pron
Genome Assembly: the art of trying to make one BIG thing from millions of ver...Keith Bradnam
Genome assembly is the process of reconstructing an entire genome sequence from many short DNA sequences generated by sequencing technologies. It is a difficult problem due to the massive size and repetitive nature of most genomes. Accurate genome assemblies are important for understanding biology at the molecular level and for medical applications like disease diagnosis. Evaluation of genome assemblies involves ensuring they contain sufficiently long and accurate sequences to be biologically meaningful.
This document provides information about the website Science Prof Online (SPO) and its resources for teaching and learning about science. SPO offers fully developed virtual science classrooms with educational materials like PowerPoint presentations, articles, images, practice questions, and video tutorials. Many of the PowerPoint files are available in different formats for various uses. Images and links are properly attributed. The site is meant to be a helpful free resource for students, educators, and anyone interested in science.
How to become a molecular biologist/PCR expert in 4 daysCJ Xia
In this how to become expert in application X series, Boster Bio presents the comprehensive information for you to get a head start on the subject. In this case, you will learn everything you need to know to get started on PCR. You will learn how it works, how to prep cDNA library, and many more.
Molecular biology has long been the basis for the understanding of each individual step in the biology central dogma: DNA replication, DNA transcription into RNA, and RNA translation into proteins. These molecules are responsible for giving information to cells of each organism on how to survive and reproduce according to the environmental conditions at each exact moment. All this information is stored in the genetic material of cells and transferred to progeny as well.
Manipulation and investigation of this genetic material is done through various techniques including traditional molecular cloning (library construction), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), qRT-PCR, and much more. These molecular biology techniques have various broad and useful applications in our scientific community including:
In molecular medicine for disease diagnosis, medical therapies and gene therapy
Generation of new protein products and drug therapies
Manipulation of organisms for desired phenotypic traits
Understanding the actions and physiology of the cell
This comprehensive manual will guide you through the basic principles and techniques relevant to current molecular biology research, including protocols and troubleshooting solutions. If you would like a refresher course on the fundamental principles of molecular biology including DNA molecular structure, replication and transcription process mechanics, and more, please refer to the appendix at the end of this handbook.
We at Boster Biological Technology hope that this Molecular Biology ebook will be a useful reference to you at the lab bench. If you ever encounter questions that this guide does not answer, feel free to contact the Boster Support Team by email at support@bosterbio.com. Get better results with Boster!
The document provides an overview of molecular biology techniques including molecular cloning, DNA library construction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and their applications. It discusses key principles such as how molecular cloning is used to study protein function by inserting DNA into plasmids. It also explains how DNA libraries store DNA fragments from different sources using vectors, and how common applications are identification of new genes. Finally, it summarizes the fundamental principles of PCR, including how it amplifies specific DNA sequences exponentially through repeated heating and cooling cycles.
This document discusses opportunities and challenges presented by next-generation DNA sequencing technologies. It begins by introducing the speaker, C. Titus Brown, and their commitment to open science. It then describes the dramatic decreases in cost and increases in scale of DNA sequencing. While this enables sequencing entire genomes and environmental samples, it presents challenges for analysis due to lack of reference genomes and limited computational tools. The document outlines goals for shotgun sequencing analysis and challenges for non-model organisms. It concludes by emphasizing the need for training in data analysis to take advantage of the vast amounts of sequencing data being generated.
The document summarizes the process of cell division or mitosis in animal and plant cells. Mitosis involves five stages - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - where the cell replicates its DNA and organelles, aligns and separates its chromosomes, and divides into two identical daughter cells. While animal and plant cells undergo the same stages, plant cells form a cell wall between the two daughter cells during telophase instead of pinching in two like animal cells.
Biotechnology allows scientists to genetically engineer bacteria by inserting genes of interest into bacterial plasmids. Gene cloning uses bacteria to make multiple identical copies of DNA. Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase make possible the combination of DNA from different organisms into recombinant DNA. The Human Genome Project sequenced the entire human genome to develop a set of genetic instructions as a research tool. Biotechnology raises ethical issues around who owns genetic information and its applications like gene therapy, stem cells, and genetically modifying plants and animals.
This document outlines a 45-minute lesson plan on meiosis and gene linkages for high school biology students. The lesson includes a PowerPoint presentation, discussion of mitosis vs meiosis, drawing and acting out the phases of meiosis, explaining gamete formation and gene linkage, and a follow-up lab on mutations. Formative and summative assessments are used to evaluate students' understanding of the key concepts taught.
Genes are segments of DNA that encode instructions for making proteins and controlling traits. In eukaryotes like humans, genes are located on chromosomes. The human genome project mapped all human genes, determining that humans have around 20,000-23,000 genes located across 23 chromosome pairs. Prokaryotes like bacteria have circular chromosomes while eukaryotes have linear chromosomes associated with histone proteins. Understanding gene sequences allows for screening of genetic diseases and development of targeted therapies.
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3. ____________ Genomes
• Made of DNA
• Chromosomes can be circular
or linear
• Genome floats freely within
cytoplasm
• Q: Where is DNA found in
prokaryotes?
– ______________
– ______________
Image: Prokaryotic Cell Diagram: Mariana Ruiz
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
4. ____________ Genomes
• Genomes of eukaryotic
organisms made of DNA.
• Eukaryotic genomes
frequently include many
linear chromosomes within
a membrane-bound nucleus
(Q: How many do we have?).
• Where is DNA found in
eukaryotes?
– Nuclear DNA
– Extranuclear DNA
(Q:What is extranuclear DNA?)
Image: Eukaryotic Cell Diagram, Mariana Ruiz
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
5. Chromosomes & Genes
• ________ -
Complete
complement of an
organism’s DNA.
• Cellular DNA is
organized in
___________.
• ______ have
specific places on
chromosomes.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Image: Chromosome & gene, Graham Colm,
National Human Genome Research Institute
7. Nucleic Acids
Made of monomer building blocks called
__________________.
Image: Nucleotide Structure, Wikipedia
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
8. DNA Structure
• Double stranded
molecule, analogous to a
spiral staircase:
- two deoxyribose-phosphate
chains as the “side rails”
- base pairs, linked by hydrogen
bonds, are the “steps”
• __________ Bases
(double ring)
Adenine & Guanine
• __________ Bases
(single ring)
Cytosine & Thymine
Images: Model of DNA Molecule, Field Museum, Chicago, T. Port;
DNA Detail Diagram: Madprime; DNA Molecule, Biology Corner
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
9. Image: DNA molecule, Why Files, NSF
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
10. DNA Replication
• Is __________ of a double-stranded
DNA molecule.
• Each DNA strand holds the same
genetic information, so each strand can
serve as a template for the new,
opposite strand.
• The _________ (a.k.a. __________ )
strand is preserved and the ______
(a.k.a. ___________) strand is
assembled from nucleotides.
• This is called _____ -__________
replication.
• Resulting double-stranded DNA
molecules are identical.
Image: Replication Diagram: Madprime, Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
11. Copying the
genetic material
is called
REPLICATION.
Replication occurs
prior to ______
______, because
the new,
daughter cell will
both need a
complete copy of
cellular DNA
(instructions).
Image: Types of Cell Division, Saperaud Wiki
DNA Replication
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
12. DNA Replication
In a cell, DNA replication
must happen before cell
division.
• _________ replicate
their DNA throughout
the interval between
cell divisions.
• In ____________,
timing of replication is
highly regulated.
Image: Prokaryotic Cell Diagram &
Eukaryotic Cell Diagram, Mariana Ruiz
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
13. ____________ DNA Replication: Replication “Bubbles”
• Multiple origins of replication > These “bubbles”
are the start points of replication.
• Replication fork: ‘Y’-shaped region where new
strands of DNA are elongating.
Image: Eukaryotic Cell Diagram, Mariana Ruiz;
Replication Bubbles Boumphreyfr, Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
14. ____________DNA Replication
One Origin
• Prokaryotic DNA is
arranged in a circular
shape, and there is only
one replication origin.
• Despite these
differences, the
underlying process of
replication is the same
for both prokaryotic
and eukaryotic DNA.
Image: Prokaryotic Replication, U.S.
National Library of Medicine
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
15. How Do Nucleotides Put Themselves Together Into Nucleic Acids?
• An anabolic polymerization process.
- Q: Anabolic or Anabolism is….? _______________________
- Q: Polymerization is …? ____________________________
• Polymerization requires ___________ (building
blocks) and ________.
- Triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides provide both.
- These building blocks of DNA bring their own energy for
polymerization.
Image: Replication Diagram: Madprime, Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
16. DNA Replication: _________ Nature of DNA
• Sugar/phosphate backbone runs in
opposite directions.
• One strand runs 5’ to 3’, while the
other runs 3’ to 5’.
• DNA polymerase: enzyme that
facilitates addition of nucleotides
in building the new DNA strand.
• Can only adds nucleotides at the
free 3’ end.
Q: Why is this important?
Image: DNA Detail Diagram: Madprime From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
17. DNA Replication: Leading & Lagging Strand
________ Strand
Synthesis proceeds
smoothly as the
replication fork unzips.
________ Strand
Synthesis away from
the replication fork
(Okazaki fragments);
joined by DNA ligase.
Replication Fork Diagram: Mariana Ruiz From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
18. Let’s Practice How Leading & Lagging Daughter
Strands Are Built Within the Replication Bubble
5’
Replication Fork Replication Fork
Now lets look at how replication of the leading and lagging strands occurs at each of the two
replication forks within the replication bubble:
1. Label each end of the parent strands as either 5’ or 3’.
2. Start a RNA primer for each daughter strand and label its 5’ and 3’ ends.
3. Show how new strands are built (continuously or discontinuously).
?’
?’
?’
RNA Primers
?’
?’
?’
?’
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
19. Reminder…Why is the DNA copied?
Replication
occurs prior to
cell division,
because the
new, daughter
cell will also
need a
complete copy
of cellular
DNA.
Image: Types of Cell Division, Saperaud Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
20. If binary fission creates clones… …then:
• Why isn’t there just one type of bacteria?
• How do bacteria change (for example
develop resistance to antibiotics)?
Genetic Diversity in Prokaryotes
Images: Binary Fission, JW Schmidt
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
21. Replication Mistakes: _________ of Genes
• Change in the nucleotide
base sequence of a
genome; rare.
• Almost always bad news,
but...
• Rarely leads to a protein
having a novel property
that improves ability of
organism and its
descendants to survive
and reproduce.
Images: Blinky & Bart, Matt Groening
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
22. Mutation and Bacterial Change
• _________ __________= When a
microorganism is able to survive exposure to
an antibiotic.
• Genetic mutation in bacteria can produce
resistance to antimicrobial drugs (example:
beta-lactamase).
• If those genes are on a plasmid, they can be
transferred between bacteria by
conjugation and other forms of horizontal
gene transfer.
• If a bacterium carries several resistance
genes, it is called multidrug resistant (MDR)
or, informally, a superbug or super
bacterium.
• Any use of antibiotics can increase selective
pressure in a population of bacteria to allow
the resistant bacteria to thrive and the
susceptible bacteria to die off.
Image: Staphylococcus aureus on antibiotic test plate, PHIL #2641
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
23. Confused?
Here are links to fun resources that
further explain genetic replication:
• Molecular Genetics: Replication Main Page on
the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom of Science Prof Online.
• “That Spells DNA” song by Jonathan Coulton.
• DNA Structure Cell Biology Animation from
John Kyrk.
• Build a DNA Molecule from University of Utah.
• DNA Replication animation and review questions.
• “Bio Rad GTCA Song” musical advertisement for
SsoFast™.
• DNA Replication Process animated video by
FreeScienceLectures.com.
• DNA Replication step-through animation by John Kyrk.
• “She Blinded Me With Science” music video
Thomas Dolby.
(You must be in PPT slideshow view to click on links.)
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
24. In-class Assignment
• At the end of most
lectures, I will give you
some type of in-class
assignment or
homework to evaluate
your understanding of
today’s topic.
• This assignment will
always be open-book.
• Today you will be
completing an essay
question on the topic of
DNA Replication.
See the ScienceProfOnline Virtual Cell
Molecular Genetics Replication Lecture for a
printable Word .doc of this assignment.
Image: DNA Detail Diagram: Madprime From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
25. Are you feeling blinded by science?
Do yourself a favor. Use the…
Virtual Cell Biology
Classroom (VCBC) !
The VCBC is full of resources to help you succeed,
including:
• practice test questions
• review questions
• study guides and learning objectives
• PowerPoints on other topics
You can access the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom by going to the Science Prof Online
website www.ScienceProfOnline.com
Images: Blinded With Science album, Thomas Dolby; Endomembrane system, Mariana Ruiz, Wiki