This document discusses nanotechnology and its applications. It defines nanotechnology as the science and engineering at the nanoscale, which is typically 1 to 100 nanometers. Some key points made include: - Nanotechnology is already being used in medicine for more effective drug delivery and cancer treatment. It is also being used in electronics and other areas. - Theoretical nanorobots could be introduced into the human body to cure diseases through molecular surgery or monitor health. - Nanofactories are proposed to use mechanosynthesis to build larger structures from individual molecules in a precise, atomic manner. - Both top-down and bottom-up manufacturing are discussed as approaches to nanomanufacturing. Concer

1. BELARUSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF
INFORMATICSAND RADIOELECTRONICS
Student Aleksandr Mazura
Group 543201
Minsk 2016

2. What is Nano?
A lot of people think that “nano” means modern and
cutting edge. But actually “nano” means tiny, unseen for
human and technology dealing with “nano” is a
nanotechnology. One nanometer is a billionth of a meter.
For instance, a sheet of newspaper is about 100,000
nanometers thick.

3. • “Nanotechnology is the art an science of manipulating matter at the nanoscale”
• “Nanotechnology is the study of small microscopic things”
• “Nanotechnology is the science of future”
There’re some definitions of a nanotechnology:
It’s no doubt that there’re a huge variety of nanotechnology applications:
1. Medicine
2. Electronics
3. Food
4. Space
5. Better Air Quality
6. CleanerWater
And so on

4. • Nanotechnology is already being used as the basis for new, more effective
drug delivery systems. Moreover, the National Cancer Institute has created
the Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer to breakthroughs in terms of
detecting, diagnosing, and treating various forms of cancer.
• Nanotechnology is already moving from being used in passive structures to
active structures, through more targeted drug therapies or “smart drugs.”

5. The ability to design and build inexpensive
microscopic robots opens the road to producing
fleets of trillions of medical nanorobots that
could be introduced into the human body to cure
specific diseases by performing cellular and
molecular surgery, repair specific injuries, or
monitor and patrol the body to guard against
disease and to reverse the ravages of aging.

6. The ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and
nanotechnology started with a talk entitled “There’s Plenty of
Room at the Bottom” by physicist Richard Feynman at an
American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of
Technology (CalTech) on December 29, 1959, long before the
term nanotechnology was used.
Feynman described a process in which scientists would be able
to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules.
Richard Feynman

7. Nanofactory is a proposed system in
which nanomachines would combine
reactive molecules via
mechanosynthesis to build larger
atomically precise parts.

8. To build a nanofactory, you need to start with a working fabricator, a
nanoscale device that can combine individual molecules into useful
shapes. Products made by a nanofactory will be assembled from
nanoblocks, which will be fabricated within the nanofactory.

9. • There are two basic approaches to
nanomanufacturing, either top-
down or bottom-up. Top-down
fabrication reduces large pieces of
materials all the way down to the
nanoscale. The bottom-up approach to
nanomanufacturing creates products
by building them up from atomic- and
molecular-scale components, which
can be time-consuming. Scientists are
exploring the concept of placing certain
molecular-scale components together
that will spontaneously “self-
assemble,” from the bottom up into
ordered structures.

10. • There’re 2 major ways to define what is a
nanoassembler.
• On the one hand, a molecular one, as defined by K. Eric
Drexler, is a "proposed device able to guide chemical
reactions by positioning reactive molecules with atomic
precision". Actually, it is a device that can take one
molecule and connect it to another. A molecular
assembler is a kind of molecular machine programmed by
human. However, the term "molecular assembler" usually
refers to theoretical human-made devices. If we know the
instruction how to control nanoassemblers, we will make
real and functioning nanofactory.
• On the other hand, a nanoassembler is a miniature
sample of a common conveyor at the factory. But
operating principle is the same.

11. When you look at the world on a nano scale, surfaces that
feel smooth are actually uneven. Particles can collect,
become embedded in the troughs and over time
breakdown the surface. Imagine that you can make a
nontoxic layer which repells water, dirt and bacteria. This is
a nanosystem technology. The nanosystem can be applied
to almost any surface: stone, wood, metal, glass, textiles,
windscreens and etc.

12. The samples of application of nanotechnology

13. Application of a Nanosystem

14. It's no doubt that there’re some
precautions:
• Nanoweapon system(Bio-
Weapon)
• “Gray goo problem”
Perhaps the earliest-recognized and best-known danger of
molecular manufacturing is the risk that self-replicating
nanorobots capable of functioning autonomously in the
natural environment could quickly convert that natural
environment (“biomass”) into replicas of themselves
(“nanomass”) on a global basis, a scenario often referred to as
the “gray goo problem”
Any research into molecular
manufacturing should be
blocked because this
technology might be used to
build systems that could cause
extraordinary damage. The
kinds of concerns that
nanoweapons systems might
create have been discussed
elsewhere, in both the
nonfictional and fictional
literature.

15. If we tell about nanotechnologies, we also should mention
3-D printer. When you use it you are restricted with the material
and size. But when you use nanofactory you can make whatever
you want and give it certain qualities such as taste, color, smell
and so on. The operation of 3-D printer is slower than “nano”
one. You are not limited. And when the time comes
nanofactories will replace 3-D printers.

16. So, in conclusion, we say that nanotechnologies will make technical
revolution as well as technical revolution of the 19th century, help us to create
a huge verity of necessary things for us and build society with no social and
political problems. Definitely, it’s hard to hold a nanotechnology action in our
country because it needs a lot of money. If we had more money or a good
sponsor I think that it would be possible to start creation and planning
nanomaterials. A new period is coming – the epoch of nanotechnologies.