Designing Green Cities

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Energy Innovation: Policy and Technology LLC

These 12 Green Guidelines are the foundational elements for a sustainable urban development. The guidelines provide a benchmark to help urban planners and developers create happy, healthy, and prosperous cities.

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An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages. Any portion of earth’s surface where physical conditions are homogeneous can be considered as a Region in geographic sense, ranging from a single feature region to compage, depending on the criteria used for delineation. In practice, a prefix is added to highlight the attributes on which the region has been defined, for example, agriculture region, resource region, city region, planning region. All the daily activities of human beings are carried out on land. Proper organization of these activities i.e. planning will help the human being in leading a richer and fuller life in livable surroundings or environment. "Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities.

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Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island city-state in Southeast Asia. It is located at the end of the Malayan Peninsula between Malaysia and Indonesia. Singapore has a total land area of 724.2 square kilometers. Singapore's territory consists of one main island along with 58 other islets. Since independence[1965], extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23%. Singapore is very small in size and confined. so, there every sq. meter matters. Now, 90% of citizens in Singapore own their houses. Urban planning in Singapore has formulated and guided its physical development from the day Singapore was founded in 1819 as a British colony to the developed, independent country it is today. Urban planning is especially important due to land constraints and its high density. The Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) is Singapore's national land-use planning authority. URA prepares long term strategic plans, as well as detailed local area plans, for physical development, and then co-ordinates and guides efforts to bring these plans to reality. Prudent land use planning has enabled Singapore to enjoy strong economic growth and social cohesion, and ensures that sufficient land is safeguarded to support continued economic progress and future development In 1822, Raffles initiated a comprehensive town plan called land use plan. This plan to guide the allocation of land in the principal town to ensure that its physical growth followed an orderly pattern. This became known as the Raffles Town Plan, or the Jackson Plan, drawn up by Lieutenant Philip Jackson and published in 1828. Among its key features were a GRID LAYOUT for the road network and a clear segregation of residential communities by ethnic group (European, Chinese, Indian, Malay and Arab). A separate area called Commercial Square (later renamed Raffles Place) was designated for commercial activities and another area was zoned for government functions. Raffles Place and the street pattern of the city Centre today are evidence of this colonial legacy.

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Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.

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Paper: Man and Environmental relationship

SANTU GUCHHAIT

Capsicum annuum L. is the extensively cultivated species of peppers (chilies) in all over the world. Its fruits are used for spiciness (capsaicin) and color (capsanthin) in our daily foods. Pakistan is the leading chili consuming country. Genetic divergence among 25 accessions (local and exotic) collected from Ayub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad, Pakistanwas estimated from the data collected during the year 2014 in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan for different morphological and growth parameters viz fruit width, fruit length, peduncle length, number of primary branches, inter nodal length, plant height, seed index, 1000 seed weight, fresh and dry fruit weight, pericarp thickness, leaf area and seeds per fruit. Based on this characterization the plants were grouped into 5 clusters and diversity among accessions was indicated by the wide range of D2 values whereas phenotypic correlation for all the characters was found significant. Five components were selected as principle components with Eigen values > 1. These components exhibited 77.2% of the variation. The first principal component (PC I) explained 27.2% of total variation in original data, second component (PC II) explained 18.9%, and third principal component (PC III) explained 12.5% of variation. The other principal components (PC IV and PC V explained an additional 18.6% of the variation (a total 77.2% of explained variation. Accessions with distinct identity were marked, which are likely to be quite suitable for breeding through hybridization by combining desirable traits. High estimates of broad sense heritability (90%) for all the characters except peduncle length predicted that selection could be awarding in late segregating generations and above accessions could be utilized in hybridization programme for C. annuum crop improvement.

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