12). Define the following terms semi-permeable membrane, solvent, s.pdf
•
0 likes•5 views
12). Define the following terms: semi-permeable membrane, solvent, solute, diffusion, osmosis, osmotically active substances, hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic, Brownian movement, plasmolysis, turgor pressure, hypothesis, concentration gradient. I have a biology lab exam coming up this is one of the review topic questions. I would appreciate the help. Solution semi-permeable membrane:A semipermeable membrane is a barrier that allows only certain molecules or ions to pass through, while blocking others. Molecules pass through the membrane via osmosis, which is the passage of any substance through diffusion, or the tendency of molecules to move from an area where they exist in higher concentrations to an area of lower concentration .it is also called selective membrane. .eg:thin film membrane that lines the inside of an egg. solvent:A substance that can dissolve another substance, or in which another substance is dissolved, forming a solution. eg:water. solute: the minor component dissolved in a solution, the dissolved substance is called a solute .eg:sugar is the solute . diffusion:diffusion is a type of transport that moves molecules or compounds in or out of a cell. There are three main types of diffusion, which include simple diffusion, channel diffusion and facilitated diffusion. eg:A teabag placed in a cup of hot water will diffuse into the water. osmosis:.Osmosis is a special example of diffusion. It is the diffusion of a substance through a semipermeable membrane from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. This process is also passive since no external energy is needed. eg:Absorption of water by plant roots. osmotically active substances:In order to have osmosis first of all you need to have a semi- permeable membrane separating two solutions. In order to have net water movement from one solution to the other you need to have different concentrations of solutes that cannot pass through the membrane. These solutes are osmotically active: since they cannot pass through the membrane water has to move in order to equilibrate the osmotic pressures. If they could pass through the membrane then they would just diffuse from one solution to the other until their concentration equilibrates and thus they would not contribute to the generation of osmotic pressure.(or) osmotic active substances are substances that do not pass through cell membrane. e.g: proteins are large they dont pass through membranes directly so they suck water from interstitial fluid to the vessels. hypertonic:Ahypertonic solution is a particular type of solution that has a greater concentration of solutes on the outside of a cell when compared with the inside of a cell. eg: glucose dissolved into it is any plain glucose solution with a concentration higher than 5%. isotonic:An isotonic solution refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without cha.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
CELL DRINKING, CELL EATING.ppt
Cell physiology involves the processes and functions that occur within cells. There are two main types of cell transport: passive transport which does not require energy and occurs down a concentration gradient, and active transport which uses energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient. Osmosis is a type of passive transport where water molecules move through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower concentration.
Diffusion.pptx
This document provides an overview of diffusion and osmosis in plants. It defines diffusion as the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, which can occur actively through external energy or passively without energy. Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher. The document outlines the factors that affect diffusion and osmosis rates, the different types of osmosis, and the importance of these processes for water and mineral absorption and transport in plants. Measurement techniques for water potential and status are also discussed.
Transport System of the Cell
This slide presentations contains about the transport system of the cell.
*selective permeability
*diffusion
*osmosis
*the cell environment
(isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic solutions)
*active transport
*passive transport (facilitated diffusion)
Types of movement across the cell membrane
There are three main types of passive transport across cell membranes: osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to lower water potential. Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low concentration without requiring energy. Facilitated diffusion allows the passage of larger molecules across membranes through transport proteins.
Biology Topic three
Concentration gradients exist when there is a region of high concentration leading to a region of low concentration. Diffusion is the process by which particles spread from an area of high concentration to low concentration through a permeable membrane. Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concentration. Active transport moves molecules against the concentration gradient using energy from respiration by way of carrier proteins.
Osmosis-diffusion-Active_Transport.ppt
The document discusses cellular transport mechanisms including diffusion, osmosis, and active and passive transport. It explains that diffusion and osmosis are passive transport mechanisms where particles and water respectively move down their concentration gradients across selectively permeable membranes. Active transport requires energy and transports materials against their concentration gradients using carrier proteins. The document also predicts the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on cells, causing them to swell, shrink, or maintain normal shape respectively due to water movement by osmosis.
Osmosis-diffusion-Active_Transport.ppt
The document discusses cellular transport mechanisms including diffusion, osmosis, and active and passive transport. It explains that diffusion and osmosis are passive transport mechanisms where particles and water respectively move down their concentration gradients across selectively permeable membranes. Active transport requires energy and transports materials against their concentration gradients using carrier proteins. The effect of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on cells is predicted, with hypotonic solutions causing cells to swell and hypertonic solutions causing them to shrink through osmosis. Endocytosis and exocytosis are described as mechanisms for cellular uptake and release of large particles and materials.
Chapter 2.2 Diffusion, osmosis and imbibition.pptx
The document discusses various concepts related to diffusion, imbibition, and osmosis. It defines key terms like Boyle's law, Charles' law, Dalton's law of partial pressure, Henry's law, Graham's law, vapour pressure, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion, imbibition, endosmosis, exosmosis, hypotonic solution, hypertonic solution, isotonic solution, osmotic pressure, turgor pressure, and wall pressure. It also discusses the significance and practical demonstration of these concepts, as well as reverse osmosis.
Recommended
CELL DRINKING, CELL EATING.ppt
Cell physiology involves the processes and functions that occur within cells. There are two main types of cell transport: passive transport which does not require energy and occurs down a concentration gradient, and active transport which uses energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient. Osmosis is a type of passive transport where water molecules move through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower concentration.
Diffusion.pptx
This document provides an overview of diffusion and osmosis in plants. It defines diffusion as the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, which can occur actively through external energy or passively without energy. Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher. The document outlines the factors that affect diffusion and osmosis rates, the different types of osmosis, and the importance of these processes for water and mineral absorption and transport in plants. Measurement techniques for water potential and status are also discussed.
Transport System of the Cell
This slide presentations contains about the transport system of the cell.
*selective permeability
*diffusion
*osmosis
*the cell environment
(isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic solutions)
*active transport
*passive transport (facilitated diffusion)
Types of movement across the cell membrane
There are three main types of passive transport across cell membranes: osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to lower water potential. Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low concentration without requiring energy. Facilitated diffusion allows the passage of larger molecules across membranes through transport proteins.
Biology Topic three
Concentration gradients exist when there is a region of high concentration leading to a region of low concentration. Diffusion is the process by which particles spread from an area of high concentration to low concentration through a permeable membrane. Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to lower water concentration. Active transport moves molecules against the concentration gradient using energy from respiration by way of carrier proteins.
Osmosis-diffusion-Active_Transport.ppt
The document discusses cellular transport mechanisms including diffusion, osmosis, and active and passive transport. It explains that diffusion and osmosis are passive transport mechanisms where particles and water respectively move down their concentration gradients across selectively permeable membranes. Active transport requires energy and transports materials against their concentration gradients using carrier proteins. The document also predicts the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on cells, causing them to swell, shrink, or maintain normal shape respectively due to water movement by osmosis.
Osmosis-diffusion-Active_Transport.ppt
The document discusses cellular transport mechanisms including diffusion, osmosis, and active and passive transport. It explains that diffusion and osmosis are passive transport mechanisms where particles and water respectively move down their concentration gradients across selectively permeable membranes. Active transport requires energy and transports materials against their concentration gradients using carrier proteins. The effect of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on cells is predicted, with hypotonic solutions causing cells to swell and hypertonic solutions causing them to shrink through osmosis. Endocytosis and exocytosis are described as mechanisms for cellular uptake and release of large particles and materials.
Chapter 2.2 Diffusion, osmosis and imbibition.pptx
The document discusses various concepts related to diffusion, imbibition, and osmosis. It defines key terms like Boyle's law, Charles' law, Dalton's law of partial pressure, Henry's law, Graham's law, vapour pressure, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion, imbibition, endosmosis, exosmosis, hypotonic solution, hypertonic solution, isotonic solution, osmotic pressure, turgor pressure, and wall pressure. It also discusses the significance and practical demonstration of these concepts, as well as reverse osmosis.
Osmosis-diffusion-Active_Transport.ppt
The document discusses cellular transport mechanisms including diffusion, osmosis, and active and passive transport. It explains that diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low concentration, while osmosis describes the diffusion of water across selectively permeable membranes. Cells placed in hypotonic solutions will swell as water enters, isotonic solutions will not change size, and hypertonic solutions will shrink cells as water leaves. Passive transport uses diffusion or channel proteins and requires no energy, while active transport moves particles against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins and cellular energy.
movement of substances
Imbibition is the absorption of water by solid particles of an adsorbent without forming a solution. It is caused by a water potential gradient between the imbibant and liquid, and an attractive force between them. As the imbibant absorbs water, its volume increases. Imbibition pressure develops due to this volume increase in a confined space. Imbibition plays roles in seed germination, root and cell water absorption, and sap ascent in plants.
Diffusion and osmosis
1. The document discusses different methods of transport across cell membranes including diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
2. Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.
3. The rate of osmosis is measured as osmotic pressure, which is the hydrostatic pressure required to prevent osmosis from occurring across the membrane.
Describe how a selectively permeable membrane is involved in osmosis.pdf
Describe how a selectively permeable membrane is involved in osmosis. Include the role that the
solute concentration plays in the direction of water movement. Now think about how this process
may differ between plant and animal cells. For instance, how might cell walls disrupt the role of
solute concentration and cause one to refute a hypothesis for the direction of water movement
based on water concentration alone?
Solution
Let me first briefly descibe you how does osmosis happen. Consider there are two compartments
contaning a particular solute in a solvent seperated by a semi permeable membrane. If there
exists a solute difference between the two compartments, then solvent moves from the region of
lower conceration (with respect to solute) to higher concentration (with respect to solute) until it
reaches equilibrium. That means semi permeable membrane is permeable to solvent. Now comes
the situation of in vivo (i.e., within the body). The cells, whether from animals or plants are
usually hypertonic in nature that means cells have higher ionic concentration compared to its
external environment (water is the solvent). Then how do these cells maintain such a higher ionic
concentration by refuting the process of osmosis/diffusion. First let us consider the plant cell.
Plant cell has two coverages, namely plasma membrane and cell wall. Cell wall in plant cell is
made up of cellulose and cellulose is a polysacharide provides the rigidity to the cells. Actually,
it is the plasma membrane which does not allow the movement of water molecules to cross based
on gradient of solutes. Let me talk about the cell wall at the end of this answer. What makes that
plasma membrane to refute the law of osmosis ? It is its structural organization. Plasma
membrane is made up of phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins mainly. Phospholipids are
oriented in bilayer form facing its hydrophilic (water loving) head at both the ends interacing
with cytoplasma and extracellular environment and its hydrophobic (water hating) tails are
oriented deep within the membrane interacing each other. Plasma membrane of either plant or
animal are highly impermeable to the solutes and water. Permeability of plasma membrane
highly depends on the nature of solutes. If solute is smaller in size and hydrophobic in nature it
diffuses through the membrane quiet easily but it is difficult for the hydrophilic and largge size
solutes. Charge of the solutes also plays the major role. It is not only based on the concentration
gradient but also based on charge gradient. Hence it is known as electrochemical gradient. It is
actually a beautiful mechanism of cells to produce energy required for the cell based on
electrochemical gradient (within mitochondria) And for water, it is difficult to pass through.
There is a term called \"Activation energy\". Energy need to be supplied in order to facilitate the
movement of solutes.Lower the activation energy, lesser the energy required and vica versa.
Comi.
lecture 2.pptx
This document provides an overview of plasmolysis and osmosis in plant cells. It defines plasmolysis as when plant cells lose water and shrink away from their cell walls after being placed in a hypertonic solution. Osmosis, which is responsible for plasmolysis, is the movement of water across membranes from areas of higher water concentration to lower concentration. The document describes different types of plasmolysis (concave, convex) and explains how solutions can be hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic relative to plant cells. It also distinguishes osmosis, the movement of water, from diffusion, the movement of molecules.
The properties of biological fluids and features of transport through cell me...
Membrane transport, diffusion, osmosis, passive transport through cell membrane. Lectures from Biophysics.
Topic : Membrane transport: Transport of water, ion and biomolecules
TOPIC WILL BE CONSIDER…..
TRANSPORT MECHANISM ; TYPES
PASSIVE PROCESS: DIFFUSION,OSMOSIS,PASSIVE TRANSPORT, FACILLATED TRANSPORT
ACTIVE PROCESS: ACTIVE TRANSPORT, ENDOCYTOSIS, EXOCYTOSIS
ENDOCYTOSIS: PINOCYTOSIS,ENDOCYTOSIS
Chap4 cellular transport 3
This document summarizes different types of cellular transport mechanisms. It describes passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis which move molecules from high to low concentration without energy expenditure. Active transport requires energy and moves molecules against their concentration gradient. Bulk transport involves cells engulfing large particles or liquids through phagocytosis and pinocytosis respectively. The document also discusses how cells are affected by their surrounding environment, undergoing cytolysis in hypotonic solutions, plasmolysis in hypertonic solutions, and maintaining their shape in isotonic solutions.
Osmosis
Osmosis role in Animal cell describe the nature of cells in different solutions such as Hypertonic, Hypotonic and Isotonic medium cells become become Plasmolysed, Turgid and No change respectively.
Lect 1 biochemiical
1) Biophysics is the science that explains biological systems and processes using the principles of physics. It spans scales from molecules to whole organisms.
2) Key biological processes like diffusion, osmosis, viscosity and surface tension are governed by fundamental physics laws and concepts. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration down a concentration gradient. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a solution of higher water potential to lower water potential.
3) Diffusion and osmosis play important roles like facilitating the movement of substances into and out of cells. The behavior of plant and animal cells differs when placed in solutions of varying water potentials due
344669 biology-chapter-five-notes
1. Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion allow substances to move across cell membranes down their concentration gradients without expending energy.
2. Active transport requires cells to use energy to move substances against their concentration gradients or from areas of lower to higher concentration.
3. The document discusses different types of passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. It also introduces the concept of active transport and how it differs from passive transport by requiring cells to expend energy.
Movements through the_cell_membrane
The document discusses mechanisms of movement across cell membranes, including passive and active transport. Passive mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis move substances down concentration gradients without energy, while active transport uses cellular energy to move substances against gradients. Osmosis occurs when water moves through membranes from low to high concentration, and can cause cells to swell or shrink in hypotonic or hypertonic solutions. Filtration also moves substances through membranes, and the body maintains osmotic balance to prevent excess fluid buildup called edema. Active transport uses carrier proteins and requires ATP to move substances against gradients. Endocytosis and exocytosis are used for larger particles that cannot pass through membranes.
Movements through the_cell_membrane
The document discusses mechanisms of movement across cell membranes, including passive and active transport. Passive mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis move substances down concentration gradients without energy, while active transport uses cellular energy to move substances against gradients. Osmosis occurs when water moves through membranes from low to high concentration, and can cause cells to swell or shrink in hypotonic or hypertonic solutions. Filtration also moves substances through membranes, and the body maintains osmotic balance to prevent excess fluid buildup called edema. Active transport uses carrier proteins and requires ATP to move substances against gradients. Endocytosis and exocytosis are used for larger particles that cannot pass through membranes.
The plasma membrane and material transport
The plasma membrane maintains the internal environment of cells through selective permeability. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded and attached proteins. Molecules move across the membrane via diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis. These processes allow for the exchange of materials while maintaining different internal and external compositions.
Movement in and out of a cell
Substances are able to move in and out of the cell membrane by osmosis, diffusion and active transport.
Cell Theory
The document describes the structure and functions of the cell membrane. It discusses the fluid mosaic model which describes the cell membrane as a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins. The membrane acts as a semipermeable barrier that regulates what passes in and out of the cell through diffusion, osmosis, active and passive transport. It also discusses endocytosis and exocytosis which allow cells to take in and expel larger molecules and particles.
Cell membrane transport
This document summarizes different types of membrane transport in cells, including passive transport through diffusion and osmosis, as well as active transport that requires energy. It describes how diffusion moves molecules from high to low concentration down a gradient, and osmosis moves water across membranes. Active transport uses protein pumps to move molecules against their concentration gradient by consuming ATP. The roles of exocytosis and endocytosis in moving larger molecules in and out of cells is also outlined. Directed evolution in the lab can be used to accelerate the natural process of evolving new enzymes through genetic mutation and selection.
Unit 5
Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport that allow for the movement of substances across cell membranes down their concentration gradients. Osmosis specifically refers to the diffusion of water molecules across selectively permeable membranes. The concentration of solutes outside the cell relative to inside determines whether osmosis causes cells to swell or shrink. Dialysis artificially removes waste and regulates fluid levels in patients with kidney failure by exploiting principles of diffusion and ultrafiltration across semi-permeable membranes.
Osmosis
Osmosis is the passive movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. It does not require energy. Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. It can occur in solids, liquids and gases and does not require a membrane. Solutions can be isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic depending on solute concentrations inside and outside the cell. Osmosis influences plant and animal cell structure and functions like nutrient transport and waste removal.
transport across cell membranes
Facilitated diffusion is the passive transport of molecules across a cell membrane using carrier proteins. There are two main types of carrier proteins: carrier proteins that bind to specific molecules and undergo a conformational change to transport them across the membrane, and ion channels that have pores lined with charged groups to transport ions. Facilitated diffusion is saturated at high concentration differences because there are a limited number of carrier proteins.
write a short essay report to describe a topic of your interest rela.pdf
write a short essay report to describe a topic of your interest related to the past, or current, or
future technologies of cellular communications, bandwidths, antennas or their impact to the
human society
Solution
past, or current, or future technologies of cellular communications:
Mobile computing is to describe technologies thatenable people to access network services
anyplace, anytime, and anywhere.
past,present technologies of cellular communications:
1896 Guglielmo Marconi,First demonstration of wireless telegraphy.Based on long wave,
requiring very large transmitters
1907 Commercial Trans-Atlantic Wireless Service.Huge ground stations: 30 x 100m antenna
masts
1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi.Cheaper, smaller, better quality transmitters by
vacuum tube
1982 Start of GSM in Europe (1G analog)
1983 Start of AMPS in America (1G analog)
1992 Start of GSM (2G digital)
1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
1998 Iridium satellite system.
1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs
2000 GSM with higher data rates (2.5G digital).HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s.First GPRS trials
with up to 50 kbit/s
2001 Start of 3G systems.IMT - 2000, several “members” of a “family”, CDMA2000 in Korea,
UMTS tests in Europe.
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
It is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile phones. It is often described as
\"2.5G“.
GPRS is packet-switched which means that multiple users share the same transmission channel,
only transmitting when they have data to send.
GPRS provides moderate speed data transfer, by allocating unused cell bandwidth to transmit
data.Poor bit rate in busy cells.Usually, GPRS data is billed per kilobytes of information
transceived.
future technologies of cellular communications:
Improved radio technology and antennas.smart antennas, beam forming, multiple-input multiple-
output (MIMO) 802.11N.dynamic spectrum allocation.Core network convergence.IP-based,
quality of service, mobile IP.Ad-hoc technologies.spontaneous communication, power saving,
redundancy.Simple and open service platform.intelligence at the edge, not in the network (as
with IN).more service providers, not network operators only.
Impact on Society:
Since the introduction of mobile phones, concerns (both scientific and public) have been raised
about the potential health impacts from regular use.But by 2008, American mobile phones
transmitted and received more text messages than phone calls.Numerous studies have reported
no significant relationship between mobile phone use and health, but the effect of mobile phone
usage on health continues to be an area of public concern.
For example, at the request of some of their customers, Verizon created usage controls that meter
service and can switch phones off, so that children could get some sleep.There have also been
attempts to limit use by persons operating moving trains or automobiles, coaches when writing to
potential players on their teams, and movie theater audiences. By one measure, near.
Write a C++ program to do the followingProject Name Computer Sho.pdf
Write a C++ program to do the following:
Project Name: Computer Shop Management System
Project Description: sells various types of hardware and software accessories such as Laptop,
Antivirus and Keyboard etc. This system enables its user’s keep their customers
report secure, so that next time these customers when arrive to their shop, do not have to enter
their details again.
Solution.
More Related Content
Similar to 12). Define the following terms semi-permeable membrane, solvent, s.pdf
Osmosis-diffusion-Active_Transport.ppt
The document discusses cellular transport mechanisms including diffusion, osmosis, and active and passive transport. It explains that diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low concentration, while osmosis describes the diffusion of water across selectively permeable membranes. Cells placed in hypotonic solutions will swell as water enters, isotonic solutions will not change size, and hypertonic solutions will shrink cells as water leaves. Passive transport uses diffusion or channel proteins and requires no energy, while active transport moves particles against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins and cellular energy.
movement of substances
Imbibition is the absorption of water by solid particles of an adsorbent without forming a solution. It is caused by a water potential gradient between the imbibant and liquid, and an attractive force between them. As the imbibant absorbs water, its volume increases. Imbibition pressure develops due to this volume increase in a confined space. Imbibition plays roles in seed germination, root and cell water absorption, and sap ascent in plants.
Diffusion and osmosis
1. The document discusses different methods of transport across cell membranes including diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
2. Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.
3. The rate of osmosis is measured as osmotic pressure, which is the hydrostatic pressure required to prevent osmosis from occurring across the membrane.
Describe how a selectively permeable membrane is involved in osmosis.pdf
Describe how a selectively permeable membrane is involved in osmosis. Include the role that the
solute concentration plays in the direction of water movement. Now think about how this process
may differ between plant and animal cells. For instance, how might cell walls disrupt the role of
solute concentration and cause one to refute a hypothesis for the direction of water movement
based on water concentration alone?
Solution
Let me first briefly descibe you how does osmosis happen. Consider there are two compartments
contaning a particular solute in a solvent seperated by a semi permeable membrane. If there
exists a solute difference between the two compartments, then solvent moves from the region of
lower conceration (with respect to solute) to higher concentration (with respect to solute) until it
reaches equilibrium. That means semi permeable membrane is permeable to solvent. Now comes
the situation of in vivo (i.e., within the body). The cells, whether from animals or plants are
usually hypertonic in nature that means cells have higher ionic concentration compared to its
external environment (water is the solvent). Then how do these cells maintain such a higher ionic
concentration by refuting the process of osmosis/diffusion. First let us consider the plant cell.
Plant cell has two coverages, namely plasma membrane and cell wall. Cell wall in plant cell is
made up of cellulose and cellulose is a polysacharide provides the rigidity to the cells. Actually,
it is the plasma membrane which does not allow the movement of water molecules to cross based
on gradient of solutes. Let me talk about the cell wall at the end of this answer. What makes that
plasma membrane to refute the law of osmosis ? It is its structural organization. Plasma
membrane is made up of phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins mainly. Phospholipids are
oriented in bilayer form facing its hydrophilic (water loving) head at both the ends interacing
with cytoplasma and extracellular environment and its hydrophobic (water hating) tails are
oriented deep within the membrane interacing each other. Plasma membrane of either plant or
animal are highly impermeable to the solutes and water. Permeability of plasma membrane
highly depends on the nature of solutes. If solute is smaller in size and hydrophobic in nature it
diffuses through the membrane quiet easily but it is difficult for the hydrophilic and largge size
solutes. Charge of the solutes also plays the major role. It is not only based on the concentration
gradient but also based on charge gradient. Hence it is known as electrochemical gradient. It is
actually a beautiful mechanism of cells to produce energy required for the cell based on
electrochemical gradient (within mitochondria) And for water, it is difficult to pass through.
There is a term called \"Activation energy\". Energy need to be supplied in order to facilitate the
movement of solutes.Lower the activation energy, lesser the energy required and vica versa.
Comi.
lecture 2.pptx
This document provides an overview of plasmolysis and osmosis in plant cells. It defines plasmolysis as when plant cells lose water and shrink away from their cell walls after being placed in a hypertonic solution. Osmosis, which is responsible for plasmolysis, is the movement of water across membranes from areas of higher water concentration to lower concentration. The document describes different types of plasmolysis (concave, convex) and explains how solutions can be hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic relative to plant cells. It also distinguishes osmosis, the movement of water, from diffusion, the movement of molecules.
The properties of biological fluids and features of transport through cell me...
Membrane transport, diffusion, osmosis, passive transport through cell membrane. Lectures from Biophysics.
Topic : Membrane transport: Transport of water, ion and biomolecules
TOPIC WILL BE CONSIDER…..
TRANSPORT MECHANISM ; TYPES
PASSIVE PROCESS: DIFFUSION,OSMOSIS,PASSIVE TRANSPORT, FACILLATED TRANSPORT
ACTIVE PROCESS: ACTIVE TRANSPORT, ENDOCYTOSIS, EXOCYTOSIS
ENDOCYTOSIS: PINOCYTOSIS,ENDOCYTOSIS
Chap4 cellular transport 3
This document summarizes different types of cellular transport mechanisms. It describes passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis which move molecules from high to low concentration without energy expenditure. Active transport requires energy and moves molecules against their concentration gradient. Bulk transport involves cells engulfing large particles or liquids through phagocytosis and pinocytosis respectively. The document also discusses how cells are affected by their surrounding environment, undergoing cytolysis in hypotonic solutions, plasmolysis in hypertonic solutions, and maintaining their shape in isotonic solutions.
Osmosis
Osmosis role in Animal cell describe the nature of cells in different solutions such as Hypertonic, Hypotonic and Isotonic medium cells become become Plasmolysed, Turgid and No change respectively.
Lect 1 biochemiical
1) Biophysics is the science that explains biological systems and processes using the principles of physics. It spans scales from molecules to whole organisms.
2) Key biological processes like diffusion, osmosis, viscosity and surface tension are governed by fundamental physics laws and concepts. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration down a concentration gradient. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a solution of higher water potential to lower water potential.
3) Diffusion and osmosis play important roles like facilitating the movement of substances into and out of cells. The behavior of plant and animal cells differs when placed in solutions of varying water potentials due
344669 biology-chapter-five-notes
1. Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion allow substances to move across cell membranes down their concentration gradients without expending energy.
2. Active transport requires cells to use energy to move substances against their concentration gradients or from areas of lower to higher concentration.
3. The document discusses different types of passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. It also introduces the concept of active transport and how it differs from passive transport by requiring cells to expend energy.
Movements through the_cell_membrane
The document discusses mechanisms of movement across cell membranes, including passive and active transport. Passive mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis move substances down concentration gradients without energy, while active transport uses cellular energy to move substances against gradients. Osmosis occurs when water moves through membranes from low to high concentration, and can cause cells to swell or shrink in hypotonic or hypertonic solutions. Filtration also moves substances through membranes, and the body maintains osmotic balance to prevent excess fluid buildup called edema. Active transport uses carrier proteins and requires ATP to move substances against gradients. Endocytosis and exocytosis are used for larger particles that cannot pass through membranes.
Movements through the_cell_membrane
The document discusses mechanisms of movement across cell membranes, including passive and active transport. Passive mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis move substances down concentration gradients without energy, while active transport uses cellular energy to move substances against gradients. Osmosis occurs when water moves through membranes from low to high concentration, and can cause cells to swell or shrink in hypotonic or hypertonic solutions. Filtration also moves substances through membranes, and the body maintains osmotic balance to prevent excess fluid buildup called edema. Active transport uses carrier proteins and requires ATP to move substances against gradients. Endocytosis and exocytosis are used for larger particles that cannot pass through membranes.
The plasma membrane and material transport
The plasma membrane maintains the internal environment of cells through selective permeability. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded and attached proteins. Molecules move across the membrane via diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis. These processes allow for the exchange of materials while maintaining different internal and external compositions.
Movement in and out of a cell
Substances are able to move in and out of the cell membrane by osmosis, diffusion and active transport.
Cell Theory
The document describes the structure and functions of the cell membrane. It discusses the fluid mosaic model which describes the cell membrane as a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins. The membrane acts as a semipermeable barrier that regulates what passes in and out of the cell through diffusion, osmosis, active and passive transport. It also discusses endocytosis and exocytosis which allow cells to take in and expel larger molecules and particles.
Cell membrane transport
This document summarizes different types of membrane transport in cells, including passive transport through diffusion and osmosis, as well as active transport that requires energy. It describes how diffusion moves molecules from high to low concentration down a gradient, and osmosis moves water across membranes. Active transport uses protein pumps to move molecules against their concentration gradient by consuming ATP. The roles of exocytosis and endocytosis in moving larger molecules in and out of cells is also outlined. Directed evolution in the lab can be used to accelerate the natural process of evolving new enzymes through genetic mutation and selection.
Unit 5
Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport that allow for the movement of substances across cell membranes down their concentration gradients. Osmosis specifically refers to the diffusion of water molecules across selectively permeable membranes. The concentration of solutes outside the cell relative to inside determines whether osmosis causes cells to swell or shrink. Dialysis artificially removes waste and regulates fluid levels in patients with kidney failure by exploiting principles of diffusion and ultrafiltration across semi-permeable membranes.
Osmosis
Osmosis is the passive movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. It does not require energy. Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. It can occur in solids, liquids and gases and does not require a membrane. Solutions can be isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic depending on solute concentrations inside and outside the cell. Osmosis influences plant and animal cell structure and functions like nutrient transport and waste removal.
transport across cell membranes
Facilitated diffusion is the passive transport of molecules across a cell membrane using carrier proteins. There are two main types of carrier proteins: carrier proteins that bind to specific molecules and undergo a conformational change to transport them across the membrane, and ion channels that have pores lined with charged groups to transport ions. Facilitated diffusion is saturated at high concentration differences because there are a limited number of carrier proteins.
Similar to 12). Define the following terms semi-permeable membrane, solvent, s.pdf (20)
Describe how a selectively permeable membrane is involved in osmosis.pdf
Describe how a selectively permeable membrane is involved in osmosis.pdf
The properties of biological fluids and features of transport through cell me...
The properties of biological fluids and features of transport through cell me...
Topic : Membrane transport: Transport of water, ion and biomolecules
Topic : Membrane transport: Transport of water, ion and biomolecules
More from rishabjain5053
write a short essay report to describe a topic of your interest rela.pdf
write a short essay report to describe a topic of your interest related to the past, or current, or
future technologies of cellular communications, bandwidths, antennas or their impact to the
human society
Solution
past, or current, or future technologies of cellular communications:
Mobile computing is to describe technologies thatenable people to access network services
anyplace, anytime, and anywhere.
past,present technologies of cellular communications:
1896 Guglielmo Marconi,First demonstration of wireless telegraphy.Based on long wave,
requiring very large transmitters
1907 Commercial Trans-Atlantic Wireless Service.Huge ground stations: 30 x 100m antenna
masts
1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi.Cheaper, smaller, better quality transmitters by
vacuum tube
1982 Start of GSM in Europe (1G analog)
1983 Start of AMPS in America (1G analog)
1992 Start of GSM (2G digital)
1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
1998 Iridium satellite system.
1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs
2000 GSM with higher data rates (2.5G digital).HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s.First GPRS trials
with up to 50 kbit/s
2001 Start of 3G systems.IMT - 2000, several “members” of a “family”, CDMA2000 in Korea,
UMTS tests in Europe.
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
It is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile phones. It is often described as
\"2.5G“.
GPRS is packet-switched which means that multiple users share the same transmission channel,
only transmitting when they have data to send.
GPRS provides moderate speed data transfer, by allocating unused cell bandwidth to transmit
data.Poor bit rate in busy cells.Usually, GPRS data is billed per kilobytes of information
transceived.
future technologies of cellular communications:
Improved radio technology and antennas.smart antennas, beam forming, multiple-input multiple-
output (MIMO) 802.11N.dynamic spectrum allocation.Core network convergence.IP-based,
quality of service, mobile IP.Ad-hoc technologies.spontaneous communication, power saving,
redundancy.Simple and open service platform.intelligence at the edge, not in the network (as
with IN).more service providers, not network operators only.
Impact on Society:
Since the introduction of mobile phones, concerns (both scientific and public) have been raised
about the potential health impacts from regular use.But by 2008, American mobile phones
transmitted and received more text messages than phone calls.Numerous studies have reported
no significant relationship between mobile phone use and health, but the effect of mobile phone
usage on health continues to be an area of public concern.
For example, at the request of some of their customers, Verizon created usage controls that meter
service and can switch phones off, so that children could get some sleep.There have also been
attempts to limit use by persons operating moving trains or automobiles, coaches when writing to
potential players on their teams, and movie theater audiences. By one measure, near.
Write a C++ program to do the followingProject Name Computer Sho.pdf
Write a C++ program to do the following:
Project Name: Computer Shop Management System
Project Description: sells various types of hardware and software accessories such as Laptop,
Antivirus and Keyboard etc. This system enables its user’s keep their customers
report secure, so that next time these customers when arrive to their shop, do not have to enter
their details again.
Solution.
Which statement pertaining to Port Scanning is FALSEA technique use.pdf
Which statement pertaining to Port Scanning is FALSE?A technique used by IT system
administrators to locate vulnerabilities before the hackers find them.
Solution
solution)
ensure that
port scanning is a process to check the security policies security policies of their networks and by
attackers to identify network services running on a host and exploit vulnerabilities.this port
scanning is often done by administrators.Ensures that the principles of Net Neutrality are
safeguarded.
net neutrality means the internet service providers and the govternments regulating the internet
should treat the users same that means the data on the internet the same ,not different user by
user,content ,website,platform,application,type of attachment,or mode of communicatiion.
port scanning is a process to check the security policies security policies of their networks and
by attackers to identify network services running on a host and exploit vulnerabilities.this port
scanning is often done by administrators..
When did almost all animal phyla divergeSolutionAccording to .pdf
When did almost all animal phyla diverge?
Solution
According to theory of cambrian explosion, beginning some 545 million years ago, an explosion
of diversity led to the appearance over a relatively short period of 5 million to 10 million years of
a huge number of complex, multi-celled organisms. Moreover, this burst of animal forms led to
most of the major animal groups we know today, that is, every extant Phylum. It is also
postulated that many forms that would rightfully deserve the rank of Phylum both appeared in
the Cambrian only to rapidly disappear..
What is the nipah virus Describe mechanism of infection How is it .pdf
What is the nipah virus? Describe mechanism of infection? How is it transmitted? Why can\'t it
be an arbovirus?
Solution
What is Nipah Virus?
Nipah virus is a recently-identified, zoonotic (meaning a disease that can transmitted from
animals to human) paramyxovirus that causes severe disease in both animals and humans.The
natural host of this virus are fruit bats of the Pteropodidae Family, Pteropus genus. Outbreaks of
this viral disease have occurred in Malaysia, Singapore, India and Bangladesh, and a putative
Nipah virus was also recently associated with human disease in the Philippines. Nipah virus
causes febrile encephalitis with respiratory syndrome that has a high mortality rate.
Mechanism of infection:
The reservoir for Nipah virus is believed to be fruit bats, and humans are infected by contact with
infected bats or by contact with an intermediate animal host such as pigs. Pteropus species fruit
bats are the natural reservoir of Nipah virus.
Zoonotic transmission cycles of Nipah virus in Malaysia and Bangladesh: In Malaysia (left side
of panel), Nipah virus was transmitted from bats on fruit trees on pig farms to pigs.
Subsequently, pigs transmitted Nipah virus to people in close contact with the pigs. In
Bangladesh (right side of panel), Nipah virus is thought to be transmitted via the consumption of
raw date palm sap. While date palm sap is collected, bats drink from the sap stream or collection
pots and contaminate the sap with Nipah virus through their saliva or urine. People become
infected with Nipah virus after drinking this contaminated date palm sap. Subsequently, these
infected people can transmit Nipah virus to others via close contact.
Arbovirus are the virus that are transmitted from one human to the other by arthropod vectors ie.,
mosquitoes, ticks etc., example of a arboviral disease is yellow fever. Nipah virus is not an
arbovirus because it transmitted from bats to humans or from pigs to humans..
What is organizational inertia List some sources of inertia in a co.pdf
What is organizational inertia? List some sources of inertia in a company like IBM or GM.
Solution
Organizational inertia refers to the phenomenon where the organization continues to move along
the path or trajectory, upon that the organization has been for quite some time. Here, the
organization does not want to change from that path and it acts as a negative point in the face of
changing business environment scenario.
There are following sources that can create the organizational inertia:
1. The rigid organizational structure where people show strong resistance to change.
2. The organizational policy
3. Benefits and perks offered to the employees and it is not changed due to the conflicting views.
4. Centralized decision making process
5. High cost of recruitment and employee welfare
6. Collective bargaining between the union and organization (if any).
Use fundamental identities to write tan t sec2t in terms of sint only.pdf
Use fundamental identities to write tan t sec2t in terms of sint only.
Solution
tan^2 t sec^2 t
tan t = sin t / cos t
sec t = 1/ cos t
so , we can write
tan^2 t sec^2 t = sin^2 t / cos^2 t * 1/ cos^2 t
= sin^2 t / cos^4 t
cos^4 t = cos^2 t * cos^2 t
cos^2 t = ( 1- sin^2 t )
cos^4 t = ( 1 - sin^2 t )^2
= 1 - 2sin^2 t + sin^4 t
hence, we can write
tan^2 t sec^2 t = (sin^2 t )/ ( sin^4 t - 2sin^2 t + 1 ).
Twenty-five people responded to a questionnaire about what types of p.pdf
Twenty-five people responded to a questionnaire about what types of pets they had. Construct a
frequency distribution for the data (D = dogs only, C = cats only, B = both, N = neither).
Solution
Frequency of any particular value ,X is just the number of times X occurs in this table.
For example, B occurs 14 times.
Here is the frequency tableVALUEFREQUENCYD5C4B14N2.
The universe began 13 7 billion years ago, is most directly an exa.pdf
The universe began 13 7 billion years ago, \' is most directly an example of a __ claim
Epistemological Phenomenological Ethical Metaphysical Logical
Solution
Metaphysical
The big bang theory is an effort to explain what happened during and after that moment.
According to the standard theory, our universe sprang into existence as \"singularity\"
around13.7 billion years ago..
The Stevens Company provided $57000 of services on acco.pdf
The Stevens Company provided $57000 of services on account during 2014, its first year in ope
estimates that it will be unable to collect 2% of its revenues on account. The amount of
uncollectible accounts expense recognized on the 2014 income statement was o $285 O $10.000
O $1140 O $4.250 type here to search e???
Solution
Uncollectible expense = 2% of service on account
= 57000*2%
= $1,140 answer
Uncollectible expense = 2% of service on account
= 57000*2%
= $1,140 answer.
The papillae on the tongue that do not contain any taste buds are the.pdf
The papillae on the tongue that do not contain any taste buds are the _ papillae. filiform
fungiform foliate valuate
Solution
Answer:
a). Filiform
Explanation:
The tongue contains 4 types of papillae, the most common type is filiform, thin and wire shaped
and do not contain taste buds. Dorsal and anterior border of the tongue are mushroom shaped
papillae, fungiform, these have taste buds located near the middle or in the cleft of the papillae..
QUESTION 13 Which of the following benefits is a component of Social .pdf
QUESTION 13 Which of the following benefits is a component of Social Security? A. workers\'
compensation B. disability benefits C.unemployment compensation D. legal assistance
Solution
answer ) option B Disability benefits
the U.S. Social Security system has three major components: retirement benefits, survivors\'
benefits and disability insurance.
answer ) option B Disability benefits
the U.S. Social Security system has three major components: retirement benefits, survivors\'
benefits and disability insurance..
Padre, Inc., buys 80 percent of the outstanding common stock of Sier.pdf
Padre, Inc., buys 80 percent of the outstanding common stock of Sierra Corporation on January
1, 2015, for $796,960 cash. At the acquisition date, Sierra’s total fair value, including the
noncontrolling interest, was assessed at $996,200 although Sierra’s book value was only
$623,000. Also, several individual items on Sierra’s financial records had fair values that
differed from their book values as follows:
Buildings and equipment
(10-year remaining life)
For internal reporting purposes, Padre, Inc., employs the equity method to account for this
investment. The following account balances are for the year ending December 31, 2015, for both
companies.
Padre, Inc., buys 80 percent of the outstanding common stock of Sierra Corporation on January
1, 2015, for $796,960 cash. At the acquisition date, Sierra’s total fair value, including the
noncontrolling interest, was assessed at $996,200 although Sierra’s book value was only
$623,000. Also, several individual items on Sierra’s financial records had fair values that
differed from their book values as follows:
Solution
Ans:
Determination of consolidate Balances:
Acquisition-date subsidiary fair value (given) $996,200
Book value of subsidiary (given) $623,000
Fair value in excess of book value $373,200
Allocations to specific accounts based on difference between fair value and book value
Land $226,000
Buildings and equipment $18,000
Copyright $150,000
Notes payable $15,200
Total $373,200
Annual excess amortizations:
Buildings and equipment ($18,000 / 10) $1,800
Copyright ($150,000 / 20) $7,500
Notes payable ($15,200 / 8) $1,900
Total $7,600
Acquisition Method:
Consolidation Entries
Accounts
Padre
Sierra
Debit
Credit
No controlling Interest
Consolidates Total
Revenues
(1,396,980)
(657,250)
(2,054,230)
Cost of goods sold
736,000
399,000
1,135,000
Depreciation Expense
298,000
15,100
E
1,800
311,300
Amortization Expense
-
8,600
E
7,500
16,100
Interest Expense
50,100
5,550
E
1,900
57,550
Equity in Income of Sierra
(177,120)
-
I
177,120
-
Separate Company Net Income
(490,000)
(229,000)
consolidate Net Income
(534,280)
No controlling Interest in Sierra\'s Income
(44,280)
44,280
Controlling Interest in CNI
(490,000)
Retained Earnings 1 / 1
(1,380,000)
(463,000)
S
(463,000)
(1,380,000)
Net Income (above)
(490,000)
(229,000)
(490,000)
Dividend Paid
260,000
65,000
D
52,000
13,000
260,000
Retained Earnings 12/31
(1,610,000)
(627,000)
(1,610,000)
Current Assets
854,920
569,100
1,424,020
Investments in Sierra
922,080
-
D
52,000
S
I
A
-
Land
369,000
60,600
A
226,000
655,600
Buildings and Equipment
955,000
324,900
E
1,800
A
18,000
1,263,700
Copyright
-
163,400
A
150,000
E
7,500
305,900
Total Assets
3,101,000
1,118,000
3,649,220
Accounts Payable
(220,000)
(199,000)
(419,000)
Notes Payable
(521,000)
(132,000)
A
15,200
E
1,900
(639,700)
NCI in Sierra 1/1
NCI in Sierra 12/ 31
(199,240)
(230,520)
(230,520)
Common Stock
(300,000)
(100,000)
S
100,000
(300,000)
Additional paid-in capital
(450,000)
(60,000)
S
60,000
(450,00.
Operating Systems Structure1- Explain briefly why the objectives o.pdf
Operating Systems Structure
1- Explain briefly why the objectives of a purely batch multiprogramming operating system
conflict with those of an interactive system.
2- What features from the Mainframe operating system Multics do we see in modern operating
systems?
Solution
Answer 2..
The various features of Multics are :
-Segmented memory
-Virtual memory
-High-level language implementation
-Shared memory multiprocessor
-Multi-language support
-Relational database
-Security
-On-line reconfiguration
-Software engineering
Out of the above features, the feature that are present in modern operating system are:
1) security
Each user has to be authenticated with an username and password (network and multi-user
operating system).
Their data and files will be kept private from other users, unless they choose to make some
shareable with others.
The operating system will only allow administrators (\'super users\') to change parts of the
operating system and install applications.
2)Segmented memory
To use shared memory, we have to perform 2 basic steps:
Request to the operating system a memory segment that can be shared between processes. The
user can create/destroy/open this memory
using a shared memory object: An object that represents memory that can be mapped
concurrently into the address space of more than one process..
Associate a part of that memory or the whole memory with the address space of the calling
process. The operating system looks for
a big enough memory address range in the calling process\' address space and marks that
address range as an special range. Changes in that address
range are automatically seen by other process that also have mapped the same shared memory
object.
3)Virtual memory
Virtual memory is a memory management capability of an OS that uses hardware and software
to allow a computer to compensate for physical memory
shortages by temporarily transferring data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage.
Virtual address space is increased using active memory
in RAM and inactive memory in hard disk drives (HDDs) to form contiguous addresses that
hold both the application and its data.
4)Shared memory multiprocessor
Shared memory is the fastest interprocess communication mechanism. The operating system
maps a memory segment in
the address space of several processes, so that several processes can read and write in that
memory segment without
calling operating system functions. However, we need some kind of synchronization between
processes that read and write shared memory.
Consider what happens when a server process wants to send an HTML file to a client process
that resides in the same machine using network mechanisms:
The server must read the file to memory and pass it to the network functions, that copy that
memory to the OS\'s internal memory.
The client uses the network functions to copy the data from the OS\'s internal memory to its own
memory.
As we can see, there are two copies, one from memory to the network an.
Need help with this java code. fill in lines where needed. Also, not.pdf
Need help with this java code. fill in lines where needed. Also, not sure how to make the text
files and load them into program. Thanks!!
Create a package named \"reading_with_exceptions\". Write a class named:
Reading_With_Exceptions with the following method:
void process(String inputFilename)
Your program will encounter errors, and we want you to gracefully handle them in such a way
that you print out informative information and continue executing.
Your process routine will try to open a file with the name of inputFilename for input. If there is
any problem (i.e. the file doesn\'t exist), then you should catch the exception, give an appropriate
error and then return. Otherwise, your program reads the file for instructions.
Your process routine will read the first line of the file looking for an outputFilename String
followed by an integer. i.e.:
outputFilename number_to_read
Your program will want to write output to a file having the name outputFilename. Your program
will try to read from \"inputFilename\" the number of integers found in \"number_to_read\".
Your process method will copy the integers read from inputFilename and write them to your
output file(i.e. outputFilename). There should contain 10 numbers per line of output in your
output file.
If you encounter bad input, your program should not die with an exception. For example:
If the count of the numbers to be read is bad or < 0 you will print out a complaint message and
then read as many integers as you find.
If any of the other numbers are bad, print a complaint message and skip over the data
If you don\'t have enough input numbers, complain but do not abort
After you have processed inputFilename, I would like your program to then close the output file
and tell the user that the file is created. Then Open up the output file and copy it to the Screen.
For example, if inputFilename contained:
We would expect the output of your program to be (Note that after 23 numbers we stop printing
numbers):
The main program will access the command line to obtain the list of filenames to call your
process routine with.
For those of you who benefit from a Template, your program might look like:
To prove that your program works, I want you to run your program with the following command
line parameters:
file1.txt non-existent-file file2.txt file3.txt
Where non-existent-file does not exist.
file1.txt contains:
file2.txt contains:
file3.txt contains:
Solution
// Reading_With_Exceptions.java
import java.io.File; // required imports for the code
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Reading_With_Exceptions
{ // class that runs the code
// 1.) Create a Scanner from the inputFilename. Catch exceptions from errors.
// 2.) Read the first String from the file and use it to create a PrintStream
// catching appropriate exceptions
// 3.) Using hasNextInt and nextInt, carefully re.
IP has no mechanism for error reporting or error-correcting. ICMPv4 .pdf
IP has no mechanism for error reporting or error-correcting. ICMPv4 was created to overcome
this.
a) What is ICMPv4?
b) How do we use ICMPv4 with the TCP/IP Suite?
c) How does it overcome the limitations in IP?
Solution
What is ICMP?
ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. It is an error reporting protocol network
device like routers used to generate error messages to the source IP addresses when network
problem prevent delivery of IP Packets. ICMP creates and sends messages to the source IP
address indicating that a gateway to the router, host and service cannot be reached for packet
delivery. Any Network IP device has the capability to send, receive or process ICMP messages.
How do we use ICMPv4 with the TCP/IP Suite?
Various message types are defined in ICMP that allow different types of information to be
exchanged. These are usually either generated for the purpose of reporting errors, or for
exchanging important information of different sorts that is needed to keep IP operating smoothly.
ICMP itself doesn\'t define how all the different ICMP messages are used; this is done by the
protocols that use the messages. In this manner, ICMP describes a simple message-passing
service to other protocols.
ICMP is not like most other TCP/IP protocols in that it does not perform a specific task. It
defines a mechanism by which various control messages can be transmitted and received to
implement a variety of functions.
ICMP is considered an integral part of IP, even though it uses IP to sends its messages. The
operation of ICMP involves some portion of the TCP/IP protocol software on a machine
detecting a condition that causes it to generate an ICMP message. This is often the IP layer itself,
though it may be some other part of the software. The message is then encapsulated and
transmitted like any other TCP/IP message, and is given no special treatment compared to other
IP datagrams. The message is sent over the internetwork to the IP layer at the receiving device.
Again, since many of the ICMP messages are actually intended to convey information to a
device\'s IP software, the IP layer itself may be the “ultimate destination” of an ICMP message
once a recipient gets it. In other cases, the ultimate destination may be some other part of the
TCP/IP protocol software, which is determined by the type of message received. ICMP does not
use ports like UDP or TCP to direct its messages to different applications on a host; the software
recognizes the message type and directs it accordingly within the software
How does it overcome the limitation in IP?
IP is an unreliable method for the delivery of network data. It is known as a best effort delivery
mechanism. It has no built-in process to ensure that data is delivered.
If an intermediary device such as a router fails, data cannot be delivered. Additionally, nothing in
its basic design allows IP to notify the sender that a data transmission has failed. ICMP is the
component of the TCP/IP protocol.
Informed Consent is a significant requirement for all provider types.pdf
Informed Consent is a significant requirement for all provider types. How does a health entity
need to ensure that all staff have an understanding of the aspects of informed consent?
Solution
Informal consent refers to the processnof getting permission before doing any sort of healthcare
intervention or trial.the consent plays very vital role in all sort of research or test using a
particular person. Thus it can be a legal.offense is any test or research conducted without taking
any informal consent from the patient. Healthcare industry to be on their business ethics side
should communicate all.the employees about the importance of having informal consent from the
patients.The proper consent will avoind further complication or any sort of conflicts. Incase if the
patient hasn\'t provided prowpr informal consent or in partial it can be assessed by review
committee or institutional review board..
In the MVC Architecture, why is it important to keep the model, view.pdf
In the MVC Architecture, why is it important to keep the model, view, and controller
independent of each other?
Solution
In the MVC Architecture, it is important to keep the model, view, and controller independent of
each other.
Because...
In view layer, programmers will prepare user interface for collecting different types of inputs.
Then user interface program is responsible for storing all values as a single group should send to
the controller application. Then for storing multiple values as one group user interface
application internally should use either array or collection object.
The controller layer receives all values as a single object using array or collection reads input
values from the array or collection object perform calculations and generate results then input
and output values will send to the model application.
The model layer will receive array or collection object reads all input and output values stores in
the database..
in roughly 400 words please describe3 affective outcomes of diver.pdf
in roughly 400 words please describe:
3 affective outcomes of diversity and 3 cognitive outcomes of diversity.
refer to ... Working in teams: moving from high potential to high performance.. BA Griffith and
EB Dunham.. Ch.7
Solution
if a firm is operating with cross culturals work force, it can be called as diverified team, which
may include the members from various backgrounds, nations, with different cultures, education
qualifications, religious and other aspects too. when people works with others, there is a great
chance to upgrade their knowledge levels by interacting with others, they can explore to new
techniques, and so on.
when people work in teams, they discuss, interact, and expose their talent. others may extract
those and the acceptable practices are followed by others. the effective outcomes of diversity are
as follows:
1. people have habituated to openness and share everthing with others
2. they trust each other and exchange what they have and what others need, similarly seek helps
from others in the limitations
3. it encourages team spirity, where all the people works on focused tasks.
4. stands with each other in the times of difficulties and in the times of success also.
the cognitive outcomes of diversity:
1. during the times of problems and difficulties, all these members tries to recollect the prior
experience related to this.
2. if there are any relevant experiences to this, they share with others, and drwn an acceptable
solution to the present problem.
3. when people works and thinks to get a solution while they are in teams, the success of getting
a correct solution is more..
Im having issues with two homework questions. I get the gist of th.pdf
I\'m having issues with two homework questions. I get the gist of the mechanisms involved with
transcription and translation, but the question itself is really throwing me off.
4. What kinds of mutations might result in transcriptional errors? What kinds of mutations might
result in translational errors?
What I\'m thinking for this one is that transcriptional errors are having to do with radiation-type
mutations as well as incidences where the RNA polymerase or other polymerases make a
mistake when creating that RNA template and the mistake does not get fixed. As far as the
translational side, I\'m kind of clueless. Part of this homework is in the realm of CFTR and the
delF508 gene and the W1282X gene, as well as nonsense and missense mutations. I do not know
where they fall into this stuff.
6. Which part of the central dogma is represented by CFTRdel508 and by W1282X? Where is
the information flow interrupted (transcription or translation)? Justify your answer.
Again, I get the gist, but not really how these actually fit into the question. I BELIEVE the
answer to be that the problem / informational flow interruption occurs during translation, but I\'m
not sure that\'s correct, nor can I justify it. THANKS FOR THE HELP! :)
Solution
4. Mutation like point mutations, framshift mutations, chromosomal disjunction etc causes
incorrect base pairing at the DNA level, hence the RNA polymerase incorporates incorrect
nucleotides and thereby creating incorrect mRNA sequences. Also, any mutations in RNA
polymerase, and other transcriptional factors lead to transxccriptional errors
Similarly the mRNA is incorrect then the ribosome and the tRNA also incorporates incorrect
amino acids thereby forming a defective protein which leads to translational errors. Also, any
mutation of the tRNA/ ribosome\'s sub units (50 S and 30 S) can also lead to translational errors
thereby leading to a defective protein.
6. DNA ----> RNA ----> Protein
The deletions inthe 2 genes fall in the DNA to RNA part of central dogma.
Any mutations of the CFTRdel508 and W1282X gene causes the protein folding to be disrupted.
The protein in question for these 2 genes is Cystic Fibrosis transmembrane conductance
regulator (CFTR). Since the protein is unable to fold properly (the missense mutation in
CFTRdel508 causing the Phenylalanine not to get coded) hence the protein is unable to move out
of the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Hence, the probelm is not at the translation level but mainly at the transcription level, since the
deletion had occured in the DNA which resulted in the coding of an incorrect mRNA thereby
forming a defective protein.
So the major problem is at the transcriptional level..
More from rishabjain5053 (20)
write a short essay report to describe a topic of your interest rela.pdf
write a short essay report to describe a topic of your interest rela.pdf
Write a C++ program to do the followingProject Name Computer Sho.pdf
Write a C++ program to do the followingProject Name Computer Sho.pdf
Which statement pertaining to Port Scanning is FALSEA technique use.pdf
Which statement pertaining to Port Scanning is FALSEA technique use.pdf
When did almost all animal phyla divergeSolutionAccording to .pdf
When did almost all animal phyla divergeSolutionAccording to .pdf
What is the nipah virus Describe mechanism of infection How is it .pdf
What is the nipah virus Describe mechanism of infection How is it .pdf
What is organizational inertia List some sources of inertia in a co.pdf
What is organizational inertia List some sources of inertia in a co.pdf
Use fundamental identities to write tan t sec2t in terms of sint only.pdf
Use fundamental identities to write tan t sec2t in terms of sint only.pdf
Twenty-five people responded to a questionnaire about what types of p.pdf
Twenty-five people responded to a questionnaire about what types of p.pdf
The universe began 13 7 billion years ago, is most directly an exa.pdf
The universe began 13 7 billion years ago, is most directly an exa.pdf
The Stevens Company provided $57000 of services on acco.pdf
The Stevens Company provided $57000 of services on acco.pdf
The papillae on the tongue that do not contain any taste buds are the.pdf
The papillae on the tongue that do not contain any taste buds are the.pdf
QUESTION 13 Which of the following benefits is a component of Social .pdf
QUESTION 13 Which of the following benefits is a component of Social .pdf
Padre, Inc., buys 80 percent of the outstanding common stock of Sier.pdf
Padre, Inc., buys 80 percent of the outstanding common stock of Sier.pdf
Operating Systems Structure1- Explain briefly why the objectives o.pdf
Operating Systems Structure1- Explain briefly why the objectives o.pdf
Need help with this java code. fill in lines where needed. Also, not.pdf
Need help with this java code. fill in lines where needed. Also, not.pdf
IP has no mechanism for error reporting or error-correcting. ICMPv4 .pdf
IP has no mechanism for error reporting or error-correcting. ICMPv4 .pdf
Informed Consent is a significant requirement for all provider types.pdf
Informed Consent is a significant requirement for all provider types.pdf
In the MVC Architecture, why is it important to keep the model, view.pdf
In the MVC Architecture, why is it important to keep the model, view.pdf
in roughly 400 words please describe3 affective outcomes of diver.pdf
in roughly 400 words please describe3 affective outcomes of diver.pdf
Im having issues with two homework questions. I get the gist of th.pdf
Im having issues with two homework questions. I get the gist of th.pdf
Recently uploaded
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Covered community pharmacy topic of the subject Social and preventive pharmacy for Diploma and Bachelor of pharmacy
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS Template 2023-2024 by: Irene S. Rueco
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar KanvariaDigital Artifact 1 - 10VCD Environments Unit
Digital Artifact 1 - 10VCD Environments Unit - NGV Pavilion Concept Design
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Recently uploaded (20)
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
12). Define the following terms semi-permeable membrane, solvent, s.pdf
- 1. 12). Define the following terms: semi-permeable membrane, solvent, solute, diffusion, osmosis, osmotically active substances, hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic, Brownian movement, plasmolysis, turgor pressure, hypothesis, concentration gradient. I have a biology lab exam coming up this is one of the review topic questions. I would appreciate the help. Solution semi-permeable membrane:A semipermeable membrane is a barrier that allows only certain molecules or ions to pass through, while blocking others. Molecules pass through the membrane via osmosis, which is the passage of any substance through diffusion, or the tendency of molecules to move from an area where they exist in higher concentrations to an area of lower concentration .it is also called selective membrane. .eg:thin film membrane that lines the inside of an egg. solvent:A substance that can dissolve another substance, or in which another substance is dissolved, forming a solution. eg:water. solute: the minor component dissolved in a solution, the dissolved substance is called a solute .eg:sugar is the solute . diffusion:diffusion is a type of transport that moves molecules or compounds in or out of a cell. There are three main types of diffusion, which include simple diffusion, channel diffusion and facilitated diffusion. eg:A teabag placed in a cup of hot water will diffuse into the water. osmosis:.Osmosis is a special example of diffusion. It is the diffusion of a substance through a semipermeable membrane from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. This process is also passive since no external energy is needed. eg:Absorption of water by plant roots. osmotically active substances:In order to have osmosis first of all you need to have a semi- permeable membrane separating two solutions. In order to have net water movement from one solution to the other you need to have different concentrations of solutes that cannot pass through the membrane. These solutes are osmotically active: since they cannot pass through the membrane water has to move in order to equilibrate the osmotic pressures. If they could pass through the membrane then they would just diffuse from one solution to the other until their concentration equilibrates and thus they would not contribute to the generation of osmotic pressure.(or)
- 2. osmotic active substances are substances that do not pass through cell membrane. e.g: proteins are large they dont pass through membranes directly so they suck water from interstitial fluid to the vessels. hypertonic:Ahypertonic solution is a particular type of solution that has a greater concentration of solutes on the outside of a cell when compared with the inside of a cell. eg: glucose dissolved into it is any plain glucose solution with a concentration higher than 5%. isotonic:An isotonic solution refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side. eg:saline solution. hypotonic: Ahypotonic solution is any solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than another solution. this generally refers to a solution that has less solute and more water than another solution. eg:0.45% sodium chloride , commonly called half normal saline. Brownian movement:The random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a liquid or gas, caused by collisions with molecules of the surrounding medium. Also calledBrownian motion, molecular movement, pedesis(or)Brownian movement. eg: The movement of the charcoal in this example is Brownian movement . plasmolysis,:plasmolysis is stated as the contraction of the protoplasm of cells within plants due to the loss of water through osmosis. It is when the cell membrane peels off of the cell wall and the vacuole collapses when placed in a hypertonic environment The process of plasmolysis occurs when water is drawn out of the cell into fluids outside of the cell through the process of osmosis. (or) plasmolysis is a process where a cell contents shrink away from the cellwall when placed in hypertonic solution. .eg:if red blood cells are placed in a strong salt solution plasmolysis occur. turgor pressure:it is the pressure that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall of plant, bacterial, and fungal cells as well as those protist cells which have cell walls. eg: An example of turgor pressure is osmosis which causes water to flow from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration until the two areas are equal. hypothesis:A supposition or tentative explanation for phenomena, a set of facts, or a scientific inquiry that may be tested, verified or answered by further investigation or methodological experiment. eg:someone performing experiments on plant growth might report this hypothesis:
- 3. concentration gradient:. A concentration gradient is the change in concentration in a solution measured over the distance. An example of concentration gradient is food dye diffusing in a glass of water.