1.1.The words ‘data’ and ‘information’ are often used as though they mean exactly the same thing, but there is a difference. Data are the undigested facts and figures that are collected on innumerable subjects. You may gather data yourself or use data that have been gathered by other people. 1.2..Strengths, weaknesses and suggestions. for the main other information sources reviewed . 1.3.The data must be collected carefully because organisation decision-making processes are based on the generated information from this data. While selecting data and information for decision-making we must apply some criteria to this selection such as accuracy, validity, clarity etc. 1.4. However simple or complex your data set, think about what you might need to do to ensure that your management of the data respects the terms of your consent, and in particular, the confidentiality and anonymity that participants were promised. Take advice from relevant staff in your institution. Your Data Protection manager can advise you on protocols for handling personal data. Your computing or information services department should be able to advise you on setting up secure databases for the different forms of data that will be generated by your research. As with everything in this guidebook, the earlier you can start to think about these issues, the better. When you are preparing your research proposal, you need to plan for data management - this is a requirement for ESRC applications, and increasingly for other funders. If your work will generate complex or sensitive datasets, you may need to plan and cost some time for a database manager or information specialist to develop and manage the systems that you need to keep your data secure. Do you have suitable arrangements in place for archiving data? Befor you access or collect your data, you should check institution what requirements they have in place for data storage, and what facilities are available (e.g. for data archiving). 2.2. Identify a problem or opportunity, Gather information, Analyze the situation,Develop options, Evaluate alternatives, Select a preferred alternative,Act on the decision. 2.3.There are numerous ways of presenting data to a client but you have to ask yourself several questions. Who is the client? To what will they respond best? What response do you require? Will the information and the decisions you made be transferrable between presentational styles? Will it be a formalpresentation or can you have some fun? Once you have answered these questions you can then set about shaping your presentation. Personally if you are able to do so (as in whether the environment within which you will be presenting is accommodating and data allows you do) I would recommend the use of pictures, charts and visual stimuli as much as possible; a picture paints a thousand words after all. Of course if the decisions you have made cannot be transferred into numerical data any pie charts, bar graphs or statistical analysi.

1. 1.1.The words ‘data’ and ‘information’ are often used as though they mean exactly the same
thing, but there is a difference. Data are the undigested facts and figures that are collected on
innumerable subjects. You may gather data yourself or use data that have been gathered by other
people.
1.2..Strengths, weaknesses and suggestions. for the main other information sources reviewed .
1.3.The data must be collected carefully because organisation decision-making processes are
based on the generated information from this data. While selecting data and information for
decision-making we must apply some criteria to this selection such as accuracy, validity, clarity
etc.
1.4.
However simple or complex your data set, think about what you might need to do to ensure that
your management of the data respects the terms of your consent, and in particular, the
confidentiality and anonymity that participants were promised.
Take advice from relevant staff in your institution. Your Data Protection manager can advise you
on protocols for handling personal data. Your computing or information services department
should be able to advise you on setting up secure databases for the different forms of data that
will be generated by your research.
As with everything in this guidebook, the earlier you can start to think about these issues, the
better. When you are preparing your research proposal, you need to plan for data management -
this is a requirement for ESRC applications, and increasingly for other funders. If your work will
generate complex or sensitive datasets, you may need to plan and cost some time for a database
manager or information specialist to develop and manage the systems that you need to keep your
data secure.
Do you have suitable arrangements in place for archiving data? Befor you access or collect your
data, you should check institution what requirements they have in place for data storage, and
what facilities are available (e.g. for data archiving).
2.2. Identify a problem or opportunity, Gather information, Analyze the situation,Develop
options, Evaluate alternatives, Select a preferred alternative,Act on the decision.
2.3.There are numerous ways of presenting data to a client but you have to ask yourself several
questions. Who is the client? To what will they respond best? What response do you require?
Will the information and the decisions you made be transferrable between presentational styles?
Will it be a formalpresentation or can you have some fun?
Once you have answered these questions you can then set about shaping your presentation.

2. Personally if you are able to do so (as in whether the environment within which you will be
presenting is accommodating and data allows you do) I would recommend the use of pictures,
charts and visual stimuli as much as possible; a picture paints a thousand words after all. Of
course if the decisions you have made cannot be transferred into numerical data any pie charts,
bar graphs or statistical analysis will be pointless.
If this is the case then a video presentation might be the way to go as this will allow you to
elucidate any difficult concepts on passage in an articulate manner without the hassle of verbally
delivering the results. You can also work in graphics, titles and explanations into said video.
If you believe that you are required to undertake a formal process of presenting your information
then you are going to have to get those typing fingers out and produce a report using the tone,
tropes, codes and conventions that are inherent in the subject area which you are operating.
At the end of the day, you must fully understand to whom you are presenting these decisions
that you have made and adapt accordingly.
3.1.
it is important to always remember the importance of communication in an organization.
The methods of communication you choose could in a sense make or break the management
structure of your organization and could also affect your relationship with customers, if not
chosen carefully.
It is vital therefore that you spend some time choosing the right methods to aid you in your
management tasks.
3.2.A Communication Process, or Communications Management Process, is a set of steps that
are taken every time formal communications are undertaken in an organization. A
Communications Process is undertaken as part of Communications Management and helps to
ensure that your stakeholders are kept regularly informed. For example as part of the project life
cycle, the team implement a Communication Process to make sure that the entire team is kept
informed of the status of the project.
3.3.
The success of the communication plan should be evaluated as tasks leading to transmitted
messages are completed. The communication system should be tested periodically to ensure
messages are received and understood[5] and the receivers are satisfied with the method
deployed. In order for this type of evaluation to occur, management must support a culture in
which communication flows freely, regardless of rank or position, and without fear of retaliation.
A culture which fosters error identification and reporting enables constructive feedback to be
made to improve the communication plan.[11] A compilation of lessons learned should capture

3. the best and worst practices of implementation of the communication plan. This list will evolve
as the plan progresses, but a final analysis, upon completion of the project, is critical for
capturing a history of which customer relations activities were most successful for
communicating laboratory change.[5]
The first step in the communication process that must be evaluated is message transmission. Did
the intended customer receive the information? Table 3 lists a variety of media which can be
used to communicate change. However, each outlet presents its own unique challenges in
ensuring message transmission. The computer-based resources generally rely on software,
hardware, Internet accessibility, and some degree of information technology knowledge. These
outlets permit rapid notification, but they also enable messages to be lost in an instant. E-mail
messages may need to be followed up with a telephone call or a second e-mail message. The
posted information on Internet sites must be confirmed as present, secure, and accurate after the
initial posting for as long as the Web site is to serve as the source of information. The more
traditional communication outlets, such as flyers and signs, usually require more time to produce
than electronic resources and bear an additional cost for the raw materials. The sender must
verify that the flyers were distributed on time to the correct customers and that the signs were
correctly mounted and remain in their proper locations. Regardless of the medium used, the
sender needs to verify the intended receiver got the correct message.
The second step in the communication process that needs to be evaluated is message.
comprehension. Now the sender must confirm the message was interpreted correctly by the
intended receiver. The old-fashioned children's game, "grapevine," is a good example of
message comprehension gone astray. The first child in line whispers a secret message to the next
child in line. The second child is supposed to whisper the same message to the third child and so
on until the last child in line receives the message. The last child proudly announces that the
message was, "My mother walked the hog in the dark today," only to learn from the giggling
first child that the message really was, "My mother walked the dog in the park today."
Requiring the recipient to repeat the message back to the sender, commonly referred to as "read-
back verification," is a helpful tool in maintaining message accuracy. Read-back verification
was effective at reducing errors in transmitted telephone reports of critical laboratory results[12]
and is a vital safety net to verbal orders.[13] But read-back verification cannot be used to check
message comprehension by every intended recipient, quite possibly, thousands of hospital
employees and hundreds of thousands of patients. Sampling from the targeted receivers is
imperative for confirming message understanding. The communication team should sample from
different combinations of the various customers contacted (Figure 1) and the communication
media used (Table 3). Verification can be done by asking questions about the message to test the
receiver's interpretation and to ascertain how the receiver intends to act upon this

4. information.[5] Other ways to verify message interpretation include reviewing customer
satisfaction surveys, investigating quality assurance reports, monitoring performance indicators,
and reviewing laboratory workload reports. Typically, the communication team will quickly
learn from its customers if message transmission was very poor. However, the communication
team may not receive any feedback if message transmission was fair or better. The project
manager should ensure the customer groups most affected by the change comprehend its
meaning. "Just because an e-mail is marked as 'received' doesn't mean that it was actually read
or understood."[5]
The last step in the communication process that needs to be evaluated is customer satisfaction as
a message that was properly transmitted and comprehended does not guarantee complete
customer satisfaction. Were the receivers pleased with the timing of message delivery? Did the
mode of communication meet the needs of the audience? Do the customers have suggestions to
improve how laboratory change can be announced? Customer satisfaction surveys and polls can
be useful in assessing these questions. Established surveys can also be modified to include
questions related to the change issue to gather more specific and timely information. The lessons
learned list should be updated with the outcomes of these customer satisfaction reviews.
Solution
1.1.The words ‘data’ and ‘information’ are often used as though they mean exactly the same
thing, but there is a difference. Data are the undigested facts and figures that are collected on
innumerable subjects. You may gather data yourself or use data that have been gathered by other
people.
1.2..Strengths, weaknesses and suggestions. for the main other information sources reviewed .
1.3.The data must be collected carefully because organisation decision-making processes are
based on the generated information from this data. While selecting data and information for
decision-making we must apply some criteria to this selection such as accuracy, validity, clarity
etc.
1.4.
However simple or complex your data set, think about what you might need to do to ensure that
your management of the data respects the terms of your consent, and in particular, the
confidentiality and anonymity that participants were promised.
Take advice from relevant staff in your institution. Your Data Protection manager can advise you
on protocols for handling personal data. Your computing or information services department
should be able to advise you on setting up secure databases for the different forms of data that
will be generated by your research.

5. As with everything in this guidebook, the earlier you can start to think about these issues, the
better. When you are preparing your research proposal, you need to plan for data management -
this is a requirement for ESRC applications, and increasingly for other funders. If your work will
generate complex or sensitive datasets, you may need to plan and cost some time for a database
manager or information specialist to develop and manage the systems that you need to keep your
data secure.
Do you have suitable arrangements in place for archiving data? Befor you access or collect your
data, you should check institution what requirements they have in place for data storage, and
what facilities are available (e.g. for data archiving).
2.2. Identify a problem or opportunity, Gather information, Analyze the situation,Develop
options, Evaluate alternatives, Select a preferred alternative,Act on the decision.
2.3.There are numerous ways of presenting data to a client but you have to ask yourself several
questions. Who is the client? To what will they respond best? What response do you require?
Will the information and the decisions you made be transferrable between presentational styles?
Will it be a formalpresentation or can you have some fun?
Once you have answered these questions you can then set about shaping your presentation.
Personally if you are able to do so (as in whether the environment within which you will be
presenting is accommodating and data allows you do) I would recommend the use of pictures,
charts and visual stimuli as much as possible; a picture paints a thousand words after all. Of
course if the decisions you have made cannot be transferred into numerical data any pie charts,
bar graphs or statistical analysis will be pointless.
If this is the case then a video presentation might be the way to go as this will allow you to
elucidate any difficult concepts on passage in an articulate manner without the hassle of verbally
delivering the results. You can also work in graphics, titles and explanations into said video.
If you believe that you are required to undertake a formal process of presenting your information
then you are going to have to get those typing fingers out and produce a report using the tone,
tropes, codes and conventions that are inherent in the subject area which you are operating.
At the end of the day, you must fully understand to whom you are presenting these decisions
that you have made and adapt accordingly.
3.1.
it is important to always remember the importance of communication in an organization.
The methods of communication you choose could in a sense make or break the management

6. structure of your organization and could also affect your relationship with customers, if not
chosen carefully.
It is vital therefore that you spend some time choosing the right methods to aid you in your
management tasks.
3.2.A Communication Process, or Communications Management Process, is a set of steps that
are taken every time formal communications are undertaken in an organization. A
Communications Process is undertaken as part of Communications Management and helps to
ensure that your stakeholders are kept regularly informed. For example as part of the project life
cycle, the team implement a Communication Process to make sure that the entire team is kept
informed of the status of the project.
3.3.
The success of the communication plan should be evaluated as tasks leading to transmitted
messages are completed. The communication system should be tested periodically to ensure
messages are received and understood[5] and the receivers are satisfied with the method
deployed. In order for this type of evaluation to occur, management must support a culture in
which communication flows freely, regardless of rank or position, and without fear of retaliation.
A culture which fosters error identification and reporting enables constructive feedback to be
made to improve the communication plan.[11] A compilation of lessons learned should capture
the best and worst practices of implementation of the communication plan. This list will evolve
as the plan progresses, but a final analysis, upon completion of the project, is critical for
capturing a history of which customer relations activities were most successful for
communicating laboratory change.[5]
The first step in the communication process that must be evaluated is message transmission. Did
the intended customer receive the information? Table 3 lists a variety of media which can be
used to communicate change. However, each outlet presents its own unique challenges in
ensuring message transmission. The computer-based resources generally rely on software,
hardware, Internet accessibility, and some degree of information technology knowledge. These
outlets permit rapid notification, but they also enable messages to be lost in an instant. E-mail
messages may need to be followed up with a telephone call or a second e-mail message. The
posted information on Internet sites must be confirmed as present, secure, and accurate after the
initial posting for as long as the Web site is to serve as the source of information. The more
traditional communication outlets, such as flyers and signs, usually require more time to produce
than electronic resources and bear an additional cost for the raw materials. The sender must
verify that the flyers were distributed on time to the correct customers and that the signs were
correctly mounted and remain in their proper locations. Regardless of the medium used, the
sender needs to verify the intended receiver got the correct message.

7. The second step in the communication process that needs to be evaluated is message.
comprehension. Now the sender must confirm the message was interpreted correctly by the
intended receiver. The old-fashioned children's game, "grapevine," is a good example of
message comprehension gone astray. The first child in line whispers a secret message to the next
child in line. The second child is supposed to whisper the same message to the third child and so
on until the last child in line receives the message. The last child proudly announces that the
message was, "My mother walked the hog in the dark today," only to learn from the giggling
first child that the message really was, "My mother walked the dog in the park today."
Requiring the recipient to repeat the message back to the sender, commonly referred to as "read-
back verification," is a helpful tool in maintaining message accuracy. Read-back verification
was effective at reducing errors in transmitted telephone reports of critical laboratory results[12]
and is a vital safety net to verbal orders.[13] But read-back verification cannot be used to check
message comprehension by every intended recipient, quite possibly, thousands of hospital
employees and hundreds of thousands of patients. Sampling from the targeted receivers is
imperative for confirming message understanding. The communication team should sample from
different combinations of the various customers contacted (Figure 1) and the communication
media used (Table 3). Verification can be done by asking questions about the message to test the
receiver's interpretation and to ascertain how the receiver intends to act upon this
information.[5] Other ways to verify message interpretation include reviewing customer
satisfaction surveys, investigating quality assurance reports, monitoring performance indicators,
and reviewing laboratory workload reports. Typically, the communication team will quickly
learn from its customers if message transmission was very poor. However, the communication
team may not receive any feedback if message transmission was fair or better. The project
manager should ensure the customer groups most affected by the change comprehend its
meaning. "Just because an e-mail is marked as 'received' doesn't mean that it was actually read
or understood."[5]
The last step in the communication process that needs to be evaluated is customer satisfaction as
a message that was properly transmitted and comprehended does not guarantee complete
customer satisfaction. Were the receivers pleased with the timing of message delivery? Did the
mode of communication meet the needs of the audience? Do the customers have suggestions to
improve how laboratory change can be announced? Customer satisfaction surveys and polls can
be useful in assessing these questions. Established surveys can also be modified to include
questions related to the change issue to gather more specific and timely information. The lessons
learned list should be updated with the outcomes of these customer satisfaction reviews.