Plenary 1: H Campbell

1. On edge
Dr Hamish Campbell
GNS Science

2. GNS Science

3. Seaward Kaikoura Range
Hope Fault
Kaikoura
GNS Science

4. Banks Peninsula, looking west
Christchurch
GNS Science

5. Hope Fault
Kaikoura
Christchurch
Alpine Fault
GNS Science

6. South Island
GNS Science

7. Regional Context
GNS Science

8. Kevin Furlong
GNS Science

9. Photo: Nicola Litchfield, GNS Science GNS Science

10. Darfield Earthquake
7.1
Saturday 4 September
4:36 am
GNS Science

11. Acceleration records from Greendale
1
0
305
-1 215
Acceleration (g)
VERT
-2
`
-3
-4
-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (s)
GNS Science

12. “There’s a sandhill in the middle of my house… it’s wrecked.”
GNS Science

13. GNS Science

14. GNS Science

15. Fault Rupture (breakage)
source: www.GeoNet.org.nz
GNS Science

16. GNS Science

17. Greendale Fault Surface Rupture Displacement
GNS Science

18. GNS Science

19. Faults within basement rocks of the Chatham Rise
Wood, Andrews & Herzer (1989): NZGS Basin Studies 3: Chatham Rise, Map 4
GNS Science

20. 90 Ma
(million years ago)
GNS Science

21. Bathymetric map
GNS Science
GNS Science

22. GNS Science

23. Aftershocks: 4 – 21 September, 2010
GNS Science

24. February 22, 2011 Christchurch
GNS Science

25. Comparison of Vertical and Horizontal Ground
Shaking
Vertical
Horizontal
500 yr code 0.30g
2,500 year 0.54g
GNS Science

26. Actual vs. Previously Mapped Hazard
Extent of liquefaction from 22 Feb 2011.
Orange = major liquefaction. 2004 Liquefaction Hazard Map
Yellow = minor / trace / isolated small liquefaction areas
GNS Science

27. Predicted vertical contours and fault slip model (transparent)
Subsidence
up to 15 cm
along much of
the Avon, with
uplift >30 cm
of river mouth
and estuary
GNS Science

28. New Zealand Historical Atlas 1997 p
GNS Science

29. GNS Science

30. GNS Science

31. GNS Science

32. GNS Science

33. GNS Science

34. Photo: Dougal Townsend
Mohaka Fault looking NE to Waipawa River and Wakarara Range
GNS Science

35. Mars and its faults: normal (red) and reverse (black)
Lada Dimitrova (PhD, Stony Brook, USA)
GNS Science

36. MARS
N pole S pole
GNS Science

37. Full moon
GNS Science

38. Earthquakes occur on plate boundaries
GNS Science

39. NEIC
GNS Science

40. Globally there‟s about one/year M>8.0
Japan - 20000 x more energy
4 Sept - 30 x more energy
22 Feb
IRIS
GNS Science

41. Magnitude 8.9 NEAR THE EAST COAST OF HONSHU, JAPAN
Friday, March 11, 2011 at 05:46:23 UTC
Globally, the 5th largest earthquake since 1900.
Great (M > 8) Earthquakes Since 1900
9.6
Chile 1960
9.4
Alaska 1964
9.2
Sumatra 2004
9
Magnitude
Japan 2011
8.8
Chile 2010
8.6
8.4
8.2
8
7.8
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year
GNS Science

42. GNS Science

43. GNS Science

44. Wairarapa Fault
Featherston
GNS Science

45. Wairarapa Fault
raised beaches
at
Cape Turakirae
Cook Strait
GNS Science

46. Wellington Fault
GNS Science

47. Wellington Fault
GNS Science

48. Pondard and Barnes, JGR, 2010
GNS Science

49. Marlborough Sounds, South Island
GNS Science

50. Wanganui Basin
Cook Strait
Marlborough Sounds
„lithospheric sag‟
GNS Science

51. GNS Science

52. Understanding our subduction thrust
• Geophysical – remote sensing
• Drilling – IODP
GNS Science

53. Seismicity in NZ for a 10 year period (1990s)
GNS Science

54. GPS: Global Positioning System
satellite receiver
GNS Science

55. GNS Science

56. GNS Science

57. Total slip in the Kapiti 2003 and Manawatu 2004/2005
SSEs was equivalent to Mw 7.26, and occurred along the
down-dip edges of inter-seismic coupling
GNS Science

58. GNS Science

59. Comparison of Japan with North Island
GPS tells us where the subduction zone is “stuck”
– building up stress to be relieved in a future earthquake
GNS Science

60. Comparison of Japan with North Island
GNS Science

61. Edgecumbe Earthquake February 1987: looking NE
GNS Science

62. Taupo Volcanic Zone
(TVZ)
A rift with at least 8
calderas or
super-volcanoes
E-W stretching of
>9.0 mm per year
at Rotorua
GNS Science

63. Looking NE at
Mt Edgecumbe
over
Waimungu
Lake Rotomahana
Mt Tarawera
Photo: Lloyd Homer,
GNS Science
GNS Science

64. Tarawera, Ruawahia, Wahanga (domes)
Photo: Lloyd Homer, GNS Science
GNS Science

65. Kaharoa Eruption
of Mt Tarawera
1314 AD +/- 12
by David Lowe,
Waikato University
GNS Science

66. GNS Science

67. Acknowledgements
• Helen Anderson
• Phil Barnes (NIWA)
• John Beavan (GNS Science)
• John Begg (GNS Science)
• Neil Campbell (Kiwi Rail)
• Russ van Dissen (GNS Science)
• Kevin Furlong (Penn. State, USA)
• Ken Gledhill (GeoNet, GNS Science)
• Gavin Hayes (USGS)
• Stuart Henrys (GNS Science)
• Lloyd Homer
• James Jackson (Cambridge University)
• Graeme McVerry (GNS Science)
• Andy Nichol (GNS Science)
• Nico Pondard (GNS Science)
• Martin Reyners (GNS Science)
• Warwick Smith (GeoNet, GNS Science)
• Mark Stirling (GNS Science)
• Dougal Townsend (GNS Science)
GNS Science

68. GNS Science

69. GNS Science

70. National Seismic
Hazard Model
PGA = peak ground
acceleration
GNS Science