This document provides an overview of utilitarianism and John Stuart Mill. It defines key concepts of utilitarianism such as the principle of utility, act versus rule utilitarianism, and the focus on consequences rather than motives or acts. It discusses the classical formulations of utilitarian theory by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. It also examines debates around applying utilitarian reasoning such as in cases of torture, population control, and suicide barriers.
The Patriot Act The primary function of the USA Patriot Act is sta.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Patriot Act The primary function of the USA Patriot Act is stated in its full title: "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism." To this end, it has expanded "law enforcement investigatory tools," including surveillance of individuals.
Those in support of the Act often argue that the loss of privacy brought about by the collection of information on individuals that the Act allows is far preferable to even one terrorist attack on US soil. It is what best promotes the general welfare or well-being of the population affected by the Act. Do you agree?
For your convenience, here are some links where you can find additional information on the Patriot Act:
FinCEN USA PATRIOT Act
National security versus individual freedom: Surveillance and the Patriot Act
The Patriot Act and Consequences
For both those who argue in favor of the Patriot Act and those against it, a key matter is: What are the consequences of implementing the policy? Does this Act lead to better outcomes than alternative policies? If so, it is the right policy. If not, it is the wrong policy. That is a moral evaluation. It is dependent on the assessment of outcomes or consequences. Thinking about the rightness of actions in terms of the desirability or undesirability of their consequences for those whose lives are affected is characteristic of utilitarianism.
Many of you are familiar with the phrases “outcomes assessment” and “process and outcomes assessment.” They or their synonyms are used broadly today in education, business, government, engineering, health care, and the military, to name just a few areas. Whenever you hear of measurement of outcomes, you know that an issue is being approached in terms of the theory of utility, an extraordinarily influential theory of ethics. The point of the interaction section below is to bring to your attention important elements in how the two most significant proponents of the theory, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, framed the theory and how it could be useful for case discussion.
Utilitarianism and Social Progress
We begin, with this module, our examination of the major approaches to ethical reflection, approaches that you will be expected to apply to cases. The module contents focus on providing you with commentary that is based on primary sources; that is, on the writings of the thinkers who articulated and developed the various moral theories we apply in cases. This is intended to complement the textbook presentation of major approaches to ethical reflection.
Welfare, well-being, the good, benefit, happiness are all going to be treated as near synonyms. They are what utility is. In line with 18th-century Enlightenment thinking, the utilitarians believed in the power of reason to overcome the dead weight of customs and prejudices. Their goal was not disruption for its own sake, but the improvement of the lot of humanity. Jeremy Bentham was a utilitarian wh.
Read Section 4.4 on pages 44 - 45 of the textbook, then answer the.docxcatheryncouper
Read Section 4.4 on pages 44 - 45 of the textbook, then answer the following questions (also from the textbook):
1. If it were to be proven that television shows like CSI help criminals avoid apprehension, is it morally permissible to prohibit them? Why or why not?
2. What are alternatives for addressing the possibility raised in this scenario of offenders taking measures to avoid leaving DNA, etc.?
Be sure to apply the concept of utilitarianism in your response.
NOTE: You are required to post your OP before you will be able to view other students' OPs. Also, once you post your OP, you cannot delete or edit it. Therefore, before you submit your OP, be sure you've said what you wanted to say.
4CHAPTER
Utilitarianism
Measuring Consequences
Learning Objectives:
� To understand the nature of
teleological ethics and its
differences from
deontological ethics.
� To recognize the centrality
of the principle of utility in
the ethics of John Stuart
Mill.
� To develop an appreciation
of why utilitarianism is
sometimes called
consequentialism.
� To increase the ability to
distinguish objective ways
to assess the total
happiness produced by an
action.
� To appreciate criticisms of
utilitarianism as a way to
judge ethical action.
Labor to keep alive in your breast that little
celestial fire called conscience.
—George Washington (1732–1799)
36
The police in Nashville, Tennessee, paid $120,000over a 3-year period to informants and prostitutes inan effort to impact the illicit sex trade. The police
department paid informants “to touch and be touched” to
gather evidence of prostitution. A police captain
defended the practice by asking the question, “What is
the greater good?” He continued, “It may be distasteful
M04_ALBA5659_03_SE_C04.QXD 10/29/10 2:45 PM Page 36
to some people, but it’s better that we have those places shut down.”1 And, in fact,
the city had closed more than thirty-five sex-related businesses, such as massage
parlors and escort services. The money paid to informants came from seizures made
in other prostitution and gambling cases. It was admitted, however, that a certain
amount of sexual touching was usually necessary to show that the money being
offered was clearly for the purpose of a sexual act.
Critics of these tactics included the county district attorney, who believed, “It is
a little contradictory in letting the informant engage in the very act you’re trying to
stamp out.” A city attorney acknowledged that as little contact as possible between
informants and prostitutes is desirable, but “I’m reluctant to second-guess what the
police have done so far because it’s been so successful.”2
Are such police tactics ethical? Without knowing it, the persons involved in this
controversy were using the 200-year-old ethical concept of utility to determine the
appropriateness of a police strategy. An understanding of this ethical theory helps
resolve the dilemma posed by the police methods being used.
JOHN STUAR ...
PHI 210RS – Module 3 Case Analysis Rubric Identify the .docxkarlhennesey
PHI 210RS – Module 3 Case Analysis Rubric
Identify the moral issue(s) and the parties involved; discuss the case with respect to the principle of utility, taking care to identify the benefits and burdens that pertain to the parties
affected.
Student Name: ___________________________________________ Date: _______________________
Rating Scale Exemplary: Corresponds to an A- to A (90-100%) Novice: Corresponds to D to D+ (60-69%)
Proficient: Corresponds to B- to B+ (80-89%) Not Attempted: Corresponds to an F (0-59%)
Basic: Corresponds to C- to C+ (70-79%)
Students will complete the assignment with attention to the following criteria:
Elements
Criteria
Score
Not Attempted
(Criterion is missing
or not in evidence)
Novice
(does not meet
expectations;
performance is
substandard)
Basic
(works towards meeting
expectations; performance
needs improvement)
Proficient
(meets expectations;
performance is
satisfactory)
Exemplary
(exceeds expectations;
performance is outstanding)
Analyzing case in
terms of the
principle of utility
(identification of
parties involved,
benefits and
burdens, and
alternative
possible actions or
policies)
90%
0-53.99%
Paraphrases the
information in the
case without
attempting an
analysis or states
opinions without
attempting an
analysis. Discusses
irrelevant facts
54-62.99%
Attempts to provide an
analysis of the case, but
does not connect
analysis to facts of the
case. Is vague on three
counts: identifying the
parties involved, the
benefits and burdens at
stake, and the alternative
possible actions or
policies at stake
63-71.99%
Attempts to provide
an analysis of the case;
connects analysis to facts
of the case; is vague on
two of the following:
identifying the parties
involved or the benefits and
burdens at stake, or the
alternative possible actions
or policies at stake
72-80.99%
Attempts to provide an
analysis of the case;
connects analysis to facts
of the case; is vague on
one of the following:
identifying the parties
involved or the benefits
and burdens at stake, or
the alternative possible
actions or policies at stake
81-90%
Provides a well-rounded analysis of
the case; connects analysis to facts
of the case; is successful in all
three of the following: identifying
the parties involved, the benefits
and burdens at stake, and the
alternative possible actions or
policies at stake
___/90
Mechanics of
Writing
10%
0-5.99%
Little to no
evidence of proper
writing mechanics
6-6.99%
The grammar of the case
analysis greatly impedes
understanding of content
7-7.99%
The case analysis needs a
good deal of improvement
with respect to grammar,
spelling, and/or style
8-8.99%
The case analysis is
mostly free of errors with
respect to grammar,
spelling, and/or style, but
needs some improvement
9-10%
The case analysis is near ...
Get your quality homework help now and stand out.Our professional writers are committed to excellence. We have trained the best scholars in different fields of study.Contact us now at http://www.essaysexperts.net/ and place your order at affordable price done within set deadlines.We always have someone online ready to answer all your queries and take your requests.
The Patriot Act The primary function of the USA Patriot Act is sta.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Patriot Act The primary function of the USA Patriot Act is stated in its full title: "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism." To this end, it has expanded "law enforcement investigatory tools," including surveillance of individuals.
Those in support of the Act often argue that the loss of privacy brought about by the collection of information on individuals that the Act allows is far preferable to even one terrorist attack on US soil. It is what best promotes the general welfare or well-being of the population affected by the Act. Do you agree?
For your convenience, here are some links where you can find additional information on the Patriot Act:
FinCEN USA PATRIOT Act
National security versus individual freedom: Surveillance and the Patriot Act
The Patriot Act and Consequences
For both those who argue in favor of the Patriot Act and those against it, a key matter is: What are the consequences of implementing the policy? Does this Act lead to better outcomes than alternative policies? If so, it is the right policy. If not, it is the wrong policy. That is a moral evaluation. It is dependent on the assessment of outcomes or consequences. Thinking about the rightness of actions in terms of the desirability or undesirability of their consequences for those whose lives are affected is characteristic of utilitarianism.
Many of you are familiar with the phrases “outcomes assessment” and “process and outcomes assessment.” They or their synonyms are used broadly today in education, business, government, engineering, health care, and the military, to name just a few areas. Whenever you hear of measurement of outcomes, you know that an issue is being approached in terms of the theory of utility, an extraordinarily influential theory of ethics. The point of the interaction section below is to bring to your attention important elements in how the two most significant proponents of the theory, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, framed the theory and how it could be useful for case discussion.
Utilitarianism and Social Progress
We begin, with this module, our examination of the major approaches to ethical reflection, approaches that you will be expected to apply to cases. The module contents focus on providing you with commentary that is based on primary sources; that is, on the writings of the thinkers who articulated and developed the various moral theories we apply in cases. This is intended to complement the textbook presentation of major approaches to ethical reflection.
Welfare, well-being, the good, benefit, happiness are all going to be treated as near synonyms. They are what utility is. In line with 18th-century Enlightenment thinking, the utilitarians believed in the power of reason to overcome the dead weight of customs and prejudices. Their goal was not disruption for its own sake, but the improvement of the lot of humanity. Jeremy Bentham was a utilitarian wh.
Read Section 4.4 on pages 44 - 45 of the textbook, then answer the.docxcatheryncouper
Read Section 4.4 on pages 44 - 45 of the textbook, then answer the following questions (also from the textbook):
1. If it were to be proven that television shows like CSI help criminals avoid apprehension, is it morally permissible to prohibit them? Why or why not?
2. What are alternatives for addressing the possibility raised in this scenario of offenders taking measures to avoid leaving DNA, etc.?
Be sure to apply the concept of utilitarianism in your response.
NOTE: You are required to post your OP before you will be able to view other students' OPs. Also, once you post your OP, you cannot delete or edit it. Therefore, before you submit your OP, be sure you've said what you wanted to say.
4CHAPTER
Utilitarianism
Measuring Consequences
Learning Objectives:
� To understand the nature of
teleological ethics and its
differences from
deontological ethics.
� To recognize the centrality
of the principle of utility in
the ethics of John Stuart
Mill.
� To develop an appreciation
of why utilitarianism is
sometimes called
consequentialism.
� To increase the ability to
distinguish objective ways
to assess the total
happiness produced by an
action.
� To appreciate criticisms of
utilitarianism as a way to
judge ethical action.
Labor to keep alive in your breast that little
celestial fire called conscience.
—George Washington (1732–1799)
36
The police in Nashville, Tennessee, paid $120,000over a 3-year period to informants and prostitutes inan effort to impact the illicit sex trade. The police
department paid informants “to touch and be touched” to
gather evidence of prostitution. A police captain
defended the practice by asking the question, “What is
the greater good?” He continued, “It may be distasteful
M04_ALBA5659_03_SE_C04.QXD 10/29/10 2:45 PM Page 36
to some people, but it’s better that we have those places shut down.”1 And, in fact,
the city had closed more than thirty-five sex-related businesses, such as massage
parlors and escort services. The money paid to informants came from seizures made
in other prostitution and gambling cases. It was admitted, however, that a certain
amount of sexual touching was usually necessary to show that the money being
offered was clearly for the purpose of a sexual act.
Critics of these tactics included the county district attorney, who believed, “It is
a little contradictory in letting the informant engage in the very act you’re trying to
stamp out.” A city attorney acknowledged that as little contact as possible between
informants and prostitutes is desirable, but “I’m reluctant to second-guess what the
police have done so far because it’s been so successful.”2
Are such police tactics ethical? Without knowing it, the persons involved in this
controversy were using the 200-year-old ethical concept of utility to determine the
appropriateness of a police strategy. An understanding of this ethical theory helps
resolve the dilemma posed by the police methods being used.
JOHN STUAR ...
PHI 210RS – Module 3 Case Analysis Rubric Identify the .docxkarlhennesey
PHI 210RS – Module 3 Case Analysis Rubric
Identify the moral issue(s) and the parties involved; discuss the case with respect to the principle of utility, taking care to identify the benefits and burdens that pertain to the parties
affected.
Student Name: ___________________________________________ Date: _______________________
Rating Scale Exemplary: Corresponds to an A- to A (90-100%) Novice: Corresponds to D to D+ (60-69%)
Proficient: Corresponds to B- to B+ (80-89%) Not Attempted: Corresponds to an F (0-59%)
Basic: Corresponds to C- to C+ (70-79%)
Students will complete the assignment with attention to the following criteria:
Elements
Criteria
Score
Not Attempted
(Criterion is missing
or not in evidence)
Novice
(does not meet
expectations;
performance is
substandard)
Basic
(works towards meeting
expectations; performance
needs improvement)
Proficient
(meets expectations;
performance is
satisfactory)
Exemplary
(exceeds expectations;
performance is outstanding)
Analyzing case in
terms of the
principle of utility
(identification of
parties involved,
benefits and
burdens, and
alternative
possible actions or
policies)
90%
0-53.99%
Paraphrases the
information in the
case without
attempting an
analysis or states
opinions without
attempting an
analysis. Discusses
irrelevant facts
54-62.99%
Attempts to provide an
analysis of the case, but
does not connect
analysis to facts of the
case. Is vague on three
counts: identifying the
parties involved, the
benefits and burdens at
stake, and the alternative
possible actions or
policies at stake
63-71.99%
Attempts to provide
an analysis of the case;
connects analysis to facts
of the case; is vague on
two of the following:
identifying the parties
involved or the benefits and
burdens at stake, or the
alternative possible actions
or policies at stake
72-80.99%
Attempts to provide an
analysis of the case;
connects analysis to facts
of the case; is vague on
one of the following:
identifying the parties
involved or the benefits
and burdens at stake, or
the alternative possible
actions or policies at stake
81-90%
Provides a well-rounded analysis of
the case; connects analysis to facts
of the case; is successful in all
three of the following: identifying
the parties involved, the benefits
and burdens at stake, and the
alternative possible actions or
policies at stake
___/90
Mechanics of
Writing
10%
0-5.99%
Little to no
evidence of proper
writing mechanics
6-6.99%
The grammar of the case
analysis greatly impedes
understanding of content
7-7.99%
The case analysis needs a
good deal of improvement
with respect to grammar,
spelling, and/or style
8-8.99%
The case analysis is
mostly free of errors with
respect to grammar,
spelling, and/or style, but
needs some improvement
9-10%
The case analysis is near ...
Get your quality homework help now and stand out.Our professional writers are committed to excellence. We have trained the best scholars in different fields of study.Contact us now at http://www.essaysexperts.net/ and place your order at affordable price done within set deadlines.We always have someone online ready to answer all your queries and take your requests.
Define Utilitarianism and tell me about Jeremy Bentham. Does the Un.docxvickeryr87
Define Utilitarianism and tell me about Jeremy Bentham. Does the United States military endorse this view of Ethical thinking? What are your feelings on the "Greater Good for Most" theory, do you agree with this theory? around 200-300 words.
Discussion
Need Soon.
Check it below for reference.
UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism
is the moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions. By “good,” utilitarians understand happiness or pleasure. Thus, the greatest happiness of all constitutes the standard that determines whether an action is right or wrong. Although the basic theme of utilitarianism is present in the writings of many earlier thinkers, Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) were the first to develop the theory explicitly and in detail. Both Bentham and Mill were philosophers with a strong interest in legal and social reform. They used the utilitarian standard to evaluate and criticize the social and political institutions of their day—for example, the prison system and the disenfranchisement of women. As a result, utilitarianism has long been associated with social improvement.
Utilitarianism tells us to bring about the most happiness for everyone affected by our actions.
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill were important early utilitarians.
Bentham viewed a community as no more than the individual persons that it comprises. The interests of the community are simply the sum of the interests of its members. An action promotes the interests of an individual when it adds to the individual’s pleasure or diminishes the person’s pain. Correspondingly, an action augments the happiness of a community only insofar as it increases the total amount of individual happiness. This is what Bentham had in mind when he argued for the utilitarian principle that actions are right if they promote the greatest human welfare, wrong if they do not.
For Bentham, pleasure and pain are merely types of sensations. He offered a “hedonic calculus” of six criteria for evaluating pleasure and pain exclusively by their quantitative differences—in particular, by their intensity and duration. This calculus, he believed, makes possible an objective determination of the morality of anyone’s conduct, individual or collective, on any occasion.
Bentham rejected any distinctions based on the type of pleasure except insofar as they might indicate differences in quantity. Thus, if equal amounts of pleasure are involved, throwing darts is as good as writing poetry and baking a cake as good as composing a symphony; watching Shakespeare’s
Hamlet
has no more value than watching
Jersey Shore.
Although he himself was an intelligent, cultivated man, Bentham maintained that there is nothing intrinsically better about refined and intellectual pleasures than about crude or prosaic ones. The only issue is which yields the greater amount of enjoyment.
John Stuart Mi.
1A society, according to Utilitarianism, is just to the extent tha.pdfanyacarpets
1>>A society, according to Utilitarianism, is just to the extent that its laws and institutions are
such as to promote the greatest overall or average happiness of its members.
How do we determine the aggregate, or overall, happiness of the members of a society? This
would seem to present a real problem. For happiness is not, like temperature or weight, directly
measurable by any means that we have available. So utilitarians must approach the matter
indirectly. They will have to rely on indirect measures, in other words. What would these be, and
how can they be identified?
The traditional idea at this point is to rely upon (a) a theory of the human good (i.e., of what is
good for human beings, of what is required for them to flourish) and (b) an account of the social
conditions and forms of organization essential to the realization of that good.
People, of course, do not agree on what kind of life would be the most desirable. Intellectuals,
artists, ministers, politicians, corporate bureaucrats, financiers, soldiers, athletes, salespersons,
workers: all these different types of people, and more besides, will certainly not agree completely
on what is a happy, satisfying, or desirable life. Very likely they will disagree on some quite
important points.
All is not lost, however. For there may yet be substantial agreement--enough, anyway, for the
purposes of a theory of justice --about the general conditions requisite to human flourishing in all
these otherwise disparate kinds of life. First of all there are at minimum certain basic needs that
must be satisfied in any desirable kind of life. Basic needs, says James Sterba, are those needs
\"that must be satisfied in order not to seriously endanger a person\'s mental or physical well-
being.\"
Basic needs, if not satisfied, lead to lacks and deficiencies with respect to a standard of mental
and physical well-being. A person\'s needs for food, shelter, medical care, protection,
companionship, and self-development are, at least in part, needs of this sort. [Sterba,
Contemporary Social and Political Philosophy (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1995).
A basic-needs minimum, then, is the minimum wherewithal required for a person to meet his or
her basic needs. Such needs are universal. People will be alike in having such needs, however
much they diverge in regard to the other needs, desires, or ends that they may have.
We may develop this common ground further by resorting to some of Aristotle\'s ideas on this
question of the nature of a happy and satisfying life. Aristotle holds that humans are rational
beings and that a human life is essentially rational activity, by which he means that human
beings live their lives by making choices on the basis of reasons and then acting on those
choices. All reasoning about what to do proceeds from premises relating to the agent\'s beliefs
and desires. Desire is the motive for action and the practical syllogism (Aristotle\'s label for the
reasoning by which .
Discussion Questions 1
From visiting https://www.nlrb.gov, evaluate the overall importance of the National Labor Relations Board. Next, summarize the pertinent details of the case from Kraft Foods North America, Inc., and give your opinion of the Board’s decision and the fairness of the outcome. Support your response with specific details from the selected case.
Evaluate the overall importance of the National Labor Relations Board. XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Summarize the pertinent details of the case from Kraft Foods North America, Inc., XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Give your opinion of the Board’s decision and the fairness of the outcome. XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Discussion Questions 2
From information from https://www.osha.gov, evaluate the overall importance of OSHA. Next, give your opinion of whether OSHA offers enough protection or overregulates the safety of workers from the news story at https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=33651 Support your response with specific details from the selected news story.
Evaluate the overall importance of OSHA. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Give your opinion of whether OSHA offers enough protection or overregulates the safety of workers from the news story XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Lesson Three: Ethical Theories
Lesson Two introduced leadership, some of the qualities that are generally associated with successful leadership, and some of the types of power that leaders wield. Lesson Three will i.
Ch. 1 Identifying the VulnerableLearning ObjectivesAfter rea.docxcravennichole326
Ch. 1 Identifying the Vulnerable
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain the concept of vulnerable populations.
Discuss how the theories of common good and individual rights contribute to the creation of public policy in health care.
Determine how the concept of resource availability relates to one's health.
Examine the aggregate statistical data on the number and growth of identified vulnerable populations.
Identify the vulnerable populations in the United States.
Introduction
Two women enter the hospital with pneumonia. They are similar in age, but of different races. One patient has private health insurance; the other is on Medicaid. One patient recovers quickly while the other languishes. What can be surmised from the differences in the two patients? Thinking on this and asking the right questions allows health care providers to create patient care plans that better meet each patient's needs. Providing better health care to all patients requires awareness of environmental factors that may prohibit timely recovery and put the patient at risk for secondary and repeat infections.
Environmental factors such as finances, family, and education all affect a person's vulnerability, or risk level. Understanding statistical data on vulnerable populations will help you interpret patient information. This allows easier identification of those who are at risk, so that providers may plan care accordingly. Addressing the needs of at-risk populations leads to faster patient recovery, thereby lowering the cost of patient care.
Lowering health care costs is important for the patient, the care provider, and the whole country. Nonprofit organizations and government agencies work to identify and help at-risk groups. This activity affects both government and organizational policy among health care providers.
This text investigates the statistical data and indicators of vulnerable populations in American health care. It also covers the causes of vulnerability and the prevailing ideologies on dealing with at-risk populations. We will also discuss what is currently being done through policymaking and program implementation to address the needs of vulnerable populations and what the future looks like for at-risk groups. This chapter focuses on identifying vulnerable populations. The relationship between resource availability and health is an important part of recognizing at-risk groups. Finally, we will look at statistical data concerning the at-risk groups identified in the book.
Critical Thinking
The text states, "Addressing the needs of at-risk populations leads to faster patient recovery, thereby lowering the cost of patient care." How does addressing the needs of at-risk populations lead to faster patient recovery?
1.1 Social Theory and Public Policy in Health Care
Courtesy of iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Prohibiting smoking in public places exemplifies the social theory of the common good, bec ...
1Identifying the VulnerableLearning ObjectivesAfteEttaBenton28
1
Identifying the Vulnerable
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain the concept of vulnerable populations.
• Discuss how the theories of common good and individual rights contribute to the cre-
ation of public policy in health care.
• Determine how the concept of resource availability relates to one’s health.
• Examine the aggregate statistical data on the number and growth of identified vulnerable
populations.
• Identify the vulnerable populations in the United States.
Courtesy of Chris Bett/fotolia
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 1 11/26/12 10:32 AM
CHAPTER 1Introduction
Introduction
Two women enter the hospital with pneumonia. They are similar in age, but of dif-ferent races. One patient has private health insurance; the other is on Medicaid. One patient recovers quickly while the other languishes. What can be surmised from the
differences in the two patients? Thinking on this and asking the right questions allows
health care providers to create patient care plans that better meet each patient’s needs.
Providing better health care to all patients requires awareness of environmental factors
that may prohibit timely recovery and put the patient at risk for secondary and repeat
infections.
Environmental factors such as finances, family, and education all affect a person’s vulner-
ability, or risk level. Understanding statistical data on vulnerable populations will help
you interpret patient information. This allows easier identification of those who are at
risk, so that providers may plan care accordingly. Addressing the needs of at-risk popula-
tions leads to faster patient recovery, thereby lowering the cost of patient care.
Lowering health care costs is important for the patient, the care provider, and the whole
country. Nonprofit organizations and government agencies work to identify and help
at-risk groups. This activity affects both government and organizational policy among
health care providers.
This text investigates the statistical data and indicators of vulnerable populations in
American health care. It also covers the causes of vulnerability and the prevailing ideolo-
gies on dealing with at-risk populations. We will also discuss what is currently being done
through policymaking and program implementation to address the needs of vulnerable
populations and what the future looks like for at-risk groups. This chapter focuses on
identifying vulnerable populations. The relationship between resource availability and
health is an important part of recognizing at-risk groups. Finally, we will look at statistical
data concerning the at-risk groups identified in the book.
Critical Thinking
The text states, “Addressing the needs of at-risk populations leads to faster patient recovery, thereby
lowering the cost of patient care.” How does addressing the needs of at-risk populations lead to faster
patient recovery?
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 2 11/26/12 ...
1Identifying the VulnerableLearning ObjectivesAfte.docxaulasnilda
1
Identifying the Vulnerable
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain the concept of vulnerable populations.
• Discuss how the theories of common good and individual rights contribute to the cre-
ation of public policy in health care.
• Determine how the concept of resource availability relates to one’s health.
• Examine the aggregate statistical data on the number and growth of identified vulnerable
populations.
• Identify the vulnerable populations in the United States.
Courtesy of Chris Bett/fotolia
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 1 11/26/12 10:32 AM
CHAPTER 1Introduction
Introduction
Two women enter the hospital with pneumonia. They are similar in age, but of dif-ferent races. One patient has private health insurance; the other is on Medicaid. One patient recovers quickly while the other languishes. What can be surmised from the
differences in the two patients? Thinking on this and asking the right questions allows
health care providers to create patient care plans that better meet each patient’s needs.
Providing better health care to all patients requires awareness of environmental factors
that may prohibit timely recovery and put the patient at risk for secondary and repeat
infections.
Environmental factors such as finances, family, and education all affect a person’s vulner-
ability, or risk level. Understanding statistical data on vulnerable populations will help
you interpret patient information. This allows easier identification of those who are at
risk, so that providers may plan care accordingly. Addressing the needs of at-risk popula-
tions leads to faster patient recovery, thereby lowering the cost of patient care.
Lowering health care costs is important for the patient, the care provider, and the whole
country. Nonprofit organizations and government agencies work to identify and help
at-risk groups. This activity affects both government and organizational policy among
health care providers.
This text investigates the statistical data and indicators of vulnerable populations in
American health care. It also covers the causes of vulnerability and the prevailing ideolo-
gies on dealing with at-risk populations. We will also discuss what is currently being done
through policymaking and program implementation to address the needs of vulnerable
populations and what the future looks like for at-risk groups. This chapter focuses on
identifying vulnerable populations. The relationship between resource availability and
health is an important part of recognizing at-risk groups. Finally, we will look at statistical
data concerning the at-risk groups identified in the book.
Critical Thinking
The text states, “Addressing the needs of at-risk populations leads to faster patient recovery, thereby
lowering the cost of patient care.” How does addressing the needs of at-risk populations lead to faster
patient recovery?
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 2 11/26/12 ...
1Identifying the VulnerableLearning ObjectivesAfte.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Identifying the Vulnerable
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain the concept of vulnerable populations.
• Discuss how the theories of common good and individual rights contribute to the cre-
ation of public policy in health care.
• Determine how the concept of resource availability relates to one’s health.
• Examine the aggregate statistical data on the number and growth of identified vulnerable
populations.
• Identify the vulnerable populations in the United States.
Courtesy of Chris Bett/fotolia
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 1 11/26/12 10:32 AM
CHAPTER 1Introduction
Introduction
Two women enter the hospital with pneumonia. They are similar in age, but of dif-ferent races. One patient has private health insurance; the other is on Medicaid. One patient recovers quickly while the other languishes. What can be surmised from the
differences in the two patients? Thinking on this and asking the right questions allows
health care providers to create patient care plans that better meet each patient’s needs.
Providing better health care to all patients requires awareness of environmental factors
that may prohibit timely recovery and put the patient at risk for secondary and repeat
infections.
Environmental factors such as finances, family, and education all affect a person’s vulner-
ability, or risk level. Understanding statistical data on vulnerable populations will help
you interpret patient information. This allows easier identification of those who are at
risk, so that providers may plan care accordingly. Addressing the needs of at-risk popula-
tions leads to faster patient recovery, thereby lowering the cost of patient care.
Lowering health care costs is important for the patient, the care provider, and the whole
country. Nonprofit organizations and government agencies work to identify and help
at-risk groups. This activity affects both government and organizational policy among
health care providers.
This text investigates the statistical data and indicators of vulnerable populations in
American health care. It also covers the causes of vulnerability and the prevailing ideolo-
gies on dealing with at-risk populations. We will also discuss what is currently being done
through policymaking and program implementation to address the needs of vulnerable
populations and what the future looks like for at-risk groups. This chapter focuses on
identifying vulnerable populations. The relationship between resource availability and
health is an important part of recognizing at-risk groups. Finally, we will look at statistical
data concerning the at-risk groups identified in the book.
Critical Thinking
The text states, “Addressing the needs of at-risk populations leads to faster patient recovery, thereby
lowering the cost of patient care.” How does addressing the needs of at-risk populations lead to faster
patient recovery?
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 2 11/26/12 ...
Essay On The Cause And Effect Of Global Warming With Some Solutions To .... Explain the causes, effects and possible solutions to the problem of .... What is Global Warming? - GCSE Science - Marked by Teachers.com. Essay on Global Warming- Leverage Edu. Global Warming Mind Maps: Understand Climate Change | EdrawMind. Global Warming Argument Essay : The ultimate climate change FAQ. Effects of Global Warming - Bing images. Write A Short Essay On Global Warming - Global Warming Argument Essay. Global Warming and its Impact: Mention both the global effects and the .... Essay of global warming - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Global Warming and Its Effects - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Proposing a solution for global warming - PHDessay.com. Causes effects and solutions to global warming. Polarity and global warming sample essay. Global warming and cooling essay. Advice for You Next Global Warming Essays. Global Warming Solutions Essay | Essay on Global Warming Solutions for ....
TheoriesVirtue EthicsVirtue ethics is distinct from both uti.docxchristalgrieg
Theories
Virtue Ethics
Virtue ethics is distinct from both utilitarianism and deontology. Rather than focusing on the consequences of the act we wish to evaluate, or the reason or rule that guides the action, we look at the character of the person performing the act. Virtue ethics, thus, seeks to determine not what makes an act good but what makes a person virtuous.
Deontology
Rather than looking at the consequences of an act, deontology looks at the reason for which an act is done, and the rule according to which one chooses to act. Deontology doesn't deny that acts have consequences; rather, it insists that those consequences should not play a role in our moral evaluation of such acts.
Definition of Deontology
Utilitarianism is sometimes called a consequentialist theory because it evaluates whether an act is right or wrong in terms of the act's consequences. In contrast to consequentialist theories, a number of different approaches suggest distinct ways of evaluating the morality of an act. Perhaps the most famous of these is deontology. Coming from the Greek deon, which means "duty," deontology (sometimes referred to as duty ethics) focuses on what we are obligated to do as rational moral agents. It is particularly important to see that the deontologist does not say that actions do not have consequences; rather, the deontologist insists that actions should not be evaluated on the basis of the action's consequences.
Utilitarianism
A natural way to see whether an act is the right thing to do (or the wrong thing to do) is to look at its results, or consequences. Utilitarianism argues that, given a set of choices, the act we should choose is that which produces the best results for the greatest number affected by that choice.
We should also see that part of this calculation is to minimize pain or suffering; a choice that maximizes utility may often be one that produces the least harm, given the options available. Utilitarianism is the theory that people should choose that which maximizes the utility of all those who are affected by a given act. At thispoint, however, we see the basic utilitarian principle and how to apply it. Now we can start to make it a bit more precise. According to utilitarianism, one should always act in a way that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people relative to any other way one might act, or act in a way that maximizes the utility of all affected by an act, relative to any alternative to that act.
Perspectives
Emotivism
Emotivism offers a perspective on our ethical claims that eliminates much of the traditional kind of argument based on reason. Emotivism, instead, sees our moral evaluations as simply the expression of whether we respond to a given act by liking it or not liking it. Something is good, on this view, if it is something about which we feel good; something ...
Assignment 2 Community Prevention ProgramAfter hearing that a n.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Community Prevention Program
After hearing that a neighbor’s child, Jeremy, age seven, was sexually assaulted in the local park, the parents of Cherry Hill township decide that their community needs a program to prevent sexual abuse of their children in the future.
Prepare a presentation for the parents, providing pertinent information they might like to include in a Sexual Assault Prevention program aimed at the children in their community. Suggest the psychoeducational and supportive approaches that can be effectively used at the community level, such as in community centers, schools, and social service agencies, to provide this information to the children. Address issues of gender, diversity, and ethics in your presentation.
Submit your PowerPoint presentation to the
W2: Assignment 2 Dropbox
by
Wednesday, July 19, 2017
. Your response should be at least 5 - 6 slides and include speaker notes for each slide. In addition, make sure you have included a title slide and a reference slide.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Analyzed pertinent information they deem relevant to the development of a Sexual Assault Prevention program
25
Described the psychoeducational information and supportive approaches that the community can effectively use to deal with the issue of sexual abuse of children
30
Addressed the issues of gender, diversity, and ethics in the context of intervention approaches
25
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
20
Total:
100
.
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large role.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Analyzing World Cultures
Media play a very large role in both the development and the perpetuation of cultural elements. You may never have watched a foreign movie or even clips evaluating other cultures. In this assignment, you will explore online videos or movies from a culture of your choice and analyze how cultural elements are presented, compared to your own culture.
Complete the following:
Choose a world culture you are not familiar with.
Identify two–three online videos or movies representative of this culture. These could be examples of cultural expressions such as a Bollywood movie from India or Anime videos from Japan.
Evaluate two hours of such a video. Using the readings for this module, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet, research articles about your selected culture.
Select a scholarly article that analyzes the same culture presented in the videos you have observed.
Write a paper describing the cultural differences you have observed in the video. How are these observations supported by the research article?
Be sure to include the following:
Describe the videos you have watched.
Explain the main points of the videos.
Examine what stood out about the culture.
Compare and contrast the similarities and differences of this culture with your own.
Examine the ways of this culture. Is it one you would want to visit or live in?
Would you experience culture shock if you immersed yourself in this culture? Why or why not?
Support your statements with examples and scholarly references.
Write a 2–3-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M2_A2.doc.
.
Assignment 2 Communicating Bad News Leaders and managers often ha.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Communicating Bad News
Leaders and managers often have to deliver unpleasant or difficult information to other employees or other internal or external stakeholders. How well this news is delivered can affect employee relations as well as public perceptions.
Review the following scenario:
A new company claims it manufactures the best dog food in the market. It employs around 250 people worldwide. After six months in business, one of the company’s brands is found to contain harmful bacteria. Overnight, reports start pouring in from all over the country about pets falling sick, some critically. The company wants to communicate with its stakeholders through a memo before major news channels start to cover the disease.
Assume that you are an assistant to the company’s chairperson. Based on your analysis of the scenario and using the reading material covered in this module, draft two memos for the chairperson. One memo should address the board of directors and the other the company’s employees.
Make assumptions about whether it is the food product that has bacteria or if there is another explanation for the pets’ sickness.
Write a 1–2-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M2_A2.doc.
.
Assignment 2 Communicating Bad NewsLeaders and managers often hav.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Communicating Bad News
Leaders and managers often have to deliver unpleasant or difficult information to other employees or other internal or external stakeholders. How well this news is delivered can affect employee relations as well as public perceptions.
Review the following scenario:
A new company claims it manufactures the best dog food in the market. It employs around 250 people worldwide. After six months in business, one of the company’s brands is found to contain harmful bacteria. Overnight, reports start pouring in from all over the country about pets falling sick, some critically. The company wants to communicate with its stakeholders through a memo before major news channels start to cover the disease.
Assume that you are an assistant to the company’s chairperson. Based on your analysis of the scenario and using the reading material covered in this module, draft two memos for the chairperson. One memo should address the board of directors and the other the company’s employees.
Make assumptions about whether it is the food product that has bacteria or if there is another explanation for the pets’ sickness.
Write a 1–2-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M2_A2.doc.
By
Wednesday, July 19, 2017
, submit your assignment to the
M2: Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Effectively utilized the tips covered in the module, to write an appropriate memo addressing the board of directors to convey the bad news.
40
Effectively utilized the tips covered in the module, to write a suitable memo addressing the company’s employees to convey the bad news.
40
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
20
Total:
100
.
Assignment 2 Case of Anna OOne of the very first cases that c.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Case of Anna O
One of the very first cases that caught Freud’s attention when he was starting to develop his psychoanalytic theory was that of Anna O, a patient of fellow psychiatrist Josef Breuer. Although Freud did not directly treat her, he did thoroughly analyze her case as he was fascinated by the fact that her hysteria was “cured” by Breuer. It is her case that he believes was the beginning of the psychoanalytic approach.
Through your analysis of this case, you will not only look deeper into Freud’s psychoanalytic theory but also see how Jung’s neo-psychoanalytic theory compares and contrasts with Freud’s theory.
Review the following:
The Case of Anna O.
One of the first cases that inspired Freud in the development of what would eventually become the Psychoanalytic Theory was the case of Anna O. Anna O. was actually a patient of one of Freud’s colleagues Josef Breuer. Using Breuer’s case notes, Freud was able to analyze the key facts of Anna O’s case.
Anna O. first developed her symptoms while she was taking care of her very ill father with whom she was extremely close. Some of her initial symptoms were loss of appetite to the extent of not eating, weakness, anemia, and development a severe nervous cough. Eventually she developed a severe optic headache and lost the ability to move her head, which then progressed into paralysis of both arms. Her symptoms were not solely physical as she would vacillate between a normal, mental state and a manic-type state in which she would become extremely agitated. There was even a notation of a time for which she hallucinated that the ribbons in her hair were snakes.
Toward the end of her father’s life she stopped speaking her native language of German and instead only spoke in English. A little over a year after she began taking care of her father he passed away. After his passing her symptoms grew to affect her vision, a loss of ability to focus her attention, more extreme hallucinations, and a number of suicidal attempts (Hurst, 1982).
Both Freud and Jung would acknowledge that unconscious processes are at work in this woman's problems. However, they would come to different conclusions about the origin of these problems and the method by which she should be treated.
Research Freud’s and Jung’s theories of personality using your textbook, the Internet, and the Argosy University online library resources. Based on your research, respond to the following:
•Compare and contrast Freud's view of the unconscious with Jung's view and apply this case example in your explanations.
•On what specific points would they agree and disagree regarding the purpose and manifestation of the unconscious in the case of Anna?
•How might they each approach the treatment of Anna? What might be those specific interventions? How might Anna experience these interventions considering her history?
Write a 2–3-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use .
Assignment 2 Bioterrorism Due Week 6 and worth 300 pointsAcco.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Bioterrorism
Due Week 6 and worth 300 points
According to the Department of Health and Human Services (2002), the nation's capacity to respond to bioterrorism depends largely on the ability of clinicians and public health officials to detect, manage, and effectively communicate in advance of and during a bioterrorism event.
Prepare a narrated presentation, using PowerPoint or other similar software, detailing a bioterrorism-related issue, analyzing the threat(s) that the bioterrorism-related issue poses.
In preparation for your presentation, research and review at least one (1) healthcare facility’s preparedness plan.
Note
: A video to help students record narration for the PowerPoint presentation is available in the course shell.
Prepare a twenty (20) slide presentation in which you:
Specify the key steps that healthcare managers should follow in preparing their organizations for a potential bioterrorism attack.
Outline at least two (2) possible early detection and surveillance strategies, and investigate the main ways those strategies may prompt timely interventions to effectively treat and diminish the impact of a bioterrorism threat.
Evaluate the specific preparation steps in the preparedness plan of a healthcare facility of your choosing.
Suggest at least one (1) possible improvement to promote early detection and enhanced surveillance.
Use at least four (4) recent (within the last five [5] years), quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Apply decision making models to address difficult management situations.
Develop policies that ensure compliance of healthcare delivery systems with current legislation.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in Health Care Operations Management
.
Assignment 2 Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action is a controvers.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action is a controversial topic in American society. People of all races, genders, and classes are divided on where they stand on Affirmative Action. However, the media has oversimplified Affirmative Action and many do not truly understand the policy and what it means for schools and employers. For this assignment, you will examine Executive Order 10925 and determine where you stand on this topic.
Review Executive Order 10925. A copy can be found at:
http://www.thecre.com/fedlaw/legal6/eo10925.htm
.
Then, write an organized short response (3 paragraphs) where you explain:
What is Affirmative Action as a social policy?
What were the goals of Affirmative Action? Has it been successful?
What are the basic arguments for Affirmative Action and what are those against it? Which side do you find the most convincing and why?
Be sure to support your answer with references to the textbook, appropriate outside resources, and your own personal experiences.
Create a response in 3 paragraphs to the discussion question. Cite sources and include references in your response. Submit your response to the
Discussion Area
by
Saturday, August 26, 2017
. Through
Wednesday, August 30, 2017
, review and comment on at least two peers’ responses.
.
Assignment 2 Audit Planning and Control It is common industry kno.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Audit Planning and Control
It is common industry knowledge that an audit plan provides the specific guidelines auditors must follow when conducting an external audit. External public accounting firms conduct external audits to ensure outside stakeholders that the company’s financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) standards.
Use the Internet to select a public company that appeals to you. Imagine that you are a senior partner in a public accounting firm hired to complete an audit for the chosen public company.
Write a four to six (4-6) page paper in which you:
Outline the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Based upon the type of company selected, provide specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program.
Examine at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Identify the accounts that you would test, and select at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit.
Analyze the balance sheet and income statement of the company that you have selected, and outline your method for evidence collection which should include, but not be limited to, the type of evidence to collect and the manner in which you would determine the sufficiency of the evidence.
Discuss the audit risk model, and ascertain which sampling or non-sampling techniques you would use in order to establish your preliminary judgment about materiality. Justify your response.
Assuming that the end result is an unqualified audit report, outline the primary responsibilities of the audit firm after it issues the report in question.
Use at least two (2) quality academic resources in this assignment.
Note:
Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Plan and design a generalized audit program.
Determine the nature and extent of evidence accumulated to conduct an audit after considering the unique circumstances of an engagement.
Evaluate a company’s various risk factors and the related impact to the audit process.
Evaluate effective internal controls that minimize audit risk and potentially reduce the risk of fraud.
Use technology and information resources to r.
Assignment 2 American ConstitutionFollowing the Revolutionary War.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: American Constitution
Following the Revolutionary War and separation from England, the need for a new government was clear. A group of men, who became known as the “nation’s founders” or Founding Fathers, developed a new government based on principles and beliefs they knew through their experiences, readings, and study. The Founding Fathers had a great deal in common with each other, including property interests, education, and extensive political experience. These common experiences and birthrights created a strong consensus about what should be incorporated into the government that would replace England’s.
Troubles developed immediately upon establishment of the United States of America with the 1781 Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. Economic difficulties and means of dividing power between leaders and competing interests caused conflict. The conflicts had to be resolved, and some of the Founding Fathers and others, who would come to be known as the Framers went to Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. However, it became apparent immediately that the Articles could not be revised, and therefore, they were abandoned, and the Framers set about to create a new form of government. Though the effort was eventually successful and resulted in the Constitution, there was a great deal of conflict during its development in the summer of 1787. The form of government established incorporated the ideas of diverse groups, as well as the Framers’ recognition of the need for compromise.
Research the history of the American Constitution using the Argosy University online library resources. Respond to
one
question from each of the question sets A and B.
A. Creating the Constitution
Consider the three constitutional proposals: the Virginia Plan, the New Jersey Plan, and the Great Compromise, also known as the Connecticut Compromise. If you were a delegate and without the experience of the past 200 years, which constitutional proposal would you have supported? Why?
Why do you think the framers were silent on the issue of slavery in the wording of the Constitution? What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
What were the issues in the Constitutional Convention? Who were the Federalists and Anti-Federalists?
B. Living with the Constitution
What are the formal and informal methods of constitutional change?
How do checks and balances work in the lawmaking process today? Which current and important events do you think are examples of the success of checks and balances?
Do you think the Constitution is a relevant political document for the twenty-first century? What new amendments might be appropriate today?
Write your response to each in 150–200 words.
By
Saturday, February 4, 2017
, post your response to the appropriate
Discussion Area
. Through
Wednesday, February 8, 2017
, review and comment on at least three peers’ responses.
.
Define Utilitarianism and tell me about Jeremy Bentham. Does the Un.docxvickeryr87
Define Utilitarianism and tell me about Jeremy Bentham. Does the United States military endorse this view of Ethical thinking? What are your feelings on the "Greater Good for Most" theory, do you agree with this theory? around 200-300 words.
Discussion
Need Soon.
Check it below for reference.
UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism
is the moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions. By “good,” utilitarians understand happiness or pleasure. Thus, the greatest happiness of all constitutes the standard that determines whether an action is right or wrong. Although the basic theme of utilitarianism is present in the writings of many earlier thinkers, Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) were the first to develop the theory explicitly and in detail. Both Bentham and Mill were philosophers with a strong interest in legal and social reform. They used the utilitarian standard to evaluate and criticize the social and political institutions of their day—for example, the prison system and the disenfranchisement of women. As a result, utilitarianism has long been associated with social improvement.
Utilitarianism tells us to bring about the most happiness for everyone affected by our actions.
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill were important early utilitarians.
Bentham viewed a community as no more than the individual persons that it comprises. The interests of the community are simply the sum of the interests of its members. An action promotes the interests of an individual when it adds to the individual’s pleasure or diminishes the person’s pain. Correspondingly, an action augments the happiness of a community only insofar as it increases the total amount of individual happiness. This is what Bentham had in mind when he argued for the utilitarian principle that actions are right if they promote the greatest human welfare, wrong if they do not.
For Bentham, pleasure and pain are merely types of sensations. He offered a “hedonic calculus” of six criteria for evaluating pleasure and pain exclusively by their quantitative differences—in particular, by their intensity and duration. This calculus, he believed, makes possible an objective determination of the morality of anyone’s conduct, individual or collective, on any occasion.
Bentham rejected any distinctions based on the type of pleasure except insofar as they might indicate differences in quantity. Thus, if equal amounts of pleasure are involved, throwing darts is as good as writing poetry and baking a cake as good as composing a symphony; watching Shakespeare’s
Hamlet
has no more value than watching
Jersey Shore.
Although he himself was an intelligent, cultivated man, Bentham maintained that there is nothing intrinsically better about refined and intellectual pleasures than about crude or prosaic ones. The only issue is which yields the greater amount of enjoyment.
John Stuart Mi.
1A society, according to Utilitarianism, is just to the extent tha.pdfanyacarpets
1>>A society, according to Utilitarianism, is just to the extent that its laws and institutions are
such as to promote the greatest overall or average happiness of its members.
How do we determine the aggregate, or overall, happiness of the members of a society? This
would seem to present a real problem. For happiness is not, like temperature or weight, directly
measurable by any means that we have available. So utilitarians must approach the matter
indirectly. They will have to rely on indirect measures, in other words. What would these be, and
how can they be identified?
The traditional idea at this point is to rely upon (a) a theory of the human good (i.e., of what is
good for human beings, of what is required for them to flourish) and (b) an account of the social
conditions and forms of organization essential to the realization of that good.
People, of course, do not agree on what kind of life would be the most desirable. Intellectuals,
artists, ministers, politicians, corporate bureaucrats, financiers, soldiers, athletes, salespersons,
workers: all these different types of people, and more besides, will certainly not agree completely
on what is a happy, satisfying, or desirable life. Very likely they will disagree on some quite
important points.
All is not lost, however. For there may yet be substantial agreement--enough, anyway, for the
purposes of a theory of justice --about the general conditions requisite to human flourishing in all
these otherwise disparate kinds of life. First of all there are at minimum certain basic needs that
must be satisfied in any desirable kind of life. Basic needs, says James Sterba, are those needs
\"that must be satisfied in order not to seriously endanger a person\'s mental or physical well-
being.\"
Basic needs, if not satisfied, lead to lacks and deficiencies with respect to a standard of mental
and physical well-being. A person\'s needs for food, shelter, medical care, protection,
companionship, and self-development are, at least in part, needs of this sort. [Sterba,
Contemporary Social and Political Philosophy (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1995).
A basic-needs minimum, then, is the minimum wherewithal required for a person to meet his or
her basic needs. Such needs are universal. People will be alike in having such needs, however
much they diverge in regard to the other needs, desires, or ends that they may have.
We may develop this common ground further by resorting to some of Aristotle\'s ideas on this
question of the nature of a happy and satisfying life. Aristotle holds that humans are rational
beings and that a human life is essentially rational activity, by which he means that human
beings live their lives by making choices on the basis of reasons and then acting on those
choices. All reasoning about what to do proceeds from premises relating to the agent\'s beliefs
and desires. Desire is the motive for action and the practical syllogism (Aristotle\'s label for the
reasoning by which .
Discussion Questions 1
From visiting https://www.nlrb.gov, evaluate the overall importance of the National Labor Relations Board. Next, summarize the pertinent details of the case from Kraft Foods North America, Inc., and give your opinion of the Board’s decision and the fairness of the outcome. Support your response with specific details from the selected case.
Evaluate the overall importance of the National Labor Relations Board. XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Summarize the pertinent details of the case from Kraft Foods North America, Inc., XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Give your opinion of the Board’s decision and the fairness of the outcome. XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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Discussion Questions 2
From information from https://www.osha.gov, evaluate the overall importance of OSHA. Next, give your opinion of whether OSHA offers enough protection or overregulates the safety of workers from the news story at https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=33651 Support your response with specific details from the selected news story.
Evaluate the overall importance of OSHA. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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Give your opinion of whether OSHA offers enough protection or overregulates the safety of workers from the news story XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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Lesson Three: Ethical Theories
Lesson Two introduced leadership, some of the qualities that are generally associated with successful leadership, and some of the types of power that leaders wield. Lesson Three will i.
Ch. 1 Identifying the VulnerableLearning ObjectivesAfter rea.docxcravennichole326
Ch. 1 Identifying the Vulnerable
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain the concept of vulnerable populations.
Discuss how the theories of common good and individual rights contribute to the creation of public policy in health care.
Determine how the concept of resource availability relates to one's health.
Examine the aggregate statistical data on the number and growth of identified vulnerable populations.
Identify the vulnerable populations in the United States.
Introduction
Two women enter the hospital with pneumonia. They are similar in age, but of different races. One patient has private health insurance; the other is on Medicaid. One patient recovers quickly while the other languishes. What can be surmised from the differences in the two patients? Thinking on this and asking the right questions allows health care providers to create patient care plans that better meet each patient's needs. Providing better health care to all patients requires awareness of environmental factors that may prohibit timely recovery and put the patient at risk for secondary and repeat infections.
Environmental factors such as finances, family, and education all affect a person's vulnerability, or risk level. Understanding statistical data on vulnerable populations will help you interpret patient information. This allows easier identification of those who are at risk, so that providers may plan care accordingly. Addressing the needs of at-risk populations leads to faster patient recovery, thereby lowering the cost of patient care.
Lowering health care costs is important for the patient, the care provider, and the whole country. Nonprofit organizations and government agencies work to identify and help at-risk groups. This activity affects both government and organizational policy among health care providers.
This text investigates the statistical data and indicators of vulnerable populations in American health care. It also covers the causes of vulnerability and the prevailing ideologies on dealing with at-risk populations. We will also discuss what is currently being done through policymaking and program implementation to address the needs of vulnerable populations and what the future looks like for at-risk groups. This chapter focuses on identifying vulnerable populations. The relationship between resource availability and health is an important part of recognizing at-risk groups. Finally, we will look at statistical data concerning the at-risk groups identified in the book.
Critical Thinking
The text states, "Addressing the needs of at-risk populations leads to faster patient recovery, thereby lowering the cost of patient care." How does addressing the needs of at-risk populations lead to faster patient recovery?
1.1 Social Theory and Public Policy in Health Care
Courtesy of iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Prohibiting smoking in public places exemplifies the social theory of the common good, bec ...
1Identifying the VulnerableLearning ObjectivesAfteEttaBenton28
1
Identifying the Vulnerable
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain the concept of vulnerable populations.
• Discuss how the theories of common good and individual rights contribute to the cre-
ation of public policy in health care.
• Determine how the concept of resource availability relates to one’s health.
• Examine the aggregate statistical data on the number and growth of identified vulnerable
populations.
• Identify the vulnerable populations in the United States.
Courtesy of Chris Bett/fotolia
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 1 11/26/12 10:32 AM
CHAPTER 1Introduction
Introduction
Two women enter the hospital with pneumonia. They are similar in age, but of dif-ferent races. One patient has private health insurance; the other is on Medicaid. One patient recovers quickly while the other languishes. What can be surmised from the
differences in the two patients? Thinking on this and asking the right questions allows
health care providers to create patient care plans that better meet each patient’s needs.
Providing better health care to all patients requires awareness of environmental factors
that may prohibit timely recovery and put the patient at risk for secondary and repeat
infections.
Environmental factors such as finances, family, and education all affect a person’s vulner-
ability, or risk level. Understanding statistical data on vulnerable populations will help
you interpret patient information. This allows easier identification of those who are at
risk, so that providers may plan care accordingly. Addressing the needs of at-risk popula-
tions leads to faster patient recovery, thereby lowering the cost of patient care.
Lowering health care costs is important for the patient, the care provider, and the whole
country. Nonprofit organizations and government agencies work to identify and help
at-risk groups. This activity affects both government and organizational policy among
health care providers.
This text investigates the statistical data and indicators of vulnerable populations in
American health care. It also covers the causes of vulnerability and the prevailing ideolo-
gies on dealing with at-risk populations. We will also discuss what is currently being done
through policymaking and program implementation to address the needs of vulnerable
populations and what the future looks like for at-risk groups. This chapter focuses on
identifying vulnerable populations. The relationship between resource availability and
health is an important part of recognizing at-risk groups. Finally, we will look at statistical
data concerning the at-risk groups identified in the book.
Critical Thinking
The text states, “Addressing the needs of at-risk populations leads to faster patient recovery, thereby
lowering the cost of patient care.” How does addressing the needs of at-risk populations lead to faster
patient recovery?
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 2 11/26/12 ...
1Identifying the VulnerableLearning ObjectivesAfte.docxaulasnilda
1
Identifying the Vulnerable
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain the concept of vulnerable populations.
• Discuss how the theories of common good and individual rights contribute to the cre-
ation of public policy in health care.
• Determine how the concept of resource availability relates to one’s health.
• Examine the aggregate statistical data on the number and growth of identified vulnerable
populations.
• Identify the vulnerable populations in the United States.
Courtesy of Chris Bett/fotolia
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 1 11/26/12 10:32 AM
CHAPTER 1Introduction
Introduction
Two women enter the hospital with pneumonia. They are similar in age, but of dif-ferent races. One patient has private health insurance; the other is on Medicaid. One patient recovers quickly while the other languishes. What can be surmised from the
differences in the two patients? Thinking on this and asking the right questions allows
health care providers to create patient care plans that better meet each patient’s needs.
Providing better health care to all patients requires awareness of environmental factors
that may prohibit timely recovery and put the patient at risk for secondary and repeat
infections.
Environmental factors such as finances, family, and education all affect a person’s vulner-
ability, or risk level. Understanding statistical data on vulnerable populations will help
you interpret patient information. This allows easier identification of those who are at
risk, so that providers may plan care accordingly. Addressing the needs of at-risk popula-
tions leads to faster patient recovery, thereby lowering the cost of patient care.
Lowering health care costs is important for the patient, the care provider, and the whole
country. Nonprofit organizations and government agencies work to identify and help
at-risk groups. This activity affects both government and organizational policy among
health care providers.
This text investigates the statistical data and indicators of vulnerable populations in
American health care. It also covers the causes of vulnerability and the prevailing ideolo-
gies on dealing with at-risk populations. We will also discuss what is currently being done
through policymaking and program implementation to address the needs of vulnerable
populations and what the future looks like for at-risk groups. This chapter focuses on
identifying vulnerable populations. The relationship between resource availability and
health is an important part of recognizing at-risk groups. Finally, we will look at statistical
data concerning the at-risk groups identified in the book.
Critical Thinking
The text states, “Addressing the needs of at-risk populations leads to faster patient recovery, thereby
lowering the cost of patient care.” How does addressing the needs of at-risk populations lead to faster
patient recovery?
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 2 11/26/12 ...
1Identifying the VulnerableLearning ObjectivesAfte.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Identifying the Vulnerable
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain the concept of vulnerable populations.
• Discuss how the theories of common good and individual rights contribute to the cre-
ation of public policy in health care.
• Determine how the concept of resource availability relates to one’s health.
• Examine the aggregate statistical data on the number and growth of identified vulnerable
populations.
• Identify the vulnerable populations in the United States.
Courtesy of Chris Bett/fotolia
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 1 11/26/12 10:32 AM
CHAPTER 1Introduction
Introduction
Two women enter the hospital with pneumonia. They are similar in age, but of dif-ferent races. One patient has private health insurance; the other is on Medicaid. One patient recovers quickly while the other languishes. What can be surmised from the
differences in the two patients? Thinking on this and asking the right questions allows
health care providers to create patient care plans that better meet each patient’s needs.
Providing better health care to all patients requires awareness of environmental factors
that may prohibit timely recovery and put the patient at risk for secondary and repeat
infections.
Environmental factors such as finances, family, and education all affect a person’s vulner-
ability, or risk level. Understanding statistical data on vulnerable populations will help
you interpret patient information. This allows easier identification of those who are at
risk, so that providers may plan care accordingly. Addressing the needs of at-risk popula-
tions leads to faster patient recovery, thereby lowering the cost of patient care.
Lowering health care costs is important for the patient, the care provider, and the whole
country. Nonprofit organizations and government agencies work to identify and help
at-risk groups. This activity affects both government and organizational policy among
health care providers.
This text investigates the statistical data and indicators of vulnerable populations in
American health care. It also covers the causes of vulnerability and the prevailing ideolo-
gies on dealing with at-risk populations. We will also discuss what is currently being done
through policymaking and program implementation to address the needs of vulnerable
populations and what the future looks like for at-risk groups. This chapter focuses on
identifying vulnerable populations. The relationship between resource availability and
health is an important part of recognizing at-risk groups. Finally, we will look at statistical
data concerning the at-risk groups identified in the book.
Critical Thinking
The text states, “Addressing the needs of at-risk populations leads to faster patient recovery, thereby
lowering the cost of patient care.” How does addressing the needs of at-risk populations lead to faster
patient recovery?
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 2 11/26/12 ...
Essay On The Cause And Effect Of Global Warming With Some Solutions To .... Explain the causes, effects and possible solutions to the problem of .... What is Global Warming? - GCSE Science - Marked by Teachers.com. Essay on Global Warming- Leverage Edu. Global Warming Mind Maps: Understand Climate Change | EdrawMind. Global Warming Argument Essay : The ultimate climate change FAQ. Effects of Global Warming - Bing images. Write A Short Essay On Global Warming - Global Warming Argument Essay. Global Warming and its Impact: Mention both the global effects and the .... Essay of global warming - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Global Warming and Its Effects - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Proposing a solution for global warming - PHDessay.com. Causes effects and solutions to global warming. Polarity and global warming sample essay. Global warming and cooling essay. Advice for You Next Global Warming Essays. Global Warming Solutions Essay | Essay on Global Warming Solutions for ....
TheoriesVirtue EthicsVirtue ethics is distinct from both uti.docxchristalgrieg
Theories
Virtue Ethics
Virtue ethics is distinct from both utilitarianism and deontology. Rather than focusing on the consequences of the act we wish to evaluate, or the reason or rule that guides the action, we look at the character of the person performing the act. Virtue ethics, thus, seeks to determine not what makes an act good but what makes a person virtuous.
Deontology
Rather than looking at the consequences of an act, deontology looks at the reason for which an act is done, and the rule according to which one chooses to act. Deontology doesn't deny that acts have consequences; rather, it insists that those consequences should not play a role in our moral evaluation of such acts.
Definition of Deontology
Utilitarianism is sometimes called a consequentialist theory because it evaluates whether an act is right or wrong in terms of the act's consequences. In contrast to consequentialist theories, a number of different approaches suggest distinct ways of evaluating the morality of an act. Perhaps the most famous of these is deontology. Coming from the Greek deon, which means "duty," deontology (sometimes referred to as duty ethics) focuses on what we are obligated to do as rational moral agents. It is particularly important to see that the deontologist does not say that actions do not have consequences; rather, the deontologist insists that actions should not be evaluated on the basis of the action's consequences.
Utilitarianism
A natural way to see whether an act is the right thing to do (or the wrong thing to do) is to look at its results, or consequences. Utilitarianism argues that, given a set of choices, the act we should choose is that which produces the best results for the greatest number affected by that choice.
We should also see that part of this calculation is to minimize pain or suffering; a choice that maximizes utility may often be one that produces the least harm, given the options available. Utilitarianism is the theory that people should choose that which maximizes the utility of all those who are affected by a given act. At thispoint, however, we see the basic utilitarian principle and how to apply it. Now we can start to make it a bit more precise. According to utilitarianism, one should always act in a way that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people relative to any other way one might act, or act in a way that maximizes the utility of all affected by an act, relative to any alternative to that act.
Perspectives
Emotivism
Emotivism offers a perspective on our ethical claims that eliminates much of the traditional kind of argument based on reason. Emotivism, instead, sees our moral evaluations as simply the expression of whether we respond to a given act by liking it or not liking it. Something is good, on this view, if it is something about which we feel good; something ...
Assignment 2 Community Prevention ProgramAfter hearing that a n.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Community Prevention Program
After hearing that a neighbor’s child, Jeremy, age seven, was sexually assaulted in the local park, the parents of Cherry Hill township decide that their community needs a program to prevent sexual abuse of their children in the future.
Prepare a presentation for the parents, providing pertinent information they might like to include in a Sexual Assault Prevention program aimed at the children in their community. Suggest the psychoeducational and supportive approaches that can be effectively used at the community level, such as in community centers, schools, and social service agencies, to provide this information to the children. Address issues of gender, diversity, and ethics in your presentation.
Submit your PowerPoint presentation to the
W2: Assignment 2 Dropbox
by
Wednesday, July 19, 2017
. Your response should be at least 5 - 6 slides and include speaker notes for each slide. In addition, make sure you have included a title slide and a reference slide.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Analyzed pertinent information they deem relevant to the development of a Sexual Assault Prevention program
25
Described the psychoeducational information and supportive approaches that the community can effectively use to deal with the issue of sexual abuse of children
30
Addressed the issues of gender, diversity, and ethics in the context of intervention approaches
25
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
20
Total:
100
.
Assignment 2 Analyzing World CulturesMedia play a very large role.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Analyzing World Cultures
Media play a very large role in both the development and the perpetuation of cultural elements. You may never have watched a foreign movie or even clips evaluating other cultures. In this assignment, you will explore online videos or movies from a culture of your choice and analyze how cultural elements are presented, compared to your own culture.
Complete the following:
Choose a world culture you are not familiar with.
Identify two–three online videos or movies representative of this culture. These could be examples of cultural expressions such as a Bollywood movie from India or Anime videos from Japan.
Evaluate two hours of such a video. Using the readings for this module, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet, research articles about your selected culture.
Select a scholarly article that analyzes the same culture presented in the videos you have observed.
Write a paper describing the cultural differences you have observed in the video. How are these observations supported by the research article?
Be sure to include the following:
Describe the videos you have watched.
Explain the main points of the videos.
Examine what stood out about the culture.
Compare and contrast the similarities and differences of this culture with your own.
Examine the ways of this culture. Is it one you would want to visit or live in?
Would you experience culture shock if you immersed yourself in this culture? Why or why not?
Support your statements with examples and scholarly references.
Write a 2–3-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M2_A2.doc.
.
Assignment 2 Communicating Bad News Leaders and managers often ha.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Communicating Bad News
Leaders and managers often have to deliver unpleasant or difficult information to other employees or other internal or external stakeholders. How well this news is delivered can affect employee relations as well as public perceptions.
Review the following scenario:
A new company claims it manufactures the best dog food in the market. It employs around 250 people worldwide. After six months in business, one of the company’s brands is found to contain harmful bacteria. Overnight, reports start pouring in from all over the country about pets falling sick, some critically. The company wants to communicate with its stakeholders through a memo before major news channels start to cover the disease.
Assume that you are an assistant to the company’s chairperson. Based on your analysis of the scenario and using the reading material covered in this module, draft two memos for the chairperson. One memo should address the board of directors and the other the company’s employees.
Make assumptions about whether it is the food product that has bacteria or if there is another explanation for the pets’ sickness.
Write a 1–2-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M2_A2.doc.
.
Assignment 2 Communicating Bad NewsLeaders and managers often hav.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Communicating Bad News
Leaders and managers often have to deliver unpleasant or difficult information to other employees or other internal or external stakeholders. How well this news is delivered can affect employee relations as well as public perceptions.
Review the following scenario:
A new company claims it manufactures the best dog food in the market. It employs around 250 people worldwide. After six months in business, one of the company’s brands is found to contain harmful bacteria. Overnight, reports start pouring in from all over the country about pets falling sick, some critically. The company wants to communicate with its stakeholders through a memo before major news channels start to cover the disease.
Assume that you are an assistant to the company’s chairperson. Based on your analysis of the scenario and using the reading material covered in this module, draft two memos for the chairperson. One memo should address the board of directors and the other the company’s employees.
Make assumptions about whether it is the food product that has bacteria or if there is another explanation for the pets’ sickness.
Write a 1–2-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M2_A2.doc.
By
Wednesday, July 19, 2017
, submit your assignment to the
M2: Assignment 2 Dropbox
.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Effectively utilized the tips covered in the module, to write an appropriate memo addressing the board of directors to convey the bad news.
40
Effectively utilized the tips covered in the module, to write a suitable memo addressing the company’s employees to convey the bad news.
40
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
20
Total:
100
.
Assignment 2 Case of Anna OOne of the very first cases that c.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Case of Anna O
One of the very first cases that caught Freud’s attention when he was starting to develop his psychoanalytic theory was that of Anna O, a patient of fellow psychiatrist Josef Breuer. Although Freud did not directly treat her, he did thoroughly analyze her case as he was fascinated by the fact that her hysteria was “cured” by Breuer. It is her case that he believes was the beginning of the psychoanalytic approach.
Through your analysis of this case, you will not only look deeper into Freud’s psychoanalytic theory but also see how Jung’s neo-psychoanalytic theory compares and contrasts with Freud’s theory.
Review the following:
The Case of Anna O.
One of the first cases that inspired Freud in the development of what would eventually become the Psychoanalytic Theory was the case of Anna O. Anna O. was actually a patient of one of Freud’s colleagues Josef Breuer. Using Breuer’s case notes, Freud was able to analyze the key facts of Anna O’s case.
Anna O. first developed her symptoms while she was taking care of her very ill father with whom she was extremely close. Some of her initial symptoms were loss of appetite to the extent of not eating, weakness, anemia, and development a severe nervous cough. Eventually she developed a severe optic headache and lost the ability to move her head, which then progressed into paralysis of both arms. Her symptoms were not solely physical as she would vacillate between a normal, mental state and a manic-type state in which she would become extremely agitated. There was even a notation of a time for which she hallucinated that the ribbons in her hair were snakes.
Toward the end of her father’s life she stopped speaking her native language of German and instead only spoke in English. A little over a year after she began taking care of her father he passed away. After his passing her symptoms grew to affect her vision, a loss of ability to focus her attention, more extreme hallucinations, and a number of suicidal attempts (Hurst, 1982).
Both Freud and Jung would acknowledge that unconscious processes are at work in this woman's problems. However, they would come to different conclusions about the origin of these problems and the method by which she should be treated.
Research Freud’s and Jung’s theories of personality using your textbook, the Internet, and the Argosy University online library resources. Based on your research, respond to the following:
•Compare and contrast Freud's view of the unconscious with Jung's view and apply this case example in your explanations.
•On what specific points would they agree and disagree regarding the purpose and manifestation of the unconscious in the case of Anna?
•How might they each approach the treatment of Anna? What might be those specific interventions? How might Anna experience these interventions considering her history?
Write a 2–3-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use .
Assignment 2 Bioterrorism Due Week 6 and worth 300 pointsAcco.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Bioterrorism
Due Week 6 and worth 300 points
According to the Department of Health and Human Services (2002), the nation's capacity to respond to bioterrorism depends largely on the ability of clinicians and public health officials to detect, manage, and effectively communicate in advance of and during a bioterrorism event.
Prepare a narrated presentation, using PowerPoint or other similar software, detailing a bioterrorism-related issue, analyzing the threat(s) that the bioterrorism-related issue poses.
In preparation for your presentation, research and review at least one (1) healthcare facility’s preparedness plan.
Note
: A video to help students record narration for the PowerPoint presentation is available in the course shell.
Prepare a twenty (20) slide presentation in which you:
Specify the key steps that healthcare managers should follow in preparing their organizations for a potential bioterrorism attack.
Outline at least two (2) possible early detection and surveillance strategies, and investigate the main ways those strategies may prompt timely interventions to effectively treat and diminish the impact of a bioterrorism threat.
Evaluate the specific preparation steps in the preparedness plan of a healthcare facility of your choosing.
Suggest at least one (1) possible improvement to promote early detection and enhanced surveillance.
Use at least four (4) recent (within the last five [5] years), quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Apply decision making models to address difficult management situations.
Develop policies that ensure compliance of healthcare delivery systems with current legislation.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in Health Care Operations Management
.
Assignment 2 Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action is a controvers.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action is a controversial topic in American society. People of all races, genders, and classes are divided on where they stand on Affirmative Action. However, the media has oversimplified Affirmative Action and many do not truly understand the policy and what it means for schools and employers. For this assignment, you will examine Executive Order 10925 and determine where you stand on this topic.
Review Executive Order 10925. A copy can be found at:
http://www.thecre.com/fedlaw/legal6/eo10925.htm
.
Then, write an organized short response (3 paragraphs) where you explain:
What is Affirmative Action as a social policy?
What were the goals of Affirmative Action? Has it been successful?
What are the basic arguments for Affirmative Action and what are those against it? Which side do you find the most convincing and why?
Be sure to support your answer with references to the textbook, appropriate outside resources, and your own personal experiences.
Create a response in 3 paragraphs to the discussion question. Cite sources and include references in your response. Submit your response to the
Discussion Area
by
Saturday, August 26, 2017
. Through
Wednesday, August 30, 2017
, review and comment on at least two peers’ responses.
.
Assignment 2 Audit Planning and Control It is common industry kno.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: Audit Planning and Control
It is common industry knowledge that an audit plan provides the specific guidelines auditors must follow when conducting an external audit. External public accounting firms conduct external audits to ensure outside stakeholders that the company’s financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) standards.
Use the Internet to select a public company that appeals to you. Imagine that you are a senior partner in a public accounting firm hired to complete an audit for the chosen public company.
Write a four to six (4-6) page paper in which you:
Outline the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Based upon the type of company selected, provide specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program.
Examine at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Identify the accounts that you would test, and select at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit.
Analyze the balance sheet and income statement of the company that you have selected, and outline your method for evidence collection which should include, but not be limited to, the type of evidence to collect and the manner in which you would determine the sufficiency of the evidence.
Discuss the audit risk model, and ascertain which sampling or non-sampling techniques you would use in order to establish your preliminary judgment about materiality. Justify your response.
Assuming that the end result is an unqualified audit report, outline the primary responsibilities of the audit firm after it issues the report in question.
Use at least two (2) quality academic resources in this assignment.
Note:
Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Plan and design a generalized audit program.
Determine the nature and extent of evidence accumulated to conduct an audit after considering the unique circumstances of an engagement.
Evaluate a company’s various risk factors and the related impact to the audit process.
Evaluate effective internal controls that minimize audit risk and potentially reduce the risk of fraud.
Use technology and information resources to r.
Assignment 2 American ConstitutionFollowing the Revolutionary War.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: American Constitution
Following the Revolutionary War and separation from England, the need for a new government was clear. A group of men, who became known as the “nation’s founders” or Founding Fathers, developed a new government based on principles and beliefs they knew through their experiences, readings, and study. The Founding Fathers had a great deal in common with each other, including property interests, education, and extensive political experience. These common experiences and birthrights created a strong consensus about what should be incorporated into the government that would replace England’s.
Troubles developed immediately upon establishment of the United States of America with the 1781 Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. Economic difficulties and means of dividing power between leaders and competing interests caused conflict. The conflicts had to be resolved, and some of the Founding Fathers and others, who would come to be known as the Framers went to Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. However, it became apparent immediately that the Articles could not be revised, and therefore, they were abandoned, and the Framers set about to create a new form of government. Though the effort was eventually successful and resulted in the Constitution, there was a great deal of conflict during its development in the summer of 1787. The form of government established incorporated the ideas of diverse groups, as well as the Framers’ recognition of the need for compromise.
Research the history of the American Constitution using the Argosy University online library resources. Respond to
one
question from each of the question sets A and B.
A. Creating the Constitution
Consider the three constitutional proposals: the Virginia Plan, the New Jersey Plan, and the Great Compromise, also known as the Connecticut Compromise. If you were a delegate and without the experience of the past 200 years, which constitutional proposal would you have supported? Why?
Why do you think the framers were silent on the issue of slavery in the wording of the Constitution? What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
What were the issues in the Constitutional Convention? Who were the Federalists and Anti-Federalists?
B. Living with the Constitution
What are the formal and informal methods of constitutional change?
How do checks and balances work in the lawmaking process today? Which current and important events do you think are examples of the success of checks and balances?
Do you think the Constitution is a relevant political document for the twenty-first century? What new amendments might be appropriate today?
Write your response to each in 150–200 words.
By
Saturday, February 4, 2017
, post your response to the appropriate
Discussion Area
. Through
Wednesday, February 8, 2017
, review and comment on at least three peers’ responses.
.
Assignment 2 A Crime in CentervaleWhile patrolling during his shi.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: A Crime in Centervale
While patrolling during his shift, a Centervale police officer, Detective Johnson, saw two men standing on a street corner. Johnson observed the two proceed alternately back and forth between the street ahead and the corner, pausing and returning to conference. Detective Johnson found this strange as the Love's Jeweler shop was down the street. The two men repeated this ritual alternately three to four times, which appeared as if they were looking out for someone or were about to steal something. Detective Johnson saw a third man approach and handing something to one of the two men, which he stuffed into his pocket.
Detective Johnson approached the three men and identified himself as a policeman. He saw the man that stuffed the item in his pocket place his hand in his pocket again. Detective Johnson kept his eyes on the man and asked their names. Before they could answer, the detective turned the man around, patted down his outside clothing, and felt a hard object. The man objected saying, "Hey man, you can't do that. I have rights. I want my lawyer." Detective Johnson sneered, "Oh! you'll get your lawyer." Upon feeling the object, the officer removed his gun and asked the three to raise their hands and place them on the wall. The officer patted each man down and found a gun in the pocket of one man. He removed the jacket of another man and found a diamond ring in the inside pocket. The third man did not have anything in his pockets.
The three were taken to the police station and charged with grand theft and burglary. One of the men was also charged for carrying a concealed weapon. Detective Johnson ran the information concerning the gun and found that it matched the gun related to an aggravated battery and rape case from a year ago. The detective questioned Danny, the man who had the gun. At first, Danny did not want to say anything, but the detective continued questioning him. After three hours, Danny confessed to the aggravated battery and rape case. He denied being involved in the grand theft and burglary.
Danny had a first appearance in the court within three days, whereupon he is appointed an attorney but denied bail. Danny does not see his attorney until the next court appearance. The attorney asks what he wants to do and Danny said, "I want to fight it man." The attorney tells Danny, "That's not going to work; the DA is offering you a good deal if you plea." Over the objection of the victim in the court, the DA offers Danny probation if he testifies against the other two in the burglary case. The DA wants the other two to be sentenced to ten years in that case. While shaking his head, Danny pleads guilty above the cries of the victim. The DA asks the judge to hold off on sentencing until after he testifies in the other trial.
After Danny testifies against the other two defendants and they are sentenced to ten years, Danny goes back to the court. The judge, not agreeing with the deal, decides to sent.
Assignment 2 (RA 1) Analysis of Self-ImageIn this assignment, yo.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 2: (RA 1): Analysis of Self-Image
In this assignment, you will identify and discuss factors that contribute to self-image during middle childhood and adolescence.
Write a 6-page research paper on factors influencing self-image during middle childhood and adolescence.
Tasks:
Conduct a review from professional literature—articles from peer-reviewed journals and relevant textbooks—on the factors influencing self-image during middle childhood and adolescence. Topics to consider include:
Family constellation
Risk and protective factors
Various aspects of cultural identity
Physical characteristics
Social interactions with peers
.
Assignment 1Write a 2-3 page outline describing the health to.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment
1:
Write a 2-3 page outline describing the health topic you’ve been assigned and develop a justification/rationale for an educational intervention.
Assignment
2:
Develop a graphic organizer for their topic.
The Graphic Organizer is intended to provide visual cues to enhance learning.
The graphic organizers should be included with your unit plan.
.
assignment 1The idea of living in a country where all policy sh.docxBenitoSumpter862
assignment 1
The idea of living in a country where “all policy shall be based on the weight of evidence” seems unreal for me. However this idea does not seems so crazy for Neil deGrasse Tyson, who believes this idea could work in a country. But could it really work?
The ‘Rationalia’ proposal is about that every idea need to be based on something. It means everything has to follow a process which is gathering data, observation, experimenting and having a conclusion. For a policy to get approved it needs to have the weight of evidence to support it, if it does not have it, then it will not get approve. I found it very interesting how white supremacy supported African slavery and how there was an effort to restricted the reproduction of other races. I feel like this would turn into a chaotic country because there are so many things that science cannot explain, scientist have theories only. Like most of the ancient civilization that had big constructions, ex: The Incas in Peru, there is no explanation for how the Machu Picchu ruins were constructed, or like the Pyramids in Egypt. As the scientist keep researching, new theories originate and no conclusion is made.
I do not think religion has all the answers also. Why were women not able to touch their husbands or feed their animals while menstruating? Why a women would be considered contaminated or not pure base on something as normal as menstruation. Or the idea of it is okay for men to have multiple wives but it was not okay for women to get married twice? I do believe that there is a God, but the idea of the men been superior in both science and religion makes me feel frustrated as a woman. It would be very difficult for a country to be ruled by science or by God only. I feel that there should always be a balance between science and religion, even though both want to compete with each other and have the ultimate opinion. There are somethings that I disagree with both of them. There is no need to keep fighting against each other, even the pope supported the scientific view of evolution, and as the article “Nonoverlapping Magisteria” by Stephen Jay Gould said “The Catholic Church had never opposed evolution and had no reason to do so”. For some people like me, science and religion go together.
assigment 2
In the first reading “Reflections on Rationalia” by Neil deGrasse Tyson, Tyson discusses an idea of developing a virtual world in which all its policies have to be founded based on evidence, meaning that the state would be undergoing constant research, forming a foundation for its government and how its citizens should think. Within the proposal for the new state, Tyson says that a great amount of funding will be given to the continued study of the human sciences, along with extensive training for the young to learn how to obtain, analyze and gather conclusions on data, and citizens would have the freedom to be irrational, simply no policies will be made with.
Assignment 1Recognizing the Role of Adhering to the Standar.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 1:
Recognizing the Role of Adhering to the Standard of Care
When providing health care, there are standards of care which a reasonably prudent provider should follow. Providers at all levels are held to these standards of care. Failure to provide competent care to your patients will put you at risk for malpractice. Remaining current with the evidenced-based guidelines and providing optimal care will minimize the risk of liability.
For this Assignment, you will create a PowerPoint presentation that explains any legal implications that exist for failure to adhere to a standard of care, the key elements of malpractice, and compare the differences in malpractice policy options.
To prepare:
Consider the importance of using professional resources such as the National Guideline Clearinghouse to guide care delivered
Create a PowerPoint presentation no more than 15 slides in length that addresses the following:
Identify and explain any legal implications that exist for failure to adhere to a standard of care
Identify and explain the key elements of malpractice
Compare the differences in malpractice policy options
.
Assignment 1Argument MappingWrite a four to five (4-5.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 1:
Argument Mapping
Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
(
Note:
Refer to Demonstration Exercise 3 located at the end of Chapter 1 for criteria 1-3.)
1.
Create an argument map based on the influence diagram presented in Case 1.3 and complete all the criteria provided in the exercise, beginning with this claim: “The U.S. should return to the 55- mph speed limit in order to conserve fuel and save lives.”
2.
Include in the map as many warrants, backings, objections, and rebuttals as possible.
3.
Assume that the original qualifier was
certainly;
indicate whether the qualifier changes as we move from a simple, static, uncontested argument to a complex, dynamic and contested argument.
(
Note:
Refer to Demonstration Exercise 3 located at the end of Chapter 8 for criterion 4.)
4.
Apply the argument mapping procedures presented in Chapter 8 to analyze the pros and cons (or strengths and weaknesses) of the recommendations that the United States should
not
intervene in the Balkans.
(
Note:
Refer to Demonstration Exercise 4 located at the end of Chapter 8 for criteria 5-7.)
Demonstration exercise 3 chapter 1
Create an argument map based on the influence diagram presented in Case 1.3. Begin with the following claim: “The United States should return to the 55 mph speed limit in order to conserve fuel and save lives.” Include in your map as many warrants, backings, objections, and rebuttals as you can. Assuming that the original qualifier was certainly, indicate whether the qualifier changes as we move from a simple, static, uncontested argument to a complex, dynamic, and contested argument
Influence diagram presented in case 1.3
CASE 1.3 THE INFLUENCE DIAGRAM AND DECISION TREE—STRUCTURING PROBLEMS OF ENERGY POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL SECURIY
Along with other policy-analytic methods discussed earlier in this chapter (Figure 1.1), the influence diagram and decision tree are useful tools for structuring policy problems.52 The influence diagram (Figure C1.3) displays the policy, the National Maximum Speed Limit, as a rectangle. A rectangle always refers to a policy choice or decision node, which in this case is the choice between adopting and not adopting the national maximum speed limit of 55 mph. To the right and above the decision node are uncertain events, represented as ovals, which are connected to the decision node with arrows showing how the speed limit affects or is affected by them. The rectangles with shaved corners represent valued policy outcomes or objectives. The objectives are to lower fuel consumption, reduce travel time, reduce injuries, and avert traffic fatalities. To the right of the objectives is another shaved rectangle, which designates the net benefits (benefits less costs) of the four objectives. The surprising result of using the influence diagram for problem structuring is the discovery of causally relevant economic events, such as the recession and unemployment, .
Assignment 121. Create a GUI application that contains textboxes.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 12
1. Create a GUI application that contains
textboxes
for first name, last name and title. The app should also contain one button (with the text "Format!"). Once a user filles in textboxes and clicks the button the user-entered info should be displayed in a
label
formatted with one space between the title, first name, and last name.
2. Create a GUI higher/lower guessing game that lets a user guess a number between 1 and 111 (you can either randomly assign the secret number or hardcode it). Let the user enter his/her guess in a
textbox
then click a Submit button to submit his/her guess. If the guess is too low change the form color to YELLOW. If the guess is too high change the form color to BLUE. If the guess is correct change the form color to GREEN and display the number of guesses it took.
.
Assignment 1.3 Assignment 1.3 Article Review Read the article .docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 1.3
Assignment 1.3 Article Review
Read the article Social Service or Social Change, available in attachments. Review this article, using the Article Review format provided. Please note there are three sections of an article review.
The first is a brief summary of the article. The second, the Critique, is
about
your opinion of the information presented in the article, and the third, the Application, is about how you might use this information in the future. The Article Review template is located in attachments.
.
Assignment 1Answer the following questions concisely (no.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 1
Answer the following questions concisely (no more than half a page per question)
1.
What is the National Prevention Strategy and who is responsible for it?
2. What are the differences among community health, population health, and global health?
3. Which federal department in the United States is the government’s principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans and for providing essential human services, especially to those who are least able to help themselves? What major services does this department provide?
4. How do state and local health departments interface?
5. What significance do you think Healthy People 2020 will have in the years ahead?
.
Assignment 1 Victims’ RightsThe death penalty is one of the mos.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 1: Victims’ Rights
The death penalty is one of the most controversial topics in the criminal justice system. In the US criminal justice system, the government represents the victim. At the time of sentencing, many states allow victim impact statements. There are additional issues to consider in the application of the death penalty. Some of these issues are race, age, and cost.
Use the Argosy University Online Library resources to research the role of the victims in sentencing a defendant.
Submission Details:
By
June 28
, 2017
, post your responses to the following topics to this
Discussion Area
.
Discuss what you learned, focusing on such topics as racial disparity, juveniles, and victim impact statements. Be sure to cite your sources of information in the APA style.
Describe a specific case you learned about in the news where victims' rights figured prominently (either in a positive or in a negative way).
.
Assignment 1 Unreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Fourth Amend.docxBenitoSumpter862
Assignment 1: Unreasonable Searches and Seizures
The Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution protects citizens' rights to be free from unreasonable governmental intrusion. The text of the amendment reads: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."
There are many legal safeguards in place to ensure that police officers interfere with citizens' Fourth Amendment rights under limited circumstances. In Centervale, there have been several citizen complaints about Fourth Amendment violations by the local police department. The Centervale chief of police, Charles Draper, has determined that the behavior of some police officers reveals a lack of consistent understanding of the criminal justice concepts dealing with the Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and unreasonable seizures.
Submission Details:
By
Monday
, post to the
Discussion Area
your response to the following:
Explain what constitutes an unreasonable search or seizure.
Use examples to support your response.
Explain how the exclusionary rule and fruit of the poisonous tree apply.
.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. limit consumption,
population growth, or both. The means that are used to control
population might include
morally controversial technologies such as abortion. Moral
concerns also haunt proposals
to limit consumption: each of us wants the freedom to earn,
spend, and consume as we
wish. Even though individuals enjoy expanding their families
and consuming products, the
cumulative choices of individuals pursuing their own happiness
can lead to less
happiness for all—as the overall increase in population,
pollution, and environmental
degradation may well decrease opportunities and life prospects
for everyone. When we
think about issues from this perspective—one that takes into
account the general
happiness of everyone—we are adopting a utilitarian point of
view.
Large social engineering projects are often grounded in
utilitarian concerns. Consider
the effort in China to control population growth by limiting
reproduction to one child per
family. Critics of the policy argued that this violates a
fundamental right to reproduce. Can
limitations on basic rights be justified by the larger utilitarian
concerns of social policies?
Utilitarian efforts to maximize good consequences require that
we adjust our policies in
light of changing circumstances. The one-child policy created
outcomes that rippled
across Chinese society, including, for example, a shift in family
structure and gender
ratios. As the Chinese government has adjusted its population
policies, it has struggled to
5. bomb? On the one hand, some
assert that torture is never permissible because it violates basic
moral principles. The
Geneva Conventions regulating warfare prohibit torture and
define it as “any act by which
severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is
intentionally inflicted on a person
for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person
information or a confession.”3
On the other hand, suppose, for example, that torture could save
many lives. Would it then
be justified? Former Vice President Dick Cheney maintained
that “enhanced interrogation
techniques” including waterboarding (a process that simulates
drowning) produced useful
information. According to the New York Times, the CIA
waterboarded terror suspect Khaled
Sheikh Mohammed 183 times.4 In a speech on the tenth
anniversary of September 11,
Cheney claimed that by waterboarding terrorists such as
Mohammed, information was
extracted that led to the assassination of Osama bin Laden.5
Cheney and other members
of the Bush administration justified torture on utilitarian
grounds. Their view is shared by
many. A Pentagon study of “the ethics of troops on the front
line” in Iraq found that 41
percent said that “torture should be allowed to save the life of a
soldier or Marine,” and
about the same number said that it “should be allowed to gather
important information
from insurgents.”6 From a utilitarian standpoint, it may make
good sense to inflict pain on
someone to prevent pain that would be inflicted on a greater
number of others. From the
same standpoint, however, one may argue that practices such as
7. an influential contemporary defender of utilitarianism, derives
utilitarianism from the basic
idea that each person's interests ought to be given equal
consideration. Related to this is
the idea that “my own interests cannot count for more, simply
because they are my own,
than the interests of others.”7 The basic procedure for
utilitarianism is to add up the
interests of everyone who is affected by an action without
privileging the interests of
anyone in particular. Utilitarianism is thus opposed to racist or
sexist ideas, for example,
which often hold that the interests of some people matter more
than the interests of
others.
Utilitarianism suggests that we ought to consider the totality of
consequences of a
policy or action. Forms of utilitarianism will differ depending
on how we understand what
sorts of consequences or interests matter. Complexities arise in
defining key concepts
such as happiness, interest, and well-being. Singer, for example,
wants to focus on
interests instead of pleasures or happiness. This indicates that it
is possible that some
pleasures are not really in our interest. For example, drug use
can produce pleasure, but it
is not in anyone's long-term interest to be addicted to cocaine or
heroin. We might also
focus on people's preferences—that is, what people themselves
state that they prefer. But
again there is an important question of whether our preferences
actually coordinate with
our interests—or can we prefer things that are not in our
interest? In different terms, we
8. might wonder whether pleasure is a good thing or whether
genuine happiness can be
reduced to pleasure. In any case, utilitarians have to provide an
account of what matters
when we try to add up benefits and harms—whether it is
subjective feeling, taste, and
preference, or whether it is something deeper and more
objective such as well-being or
other interests (in health, longevity, fulfillment,
accomplishment, etc.).
Utilitarianism has to provide an account of whose interests or
happiness matters.
Jeremy Bentham, one of the founding fathers of utilitarianism,
extended his utilitarian
concern in a way that included all suffering beings, including
nonhuman animals. Peter
Singer would agree. He is well-known as an advocate of animal
welfare. Like Bentham, he
claims that the interests of nonhuman animals ought to be taken
into account. (We
discuss the issue of animal ethics further in Chapter 17.)
One important point to bear in mind when discussing
utilitarianism is that utilitarians
generally do not think that actions or policies are good or bad in
themselves. Rather, for
the utilitarian, the goodness or badness of an action is solely a
function of its
consequences. Thus, even killing innocent people may be
acceptable if it produces an
outcome that saves a greater number of others from harm.
Historical Background
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
10. do with usefulness or
utility or that morality is opposed to pleasure. Mill was also a
strong supporter of personal
liberty, and in his pamphlet On Liberty he argued that the only
reason for society to
interfere in a person's life was to prevent him or her from doing
harm to others. People
might choose wrongly, but he believed that allowing bad
choices was better than
government coercion. Liberty to speak one's own opinion, he
believed, would benefit all.
However, it is not clear that utility is always served by
promoting liberty. Nor is it clear what
Mill would say about cases in which liberty must be restricted
to promote the general
good, as in the case of speed limits or airport security r ules. In
his work, On the Subjection
of Women, Mill also emphasized the general good and criticized
those social treatments
of women that did not allow them to develop their talents and
contribute to the good of
society. Consistent with these views, he also supported the right
of women to vote. Later in
life he married his longtime companion and fellow liberal,
Harriet Taylor. Mill also served
in the British Parliament from 1865 to 1868.
A portrait of the utilitarian philosopher John Stuart Mill (1806–
1873).
The original utilitarians were democratic, progressive,
empiricist, and optimistic. They
were democratic in the sense that they believed that social
policy ought to work for the
12. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism. It focuses on the
consequences of actions.
Egoism is also a form of consequentialism. But unlike egoism,
utilitarianism focuses on
the consequences for all persons impacted by an action.
Consider the diagram used to
classify moral theories provided in Chapter 1.
According to classical utilitarian moral theory, when we
evaluate human acts or
practices, we consider neither the nature of the acts or practices
nor the motive for which
people do what they do. As Mill puts it, “He who saves a fellow
creature from drowning
does what is morally right, whether his motive be duty or the
hope of being paid for his
trouble.”9 It is the result of one's action—that a life is saved—
that matters morally.
According to utilitarianism, we ought to decide which action or
practice is best by
considering the likely or actual consequences of each
alternative. For example, over the
years, people have called for a suicide barrier on the Golden
Gate Bridge to prevent people
from using it to commit suicide. More than 1,600 people have
jumped from the bridge to
their deaths.10 Building a suicide barrier on a bridge is neither
good nor bad in itself,
according to utilitarianism. Nor is it sufficient that people
supporting the building of such a
barrier be well intentioned. The only thing that matters for the
utilitarian is whether, by
erecting such a barrier, we would actually increase happiness by
preventing suicides. After
much dispute, officials have agreed to build a suicide barrier—a
net to catch would-be
14. open to experimentation and evidence. And they are open to
various ways of conceiving
the goodness of consequences. Any sort of consequences might
be considered good—for
example, power, fame, or fortune. However, classical
utilitarianism is a pleasure or
happiness theory, meaning that it tends to reduce all other goods
to some form of
pleasure or happiness. Utilitarianism was not the first such
theory to appear in the history
of philosophy. Aristotle's ethics, as we shall see in Chapter 8,
also focuses on happiness,
although it is different from utilitarianism in its focus on virtue.
Closer to utilitarianism is
the classical theory that has come to be known as hedonism
(from hedon, the Greek word
for pleasure) or Epicureanism (named after Epicurus, 341–270
BCE). Epicurus held that the
good life was the pleasant life. For him, this meant avoiding
distress and desires for
things beyond one's basic needs. Bodily pleasure and mental
delight and peace were the
goods to be sought in life.
Utilitarians believe that pleasure or happiness is the good to be
produced. As Bentham
puts it, “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of
two sovereign masters, pain
and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to
do, as well as to determine
what we shall do.”11 Things such as fame, fortune, education,
and freedom may be good,
but only to the extent that they produce pleasure or happiness.
In philosophical terms, they
are instrumental goods because they are useful for attaining the
goals of happiness and
15. pleasure. Happiness and pleasure are the only intrinsic goods —
that is, the only things
good in themselves.
In this explanation of utilitarianism, you may have noticed the
seeming identification of
pleasure and happiness. In classical utilitarianism, there is no
difference between pleasure
and happiness. Both terms refer to a kind of psychic state of
satisfaction. However, there
are different types of pleasure of which humans are capable.
According to Mill, we
experience a range of pleasures or satisfactions from the
physical satisfaction of hunger
to the personal satisfaction of a job well done. Aesthetic
pleasures, such as the enjoyment
of watching a beautiful sunset, are yet another type of pleasure.
We also can experience
intellectual pleasures such as the peculiar satisfaction of making
sense out of something.
Mill's theory includes the idea that there are higher, uniquely
human pleasures—as we will
explain below.
In Mill's view, we should consider the range of types of
pleasure in our attempts to
decide what the best action is. We also ought to consider other
aspects of the pleasurable
or happy experience. According to the greatest happiness or
utility principle, we must
measure, count, and compare the pleasurable experiences likely
to be produced by various
alternative actions in order to know which is best.
CalCulating the Greatest Amount of Happiness
Utilitarianism is not an egoistic theory. As we noted in Chapter
17. privileged place, so our own happiness counts no more than that
of others. I may be
required to do what displeases me but pleases others. Thus, in
the following scenario, Act
B is a better choice than Act A:
____________
Act A makes me happy and two other people happy.
Act B makes me unhappy but five others happy.
____________
In addition to counting each person equally, Bentham and his
followers identified five
elements that are used to calculate the greatest amount of
happiness: the net amount of
pleasure or happiness, its intensity, its duration, its fruitfulness,
and the likelihood of any
act to produce it.13
Pleasure Minus Pain Almost every alternative that we choose
produces unhappiness or
pain as well as happiness or pleasure for ourselves, if not for
others. Pain is intrinsically
bad, and pleasure is intrinsically good. Something that produces
pain may be accepted,
but only if it causes more pleasure overall. For instance, if the
painfulness of a
punishment deters an unwanted behavior, then we ought to
punish, but no more than is
necessary or useful. When an act produces both pleasure or
happiness and pain or
unhappiness, we can think of each moment of unhappiness as
canceling out a moment of
happiness so that what is left to evaluate is the remaining or net
happiness or
18. unhappiness. We are also to think of pleasure and pain as
coming in bits or moments. We
can then calculate this net amount by adding and subtracting
units of pleasure and
displeasure. This is a device for calculating the greatest amount
of happiness even if we
cannot make mathematically exact calculations. The following
simplified equation
indicates how the net utility for two acts, A and B, might be
determined. We can think of
the units as either happy persons or days of happiness:
____________
Act A produces twelve units of happiness and six of
unhappiness (12 − 6 = 6 units of happiness).
Act B produces ten units of happiness and one of unhappiness
(10 − 1 = 9 units of happiness).
____________
On this measure, Act B is preferable because it produces a
greater net amount of
happiness, namely, nine units compared with six for Act A.
Intensity Moments of happiness or pleasure are not all alike.
Some are more intense than
others. The thrill of some exciting adventure —say, running
river rapids—may produce a
more intense pleasure than the serenity we feel standing before
a beautiful vista. All else
being equal, the more intense the pleasure, the better. All other
factors being equal, if I
have an apple to give away and am deciding which of two
friends to give it to, I ought to
give it to the friend who will enjoy it most. In calculations
involving intensity of pleasure, a
20. days of happiness).____________
Fruitfulness A more serene pleasure from contemplating nature
may or may not be more
fruitful than an exciting pleasure such as that derived from
running rapids. The
fruitfulness of experiencing pleasure depends on whether it
makes us more capable of
experiencing similar or other pleasures. For example, the
relaxing event may make one
person more capable of experiencing other pleasures of
friendship or understanding,
whereas the thrilling event may do the same for another. The
fruitfulness depends not only
on the immediate pleasure, but also on the long-term results.
Indulging in immediate
pleasure may bring pain later on, as we know only too well. So
also the pain today may be
the only way to prevent more pain tomorrow. The dentist's work
on our teeth may be
painful today, but it makes us feel better in the long run by
providing us with pain-free
meals and undistracted, enjoyable mealtime conversations.
Likelihood If before acting we are attempting to decide between
two available alternative
actions, we must estimate the likely results of each before we
compare their net utility. If
we are considering whether to go out for some sports
competition, for example, we should
consider our chances of doing well. We might have greater hope
of success trying
something else. It may turn out that we ought to choose an act
with lesser rather than
greater beneficial results if the chances of it happening are
better. It is not only the
22. one might derive from
reading and understanding a poem is no better in itself than the
simple pleasure of
playing a mindless game.
Mill agreed with Bentham that the greater amount of pleasure
and happiness, the better.
But Mill believed that the quality of the pleasure should also
count. In his autobiography,
Mill describes a personal crisis in which he realized that he had
not found sufficient place
in his life for aesthetic experiences; he realized that this side of
the human personality also
needed developing and that these pleasures were significantly
different from others. This
experience and his thoughts about it may have led him to focus
on the quality of
pleasures. Some are intrinsically better than others, he believed.
For example, intellectual
pleasures are more valuable in themselves than purely sensual
pleasures. Although he
does not tell us how much more valuable they are (twice as
valuable?), he clearly believed
this greater value ought to be factored into our calculation of
the “greatest amount of
happiness.” Although I may not always be required to choose a
book over food (for
example, I may now need the food more than the book), the
intellectual pleasures that
might be derived from reading the book are of a higher quality
than the pleasures gained
from eating.
Mill attempts to prove or show that intellectual pleasures are
better than sensual ones.
We are to ask people who have experienced a range of pleasures
23. whether they would
prefer to live a life of a human, despite all its disappointments
and pains, or the life of an
animal, which is full of pleasures but only sensual pleasures. He
believes that people
generally would choose the former. They would prefer, as he
puts it, “to be a human being
dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates
dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.”15
Socrates was often frustrated in his attempts to know certain
things. He struggled to get a
grasp on true beauty and true justice. Because human beings
have greater possibilities for
knowledge and achievement, they also have greater potential for
failure, pain, and
frustration. The point of Mill's argument is that the only reason
we would prefer a life of
fewer net pleasures (the dissatisfactions subtracted from the
total satisfactions of human
life) to a life of a greater total amount of pleasures (the life of
the pig) is that we value
something other than the amount (quantity) of pleasures; we
value the kind (quality) of
pleasures as well.16 When considering this argument, you might
ask yourself two
questions. First, would people generally prefer to be Socrates
than a pig? Second, if Mill is
correct in his factual assessment, then what does this fact
prove? Could it be that people
are mistaken about what kinds of pleasures are the best, as
Socrates himself often
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25. The point of this criticism is that no one can consider all of the
variables that
utilitarianism requires us to consider: the probable
consequences of our action to all
affected in terms of duration, intensity, fruitfulness, likelihood,
and type or quality of
pleasure. It also requires us to have a common unit of
measurement of pleasure.
(Elementary units called hedons have been suggested.) The
difficulty is finding a way to
reduce pleasures of all kinds to some common or basic unit of
measurement. A utilitarian
could respond to these criticisms by arguing that while this
complexity indicates that no
one can be a perfect judge of utility, we do make better
judgments if we are able to
consider these variables. No moral theory is simple in its
application.
A more difficult problem in how to apply the principle of utility
comes from Mill's specific
formulation of it. It may well be that in some cases, at least, one
cannot both maximize
happiness and make the greatest number of people happy. Thus,
one choice may produce
200 units of happiness—but for just one person. The other
alternative might produce 150
units of happiness, 50 for each of three people. If the
maximization of overall happiness is
taken as primary, then we should go with the first choice; if the
number of people is to take
precedence, then we should go with the second choice. Most
readings of Mill, however,
suggest that he would give preference to the overall
maximization of utility. In that case,
how the happiness was distributed (to one versus three) would
27. to ourselves will probably be more effective.
A further objection maintains that there is something wrong if
utilitarianism requires us
to not give preference to ourselves and to our own personal
moral commitments.
Utilitarianism appears to be an affront to our personal
integrity.17 The idea is that
utilitarianism seems to imply that I am not important from my
own point of view. However,
a utilitarian might respond that it is important that people
regard themselves as unique
and give due consideration to their own interests because this
will probably have better
consequences both for these individuals and the broader society.
Ends and Means
A second criticism concerns utilitarianism's consequentialist
character. You may have
heard the phrase “The end justifies the means.” People often
utter this phrase with a
certain amount of disdain. Utilitarianism, as a consequentialist
moral theory, holds that it
is the consequences or ends of our actions that determine
whether particular means to
them are justified. This seems to lead to conclusions that are
contrary to commonsense
morality. For example, wouldn't it justify punishing or torturing
an innocent person, a
“scapegoat,” in order to prevent a great evil or to promote a
great good? Or could we not
justify on utilitarian grounds the killing of some individuals for
the sake of the good of a
greater number, perhaps in the name of population control? Or
could I not make an
exception for myself from obeying a law, alleging that it is for
28. some greater long-term
good? Utilitarians might respond by noting that such actions or
practices will probably do
more harm than good, especially if we take a long-range view.
In particular, they might
point out that practices allowing the punishment of known
innocents would undermine the
legitimacy and deterrent effect of the law—and thus reduce
overall utility.
The Trolley Problem
One particular problem for utilitarianism is exemplified by what
has come to be called the
trolley problem.18 According to one version of this scenario,
imagine you find yourself
beside a train track, on which a trolley is speeding toward a
junction. On the track ahead of
the trolley are five workers who will all be killed if the trolley
continues on its current
course. You have access to a switch, and if you pull it, the
trolley will be diverted onto
another track where it will kill only one worker. According to
utilitarianism, if nothing else is
relevant, you would not only be permitted but required to pull
the switch, which would
result in one death and five lives saved. From a utilitarian
standpoint, it is obvious that you
should pull the switch, since not pulling the switch would result
in greater net loss of life.
Now, compare this scenario with another. In this case, you find
yourself on a bridge over a
single trolley track with the five workers below you. Next to
you on the bridge is an
enormously fat man. The only way to stop the trolley in this
case is to push the fat man
off the bridge and onto the tracks ahead of the workers. Would
30. abstract moral rules. One study used a virtual reality version of
the trolley problem to
pursue this question. It found that 89 percent of people chose
the utilitarian option when
confronted with at 3-D virtual reality representation of a run-
away boxcar that threatened
to crash into a group of people.20 One issue exposed by these
sorts of studies is that
people respond differently when confronted with the choice of
doing something (pulling
the lever to divert the train into the group of people) or not
doing something (allowing the
train to crash into the group). One conclusion of this sort of
research is that sometimes
there are conflicts in how we actually react and how we think
we should react to morally
fraught situations. Other inquiries have considered whether
utilitarian calculation involves
a sort of “coldness” that runs counter to empathy and other
emotional responses.21
Another study by Daniel Bartels and David Pizarro concludes,
“participants who indicated
greater endorsement of utilitarian solutions had higher scores on
measures of
psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and life meaning-lessness.”22
This conclusion appears to
follow from the fact that the utilitarian decision—to kill one in
order to save others—asks
us to overcome an emotional or instinctual aversion to harming
others. And yet, it might
be that—from the utilitarian point of view—this is exactly what
we should do in order to
bring about greater happiness for the greatest number. The
psychological research into
the dilemmas generated by utilitarianism is interesting. But the
normative or moral
31. question remains. Moral philosophy is not merely interested in
the psychological question
of how we react in these situations, it is also concerned with the
question of how we ought
to react.
Act and Rule Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism may appear to justify any action just so long as it
has better consequences
than other available actions. Therefore, cheating, stealing,
lying, and breaking promises
may all seem to be justified, depending on whether they
maximize happiness in some
particular case. In response to this type of criticism,
contemporary utilitarians often focus
on general rules instead of on individual acts. The version of
utilitarianism that focuses on
rules is usually called rule utilitarianism. This is contrasted
with act utilitarianism, which
focuses solely on the consequences of specific individual acts.
Both are forms of utilitarianism. They are alike in requiring us
to produce the greatest
amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. They
differ in what they believe
we ought to consider in estimating the consequences. Act
utilitarianism states that we
ought to consider the consequences of each act separately. Rule
utilitarianism states that
we ought to consider the consequences of the act performed as a
general practice.23
One version of the trolley problem.
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33. if we could not trust one
another to keep promises, then we would generally be less
capable of making plans and
relating to one another—two important sources of human
happiness. So, even if there
would be no general breakdown in trust from just this one
instance of promise-breaking,
Sue should still probably keep her promise according to rule
utilitarian thinking.
____________
Rule utilitarianism: Consider the consequences of some practice
or rule of behavior—for example, the
practice of promise-keeping or promise-breaking.
____________
Another way to understand the method of reasoning used by the
rule utilitarian is the
following: I should ask what would be the best practice. For
example, regarding promises,
what rule would have the better results when people followed
that rule? Would it be the
rule or practice: “Never break a promise made”? At the other
end of the spectrum would be
the rule or practice: “Keep promises only if the results of doing
so would be better than
breaking them.” (This actually amounts to a kind of act
utilitarian reasoning.) However,
there might be a better rule yet, such as: “Always keep your
promise unless doing so would
have very serious harmful consequences.” If this rule was
followed, then people would
generally have the benefits of being able to say, “I promise,”
and have people generally
35. difficulties. Because we should
make the same judgments about similar cases (for consistency's
sake), we should judge
this act by comparing it with the results of the actions of
everyone in similar
circumstances. We can thus evaluate the general practice of
“lying to get oneself out of a
difficulty.” You can be the judge of which form of utilitarian
reasoning is more persuasive.
“Proof” of the Theory
One of the best ways to evaluate a moral theory is to examine
carefully the reasons that
are given to support it. Being an empiricist theory,
utilitarianism must draw its evidence
from experience. This is what Mill does in his attempt to prove
that the principle of utility
is the correct moral principle. His argument is as follows: Just
as the only way in which we
know that something is visible is its being seen, and the only
way we can show that
something is audible is if it can be heard, so also the only proof
that we have that
something is desirable is its being desired. Because we desire
happiness, we thus know it
is desirable or good. In addition, Mill holds that happiness is
the only thing we desire for
its own sake. All else we desire because we believe it will lead
to happiness. Thus,
happiness or pleasure is the only thing good in itself or the only
intrinsic good. All other
goods are instrumental goods; in other words, they are good
insofar as they lead to
happiness. For example, reading is not good in itself but only
insofar as it brings us
pleasure or understanding (which is either pleasurable in itself
37. appears to us to be or to bring
happiness. You may want to consider whether these latter
assertions are consistent with
his empiricism. Does he know these things from experience? In
addition, Mill may be
simply pointing to what we already know rather than giving a
proof of the principle. You
can find out what people believe is good by noticing what they
desire. In this case, they
desire to be happy or they desire what they think will bring
them happiness.25
Utilitarianism is a highly influential moral theory that also has
had significant influence
on a wide variety of policy assessment methods. It can be quite
useful for evaluating
alternative health care systems, for example. Whichever system
brings the most benefit to
the most people with the least cost is the system that we
probably ought to support.
Although Mill was perhaps too optimistic about the ability and
willingness of people to
increase human happiness and reduce suffering, there is no
doubt that the ideal is a good
one. Nevertheless, utilitarianism has difficulties, some of which
we have discussed here.
You will know better how to evaluate this theory when you can
compare it with those
treated in the following chapters.
The reading selection in this chapter is from the classical work
Utilitarianism by John
Stuart Mill. Mill considers the importance of happiness—and
the need to consider the
happiness of others. His work remains one of the important
touchstones for thinking
38. about utilitarianism.
Notes
1. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/publications/files/key_findings_wpp
_2015.pdf (accessed January
13, 2016).
2. United Nations, Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 12:
Ensure Sustainable Consumption and
Production Patterns
http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-
consumption-
production/ (accessed January 13, 2015).
3. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights, “Convention Against Torture
and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment,”
http://www.un.org/millennium/law/iv-9.htm
4. Scott Shane, “Waterboarding Used 266 Times on 2
Suspects,” New York Times, April 19, 2009,
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/world/20detain.html?_r50
5. Chris McGreal, “Dick Cheney Defends Use of Torture on Al-
Qaida Leaders,” Guardian, September 9,
2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/sep/09/dick-
cheney-defends-torture-al-qaida
6. San Francisco Examiner, February 2, 1993, A4; San
Francisco Chronicle, May 5, 2007, p. A5.
7. Peter Singer, Writings on an Ethical Life (New York:
HarperCollins, 2001), p. 16.
8. John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, ed. Oskar Priest
40. actual preferences for intellectual pleasures (if true) are the
only source we have for believing them
to be more valuable.
17. J. J. C. Smart and Bernard Williams, Utilitarianism: For
and Against (New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1973). Also see Samuel Scheffler, The
Rejection of Consequentialism (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1984). In The Limits of Morality (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
Shelley Kagan distinguishes the universalist element of
utilitarianism—its demand that I treat all
equally—from the maximizing element—that I must bring about
the most good possible. The first
element makes utilitarianism too demanding, whereas the
second allows us to do anything as long
as it maximizes happiness overall.
18. Philippa Foot, “The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine
of Double Effect,” in Virtues and Vices
(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978); and Judith Jarvis Thomson,
“Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley
Problem,” The Monist (1976), pp. 204–17.
19. See, for example, work done by Joshua Greene and the
Moral Cognition Lab at Harvard University,
http://wjh.harvard.edu/~mcl/
20. C. David Navarrete, Melissa M. McDonald, Michael L.
Mott, and Benjamin Asher, “Virtual Morality:
Emotion and Action in a Simulated Three-Dimensional ‘Trolley
Problem,’” Emotion 12, no. 2 (April
2012), pp. 364–70.
21. K. Wiech, G. Kahane, N. Shackel, M. Farias, J. Savulescu,
and I. Tracey, “Cold or Calculating?
41. Reduced Activity in the Subgenual Cingulate Cortex Re?ects
Decreased Emotional Aversion to
Harming in Counterintuitive Utilitarian Judgment,” Cognition
126, no. 3 (March 2013), pp. 364–72.
22. Daniel M. Bartels and David A. Pizarro, “The Mismeasure
of Morals: Antisocial Personality Traits
Predict Utilitarian Responses to Moral Dilemmas,” Cognition
121, no. 1 (October 2011), pp. 154–
61.
23. See, for example, the explanation of this difference in J. J.
C. Smart, “Extreme and Restricted
Utilitarianism,” Philosophical Quarterly (1956).
24. Richard Brandt, “Some Merits of One Form of Rule
Utilitarianism,” in Morality and the Language of
Conduct, ed. H. N. Castaneda and George Nakhnikian (Detroit:
Wayne State University Press,
1970), pp. 282–307.
25. This explanation is given by Mary Warnock in her
introduction to the Fontana edition of Mill's
Utilitarianism, pp. 25–26.
r e a d i n g
Utilitarianism
JOHN STUART MILL
For more chapter resources and activities, go to MindTap.
Study Questions
As you read the excerpt, please consider the following
questions:
1. How does Mill describe the basic moral standard of
43. the utilitarian as in any
other scheme) are desirable either for pleasure inherent in
themselves or as means to
the promotion of pleasure and the prevention of pain.
Now such a theory of life excites in many minds, and among
them in some of the
most estimable in feeling and purpose, inveterate dislike. To
suppose that life has (as
they express it) no higher end than pleasure—no better and
nobler object of desire and
pursuit—they designate as utterly mean and groveling, as a
doctrine worthy only of
swine, to whom the followers of Epicurus were, at a very early
period, contemptuously
likened; and modern holders of the doctrine are occasionally
made the subject of
equally polite comparisons by its German, French, and English
assailants.
When thus attacked, the Epicureans have always answered that
it is not they, but
their accusers, who represent human nature in a degrading light,
since the accusation
supposes human beings to be capable of no pleasures except
those of which swine
are capable. If this supposition were true, the charge could not
be gainsaid, but would
then be no longer an imputation; for if the sources of pleasure
were precisely the same
to human beings and to swine, the rule of life which is good
enough for the one would
be good enough for the other. The comparison of the Epicurean
life to that of beasts is
felt as degrading, precisely because a beast's pleasures do not
satisfy a human being's
45. things quality is considered as well as quantity, the estimation
of pleasure should be
supposed to depend on quantity alone.
Some Pleasures Are Better Than Others*
If I am asked what I mean by difference of quality in pleasures,
or what makes one
pleasure more valuable than another, merely as a pleasure,
except its being greater in
amount, there is but one possible answer. Of two pleasures, if
there be one to which all
or almost all who have experience of both give a decided
preference, irrespective of any
feeling of moral obligation to prefer it, that is the more
desirable pleasure. If one of the
two is, by those who are competently acquainted with both,
placed so far above the
other that they prefer it, even though knowing it to be attended
with a greater amount
of discontent, and would not resign it for any quantity of the
other pleasure which their
nature is capable of, we are justified in ascribing to the
preferred enjoyment a
superiority in quality so far outweighing quantity as to render
it, in comparison, of
small account.
Now it is an unquestionable fact that those who are equally
acquainted with and
equally capable of appreciating and enjoying both do give a
most marked preference
to the manner of existence which employs their higher faculties.
Few human creatures
would consent to be changed into any of the lower animals for a
46. promise of the fullest
allowance of a beast's pleasures; no intelligent human being
would consent to be a
fool, no instructed person would be an ignoramus, no person of
feeling and conscience
would be selfish and base, even though they should be
persuaded that the fool, the
dunce, or the rascal is better satisfied with his lot than they are
with theirs. They would
not resign what they possess more than he for the most complete
satisfaction of all
the desires which they have in common with him. If they ever
fancy they would, it is
only in cases of unhappiness so extreme that to escape from it
they would exchange
their lot for almost any other, however undesirable in their own
eyes. A being of higher
faculties requires more to make him happy, is capable probably
of more acute
suffering, and certainly accessible to it at more points, than one
of an inferior type; but
in spite of these liabilities, he can never really wish to sink into
what he feels to be a
lower grade of existence. We may give what explanation we
please of this
unwillingness; we may attribute it to pride, a name which is
given indiscriminately to
some of the most and to some of the least estimable feelings of
which mankind are
capable; we may refer it to the love of liberty and personal
independence, an appeal to
which was with the Stoics one of the most effective means for
the inculcation of it; to
the love of power or to the love of excitement, both of which do
really enter into and
contribute to it; but its most appropriate appellation is a sense
48. the comparison knows both sides.
It may be objected that many who are capable of the higher
pleasures occasionally,
under the influence of temptation, postpone them to the lower.
But this is quite
compatible with a full appreciation of the intrinsic superiority
of the higher. Men often,
from infirmity of character, make their election for the nearer
good, though they know it
to be the less valuable; and this no less when the choice is
between two bodily
pleasures than when it is between bodily and mental. They
pursue sensual indulgences
to the injury of health, though perfectly aware that health is the
greater good. It may be
further objected that many who begin with youthful enthusiasm
for everything noble,
as they advance in years, sink into indolence and selfishness.
But I do not believe that
those who undergo this very common change voluntarily choose
the lower description
of pleasures in preference to the higher. I believe that, before
they devote themselves
exclusively to the one, they have already become incapable of
the other. Capacity for
the nobler feelings is in most natures a very tender plant, easily
killed, not only by
hostile influences, but by mere want of sustenance; and in the
majority of young
persons it speedily dies away if the occupations to which their
position in life has
devoted them, and the society into which it has thrown them,
are not favorable to
keeping that higher capacity in exercise. Men lose their high
aspirations as they lose
49. their intellectual tastes, because they have not time or
opportunity for indulging them;
and they addict themselves to inferior pleasures, not because
they deliberately prefer
them, but because they are either the only ones to which they
have access or the only
ones which they are any longer capable of enjoying. It may be
questioned whether
anyone who has remained equally susceptible to both classes of
pleasures ever
knowingly and calmly preferred the lower, though many, in all
ages, have broken down
in an ineffectual attempt to combine both.
From this verdict of the only competent judges, I apprehend
there can be no appeal.
On a question which is the best worth having of two pleasures,
or which of two modes
of existence is the most grateful to the feelings, apart from its
moral attributes and
from its consequences, the judgment of those who are qualified
by knowledge of both,
or, if they differ, that of the majority among them, must be
admitted as final. And there
needs be the less hesitation to accept this judgment respecting
the quality of
pleasures, since there is no other tribunal to be referred to even
on the question of
quantity. What means are there of determining which is the
acutest of two pains, or the
intenser of two pleasurable sensations, except the general
suffrage of those who are
familiar with both? Neither pains nor pleasures are
homogeneous, and pain is always
heterogeneous with pleasure. What is there to decide whether a
particular pleasure is
51. enunciation of such an absurdity as this last renders refutation
superfluous.
According to the greatest happiness principle, as above
explained, the ultimate end,
with reference to and for the sake of which all other things are
desirable—whether we
are considering our own good or that of other people—is an
existence exempt as far as
possible from pain, and as rich as possible in enjoyments, both
in point of quantity and
quality; the test of quality and the rule for measuring it against
quantity being the
preference felt by those who, in their opportunities of
experience, to which must be
added their habits of self-consciousness and self-observation,
are best furnished with
the means of comparison. This, being according to the
utilitarian opinion the end of
human action, is necessarily also the standard of morality,
which may accordingly be
defined “the rules and precepts for human conduct,” by the
observance of which an
existence such as has been described might be, to the greatest
extent possible, secured
to all mankind; and not to them only, but, so far as the nature of
things admits, to the
whole sentient creation.…
OF WHAT SORT OF PROOF THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY IS
SUSCEPTIBLE
It has already been remarked that questions of ultimate ends do
not admit of proof, in
the ordinary acceptation of the term. To be incapable of proof
by reasoning is common
52. to all first principles, to the first premises of our knowledge, as
well as to those of our
conduct. But the former, being matters of fact, may be the
subject of a direct appeal to
the faculties which judge of fact—namely, our senses and our
internal consciousness.
Can an appeal be made to the same faculties on questions of
practical ends? Or by
what other faculty is cognizance taken of them?
Questions about ends are, in other words, questions [about]
what things are
desirable. The utilitarian doctrine is that happiness is desirable,
and the only thing
desirable, as an end; all other things being only desirable as
means to that end. What
ought to be required of this doctrine, what conditions is it
requisite that the doctrine
should fulfill—to make good its claim to be believed?
The only proof capable of being given that an object is visible
is that people actually
see it. The only proof that a sound is audible is that people hear
it; and so of the other
sources of our experience. In like manner, I apprehend, the sole
evidence it is possible
to produce that anything is desirable is that people do actually
desire it. If the end
which the utilitarian doctrine proposes to itself were not, in
theory and in practice,
acknowledged to be an end, nothing could ever convince any
person that it was so. No
reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable,
except that each person,
so far as he believes it to be attainable, desires his own
happiness. This, however,
54. or maintain that virtue is
not a thing to be desired? The very reverse. It maintains not
only that virtue is to be
desired, but that it is to be desired disinterestedly, for itself.
Whatever may be the
opinion of utilitarian moralists as to the original conditions by
which virtue is made
virtue, however they may believe (as they do) that actions and
dispositions are only
virtuous because they promote another end than virtue, yet this
being granted, and it
having been decided, from considerations of this description,
what is virtuous, they not
only place virtue at the very head of the things which are good
as means to the
ultimate end, but they also recognize as a psychological fact the
possibility of its
being, to the individual, a good in itself, without looking to any
end beyond it; and hold
that the mind is not in a right state, not in a state conformable
to utility, not in the state
most conducive to the general happiness, unless it does love
virtue in this manner—as
a thing desirable in itself, even although, in the individual
instance, it should not
produce those other desirable consequences which it tends to
produce, and on account
of which it is held to be virtue. This opinion is not, in the
smallest degree, a departure
from the happiness principle. The ingredients of happiness are
very various, and each
of them is desirable in itself, and not merely when considered as
swelling an
aggregate. The principle of utility does not mean that any given
pleasure, as music, for
instance, or any given exemption from pain, as for example
56. desire to use it, and goes on increasing when all the desires
which point to ends
beyond it, to be compassed by it, are falling off. It may, then,
be said truly that money is
desired not for the sake of an end, but as part of the end. From
being a means to
happiness, it has come to be itself a principal ingredient of the
individual's conception
of happiness. The same may be said of the majority of the great
objects of human life:
power, for example, or fame, except that to each of these there
is a certain amount of
immediate pleasure annexed, which has at least the semblance
of being naturally
inherent in them—a thing which cannot be said of money. Still,
however, the strongest
natural attraction, both of power and of fame, is the immense
aid they give to the
attainment of our other wishes; and it is the strong association
thus generated between
them and all our objects of desire which gives to the direct
desire of them the intensity
it often assumes, so as in some characters to surpass in strength
all other desires. In
these cases the means have become a part of the end, and a more
important part of it
than any of the things which they are means to. What was once
desired as an
instrument for the attainment of happiness has come to be
desired for its own sake. In
being desired for its own sake it is, however, desired as part of
happiness. The person
is made, or thinks he would be made, happy by its mere
possession; and is made
unhappy by failure to obtain it. The desire of it is not a different
thing from the desire
57. of happiness any more than the love of music or the desire of
health. They are included
in happiness. They are some of the elements of which the desire
of happiness is made
up. Happiness is not an abstract idea but a concrete whole; and
these are some of its
parts. And the utilitarian standard sanctions and approves their
being so. Life would be
a poor thing, very ill provided with sources of happiness, if
there were not this provision
of nature by which things originally indifferent, but conducive
to, or otherwise
associated with, the satisfaction of our primitive desires,
become in themselves
sources of pleasure more valuable than the primitive pleasures,
both in permanency, in
the space of human existence that they are capable of covering,
and even in intensity.
Virtue, according to the utilitarian conception, is a good of this
description. There
was no original desire of it, or motive to it, save its
conduciveness to pleasure, and
especially to protection from pain. But through the association
thus formed it may be
felt a good in itself, and desired as such with as great intensity
as any other good; and
with this difference between it and the love of money, of power,
or of fame—that all of
these may, and often do, render the individual noxious to the
other members of the
society to which he belongs, whereas there is nothing which
makes him so much a
blessing to them as the cultivation of the disinterested love of
virtue. And consequently,
the utilitarian standard, while it tolerates and approves those
59. persons whom he cared for.
We have now, then, an answer to the question, of what sort of
proof the principle of
utility is susceptible. If the opinion which I have now stated is
psychologically true—if
human nature is so constituted as to desire nothing which is not
either a part of
happiness or a means of happiness—we can have no other proof,
and we require no
other, that these are the only things desirable. If so, happiness is
the sole end of human
action, and the promotion of it the test by which to judge all
human conduct; from
whence it necessarily follows that it must be the criterion of
morality, since a part is
included in the whole.
_______________
From John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, (London: Parker, Son,
and Bourn, 1863), chaps. 2 and 4.
*Headings added by the editor.
R E V I E W E X E R C I S E S
1. State and explain the basic idea of the principle of utility or
the greatest happiness principle.
2. What does it mean to speak of utilitarianism as a
consequentialist moral theory?
3. What is the difference between intrinsic and instrumental
good? Give examples of each.
4. Which of the following statements exemplify
consequentialist reasoning? Can all of them be given
consequentialist interpretations if expanded? Explain your
answers.
a. Honesty is the best policy.
60. b. Sue has the right to know the truth.
c. What good is going to come from giving money to a
homeless person on the street?
d. There is a symbolic value present in personally giving
something to another person in need.
e. It is only fair that you give him a chance to compete for the
position.
f. If I do not study for my ethics exam, it will hurt my GPA.
g. If you are not honest with others, you cannot expect them to
be honest with you.
5. Is utilitarianism a hedonist moral theory? Why or why not?
6. Using utilitarian calculation, which choice in each of the
following pairs is better, X or Y?
a. X makes four people happy and me unhappy. Y makes me
and one other person happy and three people
unhappy.
b. X makes twenty people happy and five unhappy. Y makes
ten people happy and no one unhappy.
c. X will give five people each two hours of pleasure. Y will
give three people each four hours of pleasure.
d. X will make five people very happy and three people mildly
unhappy. Y will make six people moderately
happy and two people very unhappy.
7. What is Mill's argument for the difference in value between
intellectual and sensual pleasures?
8. Which of the following is an example of act utilitarian
reasoning and which is an example of rule utilitarian
reasoning? Explain your answers.
a. If I do not go to the meeting, then others will not go either.
If that happens, then there would not be a