11- Which of these RNA molecules has a common secondary structure call.pdf
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11. Which of these RNA molecules has a common secondary structure called cloverleaf and is relatively small? 72. If a drug inhibits ribosomal RNA synthesis, which of these eukaryotic organelles would be most affected by this drug? 73. Which of these post-transcriptional modifications has a mature eukaryotic mRNA undergone before being transported into the cytoplasm? - Operons: - Select the correct statement for aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. - All of these statements apply to proteins, EXCEPT: - What is the first amino acid of each protein of eukaryotic cells? - A codon for histidine is 5' CAU3'. The anticodon in the tRNA that brings histidine to the ribosome is ans. D- 5 -AUG-3 - During translation elongation, the existing polypeptide chain is located at 4 ina inithe A ite - During translation elongation, the tRNA carrying a amino acid binds to - Which of the following RNA is involved in the splicing/modification of mRNA? - Which eukaryotic RNA polymerase is involved in the transcription of MRNA? RNA POLymerase Il - Which eukaryotic RNA polymerase is involved in the production of tRNA? RNA Polymerase III - Which position of the mRNA codon is called wobble position? 3 rol positis - The nucleotide abbreviation I is for - Which of the following antibiotics does not work on the inhibition of prokaryotic protein synthesis?.
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Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcriptionMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
This document summarizes eukaryotic transcription by RNA polymerases. It discusses the three types of RNA polymerases (I, II, and III) found in eukaryotic cells, what genes each polymerase transcribes, and the basic stages and mechanisms of transcription (initiation, elongation, termination). It also describes the promoters, processing, and other regulatory elements involved in eukaryotic transcription.• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdf
• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
• What component of the cell does the translation?
• What molecule in the cell does transcription?
• What are the functions of: operon, promotor?
• What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon?
Solution
• Define transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription.
• Define translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
Divakaran Molecular level of Eukaryotic translation
Eukaryotic translation involves four primary components: messenger RNA (mRNA) that carries the protein code from DNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) that links codons to amino acids, enzymes for attaching amino acids to tRNAs, and ribosomes that direct protein synthesis. Translation occurs in four steps: initiation, elongation, termination, and recycling. Initiation requires multiple initiation factors and can occur via a cap-dependent or cap-independent mechanism. In elongation, each amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain through the actions of elongation factors. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and release factors release the polypeptide. Finally, recycling dissociates ribosomes so they can be reused for another
Eukaryotic Translation & it's Regulation.pptx
The document discusses translation, the process by which proteins are synthesized from messenger RNA (mRNA) templates. It describes the key components of translation, including mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomes, and enzymes. The translation process involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the assembly of the ribosomal complex on the mRNA. Elongation is the cyclic addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, releasing the complete protein. The document also discusses various mechanisms of regulating translation, such as via RNA-binding proteins, the 5' and 3' untranslated regions, microRNAs, and phosphorylation of initiation factors.
Translation
The document summarizes key aspects of protein synthesis (translation):
- Translation occurs in the cytoplasm using ribosomes and involves mRNA being decoded to produce a specific polypeptide according to the nucleotide sequence.
- The genetic code consists of codons that are three nucleotide sequences in mRNA that code for specific amino acids. There are 61 codons that code for 20 amino acids and stop codons that end protein synthesis.
- Translation involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages using components like amino acids, ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA, and energy sources. Amino acids are activated and attached to tRNAs before being added to the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA template.
Gene expression&regulation part ii
The document summarizes the process of translation, which involves mRNA being decoded by ribosomes to produce a specific amino acid sequence. It describes the three stages of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination. Key components like mRNA, ribosomes, tRNAs, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are discussed. The roles of these components in reading the genetic code contained in mRNA and synthesizing polypeptide chains are explained over multiple paragraphs.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN EUKARYOTES.pptx
Protein synthesis in eukaryotes involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation requires many initiation factors and begins with formation of a preinitiation complex on the 5' end of mRNA. Elongation is cyclic and adds one amino acid at a time to the growing polypeptide chain using elongation factors. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and release factors cause dissociation of the ribosome and polypeptide release. Additional processes like post-translational modifications further process the final protein structure and function.
How cells read the genome from DNA to protein Notes
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in cells. It describes:
1) Transcription of DNA to RNA which is catalyzed by RNA polymerase and involves the formation of RNA through the addition of ribonucleotides.
2) Processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA which involves capping, splicing, and polyadenylation to form mature mRNA.
3) Translation of mRNA to protein which occurs on ribosomes and involves tRNAs carrying amino acids that are linked together through peptide bond formation catalyzed by the ribosome. Accuracy is ensured by induced fit binding and kinetic proofreading.
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Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcriptionMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
This document summarizes eukaryotic transcription by RNA polymerases. It discusses the three types of RNA polymerases (I, II, and III) found in eukaryotic cells, what genes each polymerase transcribes, and the basic stages and mechanisms of transcription (initiation, elongation, termination). It also describes the promoters, processing, and other regulatory elements involved in eukaryotic transcription.• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdf
• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
• What component of the cell does the translation?
• What molecule in the cell does transcription?
• What are the functions of: operon, promotor?
• What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon?
Solution
• Define transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription.
• Define translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
Divakaran Molecular level of Eukaryotic translation
Eukaryotic translation involves four primary components: messenger RNA (mRNA) that carries the protein code from DNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) that links codons to amino acids, enzymes for attaching amino acids to tRNAs, and ribosomes that direct protein synthesis. Translation occurs in four steps: initiation, elongation, termination, and recycling. Initiation requires multiple initiation factors and can occur via a cap-dependent or cap-independent mechanism. In elongation, each amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain through the actions of elongation factors. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and release factors release the polypeptide. Finally, recycling dissociates ribosomes so they can be reused for another
Eukaryotic Translation & it's Regulation.pptx
The document discusses translation, the process by which proteins are synthesized from messenger RNA (mRNA) templates. It describes the key components of translation, including mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomes, and enzymes. The translation process involves three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the assembly of the ribosomal complex on the mRNA. Elongation is the cyclic addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, releasing the complete protein. The document also discusses various mechanisms of regulating translation, such as via RNA-binding proteins, the 5' and 3' untranslated regions, microRNAs, and phosphorylation of initiation factors.
Translation
The document summarizes key aspects of protein synthesis (translation):
- Translation occurs in the cytoplasm using ribosomes and involves mRNA being decoded to produce a specific polypeptide according to the nucleotide sequence.
- The genetic code consists of codons that are three nucleotide sequences in mRNA that code for specific amino acids. There are 61 codons that code for 20 amino acids and stop codons that end protein synthesis.
- Translation involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages using components like amino acids, ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA, and energy sources. Amino acids are activated and attached to tRNAs before being added to the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA template.
Gene expression&regulation part ii
The document summarizes the process of translation, which involves mRNA being decoded by ribosomes to produce a specific amino acid sequence. It describes the three stages of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination. Key components like mRNA, ribosomes, tRNAs, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are discussed. The roles of these components in reading the genetic code contained in mRNA and synthesizing polypeptide chains are explained over multiple paragraphs.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN EUKARYOTES.pptx
Protein synthesis in eukaryotes involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation requires many initiation factors and begins with formation of a preinitiation complex on the 5' end of mRNA. Elongation is cyclic and adds one amino acid at a time to the growing polypeptide chain using elongation factors. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and release factors cause dissociation of the ribosome and polypeptide release. Additional processes like post-translational modifications further process the final protein structure and function.
How cells read the genome from DNA to protein Notes
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in cells. It describes:
1) Transcription of DNA to RNA which is catalyzed by RNA polymerase and involves the formation of RNA through the addition of ribonucleotides.
2) Processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA which involves capping, splicing, and polyadenylation to form mature mRNA.
3) Translation of mRNA to protein which occurs on ribosomes and involves tRNAs carrying amino acids that are linked together through peptide bond formation catalyzed by the ribosome. Accuracy is ensured by induced fit binding and kinetic proofreading.
Basic principle of transcription
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and unwinds the double helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and stops adding nucleotides. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have similar transcription mechanisms but eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases and require additional transcription factors.
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Microbial genetics lectures 7, 8, and 9
This document discusses the relationship between genotype and phenotype. It provides examples of how gene expression in E. coli and Serratia marcescens is dependent on environmental conditions. It also summarizes the key steps in transcription, including initiation at the promoter, elongation as RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, and termination. Transcription differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with eukaryotic mRNA undergoing additional processing before translation.
RNA and Protein Synthesis
RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and separates the strands. In elongation, RNA nucleotides bind to the template DNA strand to form mRNA. In termination, hairpin loops form in the newly synthesized RNA causing transcription to stop. The primary mRNA transcript then undergoes processing where introns are removed and exons are spliced together to form the final mRNA.
Transcription in eukariotes by kk sahu
INTRODUCTION
A STRUCTURAL GENE
EUKARYOTIC RNAPs
MACHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
- INITIATION
-ELONGATION
-TERMINATION
RNA SPLISING
DIFFERENT BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction to Transcription
Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).Transcription is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase and a number of accessory proteins called transcription factors.
Basics of Protein Translation
The present ppt is covers all aspects of protein translation in bacteria as well as in eukaryotes. It also includes a brief introduction to ribosomes and tRNA which are among the key components of the translation machinery.
Subin cology
Protein biosynthesis is the process by which cells synthesize proteins. It involves the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain based on the genetic code. The main stages are activation of amino acids, initiation of translation at start codons on mRNA, elongation of the polypeptide chain by adding amino acids one by one, and termination when a stop codon is reached. Chaperones assist in protein folding and post-translational modifications further process the protein.
BiologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document provides an overview of biology concepts related to cellular control, biotechnology, environments, and responding to the environment. It covers topics such as how DNA codes for proteins through gene expression and protein synthesis, cellular control mechanisms like the lac operon, genetic inheritance and mutations, developmental biology processes like apoptosis and meiosis, and more. The document is organized into 8 sections that describe these concepts through explanatory text, diagrams, and lists.
Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
In this Assignment (Translation) following topics are :
Introduction
Component of Translation
Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Regulation of translation
Post-translational modification
References
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription is carried out by three nuclear RNA polymerases that transcribe different genes. RNA polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes in the nucleus. During transcription initiation, transcription factors help recruit RNA polymerase II to the promoter. Elongation occurs as RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in a transcription bubble. Termination of RNA polymerase II transcription occurs via cleavage of the nascent RNA transcript followed by RNA degradation. The other polymerases terminate via sequence-specific signals in DNA or the synthesized RNA.
protein synthesis
1. Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. This involves three phases - initiation, elongation, and termination.
2. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex than prokaryotic transcription due to multiple RNA polymerases, nucleosomes, separation of transcription and translation, and intron-exon structure of genes.
3. Following transcription, eukaryotic mRNA undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being translated into protein by ribosomes.
Gene expression system
This document provides an overview of gene expression and the central dogma of biology. It defines gene expression as the process by which genetic code is used to direct protein synthesis. The two main stages are transcription, where RNA is produced from DNA, and translation, where proteins are produced from mRNA. Key components of genes like exons, introns, promoters and enhancers are described. The details of transcription by RNA polymerase and the steps of translation by ribosomes are explained. The genetic code and how triplets of bases are used to represent the 20 amino acids is covered. The document concludes with an explanation of the central dogma that information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
TRANSLATION
Messenger RNA carries genetic code from DNA and is translated by the ribosome into proteins. This involves transfer RNA molecules that associate amino acids with their codons. Translation begins with initiation factors recruiting the small ribosomal subunit to the start codon. Elongation then occurs through peptide bond formation catalyzed by the ribosome and translocation of transfer RNAs. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached. Translation is highly conserved and essential for protein synthesis in all organisms.
Biomol-Translation Eukaryote.pptx
Translation is the process by which proteins are synthesized using the genetic code carried by mRNA. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the 5' end of mRNA and scans until the start codon. In elongation, tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to mRNA codons and link them together via peptide bonds. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, releasing the full protein. Eukaryotes have more complex translation than prokaryotes due to nuclear/cytoplasmic separation and mRNA processing such as splicing.
Non coding RNA,s
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. There are several types of ncRNAs including transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and microRNAs. tRNA transfers amino acids to sites of protein synthesis during translation. rRNA forms ribosomes and catalyzes peptide bond formation. ncRNAs are involved in many cellular processes like translation, splicing, and gene regulation. Dysregulation of ncRNAs can cause diseases like cancer.
Gene expression & regulation
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription differ in several key ways. Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and uses a single RNA polymerase to produce polycistronic mRNA, while eukaryotic transcription takes place in the nucleus using three RNA polymerases and produces monocistronic mRNA. Additionally, prokaryotic transcription and translation are coupled, while in eukaryotes they are not coupled and post-transcriptional processing occurs. Overall, both follow similar steps of initiation, elongation, and termination, but differ in their location, involved enzymes, and mRNA processing.
RNA
RNA and DNA are nucleic acids that differ in their chemical structure and functions. RNA is typically single-stranded and can form hairpin loops, while DNA is double-stranded. There are various types of RNA that serve different cellular roles. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly according to the mRNA sequence. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a core component of ribosomes and plays a key role in protein translation.
Translational machinery
This document discusses the process of translation in cells. It defines translation as the process by which the genetic information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to direct the synthesis of proteins. The key components involved in translation are mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and ribosomes. Translation involves tRNAs carrying amino acids to the ribosome, where they are linked together into a polypeptide chain according to the codons in the mRNA.
2 Conjugation Mapping Problems Question 1 is asking to map the table.pdf
2 Conjugation Mapping Problems
Question 1 is asking to map the table showing the recipient cell lines.(Conjugation Mapping)
Question 2 is asking to map the table (also conjugation mapping)
You have the following Hfr lines with gene expression showing in the recipient cell lines at the
following times in minutes. Draw a map showing all necessary features. 2. More complex
conjugation mapping As with the previous problem, complete a map based upon the following
data. Units are in minutes..
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1_ What is the most important theorem in Statistics?
a. The Central Law of Large Numbers
b. The Law of Large Numbers
c. The Central Limit Theorem
d. The Distribution of Sample Means
Standard Error of the Mean in Excel is described as:
Standard Deviation (X) =STDEV.S(X)/(SQRT(N)
True or False.
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Similar to 11- Which of these RNA molecules has a common secondary structure call.pdf
Basic principle of transcription
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and unwinds the double helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and stops adding nucleotides. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have similar transcription mechanisms but eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases and require additional transcription factors.
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Detailed presentation on the topic of DNA, transcription and translation, RNA, Ribosomes and Membrane proteins. Along with their structure and functions. Detailed Diagram and complete description of the processes. Along with references and Gifs that makes the presentation look more creative.
Eukaryotic Transcription.pptx
The document summarizes eukaryotic transcription and its regulation. It discusses the core promoter elements, pre-initiation complex formation, the three phases of transcription (initiation, elongation, termination), and the role of RNA polymerase and general transcription factors. It also describes mRNA processing events like capping, splicing, and polyadenylation. Finally, it discusses mechanisms of transcriptional regulation including cis-regulatory elements like promoters and enhancers, the role of chromatin structure, and common DNA-binding domains in transcription factors.
Microbial genetics lectures 7, 8, and 9
This document discusses the relationship between genotype and phenotype. It provides examples of how gene expression in E. coli and Serratia marcescens is dependent on environmental conditions. It also summarizes the key steps in transcription, including initiation at the promoter, elongation as RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, and termination. Transcription differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with eukaryotic mRNA undergoing additional processing before translation.
RNA and Protein Synthesis
RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and separates the strands. In elongation, RNA nucleotides bind to the template DNA strand to form mRNA. In termination, hairpin loops form in the newly synthesized RNA causing transcription to stop. The primary mRNA transcript then undergoes processing where introns are removed and exons are spliced together to form the final mRNA.
Transcription in eukariotes by kk sahu
INTRODUCTION
A STRUCTURAL GENE
EUKARYOTIC RNAPs
MACHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
- INITIATION
-ELONGATION
-TERMINATION
RNA SPLISING
DIFFERENT BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction to Transcription
Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).Transcription is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase and a number of accessory proteins called transcription factors.
Basics of Protein Translation
The present ppt is covers all aspects of protein translation in bacteria as well as in eukaryotes. It also includes a brief introduction to ribosomes and tRNA which are among the key components of the translation machinery.
Subin cology
Protein biosynthesis is the process by which cells synthesize proteins. It involves the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain based on the genetic code. The main stages are activation of amino acids, initiation of translation at start codons on mRNA, elongation of the polypeptide chain by adding amino acids one by one, and termination when a stop codon is reached. Chaperones assist in protein folding and post-translational modifications further process the protein.
BiologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document provides an overview of biology concepts related to cellular control, biotechnology, environments, and responding to the environment. It covers topics such as how DNA codes for proteins through gene expression and protein synthesis, cellular control mechanisms like the lac operon, genetic inheritance and mutations, developmental biology processes like apoptosis and meiosis, and more. The document is organized into 8 sections that describe these concepts through explanatory text, diagrams, and lists.
Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
In this Assignment (Translation) following topics are :
Introduction
Component of Translation
Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Regulation of translation
Post-translational modification
References
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription is carried out by three nuclear RNA polymerases that transcribe different genes. RNA polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes in the nucleus. During transcription initiation, transcription factors help recruit RNA polymerase II to the promoter. Elongation occurs as RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in a transcription bubble. Termination of RNA polymerase II transcription occurs via cleavage of the nascent RNA transcript followed by RNA degradation. The other polymerases terminate via sequence-specific signals in DNA or the synthesized RNA.
protein synthesis
1. Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. This involves three phases - initiation, elongation, and termination.
2. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex than prokaryotic transcription due to multiple RNA polymerases, nucleosomes, separation of transcription and translation, and intron-exon structure of genes.
3. Following transcription, eukaryotic mRNA undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being translated into protein by ribosomes.
Gene expression system
This document provides an overview of gene expression and the central dogma of biology. It defines gene expression as the process by which genetic code is used to direct protein synthesis. The two main stages are transcription, where RNA is produced from DNA, and translation, where proteins are produced from mRNA. Key components of genes like exons, introns, promoters and enhancers are described. The details of transcription by RNA polymerase and the steps of translation by ribosomes are explained. The genetic code and how triplets of bases are used to represent the 20 amino acids is covered. The document concludes with an explanation of the central dogma that information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
TRANSLATION
Messenger RNA carries genetic code from DNA and is translated by the ribosome into proteins. This involves transfer RNA molecules that associate amino acids with their codons. Translation begins with initiation factors recruiting the small ribosomal subunit to the start codon. Elongation then occurs through peptide bond formation catalyzed by the ribosome and translocation of transfer RNAs. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached. Translation is highly conserved and essential for protein synthesis in all organisms.
Biomol-Translation Eukaryote.pptx
Translation is the process by which proteins are synthesized using the genetic code carried by mRNA. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the 5' end of mRNA and scans until the start codon. In elongation, tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to mRNA codons and link them together via peptide bonds. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, releasing the full protein. Eukaryotes have more complex translation than prokaryotes due to nuclear/cytoplasmic separation and mRNA processing such as splicing.
Non coding RNA,s
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. There are several types of ncRNAs including transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and microRNAs. tRNA transfers amino acids to sites of protein synthesis during translation. rRNA forms ribosomes and catalyzes peptide bond formation. ncRNAs are involved in many cellular processes like translation, splicing, and gene regulation. Dysregulation of ncRNAs can cause diseases like cancer.
Gene expression & regulation
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription differ in several key ways. Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and uses a single RNA polymerase to produce polycistronic mRNA, while eukaryotic transcription takes place in the nucleus using three RNA polymerases and produces monocistronic mRNA. Additionally, prokaryotic transcription and translation are coupled, while in eukaryotes they are not coupled and post-transcriptional processing occurs. Overall, both follow similar steps of initiation, elongation, and termination, but differ in their location, involved enzymes, and mRNA processing.
RNA
RNA and DNA are nucleic acids that differ in their chemical structure and functions. RNA is typically single-stranded and can form hairpin loops, while DNA is double-stranded. There are various types of RNA that serve different cellular roles. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly according to the mRNA sequence. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a core component of ribosomes and plays a key role in protein translation.
Translational machinery
This document discusses the process of translation in cells. It defines translation as the process by which the genetic information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to direct the synthesis of proteins. The key components involved in translation are mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and ribosomes. Translation involves tRNAs carrying amino acids to the ribosome, where they are linked together into a polypeptide chain according to the codons in the mRNA.
Similar to 11- Which of these RNA molecules has a common secondary structure call.pdf (20)
DNA- Transcription and Tranlation, RNA, Ribosomes and membrane proteins.pptx
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2 Conjugation Mapping Problems Question 1 is asking to map the table.pdf
2 Conjugation Mapping Problems
Question 1 is asking to map the table showing the recipient cell lines.(Conjugation Mapping)
Question 2 is asking to map the table (also conjugation mapping)
You have the following Hfr lines with gene expression showing in the recipient cell lines at the
following times in minutes. Draw a map showing all necessary features. 2. More complex
conjugation mapping As with the previous problem, complete a map based upon the following
data. Units are in minutes..
1_ What is the most important theorem in Statistics- a- The Central La.pdf
1_ What is the most important theorem in Statistics?
a. The Central Law of Large Numbers
b. The Law of Large Numbers
c. The Central Limit Theorem
d. The Distribution of Sample Means
Standard Error of the Mean in Excel is described as:
Standard Deviation (X) =STDEV.S(X)/(SQRT(N)
True or False.
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19. raw a pedigree that includes each of the following and label them: The trait shown is
autosomal recessive One deceased individual Mark the proband One pair of identical twins One
pair of dizygotic twins Mark one of the carriers Mark the proband (hypothetical) One
consanguinity among cousins 20. Draw a made-up pedigree showing the inheritance of a
recessive Z-linked trait in a peacock family. Show at least two affected individuals. Provide the
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1B) Under what situations does a negative net worth cause concern?
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3) Give examples of ways to improve your cash flow..
19 The tissue lining the peritoneal cavity is an example of a 21 Which.pdf
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reticular tissue c) cutaneous membrane. b) areolar tissue d) synovial membrane. c) adipose tissue
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type of growth? 22 Which of the following membranes line movable joints? a) appositional a)
mucous membranes b) interstitial b) serous membranes c) cutaneous membranes d) synovial
membranes Short answer Why is stratified squamous epithelium well suited to form the 28
During a lab practical, Jason examines a tissue that is composed surface of the skin and the lining
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glands and exocrine glands. tissue as skeletal muscle. Why is Jason's choice wrong, and which
tissue is he probably observing? Which two cell populations make up nervous tissue? What are
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street. Her hands and exposed knees slide across the Why are infections always a serious threat
after a severe skin bum rough asphalt, resulting in deep abrasions. Outline the tissue or abrasion?
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tissue under a light microscope..
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than 15000 casualties. Unfortunately, most of the victims cannot be identified and family
members are desperate to find the remains of their loved ones. DNA and tissue samples from the
victims and their family members have been made available to you by the health department.
Using the techniques and concepts covered in the lectures, describe in DETAIL how you will
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19) When ATP is hydrolyzed enzymatically by an ATPase, how is the energy conserved by the
product of the reaction? a) the phosphoryl group is harvested and reattached to ADP by ATP
synthase b) the phosphoryl group is attached to the substrate forming a phosphorylated product
(c) the ADP is further hydrolyzed to release a second phosphoryl group and AMP d) the heat
released is consumed by the cell as a source of energy.
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media (Facebook, Twitter, and so on) regularly. The following table is based on the results of the
survey. Source: Harris interactive. (a) What is the probability that a randomly selected adult
American uses social media, given the individual is 18-34 years of age? (b) What is the
probability that a randomly selected adult American is 18-34 years of age, given the individual
uses social media?.
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18. The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have an apical side and a basolateral side. Which
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rickets C. More tobacco use, more alcohol use, \& diabetes D. Higher maternal mortality,
pediatric asthma, \& youth gunshot wounds.
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deviation p ^ ..
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the flow diagram. (The process steps are not listed in order.) a) Chew food b) Hold chopsticks
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17 Multimarket competition occurs when
Group of answer choices
firms have multiple products in their primary industry.
firms have diversified portfolios of subsidiaries.
firms compete against each other in several markets.
firms have multiple retail outlets..
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Find P(White, Green) d) Find P(Same color twice) e) Given that you got the same color twice,
what is the probability that it came from White?.
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17
The Equal Pay Act of 1963 allows for certain exceptions to justify pay differences between men
and women that might otherwise be considered discriminatory, referred to as "affirmative
defenses." Which of the following is NOT one of those exceptions?
Production
Seniority
Job title
Merit
A Production
B Seniority
C Job title
D Merit.
16- The hypothalamus- anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex all partic.pdf
16. The hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex all participate in the secrefico of
cortisol (aglucocorticoid). The regulatory connection of these organs is Vermed the HPA awis.
Using arrows to show cause-and-effect, draw a flow diagram illustrating the HPA axis and show
how it represents a nogative foedback mechanism. Identity the hormones involved. What
happens to the HPA axis of a patent who recewes chronic, elevated doses of hydrocortisono? 17.
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sources are known as: a. Spores b. Fruiting bodies c. Hyphae d. Sporangia e. Zoospores 20.
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