1. 1. Counting jails and prisons, approximately how many citizens are incarcerated? 2. 2. Which important scholar argued that criminals and their punishment are functional in society, help to define norms and expectations for conformity? 3. 3. Political liberals and _______________ encouraged reform of the prison system during the Enlightenment Period. 4. 4. Lex talionis embodies which of the following principles? 5. 5. The Penitentiary Act was based upon four core principles where prisoners were confined in solitary cells and labored silently in common rooms. They include 6. 6. How was the existing system of justice altered during the Enlightenment? 7. 7. The __________ was a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates. 8. 8. During the Progressive Reform Era, two main strategies were implemented. They included improving conditions in social environments and ______________. 9. 9. The Military Commissions Act (MCA) __________ the ability of “unlawful enemy combatants” to file a writ of habeas corpus. 10. 10. Which court decision held the basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made concerning the disciplining of an inmate? 11. 11. Which case allowed inmates to sue state officials for brutality, inadequate medical care and nutrition, theft of personal property and the denial of basic rights: 12. 12. In Boumediene v. Bush, the Court ruled the detainees at Guantanamo Bay are entitled to: 13. 13. According to the Supreme Court, the term “totality of conditions” may be legally interpreted as: 14. 14. The right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment is found in which Amendment? 15. 15. Experts usually cite _________ as reasons wrongful convictions occur. 16. 16. Probationary sentences emphasize guidance and ______________ in the community. 17. 17. In the Booker decision, the justices said that sentencing guidelines are: 18. 18. Restorative justice sees crime as a violation against which of the following? 19. 19. Which of the following is an argument for a centralized probation authority? 20. 20. Which of the following was not an innovation initially developed by John Augustus? 21. 21. Between 1200 and 1827, English law: 22. 22. Recognizance was first used in court to recognize a formally recorded ___________to perform some act entered by a judge to permit an offender to live in the community. 23. 23. Judges may use a range of ________________ sanctions from those exerting a low level of control to those exerting a high level of control. 24. 24. The concept of community corrections is best understood as a goal. That goal clearly is to: 25. 25. The new movement that seeks to establish correctional programs falling between standard probation and prison is called: 26. 26. A major criticism of probation, as traditionally practiced, is that: 27. 27. Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation offic.