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CzsÁåAiÀÄ 3.
zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À DªÀvÀð¤ÃAiÀÄ ªÀVÃðPÀgÀt.
.
gÀZÀ£É.
ªÉÆúÀ£ï.PÉ.Dgï.
fêÀ±Á¸ÀÛç ²PÀëPÀgÀÄ.
¸À.¥Ëæ.±Á¯É. »jêÀÄgÀ½. ¥ÁAqÀªÀ¥ÀÄgÀ.
ªÉÆ: 9901815471
• zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À DªÀvÀð¤ÃAiÀÄ ªÀVÃðPÀgÀt.
• qÉÆçgÉÊ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ:-
• 1829 gÀ°è dªÀÄð¤AiÀÄ qÉÆçgÉÊ
zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À ªÀVÃðPÀgÀtPÉÌ ¥ÀæxÀªÀĪÁV
¥ÀæAiÀÄwß¹zÀgÀÄ.
• qÉÆçgÉÊ 3 zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À wæªÀ½UÀ¼À£ÀÄß
ªÀUÀðªÁV ¥ÀjUÀt¹zÀgÀÄ. CªÀÅUÀ¼À
¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ gÁ²AiÀÄ KjPÉ PÀæªÀÄzÀ°è
eÉÆÃr¹zÀgÀÄ.
• qÉÆçgÉÊ£À wæªÀ½ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À°è
ªÀÄzsÀåzÀ zsÁvÀÄ«£À ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ
gÁ²AiÀÄÄ ªÉÄð£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PɼÀV£À
¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ gÁ²UÀ¼À ¸ÀgÁ¸ÀjUÉ
¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• GzÁ:- zsÁvÀÄ ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ gÁ²
• PÉÆèÃj£ï = 35.5
• ¨ÉÆæëģï = 80
• CAiÉÆÃr£ï = 127
• PÉÆèÃj£ï ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CAiÉÆÃr£ï ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ gÁ²AiÀÄ ¸ÀgÁ¸Àj.
=35.5 + 127
2
=162.5 = 81.22 ~ 80
2
• £ÀÆå¯ÁåAqÀgÀ CµÀÖPÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ:-
• £ÀÆå¯ÁåAqÀgÀ ¥ÀæPÁgÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß
¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ gÁ²AiÀÄ KjPÉAiÀÄ
PÀæªÀÄzÀ°è eÉÆÃr¹zÁUÀ 8£ÉÃ
zsÁvÀÄ«£À ®PÀëtUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÉÆzÀ®£ÉÃ
zsÁvÀĪÀ£ÀÄß ºÉÆîÄvÀÛzÉ.
• 1863 gÀ°è ¥ÀjZÀAiÀÄ«zÀÝ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå PÉêÀ® 56. ¥Àæw
ªÀµÀðzÀ°è PÉêÀ® MAzÀÄ zsÁvÀÄ «£À D«µÁÌgÀªÁUÀÄwvÀÄÛ.
• F J¯Áè zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀåªÀ¹ÜvÀªÁV CªÀÅUÀ¼À UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼À
DzsÁgÀzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É eÉÆÃr¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ QèµÀÖPÀgÀªÁVvÀÄÛ.
• ªÉÊeÁÕ¤PÀªÁV zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀVÃðPÀj¹zÀ QÃwðAiÀÄÄ
ªÉÄAqÀ°Ãªï gÀªÀjUÉ ¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
1869 gÀ°è ªÉÄAqÀ°Ãªï DªÀvÀð ಕಕಕಕಷಷಕ gÀa¹ದವರರ
• ªÉÄAqÉðêï CªÀgÀ DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀ:
• ªÉÄAqÉðêï CªÀgÀÄ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À UÀÄtUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ
gÁ²AiÀÄ DgÉÆúÀt PÀæªÀÄzÀ°è §gÉzÁUÀ ¤¢ðµÀ×
CAvÀgÀUÀ¼À°è ¥ÀÄ£ÀgÁªÀvÀð£ÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ JAzÀÄ
w½¹zÀgÀÄ.
• EªÀgÀÄ CµÀ×PÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄzÀ 8 JA§ ¥ÀzÀzÀ §zÀ¯ÁV
¤AiÀÄvÀ CAvÀgÀzÀ°è JA§ ¥ÀzÀ §¼À¹zÀgÀÄ.
• DzsÀĤPÀ DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀ:
• DzsÀĤPÀ DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖÀPÀªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀiÁ¸Éè
JA§ «eÁÕ¤AiÀÄÄ gÀa¹zÀgÀÄ.
• DzsÀĤPÀ DªÀvÀðzÀ ¤AiÀĪÀĪÉAzÀgÉ
zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À UÀÄtUÀ¼ÀÄ CªÀÅUÀ¼À
¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ ¸ÀASÉåUÀ¼À DªÀvÀð¤ÃAiÀÄ
¥ÀÄ£ÀgÁªÀvÀð£ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ.
• DªÀvÀð: DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ CqÀØ
¸Á®ÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß DªÀvÀð J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ°è 7 ªÀUÀðUÀ½ªÉ.
• ªÀUÀð: DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ PÀA§
¸Á®ÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀUÀð J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ. DªÀvÀð
PÉÆõÀ×PÀzÀ°è 18 ªÀUÀðUÀ½ªÉ.
1887 - 1915
• 18£Éà ªÀUÀðzÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ: 18£Éà ªÀUÀðzÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À ªÉïɤì
¸ÉÆ£Éß DVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ EzÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÉÆ£Éß ªÀUÀð J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
• F ªÀUÀðzÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À PÀPÉëUÀ¼ÀÄ UÀjµÀÖ ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄ
E¯ÉPÁÖç£ïUÀ½AzÀ ¨sÀwðAiÀiÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• DUÁð£ï £ÀAvÀºÀ zsÁvÀÄ«£À ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtĪÀÅ CµÀÖPÀ eÉÆÃqÀuÉ
ºÉÆA¢zÉ.
• Ar = 18 = 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6
• CµÀÖPÀ eÉÆÃqÀuÉ ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ 18£Éà ªÀUÀðzÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ
gÁ¸ÁAiÀĤPÀ QæAiÉÄAiÀÄ°è ¥Á¯ÉÆμÀîzÉ dqÀvÀé ¥ÀæzÀ²ð¸ÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ
EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß dqÀ C¤®UÀ¼ÀÄ CxÀªÁ ±ÉæõÀÖ C¤®UÀ¼ÀÄ
J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
• DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ ¨ÁèPïUÀ¼ÀÄ: DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀªÀ£ÀÄß 4 ¨ÁèPïUÀ¼ÁV
«AUÀr¸ÀĪÀgÀÄ.CªÀÅUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉ,
• S ¨ÁèPï.
• p ¨ÁèPï.
• d ¨ÁèPï.
• F ¨ÁèPï.
• f ¨ÁèPï zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ PɼÀUÉ ¥ÀævÉåÃPÀªÁV EqÀ¯ÁVzÉ.
EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¯ÁåAxÀ£ÁAiÀÄØ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ DQÖ£ÁAiÀÄØ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
• ¯ÁåAxÀ£ÁAiÀÄØ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ DQÖ£ÁAiÀÄØ PÀA§ ¸Á®ÄUÀ½VAvÀ CqÀØ ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼À°è ºÉZÀÄÑ
¸ÁªÀÄå ®PÀëtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ ¥ÀævÉåÃPÀªÁV DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ PɼÀUÉ
EqÀ¯ÁVzÉ.
• ¯ÁAåxÀ£ÁAiÀiïØ: ¯ÁåAxÉäAiÀÄA £ÀAvÀgÀ §gÀĪÀ ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ ¸ÀASÉå 58 jAzÀ
71gÀªÀgÉV£À 14 zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¯ÁåAxÀ£ÁAiÀiïØ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
• DQÖ£ÁAiÀiïØ : DPÉÖäAiÀÄA £ÀAvÀgÀ §gÀĪÀ 90 jAzÀ 103 gÀªÀgÉV£À 14 zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß
DQÖ£ÁAiÀiïØ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
• ºÉÊqÉÆæÃd£ï & »Ã°AiÀÄA zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À eÉÆÃqÀuÉ: ºÉÊqÉÆæÃd£ï
ªÀÄvÀÄÛ »Ã°AiÀÄA PÀæªÀĪÁV 1S1
& 1S2
E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï «£Áå¸À
ºÉÆA¢zÉ.
• »Ã°AiÀÄA dqÀ C¤®ªÁVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ CPÀÌ ¥ÀPÀÌzÀ°è EqÀzÉ
18£Éà ªÀUÀðzÀ°è ¸ÉÃj¸ÀĪÀgÀÄ.
• ¸ÀAPÁæAw zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ:
• E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï «£Áå¸ÀzÀ°è 3P AiÀÄ £ÀAvÀgÀ E¯ÉPÁÖç£ïUÀ¼ÀÄ 3d AiÀÄ£ÀÄß
vÀÄA§zÉ 4S £ÀÄß ªÉÆzÀ®Ä DPÀæ«Ä¹PÉƼÀÄîvÀÛzÉ.
• AiÀiÁªÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄUÀ¼À E¯ÉPÁÖç£ïUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀƪÁðAwªÀÄ
PÀªÀZÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¨sÁUÀ±À SÁ° ©lÄÖ ºÉÆgÀV£À PÀªÀZÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß
DPÀæ«Ä¹PÉƼÀÄîvÀÛªÉAiÉÆà CAvÀºÀªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀAPÁæAw zsÁvÀÄ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
• GzÁ: Fe=26 E.«.= 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S2
3d6
• Zn=30 E.«.= 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6
4S2 3d10
• d ¨ÁèPï zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉÆgÀV£À ¸ÀAPÀæªÀÄt zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ. f
¨ÁèPï zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß M¼ÀV£À ¸ÀAPÀæªÀÄt zsÁvÀÄ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
• zsÁvÀÄ AiÀiÁªÀ ¨ÁèPïUÉ ¸ÉÃjzÉ JAzÀÄ PÀAqÀÄ »rAiÀÄĪÀ «zsÁ£À.
• GzÁ: 1: Na=11 E.«. = 1S2
2S2
2P6
3S1
• CvÀåAvÀ ºÉÆgÀPÀªÀZÀªÁzÀ s £À°è E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï EgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ
EzÀÄ s ¨ÁèPïUÉ ¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• GzÁ: 2 Al=13 E.«. = 1S2
2S2
2P6
3S2
3P1
• CvÀåAvÀ ºÉÆgÀPÀªÀZÀªÁzÀ P £À°è E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï EgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ
EzÀÄ P ¨ÁèPïUÉ ¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• GzÁ: 3 Fe=26 E.«.= 1S2
2S2
2P6
3S2
3P6
4S2
3d6
• CvÀåAvÀ ºÉÆgÀPÀªÀZÀªÁzÀ d £À°è E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï EgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ
EzÀÄ d ¨ÁèPïUÉ ¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• zsÁvÀĪÀÅ AiÀiÁªÀ ªÀUÀðPÉÌ ¸ÉÃjzÉ JAzÀÄ PÀAqÀÄ »rAiÀÄĪÀ «zsÁ£À:
• GzÁ: 1 Ca=20 E.«.= 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6
4S2
• PÁå°ìAiÀÄA£À°è UÀjµÀÖ PÀªÀZÀ ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄÄ 4 DVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ 4£Éà ªÀUÀðPÉÌ
¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• GzÁ:2 Mn=25 E.«.= 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S2 3d5
• ªÀiÁåAUÀ¤Ã¸ï £À°è UÀjµÀÖ PÀªÀZÀ ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄÄ 4 DVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ 4£ÉÃ
DªÀvÀð ¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• GzÁ: 3 Zn=30 E.«.= 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S2
3d10
• fAPï£À°è UÀjµÀÖ PÀªÀZÀ ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄÄ 4 DVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ 4 £Éà DªÀvÀð
¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ UÁvÀæ: ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ«£À UÁvÀæªÀÅ CAiÀiÁ¤ÃPÀgÀt ±ÀQÛ
& E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï ¸ÉÃ¥ÀðqÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ«£À UÁvÀæªÀÅ JqÀ¢AzÀ §®PÉÌ ¸ÁVzÀAvÉ
PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. KPÉAzÀgÉ MAzÀÄ DªÀvÀðzÀ°è PÀªÀZÀUÀ¼À
¸ÀASÉå ºÉZÁÑUÀĪÀÅ¢¯Áè. DzÀgÉ CzÉà PÀªÀZÀPÉÌ E¯ÉPÁÖç£ïUÀ¼ÀÄ
¸ÉÃ¥ÀðqÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• £ÀÆåQèAiÀĸï E¯ÉPÁÖç£ïUÀ½UÉ M¼ÀªÀÄÄR ¸É¼ÉvÀ
GAlĪÀiÁqÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ UÁvÀæ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• GzÁ: Li>Be>B><N>O>F>Ne.
ಆಧರನಕ ಆವರರಕ ಕಕಕಕಷಷಕದ ಧಧರರಗಳರ
• «zÀÄåvï IÄtÂÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ [-ve ]:- E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï UÀ¼À£ÀÄß
¸ÀÄ®¨sÀªÁV ¹éÃPÀj¸ÀĪÀ ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄUÀ¼ÀÄ «zÀÄåvï IÄtÂÃAiÀÄ
¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ. GzÁ:- Cl
• «zÀÄåvï IÄtÂÃAiÀÄvÉ [-ve] DªÀvÀðzÀ°è ªÀÄÄAzÉ ºÉÆÃzÀAvÉ
ºÉZÁÑUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ & ªÀUÀðzÀ°è PɼÀUÉ ºÉÆÃzÀAvÉ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ.
• ¯ÉÆûÃAiÀÄ UÀÄt:- ¯ÉÆûÃAiÀÄ UÀÄtªÀÅ MAzÀÄ DªÀvÀðzÀ
UÀÄAl PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀÄvÁÛ ºÉÆÃUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. & MAzÀÄ ªÀUÀðzÀ PɼÀUÉ
¸ÁVzÀAvÉ ºÉZÁÑUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• GzÁ:- 14£Éà ªÀUÀðzÀ°ègÀĪÀ PÁ§ð£ï & ¹°PÁ£ï
C¯ÉÆúÀUÀ¼ÀÄ.
• dªÉÄÃð¤AiÀÄA ¯ÉÆúÀzÀ ¸Àé¨sÁªÀ ºÉÆA¢zÀÄÝ C¯ÉÆúÀzÀ ¨sËvÀ
UÀÄt ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ ¯ÉÆúÀ¨sÀUÀ¼ÀÄ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.

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  • 4. • GzÁ:- zsÁvÀÄ ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ gÁ² • PÉÆèÃj£ï = 35.5 • ¨ÉÆæëģï = 80 • CAiÉÆÃr£ï = 127 • PÉÆèÃj£ï ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CAiÉÆÃr£ï ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ gÁ²AiÀÄ ¸ÀgÁ¸Àj. =35.5 + 127 2 =162.5 = 81.22 ~ 80 2
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  • 6. • 1863 gÀ°è ¥ÀjZÀAiÀÄ«zÀÝ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå PÉêÀ® 56. ¥Àæw ªÀµÀðzÀ°è PÉêÀ® MAzÀÄ zsÁvÀÄ «£À D«µÁÌgÀªÁUÀÄwvÀÄÛ. • F J¯Áè zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀåªÀ¹ÜvÀªÁV CªÀÅUÀ¼À UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼À DzsÁgÀzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É eÉÆÃr¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ QèµÀÖPÀgÀªÁVvÀÄÛ. • ªÉÊeÁÕ¤PÀªÁV zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀVÃðPÀj¹zÀ QÃwðAiÀÄÄ ªÉÄAqÀ°Ãªï gÀªÀjUÉ ¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. 1869 gÀ°è ªÉÄAqÀ°Ãªï DªÀvÀð ಕಕಕಕಷಷಕ gÀa¹ದವರರ
  • 7. • ªÉÄAqÉðêï CªÀgÀ DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀ: • ªÉÄAqÉðêï CªÀgÀÄ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À UÀÄtUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ gÁ²AiÀÄ DgÉÆúÀt PÀæªÀÄzÀ°è §gÉzÁUÀ ¤¢ðµÀ× CAvÀgÀUÀ¼À°è ¥ÀÄ£ÀgÁªÀvÀð£ÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ JAzÀÄ w½¹zÀgÀÄ. • EªÀgÀÄ CµÀ×PÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄzÀ 8 JA§ ¥ÀzÀzÀ §zÀ¯ÁV ¤AiÀÄvÀ CAvÀgÀzÀ°è JA§ ¥ÀzÀ §¼À¹zÀgÀÄ.
  • 8. • DzsÀĤPÀ DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀ: • DzsÀĤPÀ DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖÀPÀªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀiÁ¸Éè JA§ «eÁÕ¤AiÀÄÄ gÀa¹zÀgÀÄ. • DzsÀĤPÀ DªÀvÀðzÀ ¤AiÀĪÀĪÉAzÀgÉ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À UÀÄtUÀ¼ÀÄ CªÀÅUÀ¼À ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ ¸ÀASÉåUÀ¼À DªÀvÀð¤ÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄ£ÀgÁªÀvÀð£ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ. • DªÀvÀð: DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ CqÀØ ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß DªÀvÀð J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ. DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ°è 7 ªÀUÀðUÀ½ªÉ. • ªÀUÀð: DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ PÀA§ ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀUÀð J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ. DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀ×PÀzÀ°è 18 ªÀUÀðUÀ½ªÉ. 1887 - 1915
  • 9. • 18£Éà ªÀUÀðzÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ: 18£Éà ªÀUÀðzÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À ªÉÃ¯É¤ì ¸ÉÆ£Éß DVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ EzÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÉÆ£Éß ªÀUÀð J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ. • F ªÀUÀðzÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À PÀPÉëUÀ¼ÀÄ UÀjµÀÖ ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄ E¯ÉPÁÖç£ïUÀ½AzÀ ¨sÀwðAiÀiÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. • DUÁð£ï £ÀAvÀºÀ zsÁvÀÄ«£À ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtĪÀÅ CµÀÖPÀ eÉÆÃqÀuÉ ºÉÆA¢zÉ. • Ar = 18 = 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 • CµÀÖPÀ eÉÆÃqÀuÉ ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ 18£Éà ªÀUÀðzÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ gÁ¸ÁAiÀĤPÀ QæAiÉÄAiÀÄ°è ¥Á¯ÉÆμÀîzÉ dqÀvÀé ¥ÀæzÀ²ð¸ÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß dqÀ C¤®UÀ¼ÀÄ CxÀªÁ ±ÉæõÀÖ C¤®UÀ¼ÀÄ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
  • 10. • DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ ¨ÁèPïUÀ¼ÀÄ: DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀªÀ£ÀÄß 4 ¨ÁèPïUÀ¼ÁV «AUÀr¸ÀĪÀgÀÄ.CªÀÅUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉ, • S ¨ÁèPï. • p ¨ÁèPï. • d ¨ÁèPï. • F ¨ÁèPï. • f ¨ÁèPï zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ PɼÀUÉ ¥ÀævÉåÃPÀªÁV EqÀ¯ÁVzÉ. EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¯ÁåAxÀ£ÁAiÀÄØ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ DQÖ£ÁAiÀÄØ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ. • ¯ÁåAxÀ£ÁAiÀÄØ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ DQÖ£ÁAiÀÄØ PÀA§ ¸Á®ÄUÀ½VAvÀ CqÀØ ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼À°è ºÉZÀÄÑ ¸ÁªÀÄå ®PÀëtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ ¥ÀævÉåÃPÀªÁV DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ PɼÀUÉ EqÀ¯ÁVzÉ. • ¯ÁAåxÀ£ÁAiÀiïØ: ¯ÁåAxÉäAiÀÄA £ÀAvÀgÀ §gÀĪÀ ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ ¸ÀASÉå 58 jAzÀ 71gÀªÀgÉV£À 14 zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¯ÁåAxÀ£ÁAiÀiïØ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ. • DQÖ£ÁAiÀiïØ : DPÉÖäAiÀÄA £ÀAvÀgÀ §gÀĪÀ 90 jAzÀ 103 gÀªÀgÉV£À 14 zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß DQÖ£ÁAiÀiïØ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
  • 11. • ºÉÊqÉÆæÃd£ï & »Ã°AiÀÄA zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À eÉÆÃqÀuÉ: ºÉÊqÉÆæÃd£ï ªÀÄvÀÄÛ »Ã°AiÀÄA PÀæªÀĪÁV 1S1 & 1S2 E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï «£Áå¸À ºÉÆA¢zÉ. • »Ã°AiÀÄA dqÀ C¤®ªÁVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ CPÀÌ ¥ÀPÀÌzÀ°è EqÀzÉ 18£Éà ªÀUÀðzÀ°è ¸ÉÃj¸ÀĪÀgÀÄ.
  • 12.
  • 13. • ¸ÀAPÁæAw zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ: • E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï «£Áå¸ÀzÀ°è 3P AiÀÄ £ÀAvÀgÀ E¯ÉPÁÖç£ïUÀ¼ÀÄ 3d AiÀÄ£ÀÄß vÀÄA§zÉ 4S £ÀÄß ªÉÆzÀ®Ä DPÀæ«Ä¹PÉƼÀÄîvÀÛzÉ. • AiÀiÁªÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄUÀ¼À E¯ÉPÁÖç£ïUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀƪÁðAwªÀÄ PÀªÀZÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¨sÁUÀ±À SÁ° ©lÄÖ ºÉÆgÀV£À PÀªÀZÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß DPÀæ«Ä¹PÉƼÀÄîvÀÛªÉAiÉÆà CAvÀºÀªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀAPÁæAw zsÁvÀÄ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ. • GzÁ: Fe=26 E.«.= 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S2 3d6 • Zn=30 E.«.= 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S2 3d10 • d ¨ÁèPï zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉÆgÀV£À ¸ÀAPÀæªÀÄt zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ. f ¨ÁèPï zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß M¼ÀV£À ¸ÀAPÀæªÀÄt zsÁvÀÄ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
  • 14. • zsÁvÀÄ AiÀiÁªÀ ¨ÁèPïUÉ ¸ÉÃjzÉ JAzÀÄ PÀAqÀÄ »rAiÀÄĪÀ «zsÁ£À. • GzÁ: 1: Na=11 E.«. = 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S1 • CvÀåAvÀ ºÉÆgÀPÀªÀZÀªÁzÀ s £À°è E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï EgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ EzÀÄ s ¨ÁèPïUÉ ¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. • GzÁ: 2 Al=13 E.«. = 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P1 • CvÀåAvÀ ºÉÆgÀPÀªÀZÀªÁzÀ P £À°è E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï EgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ EzÀÄ P ¨ÁèPïUÉ ¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. • GzÁ: 3 Fe=26 E.«.= 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S2 3d6 • CvÀåAvÀ ºÉÆgÀPÀªÀZÀªÁzÀ d £À°è E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï EgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ EzÀÄ d ¨ÁèPïUÉ ¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
  • 15. • zsÁvÀĪÀÅ AiÀiÁªÀ ªÀUÀðPÉÌ ¸ÉÃjzÉ JAzÀÄ PÀAqÀÄ »rAiÀÄĪÀ «zsÁ£À: • GzÁ: 1 Ca=20 E.«.= 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S2 • PÁå°ìAiÀÄA£À°è UÀjµÀÖ PÀªÀZÀ ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄÄ 4 DVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ 4£Éà ªÀUÀðPÉÌ ¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. • GzÁ:2 Mn=25 E.«.= 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S2 3d5 • ªÀiÁåAUÀ¤Ã¸ï £À°è UÀjµÀÖ PÀªÀZÀ ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄÄ 4 DVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ 4£Éà DªÀvÀð ¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. • GzÁ: 3 Zn=30 E.«.= 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 4S2 3d10 • fAPï£À°è UÀjµÀÖ PÀªÀZÀ ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄÄ 4 DVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ 4 £Éà DªÀvÀð ¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
  • 16. • ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ UÁvÀæ: ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ«£À UÁvÀæªÀÅ CAiÀiÁ¤ÃPÀgÀt ±ÀQÛ & E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï ¸ÉÃ¥ÀðqÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. • ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ«£À UÁvÀæªÀÅ JqÀ¢AzÀ §®PÉÌ ¸ÁVzÀAvÉ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. KPÉAzÀgÉ MAzÀÄ DªÀvÀðzÀ°è PÀªÀZÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå ºÉZÁÑUÀĪÀÅ¢¯Áè. DzÀgÉ CzÉà PÀªÀZÀPÉÌ E¯ÉPÁÖç£ïUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÉÃ¥ÀðqÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. • £ÀÆåQèAiÀĸï E¯ÉPÁÖç£ïUÀ½UÉ M¼ÀªÀÄÄR ¸É¼ÉvÀ GAlĪÀiÁqÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ UÁvÀæ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. • GzÁ: Li>Be>B><N>O>F>Ne.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 20. • «zÀÄåvï IÄtÂÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ [-ve ]:- E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï UÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀÄ®¨sÀªÁV ¹éÃPÀj¸ÀĪÀ ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄUÀ¼ÀÄ «zÀÄåvï IÄtÂÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ. GzÁ:- Cl • «zÀÄåvï IÄtÂÃAiÀÄvÉ [-ve] DªÀvÀðzÀ°è ªÀÄÄAzÉ ºÉÆÃzÀAvÉ ºÉZÁÑUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ & ªÀUÀðzÀ°è PɼÀUÉ ºÉÆÃzÀAvÉ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ. • ¯ÉÆûÃAiÀÄ UÀÄt:- ¯ÉÆûÃAiÀÄ UÀÄtªÀÅ MAzÀÄ DªÀvÀðzÀ UÀÄAl PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀÄvÁÛ ºÉÆÃUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. & MAzÀÄ ªÀUÀðzÀ PɼÀUÉ ¸ÁVzÀAvÉ ºÉZÁÑUÀÄvÀÛzÉ. • GzÁ:- 14£Éà ªÀUÀðzÀ°ègÀĪÀ PÁ§ð£ï & ¹°PÁ£ï C¯ÉÆúÀUÀ¼ÀÄ. • dªÉÄÃð¤AiÀÄA ¯ÉÆúÀzÀ ¸Àé¨sÁªÀ ºÉÆA¢zÀÄÝ C¯ÉÆúÀzÀ ¨sËvÀ UÀÄt ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ ¯ÉÆúÀ¨sÀUÀ¼ÀÄ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.