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1.
CzsÁåAiÀÄ 3. zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À DªÀvÀð¤ÃAiÀÄ ªÀVÃðPÀgÀt.
2.
. gÀZÀ£É. ªÉÆúÀ£ï.PÉ.Dgï. fêÀ±Á¸ÀÛç ²PÀëPÀ .±Á¯É. »jêÀÄgÀ½.
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3.
• zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À DªÀvÀð¤ÃAiÀÄ
ªÀVÃðPÀgÀt. • qÉÆçgÉÊ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ:- • 1829 gÀ°è dªÀÄð¤AiÀÄ qÉÆçgÉÊ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À ªÀVÃðPÀgÀtPÉÌ ¥ÀæxÀªÀĪÁV ¥ÀæAiÀÄwß¹zÀgÀÄ. • qÉÆçgÉÊ 3 zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À wæªÀ½UÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀUÀðªÁV ¥ÀjUÀt¹zÀgÀÄ. CªÀÅUÀ¼À ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ gÁ²AiÀÄ KjPÉ PÀæªÀÄzÀ°è eÉÆÃr¹zÀgÀÄ. • qÉÆçgÉÊ£À wæªÀ½ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À°è ªÀÄzsÀåzÀ zsÁvÀÄ«£À ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ gÁ²AiÀÄÄ ªÉÄð£À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PɼÀV£À ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ gÁ²UÀ¼À ¸ÀgÁ¸ÀjUÉ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
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¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ gÁ² • PÉÆèÃj£ï = 35.5 • ¨ÉÆæëģï = 80 • CAiÉÆÃr£ï = 127 • PÉÆèÃj£ï ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CAiÉÆÃr£ï ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ gÁ²AiÀÄ ¸ÀgÁ¸Àj. =35.5 + 127 2 =162.5 = 81.22 ~ 80 2
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£ÀÆå¯ÁåAqÀgÀ ¥ÀæPÁgÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ gÁ²AiÀÄ KjPÉAiÀÄ PÀæªÀÄzÀ°è eÉÆÃr¹zÁUÀ 8£Éà zsÁvÀÄ«£À ®PÀëtUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÉÆzÀ®£Éà zsÁvÀĪÀ£ÀÄß ºÉÆîÄvÀÛzÉ.
6.
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¥ÀjZÀAiÀÄ«zÀÝ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå PÉêÀ® 56. ¥Àæw ªÀµÀðzÀ°è PÉêÀ® MAzÀÄ zsÁvÀÄ «£À D«µÁÌgÀªÁUÀÄwvÀÄÛ. • F J¯Áè zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀåªÀ¹ÜvÀªÁV CªÀÅUÀ¼À UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼À DzsÁgÀzÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É eÉÆÃr¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ QèµÀÖPÀgÀªÁVvÀÄÛ. • ªÉÊeÁÕ¤PÀªÁV zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀVÃðPÀj¹zÀ QÃwðAiÀÄÄ ªÉÄAqÀ°Ãªï gÀªÀjUÉ ¸ÉÃgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. 1869 gÀ°è ªÉÄAqÀ°Ãªï DªÀvÀð ಕೋೋಷಟಕgÀa¹ದವರು
7.
• ªÉÄAqÉðêï CªÀgÀ
DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀ: • ªÉÄAqÉðêï CªÀgÀÄ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À UÀÄtUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ gÁ²AiÀÄ DgÉÆúÀt PÀæªÀÄzÀ°è §gÉzÁUÀ ¤¢ðµÀ× CAvÀgÀUÀ¼À°è ¥ÀÄ£ÀgÁªÀvÀð£ÉAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ JAzÀÄ w½¹zÀgÀÄ. • EªÀgÀÄ CµÀ×PÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄzÀ 8 JA§ ¥ÀzÀzÀ §zÀ¯ÁV ¤AiÀÄvÀ CAvÀgÀzÀ°è JA§ ¥ÀzÀ §¼À¹zÀgÀÄ.
8.
• DzsÀĤPÀ DªÀvÀð
PÉÆõÀÖPÀ: • DzsÀĤPÀ DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖÀPÀªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀiÁ¸Éè JA§ «eÁÕ¤AiÀÄÄ gÀa¹zÀgÀÄ. • DzsÀĤPÀ DªÀvÀðzÀ ¤AiÀĪÀĪÉAzÀgÉ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À UÀÄtUÀ¼ÀÄ CªÀÅUÀ¼À ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ ¸ÀASÉåUÀ¼À DªÀvÀð¤ÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀÄ£ÀgÁªÀvÀð£ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ. • DªÀvÀð: DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ CqÀØ ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß DªÀvÀð J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ. DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ°è 7 ªÀUÀðUÀ½ªÉ. • ªÀUÀð: DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ PÀA§ ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀUÀð J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ. DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀ×PÀzÀ°è 18 ªÀUÀðUÀ½ªÉ. 1887 - 1915
9.
• 18£Éà ªÀUÀðzÀ
zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ: 18£Éà ªÀUÀðzÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À ªÉÃ¯É¤ì ¸ÉÆ£Éß DVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ EzÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÉÆ£Éß ªÀUÀð J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ. • F ªÀUÀðzÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À PÀPÉëUÀ¼ÀÄ UÀjµÀÖ ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄ E¯ÉPÁÖç£ïUÀ½AzÀ ¨sÀwðAiÀiÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. • DUÁð£ï £ÀAvÀºÀ zsÁvÀÄ«£À ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtĪÀÅ CµÀÖPÀ eÉÆÃqÀuÉ ºÉÆA¢zÉ. • Ar = 18 = 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 • CµÀÖPÀ eÉÆÃqÀuÉ ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ 18£Éà ªÀUÀðzÀ zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ gÁ¸ÁAiÀĤPÀ QæAiÉÄAiÀÄ°è ¥Á¯ÉÆμÀîzÉ dqÀvÀé ¥ÀæzÀ²ð¸ÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß dqÀ C¤®UÀ¼ÀÄ CxÀªÁ ±ÉæõÀÖ C¤®UÀ¼ÀÄ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
10.
• DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ
¨ÁèPïUÀ¼ÀÄ: DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀªÀ£ÀÄß 4 ¨ÁèPïUÀ¼ÁV «AUÀr¸ÀĪÀgÀÄ.CªÀÅUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉ, • S ¨ÁèPï. • p ¨ÁèPï. • d ¨ÁèPï. • F ¨ÁèPï. • f ¨ÁèPï zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ PɼÀUÉ ¥ÀævÉåÃPÀªÁV EqÀ¯ÁVzÉ. EªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¯ÁåAxÀ£ÁAiÀÄØ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ DQÖ£ÁAiÀÄØ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ. • ¯ÁåAxÀ£ÁAiÀÄØ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ DQÖ£ÁAiÀÄØ PÀA§ ¸Á®ÄUÀ½VAvÀ CqÀØ ¸Á®ÄUÀ¼À°è ºÉZÀÄÑ ¸ÁªÀÄå ®PÀëtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ ¥ÀævÉåÃPÀªÁV DªÀvÀð PÉÆõÀÖPÀzÀ PɼÀUÉ EqÀ¯ÁVzÉ. • ¯ÁAåxÀ£ÁAiÀiïØ: ¯ÁåAxÉäAiÀÄA £ÀAvÀgÀ §gÀĪÀ ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ ¸ÀASÉå 58 jAzÀ 71gÀªÀgÉV£À 14 zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¯ÁåAxÀ£ÁAiÀiïØ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ. • DQÖ£ÁAiÀiïØ : DPÉÖäAiÀÄA £ÀAvÀgÀ §gÀĪÀ 90 jAzÀ 103 gÀªÀgÉV£À 14 zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß DQÖ£ÁAiÀiïØ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
11.
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»Ã°AiÀÄA zsÁvÀÄUÀ¼À eÉÆÃqÀuÉ: ºÉÊqÉÆæÃd£ï ªÀÄvÀÄÛ »Ã°AiÀÄA PÀæªÀĪÁV 1S1 & 1S2 E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï «£Áå¸À ºÉÆA¢zÉ. • »Ã°AiÀÄA dqÀ C¤®ªÁVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ CPÀÌ ¥ÀPÀÌzÀ°è EqÀzÉ 18£Éà ªÀUÀðzÀ°è ¸ÉÃj¸ÀĪÀgÀÄ.
12.
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