Prompt:
What is the goal of education? How successful is America’s educational system at achieving that goal for all of this nation’s children? Examine these questions through two in-class texts and one outside source.
Assignment Requirements:
1. You must have a clearly defined main point (thesis). The purpose of the paper is not to tell a story. Rather, use the readings and your analysis to prove a point or argue an idea.
2. For this paper you must examine the ideas of two readings from this unit and one outside source.
a. In-class readings: The authors all write about the education in some manner. You will choose two writers who help you address your thesis.
b. Outside source: A source not discussed in class that portrays or examines education. Consider consulting:
i. the media (movies, television, advertisements, etc.).
ii. magazines or newspaper articles
iii. appropriate internet sites
iv. journals (available through the library’s website)
3. You must include a minimum of six quotes from your sources, but make sure these references are relevant to your essay. Be sure to give distinctive details, descriptions, explanations, etc.
4. You must write about an issue, an idea, and not primarily about your personal experiences.
a. You may draw on personal knowledge to exemplify a point—indeed, that can be wonderful and effective‐‐, but your personal story should not take up the bulk of your essay.
5. Your paper should be five to eight pages typed, double spaced, 12 pt. Times New Roman font and have one inch margins all the way around. Your essay must also have an original title.
6. You must use MLA format/conventions for in- text citations and work cited page.
7. All final drafts of essays must be submitted onto turnitin.com by the due date. A printed copy of the essay must also be given to the instructor in class on the day due.
IN CLASS READING:
“Still Unequal, Still Separate” by Jonathan Kozol
“Report of the Massachusetts Board of Education” by Horace Mann
6 Quotations in total.
OUTSIDE SOURCE:
http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/05/04/is-testing-students-the-answer-to-americas-education-woes
Geology
doi: 10.1130/G31017.1
2010;38;1067-1070Geology
G.C. Koteas, M.L. Williams, S.J. Seaman and G. Dumond
Granite genesis and mafic-felsic magma interaction in the lower crust
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official positions of the Society.
citizenship, gender, religion, or political viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect
presentation of diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, regardless of their race,
includes a reference to the article's full citation. GSA provides this and other forums for the
the abstracts only ...
This document provides a summary of an anonymous student's education and research experience. The student received their PhD from MIT in earth and planetary sciences, focusing on high degree mantle melts. They are currently a postdoctoral researcher at MIT studying magma production in the Aleutian arc. The student has extensive experience conducting high-pressure experiments and geochemical modeling to study mantle melting processes.
Q3_W2_Volcanic_Eruption Science 9 Third quarter.pptxssuser86252c
The document provides information about plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions. It begins with definitions of key terms like lithospheric plates, divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and sea-floor spreading. It then discusses the two types of crust, oceanic and continental, and how they relate to plate boundaries and volcanoes. Different plate boundary types are also explained, including the forces and results associated with divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries. The document concludes with a discussion of evidence that supports the theory of continental drift, such as matching fossil records across continents.
This study analyzes samples from the 2010 and 2006 eruptions of Mount Merapi in Indonesia to understand the processes leading to the much larger 2010 eruption. Petrological analysis reveals complex magmatic processes involving multiple storage zones within the volcano. A deep reservoir at 30 km likely generated basaltic andesite magmas. Shallower zones at 13 km and below 10 km recorded decreasing water contents and gas exsolution. The 2010 eruption was driven by a much larger intrusion of gas-rich magma from depth that overwhelmed shallower crystal-rich zones, allowing rapid ascent with gases intact. This contrasts 2006 where intrusions were smaller and slowed by crystals, filtering gases.
The Neoproterozoic carbonate sequence on the southeastern border of the Amazon Craton is divided into three lithostratigraphic units: a basal
cap dolomite, an intermediate limestone, limestone-mudstone unit, and an upper dolarenite-dolorudite unit. Sections of the cap-carbonate were
measured from the inner shelf to the outer shelf. Carbon isotope ratios (relative to PDB) vary between − 10.5 and − 1.7‰ in cap dolomite, and
between − 5.4 and +0.1‰ in laminated limestone and mud-limestone. Limestones and mud-limestones exhibit 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from
0.70740 to 0.70780. A comparative isotope stratigraphy between the inner-shelf and the middle-shelf basin shows differences in carbon isotope
ratios: The cap dolomite and limestones have lower δ13C ratios on the border of the basin (inner shelf) than in the middle shelf of the basin. These
lower values can be related to shallower environmental conditions and to a stronger influence of the continental border. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios are the
same in both areas, and are consistent with seawater composition at around 600 Ma.
LATE QUATERNARY STRATIGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO MARGINDaniel Matranga
This document provides an introduction and overview for a volume that presents studies on the late Quaternary stratigraphy of the northern Gulf of Mexico margin. It summarizes that the studies characterize deposition and strata formation from different fluvial and deltaic systems during the most recent glacioeustatic cycle through the analysis of high-resolution stratigraphic data. A key goal is to compare paleogeography and depositional system evolution in different areas to better understand the influences of factors like climate, sediment supply, and sea-level change on stratigraphic architecture. The integration of chronologies between studies allows for the comparison of contemporaneous depositional systems and testing of sequence stratigraphic models.
The CARCACE project deepwater platforms - modular designs for in situ experim...Ædel Aerospace GmbH
This document describes the CARCACE project which aims to study ecosystems created by large organic falls in the deep Atlantic Ocean. The project involves deploying cow carcasses at 1000m depth in the Setubal Canyon and Azores to study community succession over time. New platform designs were developed to deploy and monitor the carcasses, including a floating platform and reinforced concrete platform anchored to the seafloor. The concrete platform was deployed in March 2011 to begin the first experiment of the CARCACE project.
This study directly links iridium anomalies to mass extinction events across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in New Jersey. High-resolution iridium analyses of sediment cores from eight localities confirm a previous report of an iridium anomaly 20 cm below the extinction horizon at Tighe Park, Freehold. Iridium anomalies also correlate with extinctions at three other clay-rich sections. These data reaffirm the link between the Chicxulub impact and mass extinction and attribute the iridium anomaly at Freehold to downward movement of iridium.
Deadline is on Tuesday ,September 16 th2014I would like to .docxtheodorelove43763
Deadline is on Tuesday ,September 16 th/2014
I would like to have a design of the four broadcast protocols using a written description with the graphic representation showing how the design looks like and how information/communication happen between nodes beside the details explanation using scenarios to estimate the complexity.
Each of the designs should have an evaluation of the efficiency in the context of message complexity and round complexity.
The design should be based on a cube system with 8 nodes using
1. message-passing model
2. shared-memory model
3. mobile agent communication model
So the final work will have a total of 4 graphic designs with use case scenarios for each design to explain and calculate the complexity and efficiently of each design. The efficiency would be calculated for each design in term of message complexity and round complexity. Then decide on the best protocol among the proposed designs based on the efficiency.
geology2.pdf
geology1.pdf
1
Plate Tectonics Name: ________________
INTRODUCTION
Plate tectonics is a well established theory that unifies and provides a framework for
all geologic observations. Most geologic phenomenon observed near the Earth’s
surface are linked in some way to plate tectonic processes. The theory states that the
outer 60-100 km of the Earth is divided into slabs of rigid rock (the lithosphere). These
slabs (the plates) rest upon a semi-viscous layer of easily deformable rock (the
asthenosphere). Thermal convection within the asthenosphere pushes the plates in
horizontal directions at rates ranging from 1 cm to 12 cm/year. This causes the plates
to move in relation to one another. Boundaries between the 8 principle plates and
several smaller plates are zones of rock deformation, earthquakes and volcanism.
This lab utilizes real data that demonstrates and/or validates the theory of Plate
Tectonics. Four exercises, modified from Jones and Jones (2003), follow.
o Part A examines global maps of tectonic plate boundaries and earthquake data
to identify plate boundary locations and assess relative motion between the
plates.
o Part B uses maps of the ocean floor to calculate spreading rates across a mid-
oceanic ridge in the South Pacific.
o Part C interprets maps and utilizes geologic ages for Hawaiian Islands to better
understand movement of the underlying Pacific plate over a “hot spot”.
o Part D examines a geologic map along a portion of the San Andreas Fault to
evaluate the direction and rate of plate movement.
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this exercise, you will be able to understand:
1. basic differences between major types of plate boundaries.
2. magnetic stripping and use it to calculate spreading rates
3. the concept of “hot spots” and use this understanding to determine the speed
and direction of movement of plates
4. how to interpret a geological map of the San Andreas Fault and calculate the
rate of movement al.
This document provides a summary of an anonymous student's education and research experience. The student received their PhD from MIT in earth and planetary sciences, focusing on high degree mantle melts. They are currently a postdoctoral researcher at MIT studying magma production in the Aleutian arc. The student has extensive experience conducting high-pressure experiments and geochemical modeling to study mantle melting processes.
Q3_W2_Volcanic_Eruption Science 9 Third quarter.pptxssuser86252c
The document provides information about plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions. It begins with definitions of key terms like lithospheric plates, divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and sea-floor spreading. It then discusses the two types of crust, oceanic and continental, and how they relate to plate boundaries and volcanoes. Different plate boundary types are also explained, including the forces and results associated with divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries. The document concludes with a discussion of evidence that supports the theory of continental drift, such as matching fossil records across continents.
This study analyzes samples from the 2010 and 2006 eruptions of Mount Merapi in Indonesia to understand the processes leading to the much larger 2010 eruption. Petrological analysis reveals complex magmatic processes involving multiple storage zones within the volcano. A deep reservoir at 30 km likely generated basaltic andesite magmas. Shallower zones at 13 km and below 10 km recorded decreasing water contents and gas exsolution. The 2010 eruption was driven by a much larger intrusion of gas-rich magma from depth that overwhelmed shallower crystal-rich zones, allowing rapid ascent with gases intact. This contrasts 2006 where intrusions were smaller and slowed by crystals, filtering gases.
The Neoproterozoic carbonate sequence on the southeastern border of the Amazon Craton is divided into three lithostratigraphic units: a basal
cap dolomite, an intermediate limestone, limestone-mudstone unit, and an upper dolarenite-dolorudite unit. Sections of the cap-carbonate were
measured from the inner shelf to the outer shelf. Carbon isotope ratios (relative to PDB) vary between − 10.5 and − 1.7‰ in cap dolomite, and
between − 5.4 and +0.1‰ in laminated limestone and mud-limestone. Limestones and mud-limestones exhibit 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from
0.70740 to 0.70780. A comparative isotope stratigraphy between the inner-shelf and the middle-shelf basin shows differences in carbon isotope
ratios: The cap dolomite and limestones have lower δ13C ratios on the border of the basin (inner shelf) than in the middle shelf of the basin. These
lower values can be related to shallower environmental conditions and to a stronger influence of the continental border. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios are the
same in both areas, and are consistent with seawater composition at around 600 Ma.
LATE QUATERNARY STRATIGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO MARGINDaniel Matranga
This document provides an introduction and overview for a volume that presents studies on the late Quaternary stratigraphy of the northern Gulf of Mexico margin. It summarizes that the studies characterize deposition and strata formation from different fluvial and deltaic systems during the most recent glacioeustatic cycle through the analysis of high-resolution stratigraphic data. A key goal is to compare paleogeography and depositional system evolution in different areas to better understand the influences of factors like climate, sediment supply, and sea-level change on stratigraphic architecture. The integration of chronologies between studies allows for the comparison of contemporaneous depositional systems and testing of sequence stratigraphic models.
The CARCACE project deepwater platforms - modular designs for in situ experim...Ædel Aerospace GmbH
This document describes the CARCACE project which aims to study ecosystems created by large organic falls in the deep Atlantic Ocean. The project involves deploying cow carcasses at 1000m depth in the Setubal Canyon and Azores to study community succession over time. New platform designs were developed to deploy and monitor the carcasses, including a floating platform and reinforced concrete platform anchored to the seafloor. The concrete platform was deployed in March 2011 to begin the first experiment of the CARCACE project.
This study directly links iridium anomalies to mass extinction events across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in New Jersey. High-resolution iridium analyses of sediment cores from eight localities confirm a previous report of an iridium anomaly 20 cm below the extinction horizon at Tighe Park, Freehold. Iridium anomalies also correlate with extinctions at three other clay-rich sections. These data reaffirm the link between the Chicxulub impact and mass extinction and attribute the iridium anomaly at Freehold to downward movement of iridium.
Deadline is on Tuesday ,September 16 th2014I would like to .docxtheodorelove43763
Deadline is on Tuesday ,September 16 th/2014
I would like to have a design of the four broadcast protocols using a written description with the graphic representation showing how the design looks like and how information/communication happen between nodes beside the details explanation using scenarios to estimate the complexity.
Each of the designs should have an evaluation of the efficiency in the context of message complexity and round complexity.
The design should be based on a cube system with 8 nodes using
1. message-passing model
2. shared-memory model
3. mobile agent communication model
So the final work will have a total of 4 graphic designs with use case scenarios for each design to explain and calculate the complexity and efficiently of each design. The efficiency would be calculated for each design in term of message complexity and round complexity. Then decide on the best protocol among the proposed designs based on the efficiency.
geology2.pdf
geology1.pdf
1
Plate Tectonics Name: ________________
INTRODUCTION
Plate tectonics is a well established theory that unifies and provides a framework for
all geologic observations. Most geologic phenomenon observed near the Earth’s
surface are linked in some way to plate tectonic processes. The theory states that the
outer 60-100 km of the Earth is divided into slabs of rigid rock (the lithosphere). These
slabs (the plates) rest upon a semi-viscous layer of easily deformable rock (the
asthenosphere). Thermal convection within the asthenosphere pushes the plates in
horizontal directions at rates ranging from 1 cm to 12 cm/year. This causes the plates
to move in relation to one another. Boundaries between the 8 principle plates and
several smaller plates are zones of rock deformation, earthquakes and volcanism.
This lab utilizes real data that demonstrates and/or validates the theory of Plate
Tectonics. Four exercises, modified from Jones and Jones (2003), follow.
o Part A examines global maps of tectonic plate boundaries and earthquake data
to identify plate boundary locations and assess relative motion between the
plates.
o Part B uses maps of the ocean floor to calculate spreading rates across a mid-
oceanic ridge in the South Pacific.
o Part C interprets maps and utilizes geologic ages for Hawaiian Islands to better
understand movement of the underlying Pacific plate over a “hot spot”.
o Part D examines a geologic map along a portion of the San Andreas Fault to
evaluate the direction and rate of plate movement.
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this exercise, you will be able to understand:
1. basic differences between major types of plate boundaries.
2. magnetic stripping and use it to calculate spreading rates
3. the concept of “hot spots” and use this understanding to determine the speed
and direction of movement of plates
4. how to interpret a geological map of the San Andreas Fault and calculate the
rate of movement al.
The topic of plate tectonics is largely based on Alfred Wegner's theory of continental drift, which became accepted with the discovery of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean, and after fossil, flora, and geological studies in Africa and South America. In this lesson, students will learn about Earth’s structure, differences between various types of tectonic plate boundaries, their outcomes, and their connection to locations of volcanoes and earthquake activity.
The integrated study characterized the reservoir quality and stratigraphy of the Mowry Shale and Muddy Sandstone in the Powder River Basin. Five depositional facies were identified in the Muddy Sandstone based on core and well log analysis, with the cleanest reservoir sands found in tidal inlet and channel deposits. The overlying Mowry Shale consisted of three parasequences deposited in a restricted shelf environment. Seismic inversion and lithofacies modeling were used to map the facies distributions across the 3D seismic volume. The results provide insights into the stratigraphic framework and reservoir characteristics of the two plays to better assess their exploration potential.
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a study that proposes a new hypothesis for the origin of intraplate volcanism. The study suggests that some intraplate volcanic activity, like the Steens-Columbia River flood basalt, can be explained by tearing of subducting tectonic plates as they slow down, which allows rapid mantle upwelling. While this model may explain some cases of intraplate magmatism, it does not fully account for all aspects of some systems like Yellowstone, so the relationship between plate tectonics and intraplate volcanism remains an area of ongoing research.
The passage discusses a lecture about The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins, which some critics consider the finest and first detective novel ever written. The professor introduces the class to this novel and provides context about its place in the genre of detective fiction. Details are then given about the plot and characters of the novel to further explain its significance and critical acclaim within the genre.
Fizzy Super-Earths: Impacts of Magma Composition on the Bulk Density and Stru...Sérgio Sacani
Lava worlds are a potential emerging population of Super-Earths that are on close-in orbits around their host stars,
with likely partially molten mantles. To date, few studies have addressed the impact of magma on the observed
properties of a planet. At ambient conditions, magma is less dense than solid rock; however, it is also more
compressible with increasing pressure. Therefore, it is unclear how large-scale magma oceans affect planet
observables, such as bulk density. We update ExoPlex, a thermodynamically self-consistent planet interior
software, to include anhydrous, hydrous (2.2 wt% H2O), and carbonated magmas (5.2 wt% CO2). We find that
Earth-like planets with magma oceans larger than ∼1.5 R⊕ and ∼3.2 M⊕ are modestly denser than an equivalentmass
solid planet. From our model, three classes of mantle structures emerge for magma ocean planets: (1) a
mantle magma ocean, (2) a surface magma ocean, and (3) one consisting of a surface magma ocean, a solid rock
layer, and a basal magma ocean. The class of planets in which a basal magma ocean is present may sequester
dissolved volatiles on billion-year timescales, in which a 4 M⊕ mass planet can trap more than 130 times the mass
of water than in Earth’s present-day oceans and 1000 times the carbon in the Earth’s surface and crust.
This document summarizes evidence for environmental impacts caused by the ancient Maya civilization between 3000-1000 BP in Central America, termed the "Mayacene" or Maya Early Anthropocene. It discusses six stratigraphic markers that indicate this period of large-scale human-driven change: 1) "Maya Clay" deposits, 2) paleosol sequences, 3) increased carbon isotope ratios, 4) remains of Maya infrastructure, 5) chemical enrichment of soils, and 6) evidence of Maya-induced climate change. The Maya significantly altered local and regional ecosystems through vast urban and agricultural infrastructure, including reservoirs, fields, and forest clearing, though at least 40% of forests remained intact. Their impacts on hydrology, soils,
Oceanography 100 Reading and Homework Assignments – Chapter 1(Se.docxhopeaustin33688
Oceanography 100 Reading and Homework Assignments – Chapter 1
(See schedule for due dates)
Chapter 1:Read the entire chapter. Also read Appendix III.
Vocabulary (for studying purposes only):
Ocean
Sea
Sextant
Latitude
Longitude
http://blog.worldlabel.com/2009/clip-art-of-the-week-papapishus-junk-ship-and-wikimedia-clips.html
Sir James Cook
The Scientific Method
Hypothesis vs. Theory
Nebular Hypothesis
Density
Density Stratification
Earth’s Chemical Layers
Crust (oceanic vs. continental)
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
Earth’s Physical Layers
Lithosphere
http://www.teachengineering.org/view_activity.php?url=http://www.teachengineering.org/collection/cub_/activities/cub_navigation/cub_navigation_lesson10_activity1.xml
Asthenosphere
Lower Mantle
Isostatic Adjustment
Isostatic Rebound
Outgassing
Stanley Miller
Atmosphere
Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Oxidation Event
Radiometric Dating
Half-life
Geologic Time Scale
Homework:
1) (Concept Check 1.2, #3) List some of the major achievements of Captain James Cook.
2) T or F? The deepest place in the ocean, the Marianas Trench, is not as deep as the highest place on land is tall. In other words, if we put Mt. Everest in the Marianas Trench the top would stick out above water to form an island.
3) On the diagram below, color/highlight the lines of latitude with red or pink, the lines of longitude with blue. Then, answer the following questions with either latitude, longitude, or both. Note, the handout and Appendix III are the place to look for these answers.
N
a) Form circles around the Earth. __________________
b) 0° is located at the Equator __________________
c) 1° can be divided into 60’ or 3600’’__________________
d) Measured in ° east or west of the prime meridian.
__________________
4) Which of the following locations is farthest north? A) Newest Town 35° 45” N, 45° 35’ W b) Oldest Town 15° 55’ S, 15° 5’ W c) Youngstown 25° 58” N, 5° 35’ E
5) T or F? Our solar system formed about 45 Billion years ago.
6) Outline the steps believed to occur in the formation of a solar system by the Nebular Hypothesis (also called the solar nebula hypothesis). What is nuclear fusion and how does it relate to the Nebular Hypothesis?
7) Density stratification refers to the formation of layers due to differences in density. Complete the chart of the Earth’s chemical layers and their composition (below).
Layer Name
Sub layer
Composition
Depth to Top
Depth to Bottom
Crust
Oceanic
Continental
Mantle
Core
Outer Core
Inner Core
8) Geoscientists also divide the Earth into layers based on differences in the way these layers behave (physical properties). Fill in the blanks below using the terms asthenosphere. lithosphere, or lower mantle (mesosphere).
a. Top layer _________________
b. Oozy layer _________________
c. Layer below the asthenosphere _________________
d. Rigid / brittle layer _________________
.
This thesis studied the history of dune activity along the Elkhorn River in northeastern Nebraska. Twenty-four optical luminescence ages from dunes revealed periods of activity less than 120 years ago, around 410-630 years ago, around 1000 years ago, and around 3,800 to 5,800 years ago. These periods align with some but not all major dune activation events in the Nebraska Sand Hills. The dunes likely formed due to drought-induced changes in sediment supply from the Elkhorn River, demonstrating that megadroughts had impacts beyond the Sand Hills.
This document provides an overview of geologic time concepts including:
1. The development of relative dating principles like superposition, cross-cutting relationships, and inclusion which helped establish the relative order of rock layers and events.
2. How the concept of numerical dating using radioactive isotopes allowed geologists to determine absolute ages of rocks and events, calibrating the geologic timescale to around 4.6 billion years.
3. Key events in the development of life through the Phanerozoic eon such as the Cambrian explosion of complex life and multiple mass extinction events.
This document summarizes research on the growth and recycling of Archean continental crust in the Northern Wyoming Craton over 1.5 billion years. It describes:
- Detrital zircon analyses showing major crust formation events at 3.2-3.3 Ga and 2.8-2.9 Ga, representing two periods of magmatism and crustal growth.
- Exposures of 3.1-3.5 Ga igneous rocks in the Beartooth Mountains representing the earliest crust, later intruded by 2.8 Ga granites.
- Evidence that the 2.8-2.9 Ga event represented a subduction-driven magmatic arc built on older continental
1) Earth science is the study ofa. Oceanographyb. Astrono.docxjeremylockett77
This document contains a multiple choice quiz about earth science topics including geology, oceanography, astronomy, and meteorology. It asks questions about the composition of the earth, properties of minerals and rocks, plate tectonics, weathering and erosion, the solar system, oceans, atmosphere, weather, and climate. It also includes short answer questions requiring descriptions of geological processes and diagrams.
This document discusses a study of carbonate sedimentology and facies correlation of rocks in the Mason Mountain Wildlife Management Area in Mason, Texas. The area contains lower Cretaceous carbonate rocks from the Fort Terret formation located between the Llano Uplift igneous basement rocks and the overlying Edwards Plateau carbonates. The objective is to characterize and correlate facies within the succession based on field observations and measured sections. Understanding the depositional environments and geological processes involved in forming these rocks will provide insights into the historical development of the carbonate succession in the area.
Large-scale Volcanism and the Heat Death of Terrestrial WorldsSérgio Sacani
This document discusses the potential for large igneous provinces (LIPs) to cause the "heat death" of terrestrial planets through massive volcanic eruptions that overwhelm the climate system. It examines the timing of LIP events on Earth to estimate the likelihood of nearly simultaneous eruptions. Statistical analysis of Earth's LIP record finds that eruptions within 0.1-1 million years of each other are likely. Simultaneous LIPs could have driven Venus into a runaway greenhouse effect like its current state. The timing of LIP events on Earth provides insight into potential past LIP activity on Venus that may have ended its hypothesized earlier temperate climate.
Mars: Current State of Knowledge and Future Plans and StrategiesNASAJPL
The document summarizes what we have learned about Mars from recent missions and plans for future exploration. Key findings include evidence of ancient warm climates with widespread water, ongoing geological activity, and methane in the atmosphere that may indicate biological or chemical processes. Future strategies aim to better understand Mars' potential for life and history of environmental changes using new missions within budget constraints and through international collaboration.
This project analyzes sediment samples from Little Lake in Oregon to understand past environmental changes. Sediment samples will undergo loss on ignition testing to determine organic matter and carbonate content. Charcoal will be separated from the samples before particle size analysis using laser diffraction. Particle size distribution will indicate changes in sediments over time from factors like fire intensity. Results will be presented at scientific conferences and may assist with publishing a research paper. The project benefits the student's learning of paleoenvironmental research techniques and career possibilities in geography.
APA, The assignment require a contemporary approach addressing Race,.docxamrit47
APA, The assignment require a contemporary approach addressing Race, Gender, and Crime. All work will include an introduction and a cogent thesis. The literature review will include a body of knowledge inclusive of in text citations, and supporting relevant references. The paper should end with discussions that highlight the future of the CJS. A conclusion of the literature review will end the written assignment. The assignment will consist of 2000 words. Reference page along with 6 peer reviewed references and course textbook.
.
APA style and all questions answered ( no min page requirements) .docxamrit47
APA style and all questions answered ( no min page requirements)
Diagnostic Techniques -
Pick any two diseases that require diagnostic tests to identify them from the body system. Use one of the body systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatobiliary, lymphatic, reproductive or nervous systems. For each of the diseases, explain:
Why is a particular test recommended?
How does the test work?
What information is obtained from the diagnostic test regarding the disease?
Does the diagnosis need confirmation with another diagnostic test?
.
Apa format1-2 paragraphsreferences It is often said th.docxamrit47
Apa format
1-2 paragraphs
references
It is often said that people today are no longer loyal to organizations. Yet employees are loyal to their direct supervisor. This discussion question asks you to evaluate and apply your understanding of followership theory. Reflect on any techniques for understanding, achieving, and positively applying organizational and personal power and influence as a follower.
When effective leaders leave an organization to move on to another organization, they often take at least one or two employees. Employees who respect a leader and have generated a relationship and bond want to work under that leader. One indicator of effective leaders is communication skills in which a leader is attuned to the needs of each employee.
REAL-LIFE APPLICATION: Discuss a leader with whom you are familiar and who has the loyalty of his or her direct reports. Alternatively, you might interview a friend or family member about their experiences or you may research a well-known leader. Address the following in your response.
Evaluate how this leader earns respect and loyalty from his or her employees.
If you were in a leadership position, what methods would you implement to inspire, motivate, and empower your employees?
Support your discussion with at least one scholarly article and, if relevant, credible media reports, and cite each source using APA style.
.
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced1. Choose a speech to review. It.docxamrit47
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced
1. Choose a speech to review. It can be any type (informative, persuasive, special occasion). It should be between 7-20 minutes. You may search Youtube for videos of speeches (TED talks, commencement speeches, public addresses by government etc).
Copy the link of the video you've chosen to your submission form.
2. Analyze the speech content and speaker delivery, paying attention to:
what the message is
how the message is organized
nonverbal cues (tone, pitch, pauses, gestures etc)
the context in which the message is being delivered
3. Provide your opinion on the speech and speaker delivery.
What do you think the intention of the speaker is?
Does the effect on the audience seem to follow that intention?
What did you like about the speech?
Is it appropriate for the context; why?
Be sure to attach your essay as a .doc or .rtf file and make sure to proofread for spelling and grammar errors.
.
APA format httpsapastyle.apa.orghttpsowl.purd.docxamrit47
APA format
https://apastyle.apa.org/
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
Min number of pages are 30 pages
Must have
Contents with page numbers
Abstract
Introduction
The problem
Are there any sub-problems?
Is there any issue need to be present in relation to the problem?
The solutions
Steps of the solutions
Compare the solution to other solution
Any suggestion to improve the solution
Conclusion
References
Research Paper topic:
Computer Security Objects Register
https://csrc.nist.gov/Projects/Computer-Security-Objects-Register
The Computer Security Objects Register (CSOR) specifies names that uniquely identify CSOs. These unique names are used to reference these objects in abstract specifications and during the negotiation of security services for a transaction or application.
The studies must look at different algorithms used CSOR and the benefits of using CSOR
.
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced1. Choose a speech to review. .docxamrit47
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced
1. Choose a speech to review. It can be any type (informative, persuasive, special occasion). It should be between 7-20 minutes. You may search Youtube for videos of speeches (TED talks, commencement speeches, public addresses by government etc).
Copy the link of the video you've chosen to your submission form.
2. Analyze the speech content and speaker delivery, paying attention to:
what the message is
how the message is organized
nonverbal cues (tone, pitch, pauses, gestures etc)
the context in which the message is being delivered
3. Provide your opinion on the speech and speaker delivery.
What do you think the intention of the speaker is?
Does the effect on the audience seem to follow that intention?
What did you like about the speech?
Is it appropriate for the context; why?
Be sure to attach your essay as a .doc or .rtf file and make sure to proofread for spelling and grammar errors.
.
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The integrated study characterized the reservoir quality and stratigraphy of the Mowry Shale and Muddy Sandstone in the Powder River Basin. Five depositional facies were identified in the Muddy Sandstone based on core and well log analysis, with the cleanest reservoir sands found in tidal inlet and channel deposits. The overlying Mowry Shale consisted of three parasequences deposited in a restricted shelf environment. Seismic inversion and lithofacies modeling were used to map the facies distributions across the 3D seismic volume. The results provide insights into the stratigraphic framework and reservoir characteristics of the two plays to better assess their exploration potential.
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
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The passage discusses a lecture about The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins, which some critics consider the finest and first detective novel ever written. The professor introduces the class to this novel and provides context about its place in the genre of detective fiction. Details are then given about the plot and characters of the novel to further explain its significance and critical acclaim within the genre.
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Oceanography 100 Reading and Homework Assignments – Chapter 1(Se.docxhopeaustin33688
Oceanography 100 Reading and Homework Assignments – Chapter 1
(See schedule for due dates)
Chapter 1:Read the entire chapter. Also read Appendix III.
Vocabulary (for studying purposes only):
Ocean
Sea
Sextant
Latitude
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http://blog.worldlabel.com/2009/clip-art-of-the-week-papapishus-junk-ship-and-wikimedia-clips.html
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Nebular Hypothesis
Density
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Earth’s Chemical Layers
Crust (oceanic vs. continental)
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
Earth’s Physical Layers
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http://www.teachengineering.org/view_activity.php?url=http://www.teachengineering.org/collection/cub_/activities/cub_navigation/cub_navigation_lesson10_activity1.xml
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Isostatic Adjustment
Isostatic Rebound
Outgassing
Stanley Miller
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N
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b) 0° is located at the Equator __________________
c) 1° can be divided into 60’ or 3600’’__________________
d) Measured in ° east or west of the prime meridian.
__________________
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Depth to Bottom
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Continental
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c. Layer below the asthenosphere _________________
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APA, The assignment require a contemporary approach addressing Race,.docxamrit47
APA, The assignment require a contemporary approach addressing Race, Gender, and Crime. All work will include an introduction and a cogent thesis. The literature review will include a body of knowledge inclusive of in text citations, and supporting relevant references. The paper should end with discussions that highlight the future of the CJS. A conclusion of the literature review will end the written assignment. The assignment will consist of 2000 words. Reference page along with 6 peer reviewed references and course textbook.
.
APA style and all questions answered ( no min page requirements) .docxamrit47
APA style and all questions answered ( no min page requirements)
Diagnostic Techniques -
Pick any two diseases that require diagnostic tests to identify them from the body system. Use one of the body systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatobiliary, lymphatic, reproductive or nervous systems. For each of the diseases, explain:
Why is a particular test recommended?
How does the test work?
What information is obtained from the diagnostic test regarding the disease?
Does the diagnosis need confirmation with another diagnostic test?
.
Apa format1-2 paragraphsreferences It is often said th.docxamrit47
Apa format
1-2 paragraphs
references
It is often said that people today are no longer loyal to organizations. Yet employees are loyal to their direct supervisor. This discussion question asks you to evaluate and apply your understanding of followership theory. Reflect on any techniques for understanding, achieving, and positively applying organizational and personal power and influence as a follower.
When effective leaders leave an organization to move on to another organization, they often take at least one or two employees. Employees who respect a leader and have generated a relationship and bond want to work under that leader. One indicator of effective leaders is communication skills in which a leader is attuned to the needs of each employee.
REAL-LIFE APPLICATION: Discuss a leader with whom you are familiar and who has the loyalty of his or her direct reports. Alternatively, you might interview a friend or family member about their experiences or you may research a well-known leader. Address the following in your response.
Evaluate how this leader earns respect and loyalty from his or her employees.
If you were in a leadership position, what methods would you implement to inspire, motivate, and empower your employees?
Support your discussion with at least one scholarly article and, if relevant, credible media reports, and cite each source using APA style.
.
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced1. Choose a speech to review. It.docxamrit47
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced
1. Choose a speech to review. It can be any type (informative, persuasive, special occasion). It should be between 7-20 minutes. You may search Youtube for videos of speeches (TED talks, commencement speeches, public addresses by government etc).
Copy the link of the video you've chosen to your submission form.
2. Analyze the speech content and speaker delivery, paying attention to:
what the message is
how the message is organized
nonverbal cues (tone, pitch, pauses, gestures etc)
the context in which the message is being delivered
3. Provide your opinion on the speech and speaker delivery.
What do you think the intention of the speaker is?
Does the effect on the audience seem to follow that intention?
What did you like about the speech?
Is it appropriate for the context; why?
Be sure to attach your essay as a .doc or .rtf file and make sure to proofread for spelling and grammar errors.
.
APA format httpsapastyle.apa.orghttpsowl.purd.docxamrit47
APA format
https://apastyle.apa.org/
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
Min number of pages are 30 pages
Must have
Contents with page numbers
Abstract
Introduction
The problem
Are there any sub-problems?
Is there any issue need to be present in relation to the problem?
The solutions
Steps of the solutions
Compare the solution to other solution
Any suggestion to improve the solution
Conclusion
References
Research Paper topic:
Computer Security Objects Register
https://csrc.nist.gov/Projects/Computer-Security-Objects-Register
The Computer Security Objects Register (CSOR) specifies names that uniquely identify CSOs. These unique names are used to reference these objects in abstract specifications and during the negotiation of security services for a transaction or application.
The studies must look at different algorithms used CSOR and the benefits of using CSOR
.
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced1. Choose a speech to review. .docxamrit47
APA format2-3 pages, double-spaced
1. Choose a speech to review. It can be any type (informative, persuasive, special occasion). It should be between 7-20 minutes. You may search Youtube for videos of speeches (TED talks, commencement speeches, public addresses by government etc).
Copy the link of the video you've chosen to your submission form.
2. Analyze the speech content and speaker delivery, paying attention to:
what the message is
how the message is organized
nonverbal cues (tone, pitch, pauses, gestures etc)
the context in which the message is being delivered
3. Provide your opinion on the speech and speaker delivery.
What do you think the intention of the speaker is?
Does the effect on the audience seem to follow that intention?
What did you like about the speech?
Is it appropriate for the context; why?
Be sure to attach your essay as a .doc or .rtf file and make sure to proofread for spelling and grammar errors.
.
APA Formatting AssignmentUse the information below to create.docxamrit47
APA Formatting Assignment
Use the information below to create a reference list using proper APA formatting
1)
Authors: Christina Jane Jones, Helen Smith and Carrie Llewellyn
Title: Evaluating the effectiveness of health belief model interventions in improving adherence: a
systematic review
Publication Year: 2014
Journal: Health Psychology Review, Vol. 8, No. 3, 253_269
DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2013.802623
2)
Authors: Mohammad Bagherniya, Ali Taghipour, Manoj Sharma, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Isobel R.
Contento, Seyed Ali Keshavarz, Firoozeh Mostafavi Darani and Mohammad Safarian
Title: Obesity intervention programs among adolescents using social cognitive theory: a systematic
literature review
Publication Year: 2018
Journal: Health Education Research, Vol. 33, No. 1, 26_39
3)
Authors: Christine Y. K. Lau, Kris Y. W. Lok, Marie Tarrant
Title: Breastfeeding Duration and the Theory of Planned Behavior and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy
Framework: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies
Publication Year: 2018
Journal: Maternal and Child Health Journal, Vol. 22, 327_342
DOI: 10.1007/s10995-018-2453-x
4)
Authors: Amy E. Bodde, Dong-Chul Seo
Title: A review of social and environmental barriers to physical activity for adults with intellectual
disabilities
Publication Year: 2009
Journal: Disability and Health Journal, Vol. 2, 57_66
5)
Authors: Linda Irvine, Ambrose J. Melson, Brian Williams, Falko F. Sniehotta, Gerry Humphris, Iain K.
Crombie
Title: Design and development of a complex narrative intervention delivered by text messages to reduce
binge drinking among socially disadvantaged men
Publication Year: 2018
Journal: Pilot and Feasibility Studies, Vol. 4, No.105, 1_11
.
APA style300 words10 maximum plagiarism Mrs. Smith was.docxamrit47
APA style
300 words
10% maximum plagiarism
Mrs. Smith was a 73-year-old widow who lived alone with no significant social support. She had been suffering from emphysema for several years and had had frequent hospitalizations for respiratory problems. On the last hospital admission, her pneumonia quickly progressed to organ failure. Death appeared to be imminent, and she went in and out of consciousness, alone in her hospital room. The medical-surgical nursing staff and the nurse manager focused on making Mrs. Smith’s end-of-life period as comfortable as possible. Upon consultation with the vice president for nursing, the nurse manager and the unit staff nurses decided against moving Mrs. Smith to the palliative care unit, although considered more economical, because of the need to protect and nurture her because she was already experiencing signs and symptoms of the dying process. Nurses were prompted by an article they read on human caring as the “language of nursing practice” (Turkel, Ray, & Kornblatt, 2012) in their weekly caring practice meetings.
The nurse manager reorganized patient assignments. She felt that the newly assigned clinical nurse leader who was working between both the medical and surgical units could provide direct nurse caring and coordination at the point of care (Sherman, 2012). Over the next few hours, the clinical nurse leader and a staff member who had volunteered her assistance provided personal care for Mrs. Smith. The clinical nurse leader asked the nurse manager whether there was a possibility that Mrs. Smith had any close friends who could “be there” for her in her final moments. One friend was discovered and came to say goodbye to Mrs. Smith. With help from her team, the clinical nurse leader turned, bathed, and suctioned Mrs. Smith. She spoke quietly, prayed, and sang hymns softly in Mrs. Smith’s room, creating a peaceful environment that expressed compassion and a deep sense of caring for her. The nurse manager and nursing unit staff were calmed and their “hearts awakened” by the personal caring that the clinical nurse leader and the volunteer nurse provided. Mrs. Smith died with caring persons at her bedside, and all members of the unit staff felt comforted that she had not died alone.
Davidson, Ray, and Turkel (2011) note that caring is complex, and caring science includes the art of practice, “an aesthetic which illuminates the beauty of the dynamic nurse-patient relationship, that makes possible authentic spiritual-ethical choices for transformation—healing, health, well-being, and a peaceful death” (p. xxiv). As the clinical nurse leader and the nursing staff in this situation engaged in caring practice that focused on the well-being of the patient, they simultaneously created a caring-healing environment that contributed to the well-being of the whole—the emotional atmosphere of the unit, the ability of the clinical nurse leader and staff nurses to practice caringly and competently, and the qualit.
APA format1. What are the three most important takeawayslessons.docxamrit47
APA FORMAT
1. What are the three most important takeaways/lessons from the material provided in this module? (150 words or more)
2. Drawing on the material that was provided what else would like to know? What other related questions/ideas/topics would you like to explore in the future? (100 words or more)
3. What is lobbying? What role does it play in the relationship between government and business? (100 words or more)
.
APA General Format Summary APA (American Psychological.docxamrit47
APA General Format
Summary
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within
the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the
APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations,
endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed., 2nd printing).
Contributors: Joshua M. Paiz, Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore,
Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russell Keck
Last Edited: 2016-05-13 12:06:24
Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA.
To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart
of all APA citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart.
You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel.
General APA Guidelines
Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins
on all sides. You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt.
Times New Roman font.
Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page. To create
a page header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR
PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened
version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.
Major Paper Sections
Your essay should include four major sections: The Title Page, Abstract, Main Body,
and References.
Title Page
The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional
affiliation. Include the page header (described above) flush left with the page number flush right
at the top of the page. Please note that on the title page, your page header/running head should
look like this:
Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
Pages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this:
TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/949/01/
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8F43A67F38DE3D5D&feature=edit_ok
http://www.youtube.com/user/OWLPurdue
After consulting with publication specialists at the APA, OWL staff learned that the APA 6th
edition, first printing sample papers have incorrect examples of Running heads on pages after
the title page. This link will take you to the APA site where you can find a complete list of all the
errors in the APA's 6th edition style guide.
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. APA
recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it should not contain
abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two l.
Appearance When I watched the video of myself, I felt that my b.docxamrit47
Appearance
When I watched the video of myself, I felt that my black straight skirt, closed toed shoes and white collared shirt gave a professional appearance and more credibility with the audience. My hair was a little too casual. I wished I had that one strand tacked back so it would have stayed out of my eyes. This made it hard for the audience to see my face and was distracting when I had to keep tucking it back. My earrings were small so the audience would watch me and not my jewelry. I wasn’t standing up straight and it made me look less confident. I need to remember to have better posture when speaking.Organizational Pattern
My introduction was slow and clear and the story was suspenseful enough to grab their attention. It was a little confusing at the beginning because I didn’t preview the main points but because I transitioned well between the steps by saying, “Now that you have completed step 1, selecting the pattern, you are ready to move to step two, preparing the wood” the audience was able to follow. I remembered to state my research source for two of the steps but forgot the third. It made the third step seem shallower and I think I lost credibility. My word choice was good. I made sure to use a variety of descriptive words for the types of wood, explained new vocabulary and repeated phrases to help the audience remember the steps. For some reason the ending was weak. I didn’t tie it to the introduction or have a good ending sentence. It would have been a good idea to remind them of the beginning story and how woodworking affects their everyday life.Vocal Qualities
During my speech I had such a dry mouth that I messed up on the pronunciation of some of the words like saying “exspecially” instead of “especially.” This sounded less professional to the audience. I had good projection so that even the back row could hear without straining. My pitch variation is getting better but I still keep using the same rhythm with my pauses. This make me sound more monotone, like I’m reading the speech rather than just having a conversation. I’ll need to practice changing my rate and pauses. I also noticed many of my sentences end in an up-pitch, like I’m asking a question. If I bring some of those down it will make me appear more confident rather than questioning. It is hard to get rid of those filler words. “Like” and “so” are two of my favorites but it does make me sound like a teenager. I had no idea I said them so much.Delivery
There weren’t many gestures, which made me look stiff and nervous. I just held my note cards and stood in one spot the whole time. I need to do more with my hands and maybe move a little more in the space. I really admire the people in class who have such a good flow with their delivery from gestures to using the space around them purposefully. I felt I held my note cards too close to my face and had my head down most of the time. While watching the video, I noticed I looked at my cards and the poster a l.
apa format1-2 paragraphsreferencesFor this week’s .docxamrit47
apa format
1-2 paragraphs
references
For this week’s discussion, choose a current social movement from anywhere in the world. Then, using the required readings, videos, and your own research, discuss the “role these leaders” play in your chosen social movement. In addition, describe any group or collective processes that you discovered. Use specific examples to make major points.
Support your writing with at least two scholarly sources that are
in addition
to required reading.
.
APA Format, with 2 references for each question and an assignment..docxamrit47
APA Format, with 2 references for each question and an assignment.
1. Some say that analytics in general dehumanize managerial
activities, and others say they do not. Discuss arguments
for both points of view.
3. What are some of the major privacy concerns in employing
intelligent systems on mobile data?
4. Identify some cases of violations of user privacy from
current literature and their impact on data science as a
profession.
Ex.2. Search the Internet to find examples of how intelligent
systems can facilitate activities such as empowerment,
mass customization, and teamwork.
Reflective Assignment:
What has been significant about this course that will help you perform data science tasks in the future.
.
APA-formatted 8-10 page research paper which examines the potential .docxamrit47
APA-formatted 8-10 page research paper which examines the potential psychological impact of long-term exposure to mass media messages on the major issues surrounding political advertising and political campaigns in the United States and why it is currently relevant and impacts society.
12 Point Times New Roman Font
Double Spaced
Please include research that supports ideas and topics related to political advertising and political campaigns in the United States.
.
APA STYLE 1.Define the terms multiple disabilities and .docxamrit47
APA STYLE
1.Define the terms
multiple disabilities
and
deaf-blindness
as described in the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA)
2.Identify three types of educational assessments for students with severe and multiple disabilities.
3.Identify the features of effective services and supports for children with severe and multiple disabilities during a) early childhood years and b) elementary school years.
4. Distinguish between the term
deaf
and
hard of hearing
5.
Identify 4 approaches to teaching communication skills to people with a hearing loss.
6.
What are the distinctive features of refractive eye problems, muscle disorders of the eye and receptive eye problems?
7.Describe two content areas that should be included in educational programs for students with vision loss.
8. Identify several disabilities that may accompany cerebral palsy.
9.What is spina bifida myelomeningocele?
10.Describe the physical limitations associated with muscular distrophy
11.Describe the AIDS disease stages through which individuals with the syndrome move
12.Identify present and future interventions for the treatment of children and youth with cystic fibrosis.
.
APA STYLE follow this textbook answer should be summarize for t.docxamrit47
APA STYLE
follow this textbook answer should be summarize for this below text
Study all types of Distributive Justice (6 or 7 total)
Summarize each in
one sentence
. Produce examples for each.
Don't use
any other text or article except this one.
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
1. Scope and Role of Distributive Principles
2. Strict Egalitarianism
3. The Difference Principle
4. Equality of Opportunity and Luck Egalitarianism
5. Welfare-Based Principles
6. Desert-Based Principles
7. Libertarian Principles
8. Feminist Principles
There are different theories of how to make the basic distribution. Among them are:
Strict Egalitarianism
One of the simplest principles of distributive justice is that of strict, or radical, equality. The principle says that every person should have the same level of material goods and services. The principle is most commonly justified on the grounds that people are morally equal and that equality in material goods and services is the best way to give effect to this moral ideal.
The Difference Principle
The most widely discussed theory of distributive justice in the past four decades has been that proposed by John Rawls in
A Theory of Justice
, (Rawls 1971), and
Political Liberalism
, (Rawls 1993). Rawls proposes the following two principles of justice:
· 1. Each person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme for all; and in this scheme the equal political liberties, and only those liberties, are to be guaranteed their fair value.
· 2. Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: (a) They are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and (b), they are to be to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society. (Rawls 1993, pp. 5–6. The principles are numbered as they were in Rawls' original
A Theory of Justice
.)
Equality of Opportunity and Luck Egalitarianism
Dworkin proposed that people begin with equal resources but be allowed to end up with unequal economic benefits as a result of their own choices. What constitutes a just material distribution is to be determined by the result of a thought experiment designed to model fair distribution. Suppose that everyone is given the same purchasing power and each uses that purchasing power to bid, in a fair auction, for resources best suited to their life plans. They are then permitted to use those resources as they see fit. Although people may end up with different economic benefits, none of them is given less consideration than another in the sense that if they wanted somebody else's resource bundle they could have bid for it instead.
In Dworkin's proposal we see his attitudes to ‘ambitions’ and ‘endowments’ which have become a central feature of luck egalitarianism (though under a wide variety of al.
APA7Page length 3-4, including Title Page and Reference Pag.docxamrit47
APA7
Page length: 3-4, including Title Page and Reference Page.
Discuss and explore the synergy that RFID technology & Time Based Competition has had on the grocery retail industry. Are the two concepts compatible? And then explain. Provide real-world scenarios, which reflect Time Base Competition.
video on
RFID in Logistics
.
APA format, 2 pagesThree general sections 1. an article s.docxamrit47
This document outlines the three main sections required for an APA format summary of a research article that is 2 pages in length: 1) A summary of the article, 2) An explanation of how the article relates to psychology and human behavior, specifically discussing the meaning and implications of the results, 3) A reaction to the article providing thoughts on whether the results were interesting, surprising, or common sense.
APA Style with minimum of 450 words, with annotations, quotation.docxamrit47
APA Style with minimum of 450 words, with annotations, quotations and 3 references.
. Mass vaccination after a disaster:
There was a natural disaster that occurred and has led to an infectious disease outbreak (your choice of one that is vaccine-preventable). Those affected by the disaster are settled in temporary locations with high population densities, inadequate food and shelter, unsafe water, poor sanitation and infrastructure that has been compromised or destroyed. There is a vaccine available for the infectious disease but there are not enough doses to give to all who are at-risk due to the natural disaster.
You are the public health official in charge of infectious disease prevention. Devise a plan to administer the vaccine to the population. Will you use a lottery system or target specific sub-populations? How will you track and monitor those who are vaccinated? Use the attributes of the infectious disease to provide reasoning behind your plan. What other prevention techniques that can be used to supplement the vaccination plan?
.
APA FORMAT1. What are the three most important takeawayslesson.docxamrit47
APA FORMAT
1. What are the three most important takeaways/lessons from the material provided in this online course (the entire quarter) and why? (150 words or more)
2. How did the material provided in this course assist your growth as a student and as an individual, in general? (150 words or more).
.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Prompt What is the goal of education How successful is Ameri.docx
1. Prompt:
What is the goal of education? How successful is America’s
educational system at achieving that goal for all of this nation’s
children? Examine these questions through two in-class texts
and one outside source.
Assignment Requirements:
1. You must have a clearly defined main point (thesis). The
purpose of the paper is not to tell a story. Rather, use the
readings and your analysis to prove a point or argue an idea.
2. For this paper you must examine the ideas of two readings
from this unit and one outside source.
a. In-class readings: The authors all write about the education in
some manner. You will choose two writers who help you
address your thesis.
b. Outside source: A source not discussed in class that portrays
or examines education. Consider consulting:
i. the media (movies, television, advertisements, etc.).
ii. magazines or newspaper articles
iii. appropriate internet sites
iv. journals (available through the library’s website)
3. You must include a minimum of six quotes from your
sources, but make sure these references are relevant to your
essay. Be sure to give distinctive details, descriptions,
explanations, etc.
4. You must write about an issue, an idea, and not primarily
about your personal experiences.
a. You may draw on personal knowledge to exemplify a point—
indeed, that can be wonderful and effective‐‐, but your personal
story should not take up the bulk of your essay.
2. 5. Your paper should be five to eight pages typed, double
spaced, 12 pt. Times New Roman font and have one inch
margins all the way around. Your essay must also have an
original title.
6. You must use MLA format/conventions for in- text citations
and work cited page.
7. All final drafts of essays must be submitted onto turnitin.com
by the due date. A printed copy of the essay must also be given
to the instructor in class on the day due.
IN CLASS READING:
“Still Unequal, Still Separate” by Jonathan Kozol
“Report of the Massachusetts Board of Education” by Horace
Mann
6 Quotations in total.
OUTSIDE SOURCE:
http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/05/04/is-testing-
students-the-answer-to-americas-education-woes
Geology
doi: 10.1130/G31017.1
2010;38;1067-1070Geology
G.C. Koteas, M.L. Williams, S.J. Seaman and G. Dumond
Granite genesis and mafic-felsic magma interaction in the lower
crust
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Notes
5. unprecedented example of felsic magma gen-
eration and felsic-mafi c magma hybridization in
the deep crust. Relationships preserved in this
region fi ll the gap between processes that yield
heat and magma from the mantle and processes
that yield bimodal suites in the shallower crust.
The purpose of this paper is to present detailed
fi eld evidence for granitic magma genesis asso-
ciated with mafi c magmatism within the lower
continental crust and to document evidence for
deep crustal mafi c-felsic magma mingling and
mixing. Exposures in the AGT offer a view of
a fundamental mechanism for contamination
of mantle-derived materials (i.e., assimilation
of crustal components via magma mixing) as
well as felsic magma production from melt-
ing of orthogneiss in the deep crust. The region
provides a picture of a heterogeneous, dynamic,
and locally fertile cratonic deep crust. This set-
ting may serve as a basis for new models of
the behavior of the deep continental crust and
provide insight into the petrogenesis of magmas
observed at shallower crustal levels.
BACKGROUND
The AGT is a >20,000 km2 domain of
Archean to Paleoproterozoic mafi c and felsic
granulites and orthogneisses (Fig. 1B) that were
deformed and metamorphosed at ~1.0–1.2 GPa
(~40 km paleodepths) (Mahan and Williams,
Geology, December 2010; v. 38; no. 12; p. 1067–1070; doi:
10.1130/G31017.1; 2 fi gures; Data Repository item 2010294.
7. of magmas in the deep crustal environment may account for the
isotopic and compositional
signatures of igneous rocks at shallower crustal levels that
typically record contamination of
crustal melts by mantle material and vice versa.
1000 km
Pacific
Ocean
Atlantic
Ocean
N
North
America
CHURCHILL
Province - Rae
CHURCHILL
Province -
Hearne
Tr
an
s-
Hu
ds
on
11. Aeromagnetic highs in
covered basement
200 km
Steinhauer Lake
Cross Lake
No Name Lake
Fehr Lake
Fe
hr
g
ra
ni
te
C
hi
pm
an
to
na
lit
e
Fehr granite (ca. 2.6 Ga)
13. m Chipman tonalite (ca. 3.0 Ga)
S2
N
Equal Area Projection
n = 40
S1
B
C
A
D
N
Figure 1. A: Index map showing location of study. B:
Generalized geologic map of Athabasca
Granulite Terrane (AGT, after Gilboy, 1980; Hanmer, 1997;
Mahan et al., 2005). C: Detailed
map focused on easternmost portion of the AGT including the
Fehr granite, Chipman to-
nalite, and NE-SW−striking Chipman. Chipman dikes are
present throughout area shown
in C (modifi ed from Flowers et al., 2008). Color gradient
within Fehr granite is a schematic
depiction of interpreted intensity of partial melting, white
(most-migmatitic) to gray (least-
migmatitic). D: Stereogram of S
1
(crossed dots) and S
14. 2
(black dots) tectonic fabrics within
migmatized Fehr granite. Hybrid fabrics of S
1
and S
2
commonly observed, especially in
areas of abundant migmatite.
on January 20, 2011geology.gsapubs.orgDownloaded from
http://geology.gsapubs.org/
1068 GEOLOGY, December 2010
2005; Williams and Hanmer, 2006). This region
is interpreted to represent continental lower
crust during the period 2.6−1.85 Ga (Mahan et
al., 2006b; Flowers et al., 2006a) (Fig. 1B). It
was uplifted and exhumed along the Legs Lake
thrust-sense shear zone (Fig. 1C) (Mahan and
Williams, 2005, Mahan et al., 2006a, 2006b).
The eastern portion of the AGT is dominated
by the Mesoarchean (3.3 Ga) Chipman tonal-
ite batholith (Fig. 1C), a large body of banded
hornblende tonalite with inclusions of anortho-
site, pyroxenite, and a variety of mafi c and fel-
sic granulites. The Fehr granite (ca. 2.6 Ga; W.
Davis, 1997, personal commun.) occurs along
the eastern fl ank of the Chipman tonalite, just
west of the Legs Lake shear zone (Hanmer et
al., 1994; Hanmer, 1997) (Fig. 1C). The Chip-
15. man tonalite and the Fehr granite were simulta-
neously intruded by the 1.9 Ga Chipman mafi c
dike swarm (Flowers et al., 2006b).
The most pristine exposures of the Fehr gran-
ite are characterized by euhedral to subhedral
K-feldspar megacrysts (up to 8 cm diameter) in
a matrix of quartz + plagioclase (~1 cm diam-
eter) with fi ne-grained biotite and hornblende
(Fig. 2A). Locally, the long axes of megacrysts
are aligned in a relatively isotropic matrix sug-
gesting preservation of a magmatic fl ow fabric.
More commonly, the Fehr granite has a gneissic
texture, and in many areas, a relatively strong
early foliation (S
1
) is warped into open folds
and cut by a moderately- to steeply-dipping,
northeast-striking axial planar foliation (S
2
)
(Figs. 1D, 2C, and 2D). Aplitic granite pods,
dikes, and sills are common in this area.
The Chipman mafi c dike swarm forms a lin-
ear belt several tens of kilometers in width and
extends for hundreds of kilometers to the north
and south (Williams et al., 1995; Flowers et al.,
2006a). Individual Chipman dikes range from
centimeters to tens of meters in width. These
dikes are composed of hornblende + plagio-
clase + clinopyroxene + garnet and locally,
16. tonalitic leucosome, which is interpreted as
partial melt of Chipman dikes (Williams et al.,
1995). Internal textures vary markedly based
on the amount of tonalitic leucosome present.
Relatively late-stage dikes are straight-sided
and cut all fabrics in the Chipman tonalite
and Fehr granite. Earlier dikes are commonly
folded and locally contain metamorphic garnet
and clinopyroxene in addition to tonalitic leu-
cosome. The Chipman dikes are interpreted to
have been syntectonically emplaced and meta-
morphosed (Williams et al., 1995; Hanmer,
1997). Metamorphic assemblages within these
dikes indicate high pressure (1.0−1.2 GPa)
granulite facies conditions, with calculated
temperatures on the order of 750−850 °C (Wil-
liams et al. 1995; Flowers et al., 2006a). Geo-
chemical and isotopic signatures are most con-
sistent with derivation from a predominantly
depleted lithospheric or asthenospheric mantle
source (Flowers et al., 2006a).
PARTIAL MELTING OF THE FEHR
GRANITE
The Fehr granite is a pink, K-feldspar bearing
megacrystic granite or gneiss. Most exposures
also contain pink, aplitic granite in dikes, veins,
pods, and fi ne stringers (interpreted as granitic
leucosome) (Fig. 2D). With increasing abun-
dance of granitic leucosome, K-feldspar mega-
crysts are smaller, more anhedral, and in some
cases are partially replaced by granitic leuco-
some (Fig. 2B). At its most extreme, the replace-
ment of megacrysts results in outcrop exposures
17. with what appear to be deformed megacrysts but
are, in fact, granitic leucosome pods within a
fi ne grained granitic matrix. Tonalitic leucosome
veins are also locally present, and are probably
derived from neighboring migmatitic Chipman
mafi c dikes. The much more abundant granitic
leucosome is interpreted to represent in situ par-
tial melting of the Fehr granite itself. This inter-
pretation is supported by major and trace ele-
ment geochemical trends that show a cogenetic
relationship between Fehr granitic leucosome
and the Fehr granite protolith (see Fig. DR1 and
Table DR1 in the GSA Data Repository1).
A
C
B
D
FE
1GSA Data Repository item 2010294, Figure DR1
(four bivariant element plots of the ten major divi-
sions of rock units sampled from the study area) and
Table DR1(complementary whole-rock data set used to
generate the four plots in Fig. DR1), is available online
at www.geosociety.org/pubs/ft2010.htm, or on request
from [email protected] or Documents Secretary,
GSA, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
Figure 2. Field photos of Fehr granite and Fehr granite–
Chipman mafi c dike inter action
18. along eastern edge of Athabasca granulite terrane (AGT). A:
Isotropic megacrystic Fehr
granite preserving only weak deformation and limited in-situ
granitic leucosome. B: Dif-
fuse contact between Fehr granite–related leucosome pod with S
1
fabric. C: “Megacren-
ulation” cleavage in migmatitic Fehr granite. Note the
crenulated S
1
fabric and spaced
granitic leucosome-rich S
2
crenulation cleavage. D: Aplitic leucosome (felsic dike) with
trails projecting in from S
2
fabric domains. E: Leucosome-rich Fehr granite chemically
and mechanically interacting with discontinuous mafi c
Chipman dikes. F: Coarse-
grained, leucosome-rich Fehr migmatite and Chipman dike
termination.
on January 20, 2011geology.gsapubs.orgDownloaded from
http://geology.gsapubs.org/
GEOLOGY, December 2010 1069
Compositional and textural gradients from
relatively pristine to highly migmatitic Fehr
19. granite occur on several scales. Regionally, gra-
nitic leucosome segregations tend to be more
abundant in the central (Steinhauer Lake) areas
of the Fehr granite exposure (Fig. 1C). In the
northernmost and southernmost exposures,
local transitions from pristine granite to mig-
matitic granite occur on scales from meters to
tens of meters. Single outcrops preserve varia-
tion in rock texture from granite dominated by
euhedral single-crystal megacrysts to exposures
with few megacrysts and abundant granitic leu-
cosome pods (Fig. 2B).
Garnet is rare or absent in the northern and
southern exposures of the Fehr granite, but is
locally abundant within the more penetratively
deformed and more migmatitic central part of
the exposure area (Fig. 1C). Outcrops in this
area can have 10%–15% garnet, with crystals up
to several centimeters in diameter. Commonly,
pink granitic leucosome segregations occur
adjacent to garnet crystals in triangular “tails”
extending along the dominant foliation. The
garnet-bearing migmatite is interpreted to be
the result of a peritectic melt reaction in which
garnet is produced during biotite dehydration
melting. Textural evidence for in situ melting in
exposures with no garnet is interpreted to refl ect
a different melt reaction, eutectic melting of
hydrous orthogneiss.
Deformational fabrics in the Fehr granite
vary with the abundance of granitic leucosome.
This leucosome fi rst appears along the north-
west-striking, shallowly dipping S
20. 1
foliation as
tails or as lozenge-shaped segregations. With
increasing abundance, segregations are more
commonly aligned along the upright S
2
foliation,
and typically defi ne steeply-dipping, northeast-
striking axial planar foliations to meter-scale
folds (Fig. 1D). In the highly migmatitic central
region, a distinctive megacrenulation fabric is
common (Figs. 2C and 2D) in which the granitic
leucosome veins defi ne both the sigmoidal S
1
traces and a spaced S
2
cleavage. Whereas crenu-
lation cleavage in schists is typically spaced
on a scale of millimeters, the S
2
spacing in the
migmatized Fehr granite is ~10−20 cm. With
increasing granitic leucosome abundance, the S
2
21. domains typically host progressively larger and
more continuous aplitic dikes (Fig. 2D). The dif-
ferent fabrics and geometries in the Fehr granite
migmatite are interpreted to refl ect the evolving
rheology of the granite with increasing degrees
of partial melting.
FEHR GRANITE - CHIPMAN DIKE
INTERACTION: MAGMA MINGLING
AND MIXING
The Chipman dike swarm intrudes both the
Chipman tonalite and the Fehr granite, but
the physical character of dikes is signifi cantly
different in the two host rocks. Most tonalite-
hosted dikes have straight, sharp, parallel con-
tacts. All observations support the interpretation
that Chipman mafi c magmas intruded an essen-
tially brittle tonalite host. In contrast, although
contacts between Chipman dikes and the Fehr
granite can be straight and sharp, they are more
commonly curving, irregular, and distinctly non-
parallel on opposite sides of individual dikes.
Larger dikes commonly bifurcate into smaller,
anastomosing dikes that end abruptly as thin fi n-
gers or rounded terminations (Fig. 2E). Where
dikes intrude granitic leucosome segregations
and larger aplitic dikes and veins within the Fehr
granite, dike margins typically have pillow-like
shapes (Fig. 2F). These textures suggest that the
Chipman dikes were emplaced into, and locally
interacted with, partially melted Fehr granite.
Chipman mafi c magma and aplitic Fehr gran-
ite-related leucosome were mutually contami-
22. nated by mixing and mingling processes. Mega-
crysts from the partially melted Fehr granite are
typically present within Chipman dike margins,
and locally, trains of megacrysts are present
well within the mafi c dikes. Aplitic leucosome
commonly projects into mafi c dikes (Fig. 2E),
becoming progressively more diffuse and dis-
persed along strike, ultimately producing thin,
white, millimeter-scale schlieren in the Chip-
man dikes. Chipman dikes that intrude migma-
titic Fehr granite or aplitic partial melt segrega-
tions locally disaggregate into concentrations of
centimeter- to meter-scale, rounded mafi c accu-
mulations (Fig. 2F). These pillow-like mafi c
pods are preferentially oriented with long-axes
parallel to the major northeast-southwest trend
of the dike swarm and have been recognized in
granitic leucosome segregations some distance
from obvious mafi c dikes, suggesting that con-
taminated granitic leucosome can be transported
well away from sites of mafi c dike interaction.
DISCUSSION
The Athabasca granulite terrane preserves
evidence of high high-pressure–high-temper-
ature (P-T) metamorphism, deformation, and
pluton emplacement at ca. 2.6 Ga (Williams
and Hanmer, 2006; Dumond et al., 2010).
The AGT may have remained at deep crustal
levels or may have experienced minor exhu-
mation, but a very large portion of the terrane
underwent a second period of high P-T (1.0−
1.2 GPa) metamorphism and deformation at
1.9 Ga (Mahan and Williams, 2005; Williams
and Hanmer, 2006; Flowers et al., 2006a). The
23. Chipman mafi c dike swarm was emplaced dur-
ing the second event into the relatively fertile
2.6 Ga Fehr granite and the adjacent Chip-
man tonalite. Locally high temperatures, due
to the proximity of mafi c dikes and/or addi-
tional mafi c magma at depth, led to extensive
anatexis of the Fehr granite. The abundance of
aplitic veins and dikes suggests that the gra-
nitic magma was mobilized to some degree
(Fig. 2D). As the fraction of partial melt in the
Fehr granite increased, it may have become
increasingly diffi cult for subsequent Chipman
dikes to cross-cut the granite, as indicated by
the abundance of irregular, pillow-like dike
terminations in the Fehr granite migmatite
(Figs. 2E and 2F). Instead, dikes apparently
pooled beneath and within the Fehr granite,
providing additional heat for further melting.
One critical question concerns the source
of water for large degrees of melting in these
deep crustal rocks. Melting can be explained by
two mechanisms. Biotite dehydration melting
is indicated by the abundant garnet + granitic
leucosome textures in the central exposures of
migmatized Fehr granite, east of Steinhauer
Lake (Fig. 1C). However, large exposures of
migmatized Fehr granite do not contain gar-
net or other minerals indicative of dehydration
(peritectic) melting, yet textural evidence sup-
ports in situ melting. Partial melting in these
areas is interpreted to represent eutectic melting
resulting from the infl ux of hydrous fl uids. The
Chipman mafi c dikes contain abundant horn-
blende and are interpreted to have been hydrous
24. at the time of emplacement (Williams et al.,
1995, Flowers et al., 2006b). Crystallization
and subsequent metamorphism of early Chip-
man dikes, and possibly of a genetically related
mafi c underplate, probably provided additional
fl uids for partial melting reactions. The large
degree of partial melt production can be attrib-
uted to a combination of the fertility of the Fehr
granite, the presence of hydrous phases, intro-
duction of water from migmatized Chipman
dikes, and especially, the very high temperatures
(>800 °C) in the vicinity of the dense Chipman
mafi c dike swarm .
Mid- and shallow-level igneous rocks com-
monly have a signature of contamination (e.g.,
DePaolo et al., 1992; Barnes et al., 2002).
Workers typically call upon assimilation of
deep crust to explain this contamination and
many envision the digestion of blocks of con-
tinental crustal materials. Studies of the Fehr
granite migmatite provide a different model,
one in which felsic magma genesis and con-
tamination are fundamentally linked. High
temperatures (>800 °C) and hydration pro-
duced during emplacement and migmatization
of mantle-derived mafi c dikes can lead to exten-
sive melting of granitoids in the deep crust. The
presence of felsic partial melt during continued
dike intrusion allows mixing and mingling of
felsic and mafi c magmas. We suggest that this
type of mafi c-felsic magma interaction can
provide an effi cient means of contamination
of both felsic and mafi c end members at lower
crustal depths prior to migration of magma to
middle or shallow crustal levels.
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1070 GEOLOGY, December 2010
Many workers have suggested that mantle
partial melts pond at the dry, mafi c base of the
crust (Huppert and Sparks, 1988; Annen et al.,
2006, their fi gure 1). Feeder dikes (Petford,
1996; Rushmer and Klepeis, 2003; Brown,
2005) or shear zones (Hollister and Crawford,
1986) have been invoked to convey magmas
to shallower crustal levels where mixing and
differentiation processes have been widely
documented. However, the heterogeneity of
lower crustal exposures in the AGT indicates
that the deep crustal “hot zone” of Annen et al.
(2006) is more complex than a site of intrusion
of partial mantle melts into mafi c crust. Rather,
underplating at the base of the crust provides
a thermal engine such that true granites can
form in close proximity to the mantle, creating
a setting where mingling and contamination
are inevitable. Exposures in the AGT provide a
view of a linked and positively reinforcing sys-
tem involving mafi c injection, partial melting
of granitoids, fi ltering and entrapment of mafi c
magma, and ultimately hybridization of felsic
and mafi c end members.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge Rebecca Flowers’ con-
26. tribution of fi rst recognizing mingling textures in the
Fehr granite. The work was supported by National
Science Foundation Grant EAR-0911421. We ap-
preciate discussions with Kevin Mahan, Michael Jer-
cinovic, Simon Hanmer, and Julien Allaz. We thank
James McLelland, Sandra Wyld, and two anonymous
reviewers for thoughtful reviews of the manuscript.
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Manuscript received 11 January 2010
Revised manuscript received 15 June 2010
Manuscript accepted 1 July 2010
Printed in USA
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Paper Reviews
Reading research papers ("primary articles") is partly a matter
of experience and skill, and partly learning the specific
vocabulary of a field. First of all, DON'T PANIC! If you
approach it step by step, even an impossible-looking paper can
be understood. Don’t assume that you should be able to
understand the paper on just one or two readings. Truly
31. understanding an article may take many reads.
1.) Skim the article. What is the basic idea in the paper?
You’re not trying to understand it at this stage, but just get the
general gist.
2.) Comprehension and vocabulary. These can be handled
separately (vocab first), but I find it easier to tackle both at the
same time. Look up words and phrases that are unfamiliar in a
geological dictionary. Work slowly, section by section. For
instance:
· In the Introduction, note how the context is set. What larger
question is this a part of? The author should summarize and
comment on previous research, and you should distinguish
between previous research and the actual current study. What is
the hypothesis of the paper and the ways this will be tested?
· In the Methods, try to get a clear picture of what was done at
each step. What was actually measured? You may want to make
an outline and/or sketch of the procedures and instruments.
Keep notes of your questions; some of them may be simply
technical, but others may point to more fundamental
considerations that you will use for reflection and criticism
below.
· In the Results look carefully at the figures and tables, as they
are the heart of most papers. A scientist will often read the
figures and tables before deciding whether it is worthwhile to
read the rest of the article! What does it mean to "understand" a
figure? You understand a figure when you can redraw it and
explain it in plain English words.
· The Discussion contains the conclusions that the author would
like to draw from the data. In some papers, this section has a lot
of interpretation and is very important. In any case, this is
usually where the author reflects on the work and its meaning in
relation to other findings and to the field in general.
3.) Reflection and criticism. After you understand the article
and can summarize it, then you can return to broader questions
and draw your own conclusions. It is very useful to keep track
32. of your questions as you go along, returning to see whether they
have been answered. Often, the simple questions may contain
the seeds of very deep thoughts about the work.
Assignment:
Answer the following questions for your paper.
Your answers may be in point form, either typed or handwritten
and should be long enough to adequately answer the questions.
Please pay attention to the clarity of your writing as well.
Introduction:
· What is the overall purpose of the research?
· How does the research fit into the context of its field? Is it,
for example, attempting to settle a controversy? show the
validity of a new technique? open up a new field of inquiry?
· Do you agree with the author's rationale for studying the
question in this way?
Methods:
· Were the measurements appropriate for the questions the
researcher was approaching?
· Often, researchers need to use "indicators" because they
cannot measure something directly--for example, using seismic
velocities to indicate composition. Were the measures in this
research clearly related to the variables in which the researchers
(or you) were interested?
Results:
· What is the one major finding?
· Were enough of the data presented so that you feel you can
judge for yourself how the experiment turned out?
· Did you see patterns or trends in the data that the author did
not mention? Were there problems that were not addressed?
Discussion:
· Do you agree with the conclusions drawn from the data?
33. · Are these conclusions over-generalized or appropriately
careful?
· Are there other factors that could have influenced, or
accounted for, the results?
· What further experiments could you think of to continue the
research or to answer remaining questions?
Grading Rubric:
Assignment questions
Analysis of Document
Identification of Key Issues/Main Points
Communication
Exemplary
Fully answers all questions as they pertain to the document;
shows excellent understanding of paper in general
(6-7)
Offers in-depth analysis and interpretation of the document;
distinguishes between fact and opinion; explores reliability of
author (8-10)
Identifies the key issues and main points included in the
primary source; shows understanding of author's goal(s) (5)
Demonstrates excellence in communicating ideas with few or no
errors (3)
Adequate
Answers all questions, understanding of paper is moderate (4-5)
Offers accurate analysis of the document (5-7)
Identifies most but not all of the key issues and main points in
the primary source (3-4)
Ideas are communicated adequately (2)
Minimal
All questions are not answered completely, shows limited
34. understanding of document (2-3)
Demonstrates only a minimal understanding of the document (2-
4)
Describes in general terms one issue or concept included in the
primary source (2)
Shows difficulty with communicating some concepts of the
article (1)
Attempted
Partially completed questions, lack of understanding of the
paper (1)
Reiterates one or two facts from the document but does not
offer any analysis or interpretation of the document (1)
Deals only briefly and vaguely with the key issues and main
points in the document (1)
Poorly written with many errors (0)
Comments
Grade: /25
Further comments: