What is heat exchanger & its Functions
Types of Heat Exchangers
Compact Heat Exchangers
Part of Fin Plate Heat Exchangers
Advantages & Disadvantages of Fin Plate Exchangers
Materials & Manufacturing
Overall Heat transfer Coefficient & Fouling Factor
LMTD Method
Effectiveness - NTU Method
What is heat exchanger & its Functions
Types of Heat Exchangers
Compact Heat Exchangers
Part of Fin Plate Heat Exchangers
Advantages & Disadvantages of Fin Plate Exchangers
Materials & Manufacturing
Overall Heat transfer Coefficient & Fouling Factor
LMTD Method
Effectiveness - NTU Method
Thermal rating of Shell & Tube Heat ExchangerVikram Sharma
This presentation file was created with the objective to provide a refresher course on the thermal rating of Shell and Tube heat exchanger for single-phase heat transfer
Thermal rating of Shell & Tube Heat ExchangerVikram Sharma
This presentation file was created with the objective to provide a refresher course on the thermal rating of Shell and Tube heat exchanger for single-phase heat transfer
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
5. Flow Structure
Q=U A F ΔTlm-counter
in
cold
in
hot
in
cold
out
cold
in
cold
out
cold
out
hot
in
hot
T
T
T
T
S
T
T
T
T
R
R
R
S
R
R
S
R
RS
S
R
F
1
1
2
1
1
2
ln
1
1
1
ln
1
2
2
2
6. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
• Series of Resistances
• Basis
– Inside
– Outside
1
,
, 1
)
ln(
2
1
)
1
(
o
f
o
i
o
o
w
i
i
o
i
o
i
f
o R
h
D
D
D
k
h
D
D
A
A
R
U
Inside
Tubes
Rf=fouling factors, inside and outside
See table 18.5 for range of U values for different cases.
7. Heat Transfer inside a tube
Turbulent
000
,
10
Re
700
,
16
Pr
7
.
0
e
smooth tub
,
60
/
Pr
Re
027
.
0
14
.
0
3
/
1
8
.
0
f
p
w
b
f
k
C
D
L
k
hD
Nu
Also other correlations valid over wider ranges
8. Heat Transfer outside of Tube
000
,
100
Re
40
300
Pr
67
.
0
2
.
5
25
.
0
Pr
)
Re
06
.
0
Re
4
.
0
(
25
.
0
4
.
0
3
/
2
5
.
0
f
p
w
b
w
b
f
k
C
k
hD
Nu
Also other correlations valid over wider ranges
10. What Temperature Approach
• Heuristic 26.
– Near-optimal minimum temperature approaches
in heat exchangers depend on the temperature
level as follows:
– 10°F or less for temperatures below ambient,
– 20°F for temperatures at or above ambient up to 300°F,
– 50°F for high temperatures,
– 250 to 350°F in a furnace for flue gas temperature above
inlet process fluid temperature.
11. Where are the Heat Exchangers?
What is happening in each
Octane Reaction
2C2H4 + C4H10 C8H18
P= 20 psia, T=93C,
X=98% Conversion
TBP
C2H4 −103.7 °C
C4H10 +0.5 °C
C8H18 +125.52 °C
13. Heat Transfer With Phase Change
• Tricky Problems
– Examples
• Reboiler on Distillation Unit
• Condenser on Distillation Unit
• Flash Units
• Boilers
14. A Word About Steam
• Simulator Assumptions
– Inlet – Saturated Vapor
– Pressure
– 100% Vapor
– Outlet – Saturated Liquid
• Liquid Only Leaves via steam trap
– Pressure = Pin- ΔP (1.5 psi, Heuristic-31)
– 100% Liquid
16. Condensation Heat Transfer
• Drop Wise Condensation
– Special Case
• Very High Heat Transfer
• 5 to 10 x Film Condensation
• Film Condensation
– Laminar
4
/
1
3
)
(
4
)
(
x
T
T
k
H
g
k
x
h
Nu
w
v
l
l
vap
v
l
l
l
x
x
18. Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient
Various correlations depending upon boiling mechanism
Highest Heat
Transfer Coef.
But hard to
control HX
operating here
19. Heuristic 28
• Boil a pure liquid or close-boiling liquid
mixture in a separate heat exchanger, using
a maximum overall temperature driving
force of 45 F to ensure nucleate boiling and
avoid undesirable (low h) film boiling.
22. Aspen - Zone Analysis
ProMax – Heat Release Increments
• Heuristic 29.
– When cooling and condensing a stream in a heat exchanger, a zone
analysis, described in Section 18.1, should be made to make sure
that the temperature difference between the hot stream and the cold
stream is equal to or greater than the minimum approach
temperature at all locations in the heat exchanger. The zone
analysis is performed by dividing the heat exchanger into a number
of segments and applying an energy balance to each segment to
determine corresponding stream inlet and outlet temperatures for
the segment, taking into account any phase change. A process
simulation program conveniently accomplishes the zone analysis.
23. Pressure Drop
& Flow Rate
• Laminar vs. Turbulent
– Heuristic 31.
• Estimate heat-exchanger pressure drops as follows:
– 1.5 psi for boiling and condensing,
– 3 psi for a gas,
– 5 psi for a low-viscosity liquid,
– 7-9 psi for a high-viscosity liquid,
– 20 psi for a process fluid passing through a furnace.
24. Controlling ΔP in Simulator
• Shell side
– Nozzle diameter
• Inlet and Outlet
– Number of Baffles
– Tubes
• Number, diameter, pitch, No. passes
• Tube side
– Nozzle diameter
• Inlet and Outlet
– Tubes
• Number, diameter, pitch, No. passes
Note interactions!
26. HX Cost
• Size Factor HX Area
• CBase(6-2000)=exp[11.0545-0.9228*ln(A)+0.09861*ln(A)2]
• Purchase Price
– CP-fob=FP(P)*FMaterial(A)*FL(L)*CBase*(CPI/394)
– CBM=FBM*CP-fob
– CBM=3.17*CP-fob
• Cost depends on HX Area
• Pumping Cost
– Work = Q*ΔP
27. Controlling A in Simulator
• A = Ntubes π Dtubes Ltubes
• Shell
– Shell Diameter and pitch determines Ntubes
• Tubes
– Dtubes
– Ltubes
– Tube pitch-The transverse pitch is the shortest distance
from the center lines of two adjacent tubes.
– Tube pitch ratio 1.25 to 1.5 typically
28. Controlling U in a Simulator
• For a given heat duty and geometry - U determines the HX
area
• Steps
– Identify the controlling heat transfer resistance
– ho-Manipulate the shell side Reynolds number
• Shell diameter
• Tube pitch
• Number of baffles
– hi-Manipulate the tube side Reynolds number
• Tube diameter
• Number of tubes (shell diameter and tube pitch)
• Number of passes
– If odd things happen check to see that you have the same controlling heat
transfer resistance
Note interactions!
29. Other Issues
• Materials of Construction
– Strength at temperature, life time, heat conduction,
fouling
• Design layout
– Tube pitch, baffles, tube and shell diameters
30. Heat Exchanger
Problems
• Temperatures Cross Each
Other
– Non-functioning Exchanger
– To solve increase approach ΔT
• Condensation/Evaporation
– Heat transfer with multiple heat
transfer coefficients in a single
apparatus
• Various regimes of boiling
• Various regimes of condensation