In pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry as per PCI proper presentation on electrolyte

1. 1

2. 2/23/2021
Electrolyte 2

3. Definition
Electrolyte are the compound which may contain electro
positive or electronegative charges.
The body fluid is divided by two components
1. Intracellular Fluid (40- 50 % of body weight)
2. Extracellular Fluid (12- 15 % of body weight)
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Electrolyte

4. 1. Intracellular Fluid : It is present in inner cell of blood
2. Extracellular Fluid: It is present outside the cell of
blood
These two fluid is separated by semi permeable membrane.
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Electrolyte

5. IONS
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6. 1. Major Cations
2. Major Anions
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7. 1. Major cations : (SoPoCaM)
i. Sodium
ii. Potassium
iii. Calcium
iv. Magnesium
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Electrolyte

8. 2. Major Anions (BCPS)
i. Bicarbonate
ii. Chloride
iii. Phosphate
iv. Sulphate
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9. 1. MAJOR CATIONS
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10. 1. Sodium :
i. Normal Value : Normally human body contains about
1.8 gm /Kg of sodium ion.
ii. Sources: Table salts , Milk, Baking powder, Meat & Some
vegetable.
iii. Daily Requirements : 3-5 gm for normal adult.
Diseases :
1. Hyponaturemia :
Condition under which there is low serum Sodium
level.
2. Hypernaturemia :
Condition under which there is high serum sodium level.
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11. 2. Potassium:
i. Normal Value: 2.6 gm /kg body wt.
ii. Daily Requirement: 1.5 to 4.5 gm
iii. Source: Milk, Vegetable, Meat & Whole grains
Disease:
1. Hyperkalemia: Condition under which there is high
serum potassium level.
2. Hypokalemia: Condition under which there is low
serum potassium level.
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12. 3. Calcium :
i. Normal Value: 2.2 gm /kg body wt.
ii. Daily Requirement: 0.8 gm
iii. Source: bones and in extracellular fluid.
Disease:
1. Hypercalcimic: Condition under which there is high
serum calcium level.
2. Hypocalcimic: Condition under which there is low
serum calcium level.
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13. 4. Magnesium:
i. Normal Value: 0.5 kg/ body wt.
ii. Daily Requirement: 350 mg
iii. Source: Nuts , Soyabean, Whole grains , Sea Foods
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14. MAJOR ANIONS
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15. 1. Chloride:
i. Normal Value: 50mEq/kg body weight
ii. Daily Requirement: 5 to 10 gm
iii. Source: Table salts
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16. 2. Sulphate:
Sources : Animal & Plant protein having sulphur containing
amino acids like cystein & methionin
3. Bicarbonates :
It is second largest aninon present in extracellular fluid
Compartments, It maintain acid base balance.
4. Phosphate:
It is major anion of intracellular fluid compartments.
The main dietary source are milk, Milk products, whole grain
, nuts. It is present in teeth with combination of calcium.
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Electrolyte

17. ELECTROLYTE USED IN REPLACEMENT THERAPY
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Electrolyte

18. The various inorganic & organic Compounds present in the
body fluids and the concentration of these in various
compartment is balanced in such away that the body cells
and tissue always have the same environment.
Generally , in body the electrolyte concentration is
maintained , but if body can not maintain or correct the
electrolyte balance, then it is done by external
administration which is known as replacement therapy.
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19. 1. Replacement of Sodium
2. Replacement of Potassium
3. Replacement of Calcium
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Electrolyte

20. 1. Replacement of Sodium :
Sodium Chloride :
Formula: NaCl
Mol wt: 58.54
Std: It contain NLT 99.5 % & NMT 100.5 % of NaCl calculated
to dried substances.
Properties :
1. Colour: White Crystalline powder
2. Odour : Odourless
3. Taste: Saline
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21. Solubility : It is freely soluble in water , more in boiling
water, Soluble in glycerin
Storage: It is stored in tightly closed container keep in cool
place.
Uses:
1. It is sources of both sod & chloride ions
2. It is used as electrolyte replenisher
3. It induces vomiting in case of poisoning
4. It is a constitute of Ringers solution, Injection, Lactate
solution,
5. It is used in dehydration condition.
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22. Official Preparations /different forms of NaCl:
1. Sodium Chloride Injection
2. Bacteriostatic NaCl injection
3. Normal NaCl Solution
4. Sodium Chloride Tablet
5. Dextrose & NaCl injection IP
6. NaCl & Dextrose tablet
7. Mannitol & NaCl Injection
8. Fructose & NaCl injection
9. Ringers Injection
10. Lactated Ringers injection
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23. Official Preparations /different forms of NaCl
1. Sodium Chloride Injection:
0.9 % w/v of NaCl in WFI
Category : Fluid & electrolyte replenisher
Dose: 1 Lit IV
2. Bacteriostactic NaCl injection:
It contain 0.9 % W/v NaCl in SWFI
Category : Sterile Vehicle.
3. Normal NaCl Solution :
It Contain 0.9 % w/v NaCl in Distilled water /SW
Category: Isotonic vehicle.
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24. Official Preparations /different forms of NaCl:
4. Sodium Chloride Tablet:
It contain 0.9 w/w NaCl
Category : Electrolyte Replenisher .
Available as 600 mg, 1 gm & 2.5 gm of tablet
5. Dextrose & NaCl injection IP:
Category : Fluid nutrient , electrolyte replenisher
Dose: 1 Lit IV
6. NaCl & Dextrose tablet:
Category : Electrolyte replenisher .
7. Mannitol & NaCl Injection:
Category : Diuretic Dose: 50 -200 gm IV
8. Fructose & NaCl injection :
It contains 10 % of Fructose & 0.9 w/v of NaCl
Category : Fluid nutrient , electrolyte replenisher
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25. Official Preparations /different forms of NaCl:
9. Ringers Injection:
category : Fluid & electrolyte replenisher.
10. Lactated Ringers injection:
It contain 0.6 % w/v NaCl
Category : Systemic alkalizers , fluid electrolyte
replenisher.
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26. II. Replacement of Potassium
Potassium Chloride:
Formula: KCl
Mol. Wt: 74.55
Std: It contains NLT 99 % of KCl calculated with reference to
dried substance.
Properties:
1. Color: Colorless crystal
2. Odor: Odorless
3. Taste: Saline
4. Solubility: Freely soluble in water
5. Aq. Solution are neutral to litmus.
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27. Uses:
1. It is used as oral replacement of Potassium in the form of
solution.
2. It is used in the treatment of Myasthenia Gravis .
3. It is the constituent of Oral rehydration salt. Ringers
solution and Ringers Injection.
Official Preparation:
1. Potassium Chloride oral solution.
2. Potassium Chloride injection.
3. Potassium Chloride & Sodium Chloride injection.
4. Potassium Chloride tablet
5. Ringers Solution
6. Compound Sodium Chloride injection .
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28. CALCIUM CHLORIDE
Molecular Formula: CaCl2
Properties:
1. Color: Colorless crystalline powder
2. Odor: odorless
3. Taste: Saline
4. Solubility : It is soluble in water
5. Calcium chloride can be electrolysed to give
calcium metal and chlorine gas
CaCl2→ Ca(s) + Cl2(g)
3. REPLACEMENT OF CALCIUM
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29.  Uses:
1. It is used as electrolyte replenisher.
2. Calcium chloride is used to increase the water
hardness in swimming pools.
3. It can be used to treat magnesium toxicity.
4. Calcium chloride can be used to quickly treat
calcium channel blocker toxicity.
 Preparation:
Calcium Chloride injection.
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30. Electrolyte CombinationTherapy
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31. Why Given :
I. Usually , when patient is unable to take normal diet before or
after Surgery, The electrolyte combination therapy is used.
II. infusion containing Glucose & Normal saline are used
III. When heavy loss of water & Electrolyte e.g. in excessive
vomiting , Diarrhea or prolonged fever electrolyte
combination are used as replacement therapy.
Some imp Pdt used in electrolyte combination therapy are as
follow.
1. Sodium Lactate injection
2. Ringers injection
3. Compound Sodium Lactate solution.
4. Oral Rehydration salt.
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32. 1. Sodium Lactate Injection:
It is sterile solution containing 1.75 – 1.95 % w/v of sodium
lactate prepared in WFI
Preparation :
Sodium lactate can be prepared by Lactic acid & Sodium
Hydroxide . It can be sterilized by heating in autoclave.
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33. 2. Ringers Solution:
It is sterile solution prepared in water for injection
containing.
It does not contain antimicrobial agents.
It is also sterilized by heating in an autoclaving.
Name Contain
NaCl 0.9 %
KCl 0.0285 – 0.0315 % w/v
CaCl2 0.030 – 0.036 % w/v
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34. 3. Compound Sodium Lactate injection:
It is sterile solution prepared in water for injection
Containing,
LaSoDi NaK CaW
Name Contain
Lactic Acid 2.4 ml
Sodium hydroxide 1.15 gm
Dil HCl 0.5 ml
NaCl 6 gm
KCl 0.4 gm
CaCl2 0.27 gm
Water For Injection Qs. 1000 ml
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35. Large number of Oral Rehydration preparation are
available in Market which contain anhydrous
Glucose , NaCl, KCl and either NaHCO3 or Sod. Citrate.
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36. Formula recommended by UNICEF & WHO
Sr.
No
Ingredients Formula I
(UNICEF)
Formula II
(WHO)
Formula III
(WHO)
1 NaCl 1 gm 3.5 gm 3.5 gm
2 KCl 1.5 gm 1.5 gm 1.5 gm
3 Sod.
Bicarbonate
1.5 gm 2.5 gm -
4 Sod. Citrate - - 2.9 gm
5 Anhydrous
Glucose
36.4 gm 20 gm 20.9 gm
6 Glucose 40.0 gm 22 gm -
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37. Direction for Use:
Dissolve the sachets in 1 Lit of Water . The water should be
previously boiled & cooled.
Dose: The dose is equivalent to patients fluid
requirement.
Storage: Store in dry place & in well closed airtight
container.
Marketed Preparation: Electrolyte, Welyte, Punarjal
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38. All body fluid have definite composition of enzymes ,
Ions, Proteins etc.
Generally majority of metabolic reactions are
happened at pH range 7.34-7.42
pH of body fluid is maintained by following mechanism
1. Buffer systems
2. Protein buffer system
3. Respiratory Mechanism
4. Renal Mechanism
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39. 1. Buffer System
i. Carbonate buffer system and phosphate buffer system maintain
acid base balance .
ii. This system is mainly found in kidney and cells.
2. Protein buffer System:
i. Protein are composed of amino acid which is dissociate and give
H+ and thus participated into buffering of body fluids.
ii. Hemoglobin is most effective buffer system.
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40. 3. Respiratory Mechanism
i. This is important pH control is through the
control of respiratory center .
ii. When this center is stimulated , it alter the rate of
breathing.
iii. The removal of CO2 from the body fluid leads to
the change in pH of blood carbonic acid .
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Electrolyte

41. 4. Renal Mechanism :
i. Kidney helps to maintain normal pH by
elimination of some ions through urine.
ii. Kidney has an ability to form ammonia which
react with acid formed during protein
metabolism and thus pH of urine is acidic.
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42. 1. Metabolic Acidosis
2. Metabolic Alkalosis
3. Respiratory Acidosis
4. Respiratory Alkalosis
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43. 1. Metabolic Acidosis
It means disturbed acid base balance of body and physiological
fluid becomes acidic in nature. In this case , pH is decreased
below 7.34
2. Metabolic Alkalosis
It means disturbed acid base balance of body and physiological
fluid becomes alkaline in nature. In this case , pH is increased
More than 7.45
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44. 3. Respiratory Acidosis:
It is the state in which carbon dioxide is retained in the body
due to the reduced ventilation.
4. Respiratory Alkalosis:
It is the state in which excess of concentration of CO2 is lost
from the body and it is due to hyperventilation.
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45. 2/23/2021 45
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46. 1. Potassium Acetate
2. Potassium Citrate
3. Sodium Acetate
4. Sodium Citrate
5. Sodium bicarbonate injection
6. Ammonium Chloride
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Electrolyte 46

47. 1. Potassium Acetate:
Formula: C2H3O2K
Std: It contain 99% % NMT 101% of C2H3O2K
Properties:
1. color: White
2. Odor: Odorless
3. Taste: saline & Slightly alkaline
4. Solubility: Soluble in water & insoluble in ether.
5. When Strongly heated it gives residue of potassium
carbonate.
2CH3COOK + O2 K2CO3 + 3 H2O + 3CO2
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48. Uses:
1. It is used as urinary alkalizers
2. It is also diuretic action
3. it is systemic alkalizers.
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Electrolyte 48

49. 2. Potassium Citrate:
Formula: C6H5K3O7
Std: It contain 99% NMT 101% of C6H5K3O7
Properties:
1. color: White
2. Odor: Odorless
3. Taste: saline & Slightly alkaline
4. Solubility: Soluble in water & insoluble in
alcohol.
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Electrolyte 49

50. Uses:
1. It is used as diuretic , expectorant.
2. It has slight laxative
3. It has anticoagulant action.
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Electrolyte 50

51. 3. Sodium Acetate :
Formula: CH3COONa . 3H20
Std: It contain 99% NMT 100.5% of CH3COONa . 3H20
Properties:
1. color: Colorless
2. Odor: Odorless
3. Taste: saline
4. Solubility: Soluble in water & alcohol.
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Electrolyte 51

52. Uses:
1. It is ingredient of peritoneal dialysis fluid .
2. It acts as alkalizing agents.
3. It also acts as diuretic.
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Electrolyte 52

53. 4. Sodium Citrate :
Formula: C6H5Na3O7
Std: It contain 99% NMT 101 % of C6H5Na3O7
Properties:
1. color: Colorless
2. Odor: Odorless
3. Taste: saline
4. Solubility: Soluble in water but insoluble in
alcohol.
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Electrolyte 53

54. Uses:
1. It acts as Systemic alkalizers.
2. It also acts as anticoagulants.
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