Blood DisordersCardiovascular System Blood VesselsCardiChantellPantoja184
Blood Disorders
Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
The David Sign
On a recent trip to Florence, Italy, I observed Michelan-
gelo’s David in the Accademia Galleria and was struck by
an interesting observation: the external jugular vein on
the right side of David’s neck is distended well above his
clavicle. Classic physical diagnosis teaching tells clini-
cians to observe the height of the jugular veins to esti-
mate central venous pressure (unless there is jugular ve-
nous outflow obstruction). Preferably, the internal
jugular vein is used for observation, but often the inter-
nal jugular vein is difficult to visualize, and thus the
smaller, less reliable, external jugular vein can be used,
because it is more superficial and easier to see. Impor-
tantly, neither jugular vein is normally persistently vis-
ible above the clavicle at rest in the upright position, as
it clearly is in the David (Figure). This finding on the
David is a sign of elevated intracardiac pressures and
possible cardiac dysfunction.
My initial response was one of fascination. The David
is an awe-inspiring work with incredible attention to de-
tail and accuracy in physical anatomy. With the knowledge
of a cardiologist, it appeared illogical to me for the David
to have jugular venous distention. I felt a chill go down my
back as I realized that this observation and its implications
were very possibly new and unrecognized. In addition, this
message (so to speak) from Michelangelo needed an ex-
planation. Immediately, my response was to document the
finding with multiple photographs for study and review.
I remember speaking with my girlfriend that day after we
visited the Accademia Galleria and discussing that I thought
I observed something very unique about the sculpture—
something that appears to have been hiding in plain sight
for more than 500 years.
When I returned home, I reviewed textbooks and
the medical literature and discussed this with a few medi-
cal and physiology colleagues. We had many very inter-
esting discussions trying to understand this paradox.
I also knew that I needed to know more about Michel-
angelo and his work.
Michelangelo, like some of his artistic contempo-
raries, had anatomical training,1,2 and in looking at the
David, one can clearly see that the external jugular vein
and the sternocleidomastoid muscle are anatomically
correct. Michelangelo’s sculpture depicts David just be-
fore his battle with Goliath. In reviewing other sculp-
tures of Michelangelo, I found that he demonstrates the
same finding of supraclavicular external jugular venous
distention again in his sculpture of Moses at the tomb
of Pope Julius the Second. Most would agree that the sit-
ting Moses is thought to be in an excited state. In con-
trast, the recently deceased Christ in Michelangelo’s
Pietà (1499) does not demonstrate jugular venous dis-
tention. Michelangelo did demonstrate the previously
recognized distention of the de ...
Introduction to science, evolution, and anatomy as a discipline. Humans in a phylogenetic framework, and a highlight of important figures in the history of anatomy.
Blood DisordersCardiovascular System Blood VesselsCardiChantellPantoja184
Blood Disorders
Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
The David Sign
On a recent trip to Florence, Italy, I observed Michelan-
gelo’s David in the Accademia Galleria and was struck by
an interesting observation: the external jugular vein on
the right side of David’s neck is distended well above his
clavicle. Classic physical diagnosis teaching tells clini-
cians to observe the height of the jugular veins to esti-
mate central venous pressure (unless there is jugular ve-
nous outflow obstruction). Preferably, the internal
jugular vein is used for observation, but often the inter-
nal jugular vein is difficult to visualize, and thus the
smaller, less reliable, external jugular vein can be used,
because it is more superficial and easier to see. Impor-
tantly, neither jugular vein is normally persistently vis-
ible above the clavicle at rest in the upright position, as
it clearly is in the David (Figure). This finding on the
David is a sign of elevated intracardiac pressures and
possible cardiac dysfunction.
My initial response was one of fascination. The David
is an awe-inspiring work with incredible attention to de-
tail and accuracy in physical anatomy. With the knowledge
of a cardiologist, it appeared illogical to me for the David
to have jugular venous distention. I felt a chill go down my
back as I realized that this observation and its implications
were very possibly new and unrecognized. In addition, this
message (so to speak) from Michelangelo needed an ex-
planation. Immediately, my response was to document the
finding with multiple photographs for study and review.
I remember speaking with my girlfriend that day after we
visited the Accademia Galleria and discussing that I thought
I observed something very unique about the sculpture—
something that appears to have been hiding in plain sight
for more than 500 years.
When I returned home, I reviewed textbooks and
the medical literature and discussed this with a few medi-
cal and physiology colleagues. We had many very inter-
esting discussions trying to understand this paradox.
I also knew that I needed to know more about Michel-
angelo and his work.
Michelangelo, like some of his artistic contempo-
raries, had anatomical training,1,2 and in looking at the
David, one can clearly see that the external jugular vein
and the sternocleidomastoid muscle are anatomically
correct. Michelangelo’s sculpture depicts David just be-
fore his battle with Goliath. In reviewing other sculp-
tures of Michelangelo, I found that he demonstrates the
same finding of supraclavicular external jugular venous
distention again in his sculpture of Moses at the tomb
of Pope Julius the Second. Most would agree that the sit-
ting Moses is thought to be in an excited state. In con-
trast, the recently deceased Christ in Michelangelo’s
Pietà (1499) does not demonstrate jugular venous dis-
tention. Michelangelo did demonstrate the previously
recognized distention of the de ...
Introduction to science, evolution, and anatomy as a discipline. Humans in a phylogenetic framework, and a highlight of important figures in the history of anatomy.
Revision lesson on the History of medicine, what factors can be identified throughout time. How do they change, are they responsible for progression or regression in your opinion?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
1. WALT: Discover the
work of Renaissance
Genius’
WILFs:
E – Describe the work of one of the individuals of the Renaissance period.
D – Describe and explain the work of one individual.
C – Explain and compare the work of different individuals.
B – Compare and evaluate the work of Renaissance genius’.
A – Evaluate the significance of individuals during the Renaissance period.
2. Draw Now.
You must draw an image on your Post It note about the
Renaissance period and what you have learnt so far.
You must stick it to someone’s forehead.
They must ask YES/NO Questions and attempt to guess the
image.
3. The impact of Vesalius…
Vesalius showed that some of Galen’s ideas were wrong. Many doctors
refused to believe him, but his work did encourage doctors to question
ancient ideas rather than just accept them.
In the long-term, Vesalius’s work on anatomy was of huge importance
and helped doctors make new discoveries about the way the body
worked.
What impact do you think Vesalius had on ordinary people’s lives?
How much of a difference did he make to the development of medicine?
4. Take Notes
• Who was William Harvey and what did he do?
• Add to your notes from the Textbook.
• What did he do, how did he do it, what was the impact of his work.
5. William Harvey
William Harvey was an English doctor who discovered how the heart
worked and how blood circulated around the body.
Before Harvey, doctors had learnt from Galen that the body used blood like a
fuel. He had written that the liver continually produced blood to replace that
which the body had burnt up.
Harvey’s discoveries included that:
the heart works like a pump
blood flows in one direction only around the body
one-way valves stop the blood going the wrong way
blood is re-circulated and not replaced.
6. Harvey ‘s Methods
Dissecting live, cold-blooded animals. Their very slow heartbeat
allowed him to observe the actions of the heart. He also gained a
good knowledge of the human body through dissection.
Carrying out hundreds of painstaking experiments.
Carefully recording all his findings so that he could prove why he
was right.
Calculating the total volume of blood by measuring the amount of
blood pumped by each heartbeat.
Experimenting with rods in the veins. He found he could only
push them through the valves one way.
7. Impact of Harvey
Harvey couldn’t see the tiny capillaries which carry blood, though he knew
they must exist. With the invention of the microscope in the 17th century,
Harvey was proved right.
Like Vesalius three-quarters of a century before him, Harvey had dared to
challenge Galen and the other ancient writers. Many doctors again regarded
these new ideas as dangerous and carried on with their own methods.
However, Harvey’s discoveries were vital to the understanding of the way
the body works we have today.
What impact do you think Harvey had on ordinary people’s lives?
How much of a difference did he make to the development of medicine?