1. The document describes several traditional software development life cycle process models, including the waterfall model, prototyping model, RAD model, and evolutionary model.
2. It proposes a new software process model called the Software Architecture Development Life Cycle (SADLC) model that is based on the spiral process model and takes architecture-based development into account.
3. The SADLC model aims to organize software development activities and artifacts to be delivered to customers based on prescribed tasks, tools, and resource allocation over multiple iterations.
This document discusses quantification of functional requirements in software system engineering using linear programming problems (LPP). It begins with an introduction to software system engineering and its importance in developing large, complex software. It then discusses requirement analysis and categorizes requirements as functional and non-functional. Functional requirements are further classified into user interface, transaction performance, auditing, and authentication. An example model is provided to represent requirements. The document then discusses using operations research and the assignment problem as an LPP approach to evaluate and optimize functional requirements. Finally, it concludes that taking an iterative approach using LPPs can help effectively elicit and refine requirements.
Software engineering is the systematic application of engineering principles to software development and maintenance. It involves requirements analysis, design, development, testing, documentation, and maintenance following a systematic process. Software engineering aims to provide cost-effective solutions to software problems and is the branch of engineering concerned with developing software solutions.
Quantify the Functional Requirements in Software System EngineeringKarthika Parthasarathy
This document discusses an approach to analyzing and quantifying functional requirements in software system engineering. It begins by introducing system engineering as a process that transforms operational needs into system configurations. Software system engineering applies these principles to the development of large, complex software systems. The paper focuses on categorizing and prioritizing functional requirements during the requirements analysis phase of software development. Analyzing, designing, and organizing system elements according to engineering principles helps produce documentation to guide software development and manage technical functions. This process aims to reduce complexity and improve customer satisfaction.
This document compares five models of software engineering: the waterfall model, iteration model, V-shaped model, spiral model, and extreme programming model. It first provides background on software process models and development life cycles in general. It then describes each of the five models in more detail, highlighting their key stages and features, as well as advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The goal is to represent different software development models and compare their characteristics to understand their various features and limitations.
The document discusses assessing software complexity and security metrics from UML class diagrams for software reengineering. It proposes developing a Software Reverse Engineering Tool (SRET) that can automatically calculate metrics like coupling, cohesion, and security metrics from a UML class diagram generated from source code. This would help analysts and developers evaluate software metrics more quickly and efficiently during reengineering compared to manual methods. The tool would extract metrics based on rules applied to the class diagram to measure things like data access, operation access, and interactions between methods and attributes.
The document discusses software design and key concepts related to software design including:
1) Software design is the process of planning the architecture, components, interfaces, and other characteristics of a software system.
2) Good software design aims for high cohesion and loose coupling between modules. It involves conceptual design, technical design, and refinement of the design.
3) Modularity, coupling, and cohesion are important design principles. Modularity enhances manageability while loose coupling and high cohesion are design goals.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts covered in lecture notes. It discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) which includes key stages like requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, integration and maintenance. The SDLC framework aims to develop software efficiently using a well-defined process. Software engineering principles like abstraction and decomposition are used to reduce complexity when developing large programs.
This document contains a chapter-by-chapter summary of key concepts from a Software Engineering textbook. It includes definitions of terms like software engineering, the software development life cycle, software quality perspectives, and software project roles. It also summarizes various software development process models (e.g. waterfall, agile) and activities involved in planning and managing a software project (e.g. estimating effort, scheduling, risk management).
This document discusses quantification of functional requirements in software system engineering using linear programming problems (LPP). It begins with an introduction to software system engineering and its importance in developing large, complex software. It then discusses requirement analysis and categorizes requirements as functional and non-functional. Functional requirements are further classified into user interface, transaction performance, auditing, and authentication. An example model is provided to represent requirements. The document then discusses using operations research and the assignment problem as an LPP approach to evaluate and optimize functional requirements. Finally, it concludes that taking an iterative approach using LPPs can help effectively elicit and refine requirements.
Software engineering is the systematic application of engineering principles to software development and maintenance. It involves requirements analysis, design, development, testing, documentation, and maintenance following a systematic process. Software engineering aims to provide cost-effective solutions to software problems and is the branch of engineering concerned with developing software solutions.
Quantify the Functional Requirements in Software System EngineeringKarthika Parthasarathy
This document discusses an approach to analyzing and quantifying functional requirements in software system engineering. It begins by introducing system engineering as a process that transforms operational needs into system configurations. Software system engineering applies these principles to the development of large, complex software systems. The paper focuses on categorizing and prioritizing functional requirements during the requirements analysis phase of software development. Analyzing, designing, and organizing system elements according to engineering principles helps produce documentation to guide software development and manage technical functions. This process aims to reduce complexity and improve customer satisfaction.
This document compares five models of software engineering: the waterfall model, iteration model, V-shaped model, spiral model, and extreme programming model. It first provides background on software process models and development life cycles in general. It then describes each of the five models in more detail, highlighting their key stages and features, as well as advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The goal is to represent different software development models and compare their characteristics to understand their various features and limitations.
The document discusses assessing software complexity and security metrics from UML class diagrams for software reengineering. It proposes developing a Software Reverse Engineering Tool (SRET) that can automatically calculate metrics like coupling, cohesion, and security metrics from a UML class diagram generated from source code. This would help analysts and developers evaluate software metrics more quickly and efficiently during reengineering compared to manual methods. The tool would extract metrics based on rules applied to the class diagram to measure things like data access, operation access, and interactions between methods and attributes.
The document discusses software design and key concepts related to software design including:
1) Software design is the process of planning the architecture, components, interfaces, and other characteristics of a software system.
2) Good software design aims for high cohesion and loose coupling between modules. It involves conceptual design, technical design, and refinement of the design.
3) Modularity, coupling, and cohesion are important design principles. Modularity enhances manageability while loose coupling and high cohesion are design goals.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts covered in lecture notes. It discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) which includes key stages like requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, integration and maintenance. The SDLC framework aims to develop software efficiently using a well-defined process. Software engineering principles like abstraction and decomposition are used to reduce complexity when developing large programs.
This document contains a chapter-by-chapter summary of key concepts from a Software Engineering textbook. It includes definitions of terms like software engineering, the software development life cycle, software quality perspectives, and software project roles. It also summarizes various software development process models (e.g. waterfall, agile) and activities involved in planning and managing a software project (e.g. estimating effort, scheduling, risk management).
The document provides definitions and explanations of key software engineering concepts. It summarizes stakeholders as anyone who directly or indirectly benefits from a system. Prototyping draws criticism for prioritizing quick prototypes over quality. Incremental development delivers software in pieces that build on prior deliveries, while evolutionary development iteratively produces more complete versions. Formal methods are not widely used due to extended timelines, complex mathematics, and incompatibility with other tools. Risk analysis identifies possible losses in development. Information systems link to business objectives by improving processes and maintaining competitive advantages. Process improvement involves measurement, analysis, change identification. Requirements elicitation uses techniques like interviews and prototyping. Architecture design represents effectiveness and reduces risks. Modular design improves
This document discusses software design principles and concepts. It begins by defining software design as translating requirements into a blueprint for constructing software. Key concepts discussed include:
1. Managing complexity through principles like uniformity, accommodating change, and minimizing coupling between modules.
2. Software architecture, which defines the overall structure and interactions between major system elements.
3. Common design techniques like abstraction, modularity, hierarchy, and separation of concerns that help manage complexity.
This document provides an overview of the research and outcomes for developing an e-menu prototype for a Thai restaurant. [1] It reviews the research question, objectives, and framework, which focused on identifying key issues, requirements, and users' perceptions of the prototype. [2] It discusses the structure of the portfolio that will contain artifacts like system analysis documents, the prototype application, and presentations to demonstrate features. [3] The outcomes include analyzing requirements, developing the prototype, evaluating users' feedback, and recommending how to approach future e-menu development.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It discusses the emergence of software engineering as a field due to increasing complexity in software development. Key issues that drove the need for software engineering include correctness, efficiency, complexity, interfaces, reliability, flexibility, documentation, and maintainability. The document also covers quality attributes of software like correctness, dependability, user-friendliness, adequacy, and learnability. Finally, it introduces different software process models like the waterfall model, prototyping model, spiral model, and object-oriented lifecycle model.
Software engineering Questions and AnswersBala Ganesh
1. Risk management is the process of identifying, addressing, and eliminating potential problems that could threaten the success of a project before they cause damage. This includes issues that could impact cost, schedule, technical success, product quality, or team morale.
2. HIPO (Hierarchical Input Process Output) diagrams were developed at IBM as a design representation and documentation aid. They contain a visual table of contents, overview diagrams, and detailed diagrams.
3. Software maintenance is any work done to modify software after it is operational, such as fixing errors, adding capabilities, removing obsolete code, or optimizing performance. It aims to preserve the software's value over time as requirements, users, and technology change. M
1. The document discusses key concepts in software design including transforming customer requirements into an implementable form, designing modules, control relationships, interfaces, data structures, and algorithms.
2. It also covers preliminary and detailed design phases, where preliminary design identifies modules and relationships, and detailed design specifies data structures and algorithms.
3. Design principles like abstraction, refinement, modularity, architecture, control hierarchy, and information hiding are explained as important concepts for creating a complete design model.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1) The fundamental activities in the software development process like planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance.
2) The different phases of the Rational Unified Process including inception, elaboration, construction and transition.
3) The drawbacks of the spiral model including high costs, expertise required for risk analysis, and poor fit for smaller projects.
The document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including:
1) It defines software and discusses its evolutionary role as both a product and vehicle.
2) It describes different categories of software applications such as system software, real-time software, business software, and more.
3) It discusses software engineering goals, related disciplines, and key terms such as project size factors, quality and productivity factors, and managerial issues.
This document discusses requirement analysis in software engineering. It defines requirements as descriptions of a system's services and constraints. Requirement engineering is the process of finding, analyzing, documenting, and checking requirements. User requirements describe desired system functions and constraints in natural language for non-technical users. System requirements provide more technical details of how the system will implement the user requirements and are used by software engineers. Requirements can be functional, specifying system services, or non-functional, specifying constraints like performance or reliability.
This document presents a roadmap for reverse engineering research over the next decade, building on theories from the 1980s and technologies developed in the 1990s. It discusses key areas of research including code reverse engineering, data reverse engineering, reverse engineering tools, and barriers to tool adoption. The goal is to better understand legacy systems and support software evolution through automated and semi-automated methods.
Gsd systematic task allocation evaluation in distributed software developmentShatakirti Er
This document presents a systematic approach for evaluating task allocation alternatives in distributed software development. It describes defining relevant viewpoints, contexts, factors and baselines. Variation factors like capabilities, dependencies and characteristics are identified and their impacts assessed. Possible task assignments are then evaluated based on the analysis. The approach is demonstrated through a scenario where a company evaluates assigning work between sites in Europe and India for a new project.
1. The document outlines 9 lab assignments related to software engineering processes and techniques. The assignments cover topics like software development models, requirements specification, effort estimation, risk analysis, project scheduling, system modeling, testing, and configuration management.
2. Each assignment includes objectives, references, prerequisites, overview of relevant concepts, expected outputs, and post-lab discussion questions.
3. The assignments are designed to familiarize students with key phases of the software development lifecycle through hands-on practice of process models, documentation, analysis, design, testing and project management methods.
Software Engineering Sample Question paper for 2012Neelamani Samal
This document contains sample questions for the Principles and Practices of Software Engineering exam. It is divided into two parts:
Part A contains 10 short answer questions worth 2 marks each on topics like what defines software engineering, different testing stages, software architecture, and estimation models.
Part B contains 5 long answer questions worth 10 marks each, from which students must answer 5. Questions cover topics such as requirements gathering techniques, software development process models, design principles, testing strategies, UML diagrams for library and supermarket systems, and software metrics and maintenance.
This document provides information about a Software Engineering 1 course. It outlines the course details including the instructor's information, teaching assistants, schedule, required textbooks, assessment breakdown, and course topics. The course aims to teach students how to produce high-quality software within budget and time while dealing with complexity and change. Key topics that will be covered include the software lifecycle, requirements elicitation, modeling and UML, software project management, software design, and software testing. Students are expected to maintain 80% attendance and adhere to other policies like proper attire and no late entries.
How to identify maintainability issues in your C# codebase and start improving design agility? Here is a quick start guide for Designite that could help you achieve your goal of quality.
The document discusses various design concepts and elements of the design model in software engineering. It covers 12 key design concepts including abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, and information hiding. It also discusses design classes, refinement, aspects, and refactoring. Additionally, it outlines elements of the design model including data design, architectural design, interface design, component-level design, and deployment-level design. The goal of design is to create a model of software that will correctly implement requirements and provide joy to users.
- CNO Financial Group reported financial and operating results for Q3 2015 with comparisons to Q3 2014. Key highlights included continued growth in new annualized premiums and third party product sales, as well as increased collected premiums and annuity account values. Operating EPS excluding significant items increased 3% to $0.33 per share. Capital levels remained strong with a risk-based capital ratio of 440% and leverage ratio of 20.2%.
Craig Lockerd – Best Practices For RecruitingSean Bradley
At the Internet Sales 20 Group, Craig Lockerd will be discussing the importance and value of Internet Department & BDC HR. As the founder of Automax Recruiting and Training, Craig has worked with countless sales organizations and dealerships to help staff a Committed Well Trained Staff with No Bad Habits.
The document provides definitions and explanations of key software engineering concepts. It summarizes stakeholders as anyone who directly or indirectly benefits from a system. Prototyping draws criticism for prioritizing quick prototypes over quality. Incremental development delivers software in pieces that build on prior deliveries, while evolutionary development iteratively produces more complete versions. Formal methods are not widely used due to extended timelines, complex mathematics, and incompatibility with other tools. Risk analysis identifies possible losses in development. Information systems link to business objectives by improving processes and maintaining competitive advantages. Process improvement involves measurement, analysis, change identification. Requirements elicitation uses techniques like interviews and prototyping. Architecture design represents effectiveness and reduces risks. Modular design improves
This document discusses software design principles and concepts. It begins by defining software design as translating requirements into a blueprint for constructing software. Key concepts discussed include:
1. Managing complexity through principles like uniformity, accommodating change, and minimizing coupling between modules.
2. Software architecture, which defines the overall structure and interactions between major system elements.
3. Common design techniques like abstraction, modularity, hierarchy, and separation of concerns that help manage complexity.
This document provides an overview of the research and outcomes for developing an e-menu prototype for a Thai restaurant. [1] It reviews the research question, objectives, and framework, which focused on identifying key issues, requirements, and users' perceptions of the prototype. [2] It discusses the structure of the portfolio that will contain artifacts like system analysis documents, the prototype application, and presentations to demonstrate features. [3] The outcomes include analyzing requirements, developing the prototype, evaluating users' feedback, and recommending how to approach future e-menu development.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It discusses the emergence of software engineering as a field due to increasing complexity in software development. Key issues that drove the need for software engineering include correctness, efficiency, complexity, interfaces, reliability, flexibility, documentation, and maintainability. The document also covers quality attributes of software like correctness, dependability, user-friendliness, adequacy, and learnability. Finally, it introduces different software process models like the waterfall model, prototyping model, spiral model, and object-oriented lifecycle model.
Software engineering Questions and AnswersBala Ganesh
1. Risk management is the process of identifying, addressing, and eliminating potential problems that could threaten the success of a project before they cause damage. This includes issues that could impact cost, schedule, technical success, product quality, or team morale.
2. HIPO (Hierarchical Input Process Output) diagrams were developed at IBM as a design representation and documentation aid. They contain a visual table of contents, overview diagrams, and detailed diagrams.
3. Software maintenance is any work done to modify software after it is operational, such as fixing errors, adding capabilities, removing obsolete code, or optimizing performance. It aims to preserve the software's value over time as requirements, users, and technology change. M
1. The document discusses key concepts in software design including transforming customer requirements into an implementable form, designing modules, control relationships, interfaces, data structures, and algorithms.
2. It also covers preliminary and detailed design phases, where preliminary design identifies modules and relationships, and detailed design specifies data structures and algorithms.
3. Design principles like abstraction, refinement, modularity, architecture, control hierarchy, and information hiding are explained as important concepts for creating a complete design model.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1) The fundamental activities in the software development process like planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance.
2) The different phases of the Rational Unified Process including inception, elaboration, construction and transition.
3) The drawbacks of the spiral model including high costs, expertise required for risk analysis, and poor fit for smaller projects.
The document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including:
1) It defines software and discusses its evolutionary role as both a product and vehicle.
2) It describes different categories of software applications such as system software, real-time software, business software, and more.
3) It discusses software engineering goals, related disciplines, and key terms such as project size factors, quality and productivity factors, and managerial issues.
This document discusses requirement analysis in software engineering. It defines requirements as descriptions of a system's services and constraints. Requirement engineering is the process of finding, analyzing, documenting, and checking requirements. User requirements describe desired system functions and constraints in natural language for non-technical users. System requirements provide more technical details of how the system will implement the user requirements and are used by software engineers. Requirements can be functional, specifying system services, or non-functional, specifying constraints like performance or reliability.
This document presents a roadmap for reverse engineering research over the next decade, building on theories from the 1980s and technologies developed in the 1990s. It discusses key areas of research including code reverse engineering, data reverse engineering, reverse engineering tools, and barriers to tool adoption. The goal is to better understand legacy systems and support software evolution through automated and semi-automated methods.
Gsd systematic task allocation evaluation in distributed software developmentShatakirti Er
This document presents a systematic approach for evaluating task allocation alternatives in distributed software development. It describes defining relevant viewpoints, contexts, factors and baselines. Variation factors like capabilities, dependencies and characteristics are identified and their impacts assessed. Possible task assignments are then evaluated based on the analysis. The approach is demonstrated through a scenario where a company evaluates assigning work between sites in Europe and India for a new project.
1. The document outlines 9 lab assignments related to software engineering processes and techniques. The assignments cover topics like software development models, requirements specification, effort estimation, risk analysis, project scheduling, system modeling, testing, and configuration management.
2. Each assignment includes objectives, references, prerequisites, overview of relevant concepts, expected outputs, and post-lab discussion questions.
3. The assignments are designed to familiarize students with key phases of the software development lifecycle through hands-on practice of process models, documentation, analysis, design, testing and project management methods.
Software Engineering Sample Question paper for 2012Neelamani Samal
This document contains sample questions for the Principles and Practices of Software Engineering exam. It is divided into two parts:
Part A contains 10 short answer questions worth 2 marks each on topics like what defines software engineering, different testing stages, software architecture, and estimation models.
Part B contains 5 long answer questions worth 10 marks each, from which students must answer 5. Questions cover topics such as requirements gathering techniques, software development process models, design principles, testing strategies, UML diagrams for library and supermarket systems, and software metrics and maintenance.
This document provides information about a Software Engineering 1 course. It outlines the course details including the instructor's information, teaching assistants, schedule, required textbooks, assessment breakdown, and course topics. The course aims to teach students how to produce high-quality software within budget and time while dealing with complexity and change. Key topics that will be covered include the software lifecycle, requirements elicitation, modeling and UML, software project management, software design, and software testing. Students are expected to maintain 80% attendance and adhere to other policies like proper attire and no late entries.
How to identify maintainability issues in your C# codebase and start improving design agility? Here is a quick start guide for Designite that could help you achieve your goal of quality.
The document discusses various design concepts and elements of the design model in software engineering. It covers 12 key design concepts including abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, and information hiding. It also discusses design classes, refinement, aspects, and refactoring. Additionally, it outlines elements of the design model including data design, architectural design, interface design, component-level design, and deployment-level design. The goal of design is to create a model of software that will correctly implement requirements and provide joy to users.
- CNO Financial Group reported financial and operating results for Q3 2015 with comparisons to Q3 2014. Key highlights included continued growth in new annualized premiums and third party product sales, as well as increased collected premiums and annuity account values. Operating EPS excluding significant items increased 3% to $0.33 per share. Capital levels remained strong with a risk-based capital ratio of 440% and leverage ratio of 20.2%.
Craig Lockerd – Best Practices For RecruitingSean Bradley
At the Internet Sales 20 Group, Craig Lockerd will be discussing the importance and value of Internet Department & BDC HR. As the founder of Automax Recruiting and Training, Craig has worked with countless sales organizations and dealerships to help staff a Committed Well Trained Staff with No Bad Habits.
مادة 72- قراءة الكتاب المقدس
قراءة الكتاب المقدس عنصر جوهري في العبادة الجمهورية. ويجب أنْ يكون لها مكان في كل خدمة. وأهمية هذه الفريضة تتطلب استعداد القسيس للقيام بممارستها بواسطة المطالعة والصلاة. وينبغي أنْ تُقرأ الكلمة بالاحترام، والتفكر، بكيفية تعبر بوضوح عن رسالة الروح، ويمكن إدخال قراءة الكتاب بالتبادل في الجزء الخشوعي من العبادة الجمهورية بكيفية نافعة للشعب.
Dokumentu tekniko eta zientifikoen edizioa LATEX bidezIgor Ruiz-Agundez
Dokumentazio tekniko eta zientifikoaren edizioak ezaugarri bereizgarri batzuk ditu. Ikastaro honek dokumentu tekniko (txostenak, proiektuak, aurkezpenak, etab.) eta zientifikoak (artikuluak, aldizkariak, liburuak, etab.) kalitate handiarekin ekoizteko baliabideak landuko ditu, bai formatu digitalean bai paperezkoan. Horretarako, edozein sistema eragile eta ordenagailutan exekutatu daitekeen LaTeX software librea erabiliko da. LaTeX dokumentuak ekoizteko tresna bat da. Mundu osoan erabilia zientziako eta teknologiako arlo askotan. Haren helburu nagusia kalitate oso altuko dokumentuak sortzea da.
The document discusses various types of cancers including cervical, breast, mouth, throat, and thyroid cancers. It covers risk factors for breast cancer such as gender, family history, age of menarche and menopause. Early detection methods for breast cancer like breast self-examination are explained. Risk factors and prevention of oral cancers like leukoplakia and erythroplakia are covered. Cervical cancer causes and prevention including HPV vaccination and Pap smear tests are summarized. The "Cancer Care for Life" program provides lifelong cancer care for a family membership fee.
Hammurabi was a king of Babylon who expanded the Babylonian Empire through military conquest in the 18th century BC. He established one of the earliest known codes of law, the Code of Hammurabi, which was written on stone tablets for all citizens to see. The code established standardized legal practices and penalties for various crimes. Subsequent groups like the Hittites, Assyrians, and Chaldeans invaded Mesopotamia over centuries and established new empires in the region, adopting cultural practices of earlier groups but also introducing new military technologies and governance systems.
الرواية الجديدة للكاتب والصحفى إبراهيم عيسى، والتى يتناول من خلالها ظاهرة بعض شيوخ الفضائيات التى انتشرت فى العالم العربى فى السنوات الأخيرة، حيث يكشف لنا العالم الخفى لهؤلاء الشيوخ، والعلاقات التى تربطهم بأجهزة الأمن والساسة ورجال الأعمال، وهى رواية جريئة توضح كيف يساء استخدام الدين.
يقول إبراهيم عيسى عن روايته الجديدة: "بدأت كتابة هذه الرواية عام 2009 وأنا أعارض الرئيس السابق، وأثناء محاكماتى ثم فصلى من الدستور، ثم منعى من الكتابة حتى قامت الثورة، ومرورنا بالمرحلة الانتقالية، واستمررت فى الكتابة حتى مارس الماضى 2012، إنها من أعز الروايات إلى قلبى".
من أجواء الرواية:
"أدرك أنور أن هذه لحظة ذروة، خصوصًا مع إلحاح المخرج من غرفة التحكم في همس يملأ السماعة المدسوسة في طبلة أذنه يطالبه:
- فاصل يا أنور، الإعلانات تنزل هنا.
والكل سخن يريد سماع الإجابة.
حين خرج أنور بالحلقة إلى فاصل صاح الشيخ حاتم:
- يا ولاد العفريتة تعملوها في الناس، فيه دلوقتِ ثلاثة أربعة مليون بيتفرجوا حيموتوا عايزين يعرفوا إيه حكاية زوجة جاره دي.
سمع صوت المخرج صارخًا بالفخر:
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang kondisi penduduk di Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Jumlah penduduk Jawa Tengah meningkat dari tahun ke tahun namun mengalami penurunan pada tahun 2000-an karena program keluarga berencana. Jumlah angkatan kerja dan rata-rata jam kerja juga meningkat seiring dengan pertumbuhan penduduk, meskipun mengalami fluktuasi. Tingkat kemiskinan cenderung menurun dari tahun ke
The document summarizes the forces involved in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when the Ottoman Empire conquered the city. It lists that the Ottoman commander was Mehmed II with 50,000-80,000 infantry and 130 ships. The Byzantine defenders were led by Constantine IX, Giovanni Giustiniani, and Loukas Notaras, with only around 8,000 infantry and 26 ships. The document also maps out the key locations and events of the Ottoman siege and eventual breach of the city's defenses, including how the Turkish fleet entered the Golden Horn and the Emperor's death at St. Romanus Gate.
This document provides information on the Software Engineering course with code 210253. It is a 3 credit course with a mid-semester exam worth 30 marks and an end-semester exam worth 70 marks. The syllabus covers topics like introduction to software engineering, software process models, prescriptive process models (waterfall, incremental, evolutionary), and agile software development. It also discusses concepts like software engineering fundamentals, process frameworks, generic process activities, prescriptive process models, evolutionary models, concurrent development model, and principles of software engineering practice.
DESQA a Software Quality Assurance FrameworkIJERA Editor
In current software development lifecycles of heterogeneous environments, the pitfalls businesses have to face are that software defect tracking, measurements and quality assurance do not start early enough in the development process. In fact the cost of fixing a defect in a production environment is much higher than in the initial phases of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) which is particularly true for Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). Thus the aim of this study is to develop a new framework for defect tracking and detection and quality estimation for early stages particularly for the design stage of the SDLC. Part of the objectives of this work is to conceptualize, borrow and customize from known frameworks, such as object-oriented programming to build a solid framework using automated rule based intelligent mechanisms to detect and classify defects in software design of SOA. The implementation part demonstrated how the framework can predict the quality level of the designed software. The results showed a good level of quality estimation can be achieved based on the number of design attributes, the number of quality attributes and the number of SOA Design Defects. Assessment shows that metrics provide guidelines to indicate the progress that a software system has made and the quality of design. Using these guidelines, we can develop more usable and maintainable software systems to fulfill the demand of efficient systems for software applications. Another valuable result coming from this study is that developers are trying to keep backwards compatibility when they introduce new functionality. Sometimes, in the same newly-introduced elements developers perform necessary breaking changes in future versions. In that way they give time to their clients to adapt their systems. This is a very valuable practice for the developers because they have more time to assess the quality of their software before releasing it. Other improvements in this research include investigation of other design attributes and SOA Design Defects which can be computed in extending the tests we performed.
This document compares five models of software engineering: waterfall, iterative, V-shaped, spiral, and extreme programming. It summarizes each model, noting their key phases or features. For each model it outlines the advantages and disadvantages. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance, but is rigid. The iterative model overlaps phases to allow for feedback, but milestones are ambiguous. The V-shaped model emphasizes testing but has little flexibility. The spiral model focuses on risk analysis through repeated cycles but is costly. Extreme programming centers on pair programming and frequent small releases but may lack documentation.
The document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including the software engineering process, prescriptive process models (waterfall model, V-model, incremental model), evolutionary process models (prototyping), and software engineering principles. It defines software engineering and discusses the software engineering layered technology of quality focus, process layer, methods, and tools. It also describes common software process activities and umbrella activities applied throughout a software project.
Dokuemen ini merupakan materi ajar matakuliah Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak. Materi ini merupakan materi awal yang berisi:
What is Engineering?
What is Software?
Software Applications
Software—New Categories
A Software Engineering
What is Software Engineering?
A Layered Technology
A sustainable procedural method of software design process improvementsnooriasukmaningtyas
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1. 272 IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.7 No.4, April 2007
A Process Model for Software Architecture
A. Rama Mohan Reddy Dr. P Govindarajulu Dr. M M Naidu
Associate Professor Professor Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering / Arts and Science
Sri Venkateswara University
TIRUPATI – 517 502. Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
ABSTRACT
2.1 The software life cycle model
Software development life cycle (SDLC) is a process model adopted
and followed during the development of software.. Software A descriptive model describes the history of how a
Engineering encompasses software engineering process models, particular software system was developed [Curtis,
project planning, management, and Software Development Life Cycle Krasner, Iscoe, 1988]. Prescriptive models are used as
activities. In this paper, we are proposing a software process model for guidelines or frameworks to organize and structure how
architecture-based software development from the conventional
software development activities should be performed,
models by taking spiral process model. This process model is coined as
Software Architecture Development Life Cycle (SADLC). and in what order.
Key words:
Problem
Software Architecture, Software Development Life Cycle, definition
Components, connectors, configurations, Spiral model.
Analysis
1. Introduction
Design
Software systems come and go, through a series of phases or
activities that starts from the Inception, Initial Development,
Productive Operation, Upkeep, and Retirement. The process
Construction
provides interaction between stakeholders and serves as the
medium for communication, with each new round of the
iteration eliciting more useful knowledge from the stakeholders.
Testing
Building computer software is an iterative learning process, and
the outcome, called Software A software process defines the
approach that is taken as software is engineered [PAU93]. This
paper examines a number of methods for software modelling Maintenance
how software systems are developed. It begins with related
works and definitions of traditional software life cycle process
models. These models that are in use that form as the basis for
organizing a process model for software architecture
2. Related work Figure 1. Conventional Software development life cycle (SDLC)
Many models explicitly used for the earliest projects for
developing large software systems in the 1950’s and 1960’s Prescriptive models are also used to package the
[Hosier 1961, Royce 1970]. Since the 1960’s many descriptions development tasks and techniques for using a given set
of the classic software development life cycle have appeared of software engineering tools or environment during a
[Hosier 1961], [Royce 1970], [Boehm 1976], [Distaso 1980], development project.
[Scacchi 1984], and [Somerville 1999]. Royce [1970] began the
formulation of the software life cycle using the familiar Descriptive life cycle models, characterize how
waterfall model, shown in figure 1. particular software systems are actually developed in
Manuscript received April 5, 2007
Manuscript revised April 25, 2007
2. IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.7 No.4, April 2007 273
specific settings. These two characterizations suggest that there
are varieties of purposes for articulating software life cycle Clearly, this sequence of actions could entail multiple
models. These characterizations serve as guidelines to organize iterations and non-procedural primitive action
artifacts to be delivered the customer, tool and methods, and invocations in the course of incrementally progressing
resource allocation and consumption [Boehm 1981]. toward an object-oriented software design. The
progressive steps of software evolution are often
To solve actual problems in an industry setting, a described as phases, such as requirements
software engineer or a team of engineers must incorporate a specification, preliminary design, and implementation.
development strategy that encompasses the process, Methods,
and tools layers and the generic phases [Roger R.S Pressman, 2. 2 The linear sequential model
2003]. This strategy is often referred to as a process model or
software engineering paradigm. The linear sequential model, sometimes
called the Classic life or the waterfall model, proposed
by winsten Royce [Roy 70]. The linear sequential
Application model suggests a systematic, sequential approach to
Domain of Objects software development that begins at the system level
and progresses through analysis, design, coding,
testing, and support as shown in figure 3.
Object-Oriented .
Analysis
Information
Object-Oriented Design engineering
Analysis
Object-Oriented
Programming Design
Testing Object-Oriented Construction
Programs
Testing
Figure 2 Software Development Life Cycles for Object-Oriented Software
Development
All software development methods can be characterized as a Figure 3. Software Development Life Cycle for Conventional
problem-solving loop in which four distinct stages are software development (The Linear Sequential Model).
encountered. The current state of affairs, problem definition
identifies the specific problem to be solved, technical
development solves the problem through the application of
some technology, and solution integration delivers the results, 2.3 The Prototyping Model
documents, programs, data, new business function, new product,
to those who requested the solution in the first place. Software A customer defines a set of general objectives
process models often represent a networked sequence of for software but does not identify detailed input,
activities, objects, transformations, and events that embody processing, or output requirements. In these, and many
strategies for accomplishing software evolution. Software
process networks can be viewed as representing multiple other situations, a prototyping paradigm may offer the
interconnected task chains [Kling 1982, Garg 1989]. Task best approach
chains can be employed to characterize either prescriptive or
descriptive action sequences. Prescriptive task chains are 2. 4 The RAD Model
idealized plans of what actions should be accomplished, and in
what order. For example, as shown in figure 2, a task chain for Rapid application development (RAD) is an
the activity of object-oriented software designs. incremental software development process model that
emphasizes an extremely short development life cycle.
3. 274 IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.7 No.4, April 2007
It is a component-based construction, but high speed linear model, System development therefore spirals out only
sequential. so far as needed according to the risk that must be
managed. Finally, efforts are now in progress to
2. 5 Evolutionary Software Process Model integrate computer-based support for stakeholder
negotiations and capture of trade-off rationales into an
Software evolves over a period of time [GIL 88]. operational form of the WinWin Spiral Model [Boehm
Evolutionary models are iterative. Iterative way of developing et al, 1998]. We are considering the parts of this model
software is one of the modern software development processes.
to propose Software Architecture Development Life
Evolutionary models enable software engineers to develop
Cycle. (SADLC).
increasingly more complete versions of the software.
2.6 Incremental Models
Planning
It combines elements of the linear sequential model
applied respectively with the iterative philosophy of prototyping. Risk
First increment is often a core product. It is iterative in nature. Customer analysis
communication
2.7 The Spiral Model
The spiral model, proposed by Boehm [BOE 88], is an
evolutionary software process model that couples the iterative a
Customer
nature of prototyping with controlled and systematic aspects of Evaluation Engineering and
the linear sequential model as shown in figure 4. A spiral model
construction
is divided into a number of framework activities, also called
tasks or regions. Customer communication is for effective
communication between developer and customer. Planning is to
Figure 4 The spiral process model
define resources, timelines. Risk analysis is for assessing both
technical and management risks. Engineering, Construction and
release are to build one or more representations of the 2.8 The WinWin Spiral Model
applications. Customer Evaluation is for obtaining customer The Customer wins by getting the system or
feedback on evaluation of the software representations created product that satisfy the majority of the customer’s
during the engineering stage and implemented during the needs and the developer wins by working to realistic
installation stage. and achievable budgets and deadlines. Boehm’s
WINWIN spiral model [BOE 98] defines a set of
The spiral model of software development and evolution negotiation activities at the beginning of each pass
represents a risk-driven approach to software process analysis
around the spiral.
and structuring (Boehm 1987, Boehm et al, 1998). This
approach, developed by Barry Boehm, incorporates elements of 2.9 The Concurrent Development Model
specification-driven, prototype-driven process methods,
together with the classic software life cycle. It does so by The concurrent development model is also called
representing iterative development cycles as an expanding spiral, concurrent engineering, Davis and Sitaram [DAV 94].
with inner cycles denoting early system analysis and The concurrent process model defines a series of
prototyping, and outer cycles denoting the classic software life events that will trigger transitions from state to state
cycle. The radial dimension denotes cumulative development for each of the software engineering activities. A
costs, and the angular dimension denotes progress made in system and component activities occur simultaneously
accomplishing each development spiral as shown in Figure 4. and can be modelled using the state-oriented approach
Risk analysis, which seeks to identify situations that might described previously. Each activity on the network
cause a development effort to fail or go over budget/schedule, exists simultaneously with other activities.
occurs during each spiral cycle.
2.10 Component-Based Development
In each cycle, it represents roughly the same amount of angular Object-Oriented technologies provide the
displacement, while the displaced sweep volume denotes technical framework for a component-based
increasing levels of effort required for risk analysis. In this process model for Software Engineering.
4. IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.7 No.4, April 2007 275
3. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE AND incremental development, the unified process defines
ARCHITECTURAL ISSUES the function of the system by applying a scenario-
based approach. It then couples function with an
Object-Oriented Technologies provide the technical framework architectural framework that identifies the form the
for a component-based process model for software engineering. software will take. Figure 6 shows the overview of the
The Object-Oriented paradigm emphasizes the creation of transition from the Lines-Of-Code to architectural
components that encapsulate both data and the algorithms used elements.
to manipulate the data. The software architecture process model
incorporates many of the characteristic of the spiral model and
Object-Oriented process model. It is evolutionary in nature, Def. Analysis Design Code
demanding an iterative approach to the creation of software.
The engineering activity begins with the identification of
candidate components from the business logic. Software Algorithms Lines
architecture shift focus of developers from the line of the code And Of
to coarse-grained architectural elements and their overall SDLC Data structures Code
interconnection structure as shown in figure 5.
Level 4: Components, Connectors and Architectural Issues
Configurations
Level 3: Sub-Program, Function, Module,
*Components
Components.
*Connectors
*Configurations
Level 2: Lines-Of- Code
Figure 6 Overview of Transitions from algorithms, Ds & LOC to
Level 1: Algorithms and Data Architectural Elements
4. MODERN SOFTWARE
Figure 5. Architecture is shown as it is above the algorithms and Lines- of- EVELOPMENT
Code
4.1 Transition design methods to emphasize
Architecture description languages (ADLs) have been
proposed as Modeling notations to support architecture-based
component-based development
development. We have considered UML for Modeling. The Moving from a line-of-code mentality to a component-
components and connectors identified in the analysis and design based mentality is necessary to reduce the amount of
are used for architecture analysis and architecture design. The human-generated source code and custom
first iteration of the application to compose and to build new development.
components to meet the unique needs of the application. The
Process flow then returns to the spiral and will ultimately re-
enter the architectural issues loop during subsequent iteration Software architecture is the central design problem of
through the engineering activity. The software architecture- a complex software system as shown in figure 7.
based development model leads to software reuse, and Software architecture has several additional
reusability provides software engineers with a number of dimensions of complexity. There are many heuristics
measurable benefits. and fuzzy guidelines, but the fundamental measures of
goodness are highly situation-dependent.. The
The unified software development process is representative of a requirements model addresses the behaviour of the
number of architecture-based development models that have system as seen by its end users, analysts, and testers.
been proposed in the industry. Using the Unified Modeling This view is modeled statically using use case and
Language (UML), the unified process defines the components class diagrams and dynamically using sequence,
that will be used to build the system and the interfaces that will collaboration, state chart, and activity diagrams. The
connect the components. Using a combination of iterative and design model addresses the architecture of the system
5. 276 IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.7 No.4, April 2007
and the design of the components within the architecture, Architecture
including the functional structure, concurrency structure,
implementation structure, and execution structure of the 5. A TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE OF
solution space, as seen by its developers. Static descriptions are THE ARCHITECTURE:
provided with structural diagrams (like, class, object,
component, deployment diagrams). Dynamic descriptions are Although software architecture has been discussed at
provided with any of the UML, Behavioural diagrams length over the past decade, convergence on
(collaboration, sequence, state chart, activity diagrams). definitions, terminology, and principles has been
lacking. Software architecture encompasses the
Figure 8, shows the procedure for architecture analysis and structure the software systems, their behaviour and the
design. The input is from the business architecture or from patterns that guide these elements, their collaborations
and their composition. An Architecture framework is
software development life cycle. We propose here SADLC; it
defined in terms of views that are abstractions of the
has the every thing about Software Architecture Analysis,
UML models in the design set. Most real-world
Architecture design, Evaluation of design. It mainly
systems require four views: design, process,
concentrates on Architectural Issues
component, and deployment. .
A detailed view of transforming or generating Architecture
elements from conventional SDLC is shown in figure 9. The
transitions are shown gradually from SDLC to Software
Application Analysis Design Construction Testing
Domain
Algorithms and Data Lines of Code
Structures
Architecture and Architectural Issues
Components, Connectors, Configuration
Software Architecture Architecture Architecture Applications
Architecture Description Design Evaluation for
Characteristics Languages Evaluation Design
(ADLs) Methods alternatives
Architecture Analysis Architecture
Methods Designs Architecture Architecture
Views Styles
Figure 7 Software Development Life Cycle for Architecture-Based Software Development and its related issues
6. IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.7 No.4, April 2007 277
Business Architectures SDLC UML diagrams of Analysis
and Design
Analysis of Architectural Requirements
Design of Architectures
Evaluation of Design Alternatives
Implementation of the architecture
Figure 8 Software Architecture Development Life Cycles (SADLC)
The purposes of these views are as follows and shown in comprise a mixture of custom and commercial
figure 10. Design view, Process, Component view and components would also require a separate
Deployment view. The design view is probably necessary in component view. The figure 10 summarizes the
every system: the other three views can be added to deal with artifacts of the design set, including the architecture
complexity of the system at hand. For example, any views and architecture descriptions are defined as
distributed system would need a process view ad a collections of UML diagrams.
deployment view Most large systems, as well as systems that
Business Analysis Design Construction Testing Support
Logic
Algorithms and Data structures Lines-Of-Code
SDLC
Architectural Elements or Building blocks
Components, Connectors, Configuration
Architectural Requirements, Identification of
Components, Connectors, and Configuration
Types of Components, Connectors and Configurations
Modeling Architectural Elements, Component, Connector,
Models using UML
Analysis of Components and connectors using UML
Designing Architectural Elements using UML
User Interface Development *SADLC an additional phase (UID) comes in to existence
Configuration for Integrating Components, Structures, and Connectors for A Selected Style
Figure 9 Software Development Life Cycles for Architecture-Based Software Development
7. 278 IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.7 No.4, April 2007
Requirements Design Implementation Deployment
The design set includes all UML design
models describing the solution space
Design View Implementation View
Use Case View
Process View Deployment View
Figure 10 Generation of software architectures from the design of SDLC.
are necessary for architecture analysis, architecture
6. The proposed work design, architecture evaluation for particular quality
attribute, architectural analysis and design methods,
architectural styles, views, and for description of
The process model adapted for object-oriented systems is a architectures (ADLs) that are shown in figures (7), (8),
component assembly model [RSP 2003]. This model in turn (9), and (10). . In this regard, similar to the object-
uses the spiral model. In spiral model one of the regions is oriented assembly process model, in the SADLC, the
engineering and construction, from which the component control moves from spiral model to the architectural
assembly model takes a separate path and enters Object- issues area with design (SDLC) information and
Oriented software development area, where it searches for resolve all architectural issues.
objects. If objects are found, they may be considered.
Otherwise, using the concepts and principles of Object We are trying to understand and show the
Oriented Analysis and Object Oriented Design, it constructs architectural elements are directly taken from business
the required Objects and comes back and joins the architectures and design of conventional Software
engineering and construction region of spiral model. Next it Development Life Cycle (SDLC). The proofs and
goes for another spiral. This is way, it iterates till to achieve validity are being proposed in our extensions work.
the required system.
In the proposed work, the figure 11 shows the complete over
view of the Software Architecture Development Life Cycle
(SADLC). In SADLC we named some parts as spiral model
area and architectural issues area. We have considered the
conventional spiral model with out any deviation. The
architectural issues, is the area, which encloses the principles
and concepts of software architectures and every thing that
8. IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.7 No.4, April 2007 279
Identify candidate Architectural building
Planning Risk Analysis Blocks from business Logic
Architecture
Rebuild
Analysis
Customer The
Communication Configuration
Architecture
Design
Transform Analysis & Design
Customer Engineering and Architectural artifacts into Code level
Evaluation Construction
Spiral Model Architectural Issues
Figure 11 The proposed process models for software architecture development process model.
Conclusions [Boehm 1987] Boehm, B., A Spiral Model of Software
Development and Enhancement, Computer,
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are interrelated and overlapped concepts and principles. Port, A. Shah, and R. Madachy, Using the
Depending upon type, complexity and for particular non- WinWin Spiral Model: A Case Study, Computer,
functional and functional requirements various models are 31(7), 33-44, 1998.
proposed and being adopted. Software Architecture is a [Curtis, Krasner, Iscoe, 1988] Curtis, B., H. Krasner, and
branch of Software Engineering; it also requires a N. Iscoe, A Field Study of the Software Design
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A Rama Mohan Reddy working as
Professor of Computer Science and
Engineering, Sri
Venkateswara University., INDIA.
He Completed his M.Tech Computer
Science from NIT, Warangal.
Currently he is pursuing Ph.D in
software Architecture.