This document defines and explains several key concepts in computer networking. It describes what networking is and some common network devices like hubs, switches, routers, and access points. It also defines important networking terms like IP addresses, MAC addresses, protocols, port numbers, and the OSI model. The document aims to provide introductory information about computer networking concepts.

1. #1 WHAT IS
NETWORKING?
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2. WHAT IS NETWORKING IN COMPUTER?
• Computer networking refers to interconnected
computing devices that can exchange data and
share resources with each other.
• These networked devices use a system of
rules, called communications protocols, to
transmit information over physical or wireless
technologies.
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3. TYPES OF NETWORK DEVICES
• Hub.
• Switch.
• Router.
• Bridge.
• Gateway.
• Modem.
• Repeater.
• Access Point.
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4. WHAT IS HUB?
• Hubs. A hub is a physical layer networking
device which is used to connect multiple
devices in a network.
• They are generally used to connect computers
in a LAN.
• A hub has many ports in it.
• A computer which intends to be connected to
the network is plugged in to one of these ports.
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5. WHAT IS SWITCH?
• A switch is a device in a computer network that
connects other devices together. Multiple data
cables are plugged into a switch to enable
communication between different networked
devices.
• A network switch connects devices (such as
computers, printers, wireless access points) in
a network to each other, and allows them to
'talk' by exchanging data packets.
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6. WHAT IS ROUTER?
• A router is a device that connects two or more
packet-switched networks or subnetworks.
• It serves two primary functions: managing
traffic between these networks by forwarding
data packets to their intended IP addresses,
and allowing multiple devices to use the same
Internet connection.
• Router and Switch are both network connecting
devices. Router works at network layer and is
responsible to find the shortest path for a
packet whereas Switch connects various
devices in a network.
• Router connects devices across multiple
networks. Following are the important
differences between Router and Switch.
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7. WHAT IS REPEATER?
• In digital communication systems, a repeater is
a device that receives a digital signal on an
electromagnetic or optical transmission medium
and regenerates the signal along the next leg of
the medium.
• A WiFi repeater or extender is used to extend
the coverage area of your WiFi network. It
works by receiving your existing WiFi signal,
amplifying it and then transmitting the boosted
signal.
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8. WHAT IS ACCESS POINT?
• An access point is a device, such as a wireless
router, that allows wireless devices to connect
to a network.
• Most access points have built-in routers, while
others must be connected to a router in order to
provide network access.
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9. WHAT IS IP ADDRESS?
• An IP address, or Internet Protocol address, is
a series of numbers that identifies any device
on a network. Computers use IP addresses to
communicate with each other both over the
internet as well as on other networks.
• Or in other words, an IP address is a unique
address that is used to identify computers or
nodes on the internet. This address is just a
string of numbers written in a certain format. It
is generally expressed in a set of numbers for
example 192.155. 12.1. Here each number in
the set is from 0 to 255 range.
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10. WHAT IS MAC ADDRESS?
• A Media Access Control address (MAC
address) is a hardware identifier that uniquely
identifies each device on a network. Primarily,
the manufacturer assigns it. They are often
found on a device's network interface controller
(NIC) card.
• The MAC address is a 12 digit hexadecimal
number that is most often displayed with a
colon or hypen separating every two digits (an
octet), making it easier to read. Example: A
MAC address of 2c549188c9e3 is typically
displayed as 2C:54:91:88:C9:E3 or 2c-54-91-
88-c9-e3.
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11. WHAT IS PROTOCOL?
• protocol, in computer science, a set of rules or
procedures for transmitting data between
electronic devices, such as computers. In order
for computers to exchange information, there
must be a preexisting agreement as to how the
information will be structured and how each
side will send and receive it.
• It is a set of rules that need to be followed by
the communicating parties in order to have
successful and reliable data communication.
For example - Ethernet and HTTP.
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12. WHAT IS PORT NUMBER?
• Once the address is used to deliver data to the
wanted host on the network, the port number is
used to identify the process for which the data
is used. This enables one host to provide more
than one service. How you define the port
number depends on your configuration.
• Port numbers are sometimes seen in web or
other uniform resource locators (URLs). By
default, HTTP uses port 80 and HTTPS uses
port 443, but a URL like
http://www.example.com:8080/path/ specifies
that the web browser connects instead to port
8080 of the HTTP server.
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13. OSI
MODE
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