Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are the two most common types of arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory condition that typically affects the hands, feet and wrists symmetrically. Osteoarthritis is caused by wear and tear on joints and usually affects weight-bearing joints like the hips and knees asymmetrically. The main goals of treatment are to reduce pain and inflammation, maintain joint mobility and function, and prevent or slow further joint damage.
12.01.08(a): Rheumatoid Arthritis/Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of J...Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M2 Musculoskeletal sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M2Muscu
12.01.08(a): Rheumatoid Arthritis/Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentation of J...Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M2 Musculoskeletal sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M2Muscu
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that can cause joint pain and damage throughout your body. The joint damage that RA causes usually happens on both sides of the body. So, if a joint is affected in one of your arms or legs, the same joint in the other arm or leg will probably be affected, too.
Arthritis is defined as inflammation of one or more joints, leading to pain and stiffness that can worsen with age. There are as many as 100 types of arthritis with distinctive symptoms and causes.
The study on anatomy, risk factors, pathophysiology, treatment of osteoarthritisSriramNagarajan16
The review is to describe the osteoarthritis epidemiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, risk factors causing
osteoarthritis are also explained and treatment of osteoarthritis. Knee and hip are weight bearing joints are
mostly affected. Osteoarthritis of the knee is a condition characterized by the progressive destruction of the
cartilage and review tried to explain the stages of the knee and treatment for knee and describe the t otal knee
replacement. The goal of treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee include reduce pain and inflammation and
update treatment also explained.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that can cause joint pain and damage throughout your body. The joint damage that RA causes usually happens on both sides of the body. So, if a joint is affected in one of your arms or legs, the same joint in the other arm or leg will probably be affected, too.
Arthritis is defined as inflammation of one or more joints, leading to pain and stiffness that can worsen with age. There are as many as 100 types of arthritis with distinctive symptoms and causes.
The study on anatomy, risk factors, pathophysiology, treatment of osteoarthritisSriramNagarajan16
The review is to describe the osteoarthritis epidemiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, risk factors causing
osteoarthritis are also explained and treatment of osteoarthritis. Knee and hip are weight bearing joints are
mostly affected. Osteoarthritis of the knee is a condition characterized by the progressive destruction of the
cartilage and review tried to explain the stages of the knee and treatment for knee and describe the t otal knee
replacement. The goal of treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee include reduce pain and inflammation and
update treatment also explained.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
1 sem!
1. IS A CONDITION OF JOINTS WHERE THERE IS PAIN
AND/OR SWELLING.
ARTHRO means “JOINT” and –ITIS means “INFLAMMATION”
“Inflammation of the joint”
2. Most important determinants in classifying
arthritis:
INFLAMMATORY or NON-INFLAMMATORY
SYMMETRICAL or NONSYMMETRICAL
SYSTEMIC or NON-SYSTEMIC MANISFESTATION
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- synovial membrane
(structure between 2 bones forming the
joints)
Distal joints
(hands and feet)
BILATERAL
Elderly and obese
Pain is experience when the joints are
moved after prolong sitting/standing
Osteoarthritis (OA)
-articulating portion of the bone
Weight-bearing joints
-(hips, knee, spine)
NOT BILATERAL
No particular age group
4. OA
•Pain occurs usually
in the afternoon
•No swelling
•Weakness & atrophy
of muscles
RA
•Painful even at rest &
usually in the
morning
•Swelling
•Areas around the joints are warm
•Weakness and atrophy
of muscles
5. systemic autoimmune, connective tissue disorder of
unknown etiology that primarily affect the synovial lining of
diarthrodial joint.
6. Universal and found in all population (possible
genetic/environmental factors)
RA affects women 2 or 3 times often more than men in
typical years of onset between ages 20-60. Men equally
affected as women over the age 65 appear.
Men with RA past 60 y/o typically present without stiffness
and swelling in UE.
Elderly over 50s had features of Polymyalgia rheumatica
(characterized by pain in shoulder & pelvic girdle muscles,
eleveted ESR & absence of muscle dse)
Dse onset is usually insidious with complaints of gen.
jt.pain & stiffness.
Acute onset is seen 8-15% of RA px
7. UNKNOWN etiology.
Current research into the causes of RA is based on a complex,
but as yet incomplete, appreciation of the functions of the
immune system.
Briefly, antigen is a substance, usually foreign to the host, which
provoke the immune system into action. The immune system
may respond to the antigen directly (cellular immunity) or by the
production of antibodies that circulate in the serum (humoral
immunity).
These responses involve two general kinds of lymphocytes: T
cells, which are responsible for cellular immunity, and B cells,
which produce circulating antibodies specific to the antigen.
Antibodies are immunoglobulins, a type of serum protein.
RA is said to be an AUTOIMMUNE disorder.
8. It is not clear wheter the abN immune response is a
primary event or is a response to specific antigen from
any external stimulus.
Proposed Theory includes:
a. Abberant fxning of cell mediated immunity &
defective T-lymphocytes
b. Bacterial organisms
c. Viral etiology
d. Rheumatoid factors (antibodies against IgG)
e. Genetic predisposition demonstrated by Human
Leukocytes Antigen
9. Long standing RA is characterized by grossly edematous
appearance of the synovium with slender villous or hair-like
projection in the jt. cavity
Vascular changes: including venous distention, capillary
obstruction, neutrophilic infiltration of arterial walls& areas of
thrombosis & hemorrhage.
PANNUS – synovial proliferation of vascular granulation tissue;
it dissolve collagen as it extends over the jt. Cartilage.
Granulation will result in adhesion & fibrous or bony ankylosis
of the jt.
Chronic inflammation weakens the jt. Capsule & ligaments
altering the jt. structure & fxn.
Ruptured tendons and fraying of tendon sheaths produce
imbalance in the muscle pull resulting to deformities.
10. Proteases, collagenase & cathepsin cause synovium to
proliferate & become inflamed. They also cause
cartilage & bone destruction by pannus formation.
Immune complexes are stored in articular cartilage,
because of lack of limiting membrane between the jt.
Spaces & synovial blood vessels. The storage causes
chronic inflammatory responses.
11.
12. Systemic manifestations:
-HALLMARK SYMPTOM OF RA: morning stiffness lasting more than 3
mins.
- Difficulty moving up & generalized stiffness despite morning activity
hepl to differentiate stiffness from DJD
- Anorexia, fever, weightloss, fatigue
Muscle involvement
-Atrophy around the joints may be present early
- Muscle weakness d/t reflex inhibition 2* to pain or atrophy
Tendons
-Tenosynovitis
-Lag phenomenon
13. Specific Jt. Involvement:
-marked by bilateral symmetrical pattern involvement.
- immobility and the cardinal signs of inflammation: pain, redness, swelling, and heat. I
- arthralgia is used to refer to pain in ajoint.
- crepitus , which is audible or palpable grating or crunching a the joint i moved through it
range of motion (ROM).
Crepitus is the result of uneven degeneration of the jt. Surface
ATLANTOAXIAL & MIDCERVICAL REGION – most common site of inflammation
DIP JOINTS- most uninvolved joint in RA
KNEES – one of the most frequently affected joints
COMMONLY AFFECTED JOINTS: CERVICAL, TMJ, SHOULDER, ELBOW,WRIST,
HAND JOINTS (mcp, pip, dip, thumb), HIP JOINTS, KNEES, ANKLES AND FEET
17. Is a condition marked by 2 features:
a. DESTRUCTION of articular cartilage
b. FORMATION of new bone at the margins of the joint
18. The most common arthritis is an assymentrical non-
inflammatory dse. that has no systemic components.
3 types:
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
EROSIVE INFLAMMATORY
HALLMARK of the dse: Cartilage degeneration
19. No single factor has been identified.
Aging strongly associated with OA
Factors r/t to aging contributes to OA
Trauma
Occupational tasks
Obesity
20. First OA change in articular cartilage is an increase in
water content
The increase suggest proteoglycans to swell with water
beyond normal
Mechanism is unknown
Later stage: proteoglycans are lost which deminish
water content of cartilage
Collagen synthesis increase
As articular cartilage is destroyed, joint space narrows.
21. Major pathological changes of OA are found in
articular cartilage (concentration of proteoglycan)
Met changes in rate of enzyme production facilitate
the destruction of cartilage
Proteoglycan & collagen synthesis increases until late
stages of the disease.
22. Women are more commonly have OA of small joints –
DIP, PIP, MCP, & 1st MTP, 1st CMC jts.
Men – often have hip involvement
23. 1. Primary OA – spares the shoulder & elbow, except in
secondary OA
Decreasing frequency:
knee – first MTP – 1st CMC – hips – cervical spine – lumbar
spine
2. Secondary OA – caused by an injury, fx, occupation-related
task or obesity
3. Erosive inflammatory – common in middle aged women
24. The main impact of OA on fxn result from
involvement of large weight-bearing jts., which can
cause pain & limit mobility.
Back involvement ranks next.
OA of hand is not assoc with significant impairment in
ADL, except when there is significanmt OA of the
CMC joint of the thumb.
25. Monoarticular involvement
No symmentric signs and symptoms
Stiffness may be experienced upon awakening or after
a period of rest or inactivity. NOT IN THE ENTIRE
BODY AS RA.
Pain in the joint – primary reason for physical
limitations; worsen in motion but not at rest (except
late stage)
KELLGREN’s SYNDROME – generalized OA
26. Pain in OA is attributed to:
-incongruent articulation to jt surface
-periosteal elevation
-abN pressure on subchondral bone
-trabecular microfx
-distention of jt capsule
28. Deformed joints
Difficulty in doing day-to-day activities
(ex: walking)
Tightness of joints
29.
30. To relieve or reduce pain
To maintain the integrity of joints
To prevent further deformities of
the joints
To strengthen the muscles around
the joints
31. Modalities for pain relief
Joint mobility
Strengthening
Joint protection
Functional training
Gait training
Education
32. When there is swelling
Hot pack application (20 minutes for 15 day)
Comfortable joint position without causing deformity
When there is less pain
Move joints as tolerated by PWD
What will also help?
1. Good nutrition
2. Reduction of weight for obese
3. Cane usage