1. The document discusses naming organic compounds and provides examples of prefixes used to name alkanes based on the number of carbon atoms.
2. Rules are provided for naming organic compounds based on identifying the parent chain, functional groups, and substituents. The position of substituents is indicated by numbers.
3. Examples show naming alkanes with different substituent groups like methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl groups along with their positions.
The document discusses the three types of carbon chains: straight chain, branched chain, and ring-shaped chain. Straight chain carbon compounds have carbon symbols lined up in a straight line. Branched chain carbon compounds have carbon symbols branching off a main chain. Ring-shaped carbon chains have carbon symbols bonded in a ring shape. The document provides examples of each type of carbon chain and has the user identify which type of chain different examples represent.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
- Homologous series which are compounds that differ by a CH2 unit and have similar properties.
- Trends in boiling points increasing with more carbon atoms due to stronger intermolecular forces.
- Isomers which have the same molecular formula but different structures.
- Drawing structural formulas for alkanes and alkenes up to C6 and their IUPAC naming conventions.
This document provides information about stereochemistry and isomers. It discusses the following key points:
1. Stereochemistry refers to the 3D properties of molecules and has its own terminology. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
2. There are different types of isomers including constitutional, stereoisomers, and optical isomers. Chiral carbon atoms can give rise to optical isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images called enantiomers.
3. Absolute configuration at chiral centers can be assigned using Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules which involve assigning priority to substituents and determining clockwise or counterclockwise orientation. The number of optical is
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry I and focuses on hydrocarbons. It defines key terms like saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that have the general formula CnH2n+2 and contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and have the general formula CnH2n. Alkynes contain carbon-carbon triple bonds. The document discusses isomerism, naming conventions including IUPAC nomenclature, and aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene and its derivatives. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is introduced as an analytical tool for identifying organic compounds.
1. The document discusses structural isomers, which are compounds with the same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms in the skeletal structure.
2. Examples of low molecular weight alkanes (methane to pentane) are used to demonstrate how to systematically draw and identify all possible structural isomers.
3. For hexane (C6H14) and heptane (C7H16), the process results in multiple structural isomers due to the various ways carbon chains can be arranged and branched.
1. The document discusses structural isomers, which are compounds with the same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms in the skeletal structure.
2. Examples of low molecular weight alkanes (methane to pentane) are used to illustrate how the number of possible structural isomers increases with more carbon atoms. Butane and isobutane are given as an example of structural isomers.
3. Guidelines are provided for systematically drawing out all possible isomers, such as starting with the longest carbon chain and then adding branches in all nonterminal positions to avoid increasing the chain length. This allows different skeletal structures to be identified for compounds with the same molecular formula.
Chapter 3 Organic compounds alkanes and their stereochemistry.pptxJaved Iqbal
This chapter discusses organic compounds including alkanes, their isomers, and conformations. It defines functional groups and covers topics such as naming alkanes using IUPAC rules. Alkanes can exist as straight-chain or branched-chain isomers. The conformations of alkanes like ethane involve staggered and eclipsed arrangements that determine their relative stability due to torsional strain.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry, including key topics such as:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in many common materials.
- Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds, their structures, properties, and reactions.
- Carbon atoms can form multiple bonds with other carbons, allowing for a large number of organic compounds.
- Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen, and can be classified as aliphatic or aromatic.
The document discusses the three types of carbon chains: straight chain, branched chain, and ring-shaped chain. Straight chain carbon compounds have carbon symbols lined up in a straight line. Branched chain carbon compounds have carbon symbols branching off a main chain. Ring-shaped carbon chains have carbon symbols bonded in a ring shape. The document provides examples of each type of carbon chain and has the user identify which type of chain different examples represent.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
- Homologous series which are compounds that differ by a CH2 unit and have similar properties.
- Trends in boiling points increasing with more carbon atoms due to stronger intermolecular forces.
- Isomers which have the same molecular formula but different structures.
- Drawing structural formulas for alkanes and alkenes up to C6 and their IUPAC naming conventions.
This document provides information about stereochemistry and isomers. It discusses the following key points:
1. Stereochemistry refers to the 3D properties of molecules and has its own terminology. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
2. There are different types of isomers including constitutional, stereoisomers, and optical isomers. Chiral carbon atoms can give rise to optical isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images called enantiomers.
3. Absolute configuration at chiral centers can be assigned using Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules which involve assigning priority to substituents and determining clockwise or counterclockwise orientation. The number of optical is
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry I and focuses on hydrocarbons. It defines key terms like saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that have the general formula CnH2n+2 and contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and have the general formula CnH2n. Alkynes contain carbon-carbon triple bonds. The document discusses isomerism, naming conventions including IUPAC nomenclature, and aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene and its derivatives. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is introduced as an analytical tool for identifying organic compounds.
1. The document discusses structural isomers, which are compounds with the same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms in the skeletal structure.
2. Examples of low molecular weight alkanes (methane to pentane) are used to demonstrate how to systematically draw and identify all possible structural isomers.
3. For hexane (C6H14) and heptane (C7H16), the process results in multiple structural isomers due to the various ways carbon chains can be arranged and branched.
1. The document discusses structural isomers, which are compounds with the same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms in the skeletal structure.
2. Examples of low molecular weight alkanes (methane to pentane) are used to illustrate how the number of possible structural isomers increases with more carbon atoms. Butane and isobutane are given as an example of structural isomers.
3. Guidelines are provided for systematically drawing out all possible isomers, such as starting with the longest carbon chain and then adding branches in all nonterminal positions to avoid increasing the chain length. This allows different skeletal structures to be identified for compounds with the same molecular formula.
Chapter 3 Organic compounds alkanes and their stereochemistry.pptxJaved Iqbal
This chapter discusses organic compounds including alkanes, their isomers, and conformations. It defines functional groups and covers topics such as naming alkanes using IUPAC rules. Alkanes can exist as straight-chain or branched-chain isomers. The conformations of alkanes like ethane involve staggered and eclipsed arrangements that determine their relative stability due to torsional strain.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry, including key topics such as:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in many common materials.
- Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds, their structures, properties, and reactions.
- Carbon atoms can form multiple bonds with other carbons, allowing for a large number of organic compounds.
- Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen, and can be classified as aliphatic or aromatic.
The document discusses naming conventions and structures for organic chemistry compounds including alkanes, haloalkanes, alkenes, and cycloalkanes. It provides prefixes and suffixes used to name compounds based on the number of carbons, functional groups present, and branching. Examples are given for drawing structures and naming compounds with 1-4 carbons as well as branched, cyclic, and halo-substituted variants. Common uses of some compounds are also mentioned.
1) The document provides revision materials for organic chemistry concepts like nomenclature, functional groups, and molecular structure and stability for students who feel lost or confused.
2) It explains IUPAC naming rules and gives examples of naming simple organic compounds. Common names are also mentioned.
3) Bond polarity is discussed, noting that most carbon-heteroatom bonds are polarized due to the higher electronegativity of heteroatoms like oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens. Bond dipoles are illustrated for several examples.
This document provides information on naming hydrocarbons according to IUPAC rules. It discusses the basic classes of hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. It explains how to name hydrocarbon structures based on functional groups, number of carbons, presence of double or triple bonds, and side chains. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply IUPAC rules to name hydrocarbon structures systematically in 3 sentences or fewer.
Naming Hydrocarbons document provides information on naming hydrocarbon compounds according to IUPAC rules. It discusses:
1) Drawing condensed structures and choosing a naming method that shows all hydrogen atoms.
2) The basic naming of hydrocarbons based on type (-ane, -ene, -yne), number of carbons, side chain type and position.
3) Rules for numbering carbons in compounds with multiple bonds or branches to determine IUPAC names in a systematic manner.
Medical chemistry covers fundamental chemistry principles and organic chemistry. Organic chemistry focuses on hydrocarbons and their derivatives, including chain hydrocarbons, cyclic hydrocarbons, halogen compounds, alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, and other nitrogen compounds. Structural formulas show how atoms are connected, with expanded, partially condensed, and fully condensed notations. Carbon's unique properties allow it to form many compounds. Functional groups determine a compound's class and reactivity.
1. This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry, covering topics like structure and nomenclature, isomerism, drawing organic structures, and identifying functional groups and chiral carbons.
2. It offers tips for correctly drawing structural formulas and distinguishing different types of isomers, as well as answering practice questions to help understand these concepts.
3. The document emphasizes accurately depicting structural features like trigonal planar arrangements and bonds in substituents when drawing organic molecules.
1) Organic molecules are named using a prefix-parent-suffix system. The parent is the longest carbon chain or ring and the suffix indicates the molecule family (e.g. -ane for alkanes).
2) Prefixes like methyl, ethyl, and propyl indicate substituents on the parent chain or ring. Prefixes are alphabetized and include position numbers.
3) Cyclic compounds can have the ring or longest carbon chain as the parent. Multiple substituents are numbered to minimize the sum of their positions.
This document provides an overview of stereochemistry concepts including:
- Recognizing different types of isomers such as constitutional and stereoisomers.
- Analyzing the conformations of alkanes and cycloalkanes using Newman, Fischer, and sawhorse projections to identify stable chair and staggered conformations.
- Explaining the concepts of chirality, stereogenic centers, and how to determine R/S and E/Z configurations in stereoisomers using wedge diagrams and Fischer projections.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts related to hydrocarbons. It begins by explaining the unique bonding properties of carbon that allow it to form large, stable molecules through catenation. The main classes of hydrocarbons - alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, and cyclic compounds - are introduced along with their structures, formulas, and IUPAC nomenclature rules. Isomerism, including constitutional and geometric isomers, is also discussed. Analytical techniques like NMR spectroscopy are presented as tools to analyze organic molecule structures.
1) IUPAC nomenclature provides systematic names for organic compounds based on their structure. The name consists of prefixes to indicate substituents, a parent chain or ring, and suffixes to indicate the compound class.
2) Alkyl groups that are substituents are named as prefixes according to the number of carbons (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.) and their position of attachment.
3) For cyclic compounds, the largest ring or chain is the parent. Smaller rings or chains become prefixes like "cyclobutyl".
1) IUPAC nomenclature provides systematic names for organic compounds based on their structure. Names specify the parent chain, substituents, and their positions.
2) Names have three parts - prefixes, the parent name indicating chain length, and suffixes indicating compound type (e.g. -ane).
3) Prefixes like methyl, ethyl, and halogens are used to name substituents. Their position is indicated by numbers along the parent chain.
4) More complex rules cover cyclic compounds, multiple substituents, and stereochemistry.
1) IUPAC nomenclature provides systematic names for organic compounds based on their structure. Names specify the parent chain, substituents, and their positions.
2) Names have three parts - prefixes, the parent name indicating chain length, and a suffix denoting compound class (e.g. -ane for alkanes).
3) Prefixes include alkyl groups like methyl or ethyl, and halides named as prefixes with position numbers (e.g. 3-bromoheptane). More complex prefixes are in brackets.
New chm-152-unit-11-power-points-su13-140227172047-phpapp02Cleophas Rwemera
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
- Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons.
- The bonding properties of carbon that allow for catenation and the diversity of organic molecules.
- Nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds using IUPAC nomenclature including examples of naming alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
- Isomers such as constitutional and geometric isomers.
- Key aspects of specific classes of hydrocarbons like alkanes having the general formula CnH2n+2 and benzene being an aromatic hydrocarbon.
This document discusses carbon and its importance in living things. Carbon is uniquely able to form long chains and complex molecules through strong covalent bonds between carbon atoms. While not the most abundant element in living things, carbon is essential as the backbone of organic compounds. The chemistry of living things is based on carbon, and organic chemistry studies carbon-containing molecules, whether found in living things or not. Carbon's ability to form stable chains and complex structures through bonding makes it well-suited to form the compounds that make up living things.
This chapter discusses stereochemistry and chirality. It defines enantiomers as nonsuperimposable mirror images that are different molecules with different properties. Compounds with four different groups attached to a carbon are chiral. A molecule without a plane of symmetry or improper rotation axis is also chiral. Diastereomers have some but not all chiral centers with opposite configurations and are not mirror images. Meso compounds contain an internal plane of symmetry and are achiral.
This document provides an overview of carbon and organic compounds containing carbon. It discusses that carbon is tetravalent and can form single, double, and triple bonds with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and others. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, which includes hydrocarbons that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are classified as aliphatic or aromatic, with aliphatic hydrocarbons further divided into saturated and unsaturated types like alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Alkanes are saturated and have the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and have the formula CnH2n. Alkynes have a
This document outlines the course CHEM 153 Basic Organic Chemistry taught by Dr. Mercy Badu at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. The course covers topics such as molecular and empirical formulas, organic reactions and reaction mechanisms, hydrocarbons and their properties, petroleum products, and recommended textbooks. The objectives are to understand organic compounds, their physical and chemical nature, applications, and how to identify them. Housekeeping rules and hybridization are also discussed.
This document discusses organic compounds and their functional groups. It begins by introducing families of organic compounds and noting that they can be grouped by their common structural features. It then focuses on describing various functional groups, including their structures, properties, and common reactions. Specific functional groups discussed include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, alcohols, ethers, amines, thiols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The document also covers nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds.
This document discusses organic compounds and their functional groups. It begins by introducing families of organic compounds and noting that they can be grouped by their common structural features. It then focuses on describing various functional groups, including their structures, properties, and common reactions. Specific functional groups discussed include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, alcohols, ethers, amines, thiols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The document also covers naming conventions and properties of alkanes and cycloalkanes.
The document discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and cycloalkanes. For alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, the rules specify how to determine the parent chain, number the carbons, name any branches, and add the appropriate suffix to indicate an alkane, alkene, or alkyne. For cycloalkanes, the rules specify how to number the carbons in the ring to minimize the sum of the numbers and name any branches alphabetically. The document encourages practicing examples and visualizing line structures.
The document discusses naming conventions and structures for organic chemistry compounds including alkanes, haloalkanes, alkenes, and cycloalkanes. It provides prefixes and suffixes used to name compounds based on the number of carbons, functional groups present, and branching. Examples are given for drawing structures and naming compounds with 1-4 carbons as well as branched, cyclic, and halo-substituted variants. Common uses of some compounds are also mentioned.
1) The document provides revision materials for organic chemistry concepts like nomenclature, functional groups, and molecular structure and stability for students who feel lost or confused.
2) It explains IUPAC naming rules and gives examples of naming simple organic compounds. Common names are also mentioned.
3) Bond polarity is discussed, noting that most carbon-heteroatom bonds are polarized due to the higher electronegativity of heteroatoms like oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens. Bond dipoles are illustrated for several examples.
This document provides information on naming hydrocarbons according to IUPAC rules. It discusses the basic classes of hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. It explains how to name hydrocarbon structures based on functional groups, number of carbons, presence of double or triple bonds, and side chains. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply IUPAC rules to name hydrocarbon structures systematically in 3 sentences or fewer.
Naming Hydrocarbons document provides information on naming hydrocarbon compounds according to IUPAC rules. It discusses:
1) Drawing condensed structures and choosing a naming method that shows all hydrogen atoms.
2) The basic naming of hydrocarbons based on type (-ane, -ene, -yne), number of carbons, side chain type and position.
3) Rules for numbering carbons in compounds with multiple bonds or branches to determine IUPAC names in a systematic manner.
Medical chemistry covers fundamental chemistry principles and organic chemistry. Organic chemistry focuses on hydrocarbons and their derivatives, including chain hydrocarbons, cyclic hydrocarbons, halogen compounds, alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, and other nitrogen compounds. Structural formulas show how atoms are connected, with expanded, partially condensed, and fully condensed notations. Carbon's unique properties allow it to form many compounds. Functional groups determine a compound's class and reactivity.
1. This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry, covering topics like structure and nomenclature, isomerism, drawing organic structures, and identifying functional groups and chiral carbons.
2. It offers tips for correctly drawing structural formulas and distinguishing different types of isomers, as well as answering practice questions to help understand these concepts.
3. The document emphasizes accurately depicting structural features like trigonal planar arrangements and bonds in substituents when drawing organic molecules.
1) Organic molecules are named using a prefix-parent-suffix system. The parent is the longest carbon chain or ring and the suffix indicates the molecule family (e.g. -ane for alkanes).
2) Prefixes like methyl, ethyl, and propyl indicate substituents on the parent chain or ring. Prefixes are alphabetized and include position numbers.
3) Cyclic compounds can have the ring or longest carbon chain as the parent. Multiple substituents are numbered to minimize the sum of their positions.
This document provides an overview of stereochemistry concepts including:
- Recognizing different types of isomers such as constitutional and stereoisomers.
- Analyzing the conformations of alkanes and cycloalkanes using Newman, Fischer, and sawhorse projections to identify stable chair and staggered conformations.
- Explaining the concepts of chirality, stereogenic centers, and how to determine R/S and E/Z configurations in stereoisomers using wedge diagrams and Fischer projections.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts related to hydrocarbons. It begins by explaining the unique bonding properties of carbon that allow it to form large, stable molecules through catenation. The main classes of hydrocarbons - alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, and cyclic compounds - are introduced along with their structures, formulas, and IUPAC nomenclature rules. Isomerism, including constitutional and geometric isomers, is also discussed. Analytical techniques like NMR spectroscopy are presented as tools to analyze organic molecule structures.
1) IUPAC nomenclature provides systematic names for organic compounds based on their structure. The name consists of prefixes to indicate substituents, a parent chain or ring, and suffixes to indicate the compound class.
2) Alkyl groups that are substituents are named as prefixes according to the number of carbons (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.) and their position of attachment.
3) For cyclic compounds, the largest ring or chain is the parent. Smaller rings or chains become prefixes like "cyclobutyl".
1) IUPAC nomenclature provides systematic names for organic compounds based on their structure. Names specify the parent chain, substituents, and their positions.
2) Names have three parts - prefixes, the parent name indicating chain length, and suffixes indicating compound type (e.g. -ane).
3) Prefixes like methyl, ethyl, and halogens are used to name substituents. Their position is indicated by numbers along the parent chain.
4) More complex rules cover cyclic compounds, multiple substituents, and stereochemistry.
1) IUPAC nomenclature provides systematic names for organic compounds based on their structure. Names specify the parent chain, substituents, and their positions.
2) Names have three parts - prefixes, the parent name indicating chain length, and a suffix denoting compound class (e.g. -ane for alkanes).
3) Prefixes include alkyl groups like methyl or ethyl, and halides named as prefixes with position numbers (e.g. 3-bromoheptane). More complex prefixes are in brackets.
New chm-152-unit-11-power-points-su13-140227172047-phpapp02Cleophas Rwemera
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
- Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons.
- The bonding properties of carbon that allow for catenation and the diversity of organic molecules.
- Nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds using IUPAC nomenclature including examples of naming alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
- Isomers such as constitutional and geometric isomers.
- Key aspects of specific classes of hydrocarbons like alkanes having the general formula CnH2n+2 and benzene being an aromatic hydrocarbon.
This document discusses carbon and its importance in living things. Carbon is uniquely able to form long chains and complex molecules through strong covalent bonds between carbon atoms. While not the most abundant element in living things, carbon is essential as the backbone of organic compounds. The chemistry of living things is based on carbon, and organic chemistry studies carbon-containing molecules, whether found in living things or not. Carbon's ability to form stable chains and complex structures through bonding makes it well-suited to form the compounds that make up living things.
This chapter discusses stereochemistry and chirality. It defines enantiomers as nonsuperimposable mirror images that are different molecules with different properties. Compounds with four different groups attached to a carbon are chiral. A molecule without a plane of symmetry or improper rotation axis is also chiral. Diastereomers have some but not all chiral centers with opposite configurations and are not mirror images. Meso compounds contain an internal plane of symmetry and are achiral.
This document provides an overview of carbon and organic compounds containing carbon. It discusses that carbon is tetravalent and can form single, double, and triple bonds with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and others. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, which includes hydrocarbons that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are classified as aliphatic or aromatic, with aliphatic hydrocarbons further divided into saturated and unsaturated types like alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Alkanes are saturated and have the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and have the formula CnH2n. Alkynes have a
This document outlines the course CHEM 153 Basic Organic Chemistry taught by Dr. Mercy Badu at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. The course covers topics such as molecular and empirical formulas, organic reactions and reaction mechanisms, hydrocarbons and their properties, petroleum products, and recommended textbooks. The objectives are to understand organic compounds, their physical and chemical nature, applications, and how to identify them. Housekeeping rules and hybridization are also discussed.
This document discusses organic compounds and their functional groups. It begins by introducing families of organic compounds and noting that they can be grouped by their common structural features. It then focuses on describing various functional groups, including their structures, properties, and common reactions. Specific functional groups discussed include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, alcohols, ethers, amines, thiols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The document also covers nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds.
This document discusses organic compounds and their functional groups. It begins by introducing families of organic compounds and noting that they can be grouped by their common structural features. It then focuses on describing various functional groups, including their structures, properties, and common reactions. Specific functional groups discussed include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, alcohols, ethers, amines, thiols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The document also covers naming conventions and properties of alkanes and cycloalkanes.
The document discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and cycloalkanes. For alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, the rules specify how to determine the parent chain, number the carbons, name any branches, and add the appropriate suffix to indicate an alkane, alkene, or alkyne. For cycloalkanes, the rules specify how to number the carbons in the ring to minimize the sum of the numbers and name any branches alphabetically. The document encourages practicing examples and visualizing line structures.
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2. How to study
• Much memorization, BUT…..
• Learn the process of thinking like CHEMIST
• Understand, absorb and apply principles
• Practice actively –models, problems, summaries, flow charts
• Small steps and frequent study – you CAN’T cram right before the exam
• Be prepared to fail and to regroup – you need to develop a new method
of learning
• Get help! - study group,
3. Study plan
Date Time Module Content/topic Summary Challenges Solution
First 4 columns form part of your time table
5. Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds
Use mostly covalent bonding Mostly ionic bonding
Are gases, liquids or solids with low melting
points
Are generally solids with high melting points
Mostly insoluble in water Many are water soluble
Many are soluble in organic solvents such as
petroleum, benzene and hexane
Most are not soluble in organic solvents
Solution in water generally do not conduct
electricity
When dissolved in water conducts electrical
current
Almost all burn Most not combustible
Slow to react with other chemicals Often undergo fast chemical reactions
6. Why does carbon form so many compounds?
• Carbon has the ability to bond with itself to form long chains,
branched structures and ring structures; hence it can form molecules
that contain from one to an infinite number of C atoms.
7. Why does carbon form so many compounds?
Additionally C atoms may:
be bonded by multiple bonds (i.e. double and triple)
8. Why does carbon form so many compounds?
Additional atoms may be attached to them to make them stable. The
most common of these is H, but, N, O, X, P and S also commonly occurs
attached to C and may even be attached in several different ways. Note
X is the symbol for any of the halides – F, Cl, Br or I
12. The Rules for Drawing Organic Molecules
1. C always has four bonds. This may consist of:
• 4 single
• 1 double and 2 single
• 1 triple and 1 single
• 2 double
2. H always has one bond.
3. O always has two bonds. This may consist of:
• 2 single
• 1 double
13. The Rules for Drawing Organic Molecules
4. X always has one bond. X = F, Cl, Br or I
5. N always has three bonds. This may consist of:
• 3 single
• 1 single and 1 double
• 1 triple
6. S may have 2, 4 or 6 bonds, but for this course it has 2 bonds.
14. Types of formulae of organic compounds
• General formula eg CnH2n + 2
• Molecular formula eg C4H10
• Structural formula eg
• Condensed structural formula
16. Information Overload vs Quick and Easy
• In a line-bond structure you see EVERYTHING (except for lone pairs,
actually).
• All atoms must be drawn into the structure. C6H14
• Ex:
• These can take a long time to draw!
C C C C C
C
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
17. Different Ways to Write Butane
Look at this! CH3CH(CH3)CH3 Look at this! CH3CHCHCH3
18. Which is cleaner and more concise?
• Skeletal structures are perhaps a little confusing… Seems like things
are missing…
• Once you know the rules, skeletal structures are actually much easier
to draw!
OR
skeletal
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H H
H H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H H
line bond
19. Skeletal Structures
• Skeletal structures are those “zig-zag” structures you see quite often.
• “Zig-zag” is required so you can see connectivity… lines that are
“straight on” may be confusing:
vs
(there are 2 here!)
20. Skeletal Structures - Rules
• In order to understand HOW to draw molecules using these zig-zag
lines, you need to follow a certain set of rules, or else none of it
makes any sense
• We will start by converting to line-bond structures that show
everything.
21. Skeletal Structures – Rule #1
• Rule #1: never draw a “C” to represent a carbon atom (as in C-H or C-
C or C=C…)
• When doing shorthand notation like this, “less” is faster to draw, so
ditch those “C”s!
22. Skeletal Structures – Rule #2
• Rule #2: At the end of any line, you will always assume there is a C, if
no other atom is shown.
• Take this single line, the simplest skeletal structure possible:
• How many carbons do you “see”?
23. Skeletal Structures – Rule #2
• If the end of a line represents a carbon atom, then you will “see” a
carbon at each end of the line:
• That line represents:
C C
24. Skeletal Structures – Rule #3
• Rule #3: At the intersection of two or more lines, assume there is a C,
if no other atom is shown.
• Now take this skeletal structure:
• How many intersections are there?
25. Skeletal Structures – Rule #3
• There are two lines connecting in the center to form one intersection:
• That intersection represents a carbon atom, without having to draw the
C’s.
• Up to four lines may connect to intersect.
26. Skeletal Structures – Rules 2 and 3
• How many total carbons are in this molecule?
• You have to count all intersections and the ends of any lines to get
the total number of carbons represented.
27. Skeletal Structures – Rules 2 and 3
• So, how many total carbons are in this molecule?
• One intersection plus two ends of lines adds up to
three total carbon atoms:
C
C
C
end
end
intersection
29. Skeletal Structures – Rules 2 and 3
• How many total carbons are in this molecule?
• Five carbons total:
end
end
end
intersections
C
C
C
C
C
30. Skeletal Structures – Rules 2 and 3
• One more time, how many total carbons are in this molecule?
31. Skeletal Structures – Rules 2 and 3
• One more time, how many total carbons are in this molecule?
• Five end carbons…
end
end
end
end
end
32. Skeletal Structures – Rules 2 and 3
• …and four intersecting carbons…
• …for a grand total of 9 C’s you didn’t have to draw!
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
33. Skeletal Structures – Rule #4
• Rule #4: The “H” of a hydrogen attached to carbon is not drawn.
• Just remember that carbons must have four bonds. Count bonds and
subtract from 4 – that will be the number of H’s.
• Take this skeletal structure again:
• How many hydrogen atoms are on each carbon?
34. Skeletal Structures – Rule #4
• Recall that there are C’s at the end of each line.
• The left-hand C has one bond (to the right-hand C). This means that,
by default, it must have 3 hydrogen atoms attached (4 total minus 1
to a C = 3 H)
• The right-hand C also has one bond to a C. This means that it too also
must have 3 hydrogen atoms attached (4 total minus 1 to a C = 3 H)
C C
equals
35. Skeletal Structures – Rule #4
• Final structure?
• The skeletal structure on the left was WAY easier to draw… With
practice, you’ll get used to this process…
C C
equals equals C C
H
H
H
H
H
H
36. Skeletal Structures – Rule #4 again
• Take this skeletal structure:
• How many hydrogen atoms are on each carbon?
37. Skeletal Structures – Rule #4
• Left carbon – one line
• Right carbon – one line
• Center carbon – two lines
• Left carbon – 4-1 = 3 H
• Right carbon – 4-1 = 3 H
• Center carbon – 4-2 = 2 H
39. Try another molecule
• Convert the following skeletal structure to a line-bond structure:
• Add C’s to “ends” and “intersections” and then determine how many
H’s are attached to each. Don’t move forward until you’ve drawn it!
40. Answer?
• These two are the same molecule:
equals C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
41. Answer?
• Remember that your answer may look similar but not exactly the
same.
• What counts is that you have the C’s labeled correctly and you have
the right number of H’s on each C. For instance, my C(#1) has to have
3H’s, C(#2) has to have 2 H’s, C(#3) has to have 1 H, etc…
equals C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
1
2
3
6
4 5
7
1
2
42. Skeletal Structures - Rule #5
• Rule #5: Everything besides C-H and C-C must be shown. These other
atoms (like O, N, F, Cl, Br, etc) must be shown.
• Note that Hydrogen atoms can and should be shown for these other
atoms and even C=C has to be drawn, even when C-C does not.
OH O
43. Line-Bond to Skeletal Structure
• Now that you have a sense of what skeletal structures equate to, let’s
try the other direction…
• A skeletal structure is a line-bond structure without its letters.
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
44. Line-Bond to Skeletal Structure
• So you need to simplify. Start by removing all those H’s on the C’s…
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
45. Line-Bond to Skeletal Structure
• Then erase all those C’s…
• Good job… Try the next one!
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
46. Line-Bond to Skeletal Structure
• Convert the following to a skeletal structure:
• Erase the C-H bonds, then the C’s…
C
C
C
C
C
C C
C
Br
H
H
H
H
H
H H
H H
47. Line-Bond to Skeletal Structure
• Leave the Br though!
C
C
C
C
C
C C
C
Br
H
H
H
H
H
H H
H H
C
C
C
C
C
C C
C
Br
Br
48. Line-Bond to Skeletal Structure
• Convert the following to a skeletal structure:
C
C
C
C
C
C
Cl
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
49. Line-Bond to Skeletal Structure
• Erase the C-H bonds, then the C’s… but leave the Cl!
Cl
C
C
C
C
C
C
Cl
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
Cl
C
50. And in the other direction…
• Obviously, you need to put the letters back into place, alone with the
C-H bonds…
• Draw the Line-Bond structure for:
• Find ends and intersections first…
51. Skeletal to Line-Bond…
• Ends in blue… intersections in red…
• Triple bonds are a bit confusing at first – the intersection is actually
straight, when drawn correctly:
So, put in the C’s…
52. Skeletal to Line-Bond…
• And now you have:
• Now add in the C-H bonds. Every C must have a total
of four lines.
C
C
C
C
C
C
53. Skeletal to Line-Bond…
• Finished Line-Bond Structure:
• Notice how the one end of the triple bond, the red
carbon, already has four bonds so no bonds to H for
that carbon!
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H H
H H
H H
54. Skeletal to Line-Bond or V.V
• These take practice… Once you’ve mastered the
basics of the skeletal structure you are ready to make
the leap to converting skeletal structures to
condensed formulas and back again…
• When you are ready, go check out the next
PowerPoint – Skeletal to Condensed and Back Again
57. Number
of carbons
Prefix as
in new
system
Number
of carbons
Prefix as
in new
system
Number
of carbons
Prefix as
in new
system
Number
of
carbons
Prefix as in
new system
1 meth- 10 dec- 20 eicos- 30 triacont-
2 eth- 11 undec- 21 uncos- 31 untriacont-
3 prop- 12 dodec- 22 docos- 32 dotriacont-
4 but- 13 tridec- 23 tricos- 33 tritriacont-
5 pent- 14 tetradec- 24 tetracos- 34 tetratriacont-
6 hex- 15 pentadec- 25 pentacos- 35 pentatriacont-
7 hept- 16 hexadec- 26 hexacos-
8 oct- 17 heptadec- 27 heptacos- 40 tetracont-
9 non- 18 octadec- 28 octacos- 50 pentacont-
19 nonadec- 29 nonacos-
58. NAMING - prefix alk suffix
• Principal the functional group
• Parent chain with the functional group – maximum length, highest number of
substituents, principal in cyclic makes cyclic principal
• Name the parent and structure and principal group -alk suffix
• Number from end with nearest to the main functional group (highest priority) – if
this is obtained from both directions then try to achieve the lowest total, if first
substituents occur at equal distances then check the second substituent – look
for any difference that will result PRIORITY
59. NAMING - prefix alk suffix
• Name alkyl, halides etc – show the position
• Double and triple bond are part of the main chain
• Hyphen between a number and a word. Comma between numbers
• Substituents with the same priority are put alphabetically in the name
• Substituents are put in priority
• (study well how the substituents are named)