1 research methdology mandatory steps

Research in India
Keynote Address
Workshop on Research Methodology,
VTUPG Centre, Muddenahalli
2nd April 2018
Dr. S.N. Sridhara
Principal and Director
K.S. School of Engineering and Management
Bengaluru
Dr. S.N. Sridhara, KSSEM sridharasn1964@gmail.com 1

Research: Definition
Research:
The systematic investigation into and study of materials
and sources in order to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.

Research
“ Research is a structured systematic study carried out through acceptable
Scientific Methodology to solve problems that results in verifiable, valuable
and valid proposals”
Research may lead to new Theory, Proposal, Correlation, Design or
Method or even a new Product

Research Outcome
Research Outcome may be utilised for
1. Presenting thesis for Degree
2. Publishing research papers
3. Filing patents
4. Releasing new products or ideas to market and
5. Carrying out consultancy services

Why a Faculty should take up Research
• Opportunity to widen the knowledge base
• Sharpening of learning skills
• Opportunity to publish research papers
• Opportunity to take financial grant for research projects
• Earn more through consultancy projects

M.Phil and
Ph.D. Degrees
awarded in
India in 2015-
16 as per UGC
data
https://www.ugc.ac.in/stats.aspx

Faculty wise enrolment for in Ph.D.; Colleges and
Universities as per UGC data
https://www.ugc.ac.in/stats.aspx

Enrolment to Ph.D. Courses as per Ministry of
Human Resource Department
http://mhrd.gov.in/statist
Ph.D.
Male Female Both
All University Types
2015-16 65620 43932 109552
2014-15 60907 39885 100792
2013-14 58153 37184 95337
2012-13 48984 33545 82529
2011-12 43219 26308 69527

Research Design and Methods
•Research Design is the framework to
methodically define the research questions and
seek answers.
•A few specific questions in Research Methods,
may be as follows:
1. Which is the field of study?
• generic to start with and more specific at later stages
2. Why this research?
• Gap in literature and possible outcome from this research

3. What technical skills are required for this
research?
• Mathematical background, subject knowledge, special
technical tools etc..
4. What are your strengths?
5. What are your to-be-improved issues?

6. What facility is required for the research
• Hardware, Software, infrastructure etc.
7. What facilities are available and what is to be
procured?
• Hardware, Software, Infrastructure etc.
8. Which are the sources of research technical
knowhow?
• Relevant journals, research institutes, leading
researchers, leading research facilities etc must be
known in advance.

9. In case of sociology type of research, what data
is required; and from where these can be
retrieved or collected?
• Data for understanding and situation; can be collected
from survey and other means.
10.What will be the sample design?
• Target population and collection of data.
11.How is the data analysed?
• Data analysis techniques must be discussed.

Research Methodology - Mandatory Steps in Science and
Engineering
• Finding a topic
• Problem specification
• State-of-the-art (literature review)
• Proposed approaches and their justification
• Tools and methods used
• Expected results and their significance
• Plan of activities, time table

• Selection of a research topic
• Definition of a research problem
• Literature survey
• Evaluation of current status of the topic chosen
• Formulation of hypotheses
• Research design
• Actual investigation
• Data analysis
• Interpretation of result
• Report
Research Methodology - Mandatory Steps in Social Science
Research

Begin with broad questions
Narrow Down, Focus in
Focus on highly
narrowed down
questions
Analyse in the
focused arena
Generalise the results using broad
testing methodology
Research Methodology

Knowing Why and What.mp4

Classification of Research in Engineering Field
Based on Application: 1. Pure (Basic)Research,
2. Applied Research
Pure Research involves developing and/or testing new theories, models, designs and
correlation that may or may not have immediate application but of immense importance
from the point of view of development of knowledge base in fundamental aspects.
Examples:
•New theory annex added to electromagnetic wave theory,
•Development of analytical procedure to solve a highly complex mathematical model,
•Contribution to number theory etc.,

Applied Research refers to research carried out to derive a methodology, model, design or
analysis for problems that have immediate application.
In case of applied research, the the immediate application of anticipated solution dictates the
problem for the research.
Examples:
1.Improvising the atomizer performance for application in a combustor,
2.Developing a new efficient and compact instrumentation / model for wireless
communication.
3. Developing a new methodology for a manufacturing process, Inventing new tools of
management,
4. Analysing a process or event in the light of physics to explain the phenomena reported etc.,

Based on Methodology:
1. Experimental, 2. Analytical 3. Numerical
Experimental Research is associated with experimental investigation of a process or theme using
appropriate tools.
Examples:
1.Investigation of flow behaviour of a magnetic fluid in a magnetically resonated duct using
appropriate instrumentation,
2. The performance evaluation of an internal combustion engine with different catalytic converters
using required instrumentation,
3. Evolution and testing of a new strategy for product design as applied to specific class of products
using the current trends in the market, etc.,

Analytical Research is associated with the developments of models or solution to the
problems using analytical tools.
Examples:
1. Solution to a set of partial differential equations using error functions or any such new
methods.
2. Development of an analytical tool to collect and analyse data during adoption of a new
management strategy.
3. Evolution of new standards and practices for efficient product design procedure.

Numerical Research is associated with the solution obtained for a practical problem using
numerical tools. New numerical tools and procedures may be evolved during this process or
the available commercial numerical analysis based software may be used to solve the
problem.
Examples:
1. Numerical investigation of flow of a non-newtonian fluid through a pin-hole orifice using
a commercial software.
2. Development of a numerical tool to predict the fluid flow behaviour in a hypersonic flow
regime.
3. Evolution of a new tool for grading the customer satisfaction using mathematical,
statistical and numerical methods.

• Research Methods are broadly classified as
• Exploratory Research Method
• Conclusive Research Method
Research Design Methods

Experimental Research Design:
The main objective of an experiment is to
measure the influence of the independent
variables on a dependant variable while
keeping the other variables constant

Research Design
Exploratory Research Design:
It is a qualitative flexible approach of investigation wherein the
working procedure is defined and explored for various alternate
approaches in research.
This is a simple procedure and loosely structured.
Example:
A rough route map laid down to carry out research towards
addressing the issue. In this procedure, irrespective of
complexities involved, only skeleton of research design is made.

Research Design
Conclusive Research Design:
It is a quantitative definitive approach of investigation
wherein the working procedure is defined and explored
considering all details starting from literature survey
upto drawing conclusions.
Multiple divisions are shown under Conclusive Research
Design.

Exploratory Research
1. Loosely structured
2. Flexible methodology
3. Does not involve testing of hypothesis
4. Outcomes are specific to problem
defined and cannot be generalised
Conclusive Research
1. Well structured and systematic in
Design
2. Has a formal and definitive
methodology that must be followed
and tested
3. Involves testing of hypothesis
4. Outcomes may be generalised since
they have a theoretical and practical
application

Research Design
Descriptive Research Design:
Descriptive research designs are most
comprehensive and provides detail explanation to
the research problems under investigation.

Research Design
Descriptive Research Design:
In this research, the research design is rigid and not flexible and
must focus on the following:
1. Objectives of study (Why and How)
2. Data collection methodology
3. Selecting the sample
4. Collecting the sample
5. Processing and analysing the data
6. Reporting Findings

Example for Descriptive Research Design:
Case 1: Business Research, an example
• Objectives: To find out the usefulness of playing instruments
in a park
• Data Collection Methods: Questionnaire for users,
manufacturers, service providers etc,
• Selecting the sample: Small park, Big park, park in Rich people
living Area etc, Number of sample..
• Collecting the data: personal meeting, e-mail, through others ….
• Processing and Analysing Data: Statistical and probabilistic
approach, Hypothesis …
• Reporting the Findings: Proper conclusion and applying to larger
mass.

Example for Descriptive Research Design:
Case 1: Engineering Research, an example
• Objectives: To find out the better design for a solar collector.
• Data Collection Methods: previous papers on solar collectors,
manufacturer's design plants etc.
• Selecting the sample: A proper size of solar collector is chosen for
investigation
• Collecting the data: Collection of performance parameters of various solar
collectors of same size from different manufacturer, design, material etc.
Experimentation on solar power collection etc
• Processing and Analysing Data: computation of performance parameters
• Reporting the Findings: Proper conclusion and applying to larger or
particular design.

• In an experiment, a researcher actively manipulates
one or more casual variables and measures their
effects on the dependant variables of interest.
• Other variables not included may affect the outcome,
hence it cannot prove causality.
• Here one can infer on cause-and-effect relationship.

Example: Business research: usefulness of playing instrument in a
park
• Identified cause variables may be aesthetics of playing
instrument and ergonomic design of instruments. The
Dependent variable may be the happiness in children using
these instruments.
• Other cause variables ignored may be type of paints used on
the instruments, the timings of opening of park etc.,
• Here one can infer on cause-and-effect relationship but may
not be complete

Example: Engineering research: Better design of solar collector
plate
• Identified cause variables may be material of plate of solar
collector and slope of plate mounting . The Dependent variable
may be the maximum heat extracted using Solar plate collector
• Other cause variables ignored may be type water used in the
plate collector, the piping material insulation etc.,
• Here one can infer on cause-and-effect relationship but may
not be complete

Happy Baby.mp4

Thank you

1 research methdology mandatory steps

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