This document outlines the course outline for an Occupational Health course taught by Dr. Aliyu Muhammad Maigoro. The course covers topics such as the history of occupational health, occupational lung and skin diseases, health risk assessment, and occupational health legislation. It provides definitions of occupational health as the interaction between work and health. Some key issues in occupational health discussed are technology transfers, child labor, and inadequate safety standards in developing countries. The goals of occupational health are promoting worker well-being, preventing work-related illnesses, and adapting work to people. Occupational health also relates to public health by concerning family and community health impacts. Common work-related diseases include lung diseases, injuries, cancers and cardiovascular disorders. Barriers to identifying
Nursing Mangement on occupational and industrial disorders [Autosaved].pptxDR .PALLAVI PATHANIA
What are the 5 types of occupational disease?
Occupational diseases in this registry system including Occupational lung diseases, occupational skin diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, diseases caused by chemical agents (poisoning), diseases caused by biological agents, occupational cancers and other occupational diseases
This slide is prepared based on fact data worldwide and also who . and it helps to course study for bachelor of pharmacy and health undergraduates degree subjects.
Nursing Mangement on occupational and industrial disorders [Autosaved].pptxDR .PALLAVI PATHANIA
What are the 5 types of occupational disease?
Occupational diseases in this registry system including Occupational lung diseases, occupational skin diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, diseases caused by chemical agents (poisoning), diseases caused by biological agents, occupational cancers and other occupational diseases
This slide is prepared based on fact data worldwide and also who . and it helps to course study for bachelor of pharmacy and health undergraduates degree subjects.
Health and safety of employees are essential aspects of organization's smooth and effective functioning.
Good health and safety performance ensure an accident free work environment.
This lecture begins by defining OHS, its epidemiology, functions, the different sources of occupational hazards-broadly and in details, as well as the principles of OHS management.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
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Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
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Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
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Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
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Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
1. PBH 3212 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
COURSE LECTURER/INSTRUCTOR:
HON. (DR.) ALIYU MUHAMMAD MAIGORO
MBBS(BUK), MPH(Malaya), MBA(BUK), FWACP, FRSPH
SENIOR CONSULTANT PUBLIC HEALTH PHYSICIAN
FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE AZARE, BAUCHI,
VISITING SENIOR LECTURER (DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC
HEALTH),
BAUCHI STATE UNIVERSITY GADAU &
FORMER HONOURABLE COMMISSIONER FOR HEALTH,
BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA
DATE: THURSDAY, 27TH OCTOBER, 2022
10:00 – 12:00PM
1
2. COURSE OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
3. INTERACTION BETWEEN WORK AND
ENVIRONMENT
4. OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISEASES
5. OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASES
6. OCCUPATIONAL CANCERS
7. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES
8. HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT/PRINCIPLES
OF HAZARD CONTROL
3. COURSE OUTLINE…..
9. OCCUPATIONAL POISONS (TOXICOLOGY)
10. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN
AGRICULTURE
11. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & PHC
12. EPIDEMIOLOGY IN OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH
13. PRE & PERIODIC MEDICAL EXAMINATION
14. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN THE
PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
15. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH LEGISLATIONS
16. REVISION
4. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
GOALS/AIMS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
THE BURDEN OF OCCUPATIONAL MORBIDITY AND
MORTALITY
BARRIERS TO ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS OF
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
5. DEFINITION
Occupational health is the study of the
interaction between Work and Health
About half of man’s waking hours and a third
of his productive years are spent at work
Work is therefore an essential ingredient of
life
7. DEFINITION…….
Occupational health:
Is the promotion and maintenance of the
highest physical, mental, and social well-
being of workers in all occupations by
preventive departures from health,
controlling risks, and adapting of work to
people and people to their jobs.
(International Labour Organization and
WHO, 1950)
8. FATHER OF OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714)
Italian Physician who worked in the late 1600s
and early 1700s
Published the 1st systematic study on the
influence that work may have on health
His book “De Morbis Artificum Diatriba”
(Diseases of Workers)
In Nigeria, the Father of Occupational is Dr.
G.O. Sofoluwe
9. CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH
1. Technology transfer from industrial to developing
countries or areas within a country;
2. Child labor in developing and developed
countries;
3. Pesticide overuse, toxicity, and food
contamination;
4. Ecological damage from toxic wastes spills and
waste disposal;
5. Toxic waste transfer from industrial to developing
countries;
6. High technology industrial toxic wastes;
7. Nuclear energy, accidents, and wastes;
10. CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH…
8. Technological and professional common interest between
occupational and environmental health;
9. Poor safety and control standards in developing countries;
10. Poor wages, psychological stress, boredom, and shift
work;
11. Management negligence and lack of accountability for
workplace safety;
12. Governmental negligence and corruption in developing
regulatory role;
13. Inadequate health and safety measures in developing
countries;
14. Widening income gap between upper and lower income
groups
11. THE AIMS/GOALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
The ILO in 1950 defined the goals of
occupational health as follows:
1. The promotion and maintenance of the highest
degree of physical, mental and social well being
of workers in all occupations
2. The prevention among workers of departures
from health caused by their working conditions
3. The protection of workers in their employment
from risks resulting from factors adverse to health
4. The planning and maintenance of workers in an
occupational environment adapted to his
physiological equipment; and to summarize -the
adaptation of work to man, each man to his job
12. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & PUBLIC HEALTH
Diseases related to occupations,
always an essential part of public
health, increasingly relate to
environmental health, but to other
fields as well
The worker is also a member of a
family and a breadwinner, so that the
health of the worker is related to
family health
13. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & PUBLIC
HEALTH….
The worker is concerned not only with
what happens at the place of employment
but also with hazardous agents he or she
might accidently bring home
The retired or laid-off worker is worried
about well-pensioned and honorable
retirement
Occupational health in this wider context
has an important place in the New Public
Health
14. The Burden of Occupational
Morbidity and Mortality
The 10 most frequent work-related
diseases and injuries are:
1. Lung disease;
2. Musculoskeletal injuries;
3. Cancers;
4. Severe trauma;
5. Cardiovascular disorders;
6. Disorders of reproduction;
7. Neurotoxic disorders;
8. Noise-related hearing loss;
9. Dermatologic conditions;
10. Psychological strain and boredom.
15. Barriers to Accurate Diagnosis of
Occupational Diseases
Patient
1. Inadequate training/knowledge of exposures in
workplace
2. Lack of workers access to material safety data
sheets
3. Fear of loss of job due to reporting of illness
4. Psychological denial that symptoms could be work
related
5. Long induction period (the time between initial
exposure to a cause of disease and the occurrence
of disease)
6. Long latency period (the time between the
occurrence of disease and its recognition, whether
16. Barriers to Accurate Diagnosis of
Occupational Diseases….
Clinician
Inadequate training/knowledge of exposures in
and diseases found in the workplace
Inadequate time to conduct occupational
history
Failure to nconsider occupational factors in
differential diagnosis
Lack of awareness of the legal requirements
for reporting, notification
Percieved hassle of reporting to governmental
or surveillance systems
17. Barriers to Accurate Diagnosis of
Occupational Diseases…..
Societal
-lack of recognition of the scope and costs of
occupational disease in the population in general
-lack of funding of research into chronic diseases
that may be occupationally related
-Historically, the relative isolation of occupational
medicine from traditional medicine care
Logistics
-loss of reports (eg., in copying, packaging, mail
system, misfiling, and misorting, errors in coding,
data entry, and analysis) between the clinician
and the surveillance officer