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2. Introduction
Bernardino Ramazzani is called the father of occupational medicine
• Workers represent 50% of the global population.
• As per International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates, of the 2.34 million
per year occupational fatalities.
• Out of which 3,21,000 are attributed to accident and 2.02 million deaths are
related to work-relatedillness,
• which is equivalent to a daily average of more than 5,500 deaths.
• Workers play huge role in economic and social development Community

3. DEFINITION
Occupational health has been defined bythe IL0 and World Health Organization (WHO) in
1950 and updated as follows by the ILO/WHO Joint Committee on Occupational Health in
1995:
Occupational health aims at: the promotion and maintenance of the
highest degree of physical, mental and social well being of workers in all
occupations; the prevention amongstworkers of departures from health
caused by their working conditions; theprotection of workers in their
employment from risk resulting from factors adverse to health; tihe
placing andMaintenance of the workers in an occupational environment
adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities and to
summarise,the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job

4. • According to ILO, an occupational disease is Any disease contracted as a
result of an exposure to risk factors arising from work activity.
• In most countries. a disease is defined "occupational" when the national
authorities acknowledge its occupational origin.

5. Objectives of occupational health
Three prime objectives
• 1. Promotion and maintenance of health of the worker to improve the
capacity of working.
• 2. Improvement in work environment so that health and safety are not
compromised.
• 3. Induction of healthy work culture to improve health and safety of
worker as well as to improve the productivity by culminating positive
social climate at workplace.

6. WORK FORCE AND HEALTH
In highly populated country sectors are divided into three categories-primary,
secondary,
tertiary.
• Primary sector jobs are mainly agriculture related or activities which are directly
dependent on environment. people engaged in primary sector activities are
called red collar workers.
• Secondary sector jobs are mainly industry related Oractivities which add value
to natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable
products.People who are involved in secondary activities are termed as blue
collar workers
• Tertiary sector jobs are white collar jobs, as these are mainly service related
and include production and exchange activities.
• the number of estimated employed persons in 2011-12 were 47.41 crore in the
country, of which 82.7% (39.14 crore persons) were in unorganized
sector.[National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)]

7. Industrialization and Health
Industrialization is an aspiration for the government's of relatively undeveloped countries
• India will become fully urbanized country b/w 2040-2045 with the current
growth urbanization at 6% per decade.
• 15% of Indian population is residing in four Metropolitan cities namely, Delhi,
Mumbai Kolkata and Chennai which will grow to 42% by 2020.
• Industrialization has both positive and negative effects

8. Positive effect of industry
• Industrialisation has leads to the development of infrastructure and technology which
also provide fast and better transportation thus easy accessibility to health facilities.
• Development of electronic media
• Invention of exercise machine are result of industrialization.
• defibrillator electrocardiogram and suctioning machine are used in diagnosing and
treatment of disease .
• Improvement in understanding of disease causing microorganism and development of
vaccine to prevent the disease.
• Technology has also helped in treatment of disease due to manufacturer of new drugs
and medicine.
• Industrialisation also help in documenting a disease and thus open up future
Research area , especially on factors affecting health care and health deliveries

9. Negative effects of industrialization on Health
• Urbanization and spread of disease.
• Pollution and health .
• Emergence of social problems and corruption .
• Child health growing

10. Agriculture and Health
• Agriculture affects health and similarly health affects
agriculture
• agriculture is considered to promote good health through
production of food, material and medicinal plants,yet it has
close association with many health problems including a range
of occupational health hazards, under nutrition, food-borne
diseases, AIDS, and other diet-related chronic diseases.
• agriculture can be responsible for both alleviation as well as
spread of these health-related conditions.

12. Health Hazards in Agriculture
With the global demand for food expected to double by the year 2050, the role of farmers who produce the food is more
significant than ever.
A recent article from MPH@GW, the online MPH program for George Washington
University, details how climate change has started to create health and safety issues.
The article identified six "Hazard Zones" for workers that are directly attributable to
changes in climate.
1.Heat
2.Extreme weather
3.Ozone
4.Polycyclic
5.Workplace violence
6.Pathogens and vector

13. major health hazards of agricultural workers:
• Respiratory hazards
• Accidents
• Zoonotic diseases
• Noise
• Skin disorders:
• Cancers
• Chemical hazards
• Heat stress

14. Other Sectors: Service Sectors Executives, Use of Computer
White collar jobs are considered as relatively safe, clean, and easyjobs, as there are least chances of life-threatening accidents
in these jobs.
Major factors responsible for affecting health of the office workers are
related to stress at workplace, prolonged sitting posture, smokng and
drug addiction habits, exposure to poor air quality, a chemicals and
ergonomic factors.

15. Work Stress
• A healthy job means the work pressure on employees shoula be appropriate in relation to their abilities
and resources.
• a healthy working environment is one in which there is not only absence of harmful conditions but also
an abundance of health-promoting ones.
1. Work-related stress is the response people may have when presented with work demands and
pressures that are not matched to their knowledge and abilities and which challenge their ability to
cope.
2. Stress occurs in a wide range of work circumstances but is often made worse when employees feel
they have little support from supervisors and colleagues, as well as little control over work processes.
3. There is often confusion between pressure or challenge and stress and sometimes it is used to excuse
bad management practice.
• The work which values excessive pressure and demand from employees, which are beyond the workers'
capability and knowledge is considered as most stressful work.
• Continuous working in stresstul situations may lead to some unhealthy practices and health issues like
sleeping disorders, anxiety, headache, depression, digestion problems, etc., which can convert into
noncommunicable diseases in a very early age.

16. Air Quality
Air pollution is bad for productivity, even in office jobs.
if the air quality at work is improved, the productivity will increase.
Historically, creating a healthy environment is considered as the main
justification for proper indoor ventilation.
It removes pollutants and smell which originate inside the building also
prevents the accumulation of moisture and controls the relative humidity
which can further lead to "sick building syndrome.

17. Chemicals
• Many types of chemicals are used in office on daily basis like
toners for photocopiers and faxes, correction fluids, liquid
detergents, etc.
• Constant exposure to these chemicals for a long time can be
responsible for skin and eye disorders and allergies.

18. Ergonomic Hazards
A new health problem has been created due to prevalent use of computers in the office for prolong hours.
• Constant watching at monitors creates eye discomfort and irritation.
• Continuously operating keyboard can leads to the musculoskeletal
disorders , which are leading causes of absenteeism and disability.
• Ergonomic issues can be associated with a wide range of factors
including the workspaces, physical design of workstations, the
working environment, vehicles, tools, computer programs and plant.
• workload, decision making, skilled performance and stress are other
factors which can be associated with ergonomic issues.