1 Give three (3) properties of viruses. [3] 2 With the aid of an appr.pdf
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1 Give three (3) properties of viruses. [3] 2 With the aid of an appropriately labelled graph, explain what generally happens during the infection process of a typical eukaryotic virus. [5] 3 Name and discuss the mechanism that Adenovirus C uses to generate multiple RNA transcripts of differing lengths from the single major large promoter. [5] 4 How do the two influenza virus receptors co-operate with each other during viral attachment? [2] 5 Outline some of the mechanisms/methods that HIV utilizes to enter susceptible T4 cells. [5] 6 In phage MS2 the replicase gene is inaccessible to ribosomes due to high intramolecular H-bonding of the RNA genome. How and when then, is the replicase gene translated? [5] 7 How is oncogenesis stimulated during SV40 infection? [3] 8 What mechanism does SV40 use to ensure that the host DNA polymerase preferentially replicates viral DNA? [2] 9 The Adeno Associated Virus (AAV) lacks a DNA or RNA primer yet the genome is still replicated. How is this achieved? 10 Discuss transcription as it occurs in the Togaviridae. [6] 11 Explain how full systemic infection is achieved by viruses in the Geminiviridae group. 12 What is the role of the VP4 capsid protein present in Poliovirs C ? [5].
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![1 Give three (3) properties of viruses. [3] 2 With the aid of an appropriately labelled graph,
explain what generally happens during the infection process of a typical eukaryotic virus. [5] 3
Name and discuss the mechanism that Adenovirus C uses to generate multiple RNA transcripts
of differing lengths from the single major large promoter. [5] 4 How do the two influenza virus
receptors co-operate with each other during viral attachment? [2] 5 Outline some of the
mechanisms/methods that HIV utilizes to enter susceptible T4 cells. [5] 6 In phage MS2 the
replicase gene is inaccessible to ribosomes due to high intramolecular H-bonding of the RNA
genome. How and when then, is the replicase gene translated? [5] 7 How is oncogenesis
stimulated during SV40 infection? [3] 8 What mechanism does SV40 use to ensure that the host
DNA polymerase preferentially replicates viral DNA? [2] 9 The Adeno Associated Virus (AAV)
lacks a DNA or RNA primer yet the genome is still replicated. How is this achieved? 10 Discuss
transcription as it occurs in the Togaviridae. [6] 11 Explain how full systemic infection is
achieved by viruses in the Geminiviridae group. 12 What is the role of the VP4 capsid protein
present in Poliovirs C ? [5]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1givethree3propertiesofviruses-230322132505-23275b56/85/1-Give-three-3-properties-of-viruses-3-2-With-the-aid-of-an-appr-pdf-1-320.jpg)
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macrophage cell line is resistant to infection by HIV, whereas the T-cell line is fully susceptible
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Explain why? Please explain in detail.
Solution
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co-receptors (CCR5 or CXCR4).
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cells and the reason for this is explained below:
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HIV entry into target host cells involves virus ligand (virus surface glycoprotein gp120) and its
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chromosomes [48]. In particular DUX4, which is encoded by one of these regions (4q35), is
downregulated in a significant percentage of HPV-positive cells [48]. DUX4 is a proapoptotic
protein when overexpressed in cells, so it could act as a tumour suppressor.
b.HIV infection of T lymphocytes in culture also causes promoter methylation of the gene GNE,
which encodes a key enzyme in sialic acid biosynthesis, and represses its transcription [60]. This
might lead to disruption of cell surface sialylation, which is important in cell–cell recognition
and might have important effects on lymphocyte trafficking.
c. Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus (PBCV)-1 infects Chlorella green algae and would
probably not be considered a typical pathogen, it is worthy of consideration because it carries a
gene encoding a viral SET (vSET) domain protein ([61] and references therein). This highly
conserved domain is found in many eukaryotic proteins that associate with chromatin, including
members of the polycomb protein group, and has histone lysine methyltransferase activity [62].
It was revealed that infection with PBCV-1 significantly increased methylation of histone
H3K27 in its host and rapidly repressed genome-wide transcription
d. Stimulation of host HDAC activity might be a common feature of microbial infection. This
could contribute to the epigenetic repression of ‘defence genes’ in host cells. The possibility that
this occurs in non-infected bystander cells responding to the uptake of soluble factors is also
worth exploring.
e. Infection by diverse viruses appears to induce expression of DNMTs and/or polycomb group
(PcG) proteins such as EZH2. Examples include KSHV, EBV, HBV, HIV-1, HTLV-1, HPV,
SV40 and adenoviruses. The important caveat with these data is that the expression of DNMTs
and EZH2 correlates with cell proliferation rate; therefore a high level of expression might be a
consequence of the proportion of cells proliferating in tumours and/or chronically inflamed
tissue.
Solution
Different viruses methylates different host gene function to enhance viral activity. Genes
involving cell cycle, defence genes, apoptosis are few strong targets.
Following are few examples of virus- host gene interactions
a. human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical carcinoma-derived cells also correlates with DNA
hypermethylation of CpG islands at the 3.3 kb repeats in the subtelomeric regions of multiple
chromosomes [48]. In particular DUX4, which is encoded by one of these regions (4q35), is
downregulated in a significant percentage of HPV-positive cells [48]. DUX4 is a.
Chapter 11 Virus genetics and mutation.pptx
Viral mutations occur through two main mechanisms: antigenic drift and antigenic shift. Antigenic drift involves small mutations that accumulate over time and result in gradual changes to surface proteins. This allows the virus to evade existing immunity but results in related strains. Antigenic shift involves the reassortment of genome segments and results in an abrupt change where a virus acquires entirely new surface proteins. This can allow animal viruses to jump to humans, potentially causing pandemics by evading all existing immunity. RNA viruses typically mutate more rapidly than DNA viruses due to the lack of proofreading by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases during replication, though selection pressures and genome architecture also influence mutation rates.
Lentiviruses as a gene transferring agent
Lentivirus as Gene transferring Agent, Family retroviridae, Genus Retrovirus, Genes; gag, pol, env, - regulatory genes; tat, rev- accessory genes; vif, vpr, vpu & nef. First generation recombinent lentivirus vector, Second generation recombinent lentivirus vector. Third Generation Recombinent lentivirus vector.
Zika Virus: A Review
ABSTRACT- Zika virus is a mosquito transmitted flavivirus belongs to family Flaviviridae, which became the focus
of an ongoing pandemic and public health emergency all around the world. Zika virus (ZIKV) has 2 lineages: African
and Asian. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are thought to initially replicate in dendritic cells and then spread to lymph and
therefore the blood stream. Risk for infection through blood transfusion, sexual practices, and perinatal transmission
exists. The potential routes of perinatal transmission are all over delivery, breastfeeding and by close contact between
the mother and newborn baby. ZIKV is often misdiagnosed with other infection like Dengue and Chikungunya because
of similar clinical manifestation. The association between these conditions with Zika virus infection is still not
confirmed and is under assessment. Since ZIKV has neither an effective treatment nor a vaccine is available, therefore
the public health authority focuses on preventing infection, particularly in pregnant women and virus transmitted region.
Zika infections in adults may result rarely in Guillain-Barre syndrome. World Health Organization and different health
officers are working on the development of new projects and mosquito control methods to cope up with infection as
there’s very less literature present on the pathologic process of the Zika virus to help interpret the clinical disease
spectrum and target treatments to minimize or prevent infection. WHO/PAHO encourages the countries to set up and
retain Zika virus infection detection, clinical management and community assertion strategies to decrease transmission
of the virus. This review describes the current understanding of the epidemiology, transmission, clinical characteristics,
and diagnosis of Zika virus infection, as well as the future outlook with regard to this disease.
Key-words- Zika virus (ZIKV), RNA virus, Endocytosis, Viral genome, Viral messenger RNA
Hepatitis C
This document provides an overview of Hepatitis C. It begins with an introduction stating that over 71 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HCV. It then covers the virology of HCV including its structure, genome, replication cycle, genotypes/quasispecies. The epidemiology section discusses the global prevalence and incidence. Pathogenesis outlines how HCV evades the immune system to cause chronic infection. Clinical features are separated into acute hepatitis C and chronic hepatitis C. Extrahepatic manifestations associated with HCV are also summarized.
Hepatitis C (HCV).pptx
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-sense RNA virus that can cause hepatocellular carcinoma (HCV). HCV has an RNA genome around 9,600 nucleotides in length that is translated into a single polyprotein. HCV replicates in hepatocytes using its RNA genome and structural and non-structural proteins. Chronic HCV infection can lead to liver damage, inflammation, and over many years increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma through cellular changes and mutations caused by the virus and immune response.
Chemical composition and physical properties of plant viruses
This document discusses the chemical composition and physical properties of plant viruses. It notes that plant viruses contain nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) and protein coats. The nucleic acid content ranges from 5-40% and determines infectivity, while the protein coat protects the nucleic acid and facilitates entry into host cells. It also discusses various physical properties of viruses like their thermal inactivation temperature, dilution endpoint, longevity in crude sap extractions, and use of local lesion assays to quantify infectivity.
Hiv part 1
This document provides an overview of HIV and oral manifestations in two parts. Part 1 discusses the terminology, classification, structure, pathogenesis and epidemiology of HIV. It describes how HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS by destroying the immune system. Worldwide, about 36.9 million people live with HIV. In India, the adult prevalence has declined but there are still an estimated 20.88 lakh people living with HIV. The virus is primarily transmitted through sexual contact and mother-to-child transmission. Part 1 lays the groundwork for understanding HIV and its oral implications, which will be covered in Part 2.
01.02 biology of hiv
HIV is a retrovirus with an RNA genome that causes AIDS. It has two types, HIV-1 which causes the worldwide pandemic and HIV-2 which is found mainly in West Africa. HIV-1 has many subtypes that differ in their geographic distribution. The virus has an outer membrane with glycoprotein spikes that allow it to bind to and enter host cells. It contains enzymes like reverse transcriptase and integrase that help its replication cycle of binding to host cells, integrating its genetic material into the host DNA, producing new viral proteins and particles, and ultimately destroying CD4 cells and weakening the immune system. Antiretroviral drugs target specific stages of this replication cycle to suppress the virus.
Anti-HIV standard regimens and newer drugs
all the data presented in this presentation is authentic from WHO website and Pharmacology book goodman gillman's Basic of therapeutics
Pcbi.1000660
This study estimates the effective recombination rate and distribution of selection coefficients in HIV using time series sequence data from infected patients. By examining how new haplotype combinations arise between time points, the researchers estimated an effective recombination rate of 1.460.661025 recombinations per site and generation. They also found evidence that at least 15% of observed non-synonymous mutations are selected for at a rate exceeding 0.8% per generation. This provides quantitative parameters for understanding HIV evolution within patients over time.
Similar to 1 Give three (3) properties of viruses. [3] 2 With the aid of an appr.pdf (20)
New developments in lentiviral vector design, production and purification
New developments in lentiviral vector design, production and purification
Consider this you have two cell lines, a macrophage cell line and a.pdf
Consider this you have two cell lines, a macrophage cell line and a.pdf
Viral vector gene transfer - plant viruses as a vector for gene transfer
Viral vector gene transfer - plant viruses as a vector for gene transfer
Different viruses methylates different host gene function to enhance.pdf
Different viruses methylates different host gene function to enhance.pdf
Chemical composition and physical properties of plant viruses
Chemical composition and physical properties of plant viruses
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1. In a human genetic study, a family with five phenotypically normal.pdf
1. In a human genetic study, a family with five phenotypically normal children was investigated.
Two children were "homozygous" for a Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes 19
and 20 (they contained two identical copies of the fused chromosome). They have only 44
chromosomes but a complete genetic complement. Three of the children were "heterozygous" for
the translocation and contained 45 chromosomes, with one translocated chromosome plus a
normal copy of both chromosomes 19 and 20. Two other pregnancies resulted in stillbirths. It
was later discovered that the parents were first cousins. Based on this information, determine the
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the parents were first cousins a key piece of information in understanding the genetics of this
family?.
1. In a given plant, the yellow seed color allele (Y) is dominant to .pdf
1. In a given plant, the yellow seed color allele (Y) is dominant to green seed color (y). Give the
genotypic and phenotypic ratios for the following crosses? a. homozygous yellow x green b.
heterozygous yellow x green c. heterozygous yellow x heterozygous yellow d. green x green 2. If
two animals heterozygous for a single pair of genes are mated and have 276 offspring, how many
would be expected to have the dominant genotype? 3. Two long-winged fies are mated. The
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4. A blood test reveals that a couple both have the sickle-cell trat. What is the probability of their
producing a child with sickle-cell anemia? 5. A blood type A woman has a type B child. She
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individual.
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1. DFI por su propia naturaleza es:
Por un perodo a largo plazo.
Ninguna de las respuestas en esta pregunta es correcta.
Por un perodo de corto plazo.
Ni a corto -largo -plazo.
Una inversin en solo un mediano plazo
Por un perodo a largo plazo.
Ninguna de las respuestas en esta pregunta es correcta.
Por un perodo de corto plazo.
Ni a corto -largo -plazo.
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a. marca privada
b. variabilidad del servicio
C. servicio
d. producto
mi. encuentro de servicio
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b. tangibilidad
C. beneficios
d. satisfacciones
mi. A y B
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C. extensin de la marca
d. marca compartida
mi. cadena de valor
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b. experiencias
C. productos no buscados
d. marketing interno
mi. encuentros de servicio
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b. producto aumentado
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d. marca compartida
mi. intercambio
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b. valores empaquetados
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d. beneficios
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a. compras de productos
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access to the network? 5M b) Draw an attack tree threat modelling. 10M c) What was the impact
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que provoca la muerte en los primeros aos de vida solo cuando se es homocigoto (ii). La
condicin dominante en este locus produce un fenotipo normal (II o Ii). Se cree que los dedos
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(BBL), siendo el homocigoto (BB) normal y el
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favor, muestre todo el trabajo.
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cruzan y producen una progenie que consta de 16 rbanos blancos largos, 31 morados ovalados,
16 blancos ovalados, 15 rojos largos, 17 rojos ovalados y 32 rbanos morados largos. Cules seran
los fenotipos de las cepas parentales? Por favor, muestra todo tu trabajo.
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que provoca la muerte en los primeros aos de vida solo cuando se es homocigoto (ii). La
condicin dominante en este locus produce un fenotipo normal (II o Ii). Se cree que los dedos
anormalmente acortados (braquifalangia) se deben a un genotipo heterocigoto para un gen letal
(BBL), siendo el homocigoto (BB) normal y el
otro homocigoto (BLBL) siendo letal. Cules son las expectativas fenotpicas entre los nios
adolescentes de padres braquifalngicos y heterocigotos para la idiotez amaurtica infantil? Por
favor, muestre todo el trabajo.
2) La forma de los rbanos puede ser alargada (LL), redonda (L'L) u ovalada (LL'). El color
puede ser rojo (RR), blanco (R'R') o morado (RR'). Suponga que dos variedades de rbanos se
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16 blancos ovalados, 15 rojos largos, 17 rojos ovalados y 32 rbanos morados largos. Cules seran
los fenotipos de las cepas parentales? Por favor, muestra todo tu trabajo.
3) Qu son los exones? intrones? B) Explique cmo el procesamiento alternativo de ARNm puede
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2) personas que viven en pases industrializados
3) personas que sirven en el ejrcito
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2) personas que viven en pases industrializados
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statements to clarify the issues raised in the Exercises.) Sarasota, Florida operates under a
Commissioner-Manager form of government. Its financial statements refer to an entity called the
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enhancements and improvements within the public right of way on Golden Gate Point. The City
Commissioners serve as the governing board of the GGPSD. They approve the adoption of the
annual budget (using tax revenues), the issuance of all debt, the execution of all contracts, and
the payment of all expenditures. B9.40. (Reporting entity) Sarasota, Florida's financial
statements refer to an entity called the Downtown Improvement District (DID). Based on the
following information, state (1) whether DID should be reported as a component unit of Sarasota
and (2) if, so, whether it should be blended or discretely reported. Give reasons for your answers.
DID was created by City ordinance. The physical boundaries include all non-residential parcels
of property within the downtown core of the City of Sarasota. The City refers to DID as a
"dependent taxing authority" because DID has the power to levy up to two mills of property
taxes - with the approval of the City Commissioners - for the purpose of purchasing
supplemental services such as maintenance, security, sanitation, promotions, infrastructure, and
capital improvements. The City Commission appoints DID's entire governing board.
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(MVCC). Based on the following information from the County's financial statements for a
previous year, state (1) whether MVCC should be reported as a component unit of Oneida
County and (2) if so, whether it should be blended or discretely reported. Give reasons for your
answers. MVCC is administered by a Board of Trustees consisting of ten voting members. Five
are appointed by the Oneida County Executive and confirmed by the Oneida Legislature, four by
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(is) is more ecenomical, wath a daily holding cost of I b) What issued are not ncludad in the data
pireseneed? A. For eact eddaional day it taknes to dellver the parte, cuatomer ratiffaction in lit
ely to decrease B. For each asditional day il takes to daliver the paits tatal hial costs for shipeing
ncroase C. For each additional day is takes to deliwer the parts you forgo the interest you could
hare earsed on the pyment..
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