The document discusses the language and genres of literature found in the New Testament. It was written primarily in Koine Greek between 50-120 CE. There are four main genres: Gospels which tell the story of Jesus' life, ministry, death, and resurrection with an emphasis on his passion; Acts which continues the story of early Christianity; Letters/Epistles attributed to Paul and other early church leaders; and Revelation which is an apocalyptic text featuring visions of heaven and earth. While each genre focuses on different aspects, they are all theological in nature and aim to convey the religious significance of Jesus.

1. Introduction
to the
New Testament

2. Language and Literature
of the New Testament
Koine Greek. The New Testament was written in the same kind of koiné
(common) Greek as the Septuagint. The most widely spoken language of the
early Christian era, koiné became the dominant tongue of the eastern
Mediterranean region after the conquests of Alexander the Great (356-323
B.C.E.)
Koine was then spoken by so large a percentage of the population that it
communicated far more effectively than Hebrew or Latin.
Most of the twenty-seven books of the New Testament were composed
during the half century between about 50 and 120 C.E., although a few were
written as late as the mid-second century C.E.
The oldest surviving Christian writings are the letters of Paul.

4. Codex Sinaitucus

5. The Oldest
surviving
manuscript of the
a New Testament
book, this
fragments of the
Gospel of John
dates back 125
c.e. It contains 4
verses of John 18.

7. The New Testament contains several different genres (categories) of
literature, although it has considerably less variety than the Hebrew Bible.
Gospels. The first four books are called Gospels, a term that
translates the Greek word euangelion ("good news").
Designed to proclaim the "good news" about Jesus, the Gospels
tell the story of Jesus' ministry, death, and resurrection. The
term Evangelist refers to the writer of an euangelion (Gospel).
euangelion commonly was used to denote public proclamations
about the Roman emperor. The "good news" of the emperor's
military victories, welfare policies, or his being elevated to the
status of a god were typical examples of Roman political
"evangelizing.“

8. Paul uses euangelion to describe his
message about salvation through Jesus
Christ.
Matthew also employs it to denote Jesus'
oral teaching (Matt. 4:23; 9:35; 24:14;
26:13).
Mark, however, is apparently the first to
use euangelion to describe a written work
about Jesus' life.

9. The only literary genre the early Christians invented,
the Gospel is a narrative— a story— about Jesus'
deeds and teachings.
Although the Gospels recount the actions and sayings
of Jesus in ostensibly chronological order, they are
not real biographies in the modern sense.
They do not attempt to present a complete life of
Jesus or to explain what forces — social,
psychological, cultural, historical, or political—caused
him to become the kind of man he was.

10. Only two of the Gospels—Matthew and Luke— include
traditions about Jesus' birth and infancy.
None gives even a scrap of information about his
formative years, education, associations, or any other
experience that a modern historian would regard as
essential.
Luke records a single incident of Jesus' youth, a
pilgrimage from his hometown of Nazareth to Jerusalem,
Judaism's holy city (Luke 2:22-40).
But the Gospels tell us nothing about what happened to
Jesus between the ages of twelve and "about thirty"
(Luke 3:23).

11. All four concentrate exclusively on the last phase of Jesus' life,
the period of his public ministry when his teachings both
attracted devoted followers and created bitter enemies.
In all four Gospel accounts, only the final week of Jesus'
human existence is related in — the events leading up to and
including his arrest, trial, and execution by the Romans.
The significance of Jesus' suffering and death (known as the
Passion) are the central concern of each Evangelist.
Even the Fourth Gospel (John), which includes a longer
version of Jesus' public career than any other, devotes nearly
half of its narrative to retelling the story of Jesus' last few days
on earth.

12. Observing this emphasis of the Evangelists, New Testament
scholars have described the Gospel form as a Passion
narrative with a long introduction.
All incidents in Jesus' life leading up to his crucifixion are
rigorously subordinated to the climactic circumstances of his
death.
The Gospels' form and content are not shaped by purely
historical or biographical considerations but by their
respective authors' theological viewpoints.
The Gospel writers are theologians, and, like all New
Testament authors, the Evangelists write primarily to voice
their individual understanding of Jesus' religious or
theological significance.

13. A History of the Early Church. The second literary
form in the New Testament is a historical narrative
celebrating the deeds of a few early Christian
leaders.
Written by the author of Luke's Gospel, the Book of
Acts continues the story of Christianity's origins
Beginning with an account of Jesus' ascension to
heaven and ending with the apostle Paul's preaching
activity in Rome, Acts narrates a series of crucial
episodes in Christianity's early development,
covering the thirty years from about 30 to 60 C. E.

14. Letters, or Epistles. After the Gospel and history
forms comes a collection of twenty-one letters, or
epistles, all of which are ascribed to famous leaders
of the early church.
The first set of letters are by Paul, the most influential
of all Christian missionaries, and by Pauline disciples
who later wrote in his name and spirit.
In addition, seven epistles (a more formal version of
the letter) are attributed to other leaders associated
with the original Jerusalem church, such as Peter,
James, Jude, and John.

15. An Apocalypse. The Book of Revelation
represents the fourth and final literary
category in the Christian Scriptures.
The title Revelation translates the Greek
noun apokalypsis, which means an
"uncovering" or "unveiling." Like other
apocalyptic literature, Revelation features
visions of an unseen world inhabited by spirit
creatures both good and evil.

16. It highlights the cosmic struggle between
God and Satan, a conflict involving both
heaven and earth that ultimately sees evil
defeated, God's kingdom triumphant, and the
creation of a new earth and heaven (Rev. 12;
16; 20-21).
Revelation's message is urgent, demanding
that believers hold firm in the faith
because, like all apocalyptic writers, the
author believes that the universal war he
visualizes is about to begin (Rev. 1:1, 3;
12:12; 22:7, 11, 12).

17. Although the twenty-seven documents comprising the
New Testament generally fit into one of four broad
literary genres, most also contain a number of
subgenres.
The Gospels, for example, include not only biographical
narrations about Jesus but also such disparate forms
as genealogies, parables, aphorisms, confrontation
stories, prayers, reconstructions of conversations,
and, in the case of John's Gospel, long metaphysical
discourses.
The Book of Acts similarly incorporates public
speeches, private dialogs, anecdotes about individual
figures, and perhaps even excerpts from a diary or
travel journal.