1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 bas.pdf
•
0 likes•2 views
1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 base pairs upstream, which interact with proteins other than RNA polymerase and thus, regulate the activity of the promoter. These sites are called enhancers since they lead up to 200-fold increase in the rate of transcription of an affected gene. 2. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II transcribes messenger RNAs and RNA polymerase II requires general initiation factors (TF) IIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH assemble on promoter DNA along with polymerase II, creating a large multiprotein–DNA complex that supports accurate initiation. Transcriptional activators and co- activators, regulate the RNA synthesis from each gene in response to several developmental and environmental signals. 3. The other regulatory sites are called silencers consists of many kilobases which repress gene expression. 4. The transcriptional repressors are proteins that bind to specific sites on DNA and prevent transcription of nearby genes. The majority repressors inhibit the initiation of transcription. 5. The specific DNA-binding Proteins consists of 60 to 100 amino acids and two types o f zinc fingers found in DNA binding factors that participate in transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. 6. Mediator proteins are (TRAP/ PC2/ARC) large in size (22-28 subunit) and specific protein complexes that bind RNA polymerase II and controls transcription from class II genes. It binds RNA polymerase II and mediates activation and repression of transcription. 7. General transcription factors (GTFs) or basal transcriptional factors are a class of protein transcription factors that bind to specific promoter sequences on DNA to activate transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA. These are TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH. Solution 1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 base pairs upstream, which interact with proteins other than RNA polymerase and thus, regulate the activity of the promoter. These sites are called enhancers since they lead up to 200-fold increase in the rate of transcription of an affected gene. 2. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II transcribes messenger RNAs and RNA polymerase II requires general initiation factors (TF) IIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH assemble on promoter DNA along with polymerase II, creating a large multiprotein–DNA complex that supports accurate initiation. Transcriptional activators and co- activators, regulate the RNA synthesis from each gene in response to several developmental and environmental signals. 3. The other regulatory sites are called silencers consists of many kilobases which repress gene expression. 4. The transcriptional repressors are proteins that bind to specific sites on DNA and prevent transcription of nearby genes. The majority repressors inhibit the initiation of transcription. 5. The specific DNA-binding Proteins consists of 60 to 100 amino acids and two types o f zinc fingers found in DNA bindin.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
DOC-20221226-WA0002..pdf
OliX Pharmaceuticals is developing siRNA therapeutics to treat COVID-19 by targeting viral genes essential for replication. They filed a patent on siRNA designs targeting more than 30 regions in the COVID virus genome. These target highly conserved regions in coronaviruses and could work against SARS, MERS and other coronaviruses. The siRNAs would interfere with viral gene expression through the RNAi pathway, degrading viral mRNA and preventing translation into proteins. Previous research on respiratory illnesses provides a starting point for a COVID-19 therapy. RNAi shows potential as a specific antiviral approach and has been applied in research against coronaviruses like SARS-CoV.
Eukaryotic transcription
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
7.1. Regulation of Gene Expression g.pptx
1. A gene encodes either a polypeptide chain or mRNA molecule through its DNA sequence. 2. Gene expression occurs in two steps: transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to a polypeptide. 3. Various environmental factors and signaling molecules can influence gene expression by activating transcription factors that regulate genes.
Gene expression in eukaryotes
The document summarizes gene expression in eukaryotes. It discusses that gene expression involves transcription of DNA into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. It describes the key components of transcription including promoters, transcription factors, RNA polymerase, and the formation of the preinitiation complex. It also discusses mechanisms of regulating transcription, such as chromatin remodeling, transcription factors, enhancers, and transcriptional activators.
Gene RegulationFunction of transcription factor domains, i.e. DNA.pdf
Gene Regulation:
Function of transcription factor domains, i.e. DNA binding vs. activation domain and co-
activators. Explain how they affect gene regulation in DNA.
Solution
Transcription is the process of synthesis of RNA from DNA template a- a fist step in gene
expression.The enzyme RNA polymerase copies a particular segment of DNA into RNa and it
represents the primary level at which gene expression is regulated in prokaryotes and eukaryotic
systems .the mechanism is similar in both prokayotes and eukaryotes .
In eukaryotic systems distinct factors known as the transcription initiation factors are required
and have a promoter region upstream from the gene or an enhancer region either up or
downstream from the gene and with specific motifs that are recognized by various types of
transcription factors .
The transcription factors bind and attract other transcripton factors to create a complex thus
facilitating the binding of RNA polymerase ii and hence the process of transcription. These
transcription factors are classified into genreral transcription factors which represent the basic
transcription machinery and gene specific transcription factor.
The transcrption factors are specific proteins that are required for RNA polymerase II to initiate
transcrption and contain one or more DNA binding domains (DBD) which attach to specific
DNA sequence adjacent to the gene that they regulate.
DNA binding domains is an independently folded domain which contains one motif that can
recognize a specific DNA sequence or general affinity to DNA. There are several different type
of DNA binding domains like the Helix turn Helix domain, Zinc finger domain ,Dimerization
domain , Leucine zipper etc.
Helix turn Helix domain: is characteristic of DNA binding proteins, composed of two -helices
joined by a short strand of amino acids and is found commonly in several proteins that regulate
gene expression. helix-turn-helix proteins include the homeodomain proteins, which play critical
roles in the regulation of gene expression during embryonic development
Zinc finger domain :They contain repeats of cysteine and histidine residues that bind zinc ions
and fold into looped structures that bind DNA first identified in the polymerase III transcription
factor TFIIA but are also found in transcription factors that regulate polymerse II promoters.
,Dimerization domain :,These domains bring about dimerization of two polypeptide chains as
seen in helix turn helkix domians , leucine zipper domain.
The transcrptional activator domains or the TAD are the regions of transcription factors which in
conjunction with DNA binding domain can activate transcrption from promoter by contacting
transcriptional machinery either directly or through other protein coactivators.
The transcriptional repressor domain TRDS are the regions of the transcription factors which in
conjuation with the DNA binding domain can repress transcirption from a promoter by
contacting transcrptional machinery eit.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica.
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
PROCESS AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION AND TOTAL TATA BOX ROLE IN THE TRASNCRIPTIONAL PROCESS
Recommended
DOC-20221226-WA0002..pdf
OliX Pharmaceuticals is developing siRNA therapeutics to treat COVID-19 by targeting viral genes essential for replication. They filed a patent on siRNA designs targeting more than 30 regions in the COVID virus genome. These target highly conserved regions in coronaviruses and could work against SARS, MERS and other coronaviruses. The siRNAs would interfere with viral gene expression through the RNAi pathway, degrading viral mRNA and preventing translation into proteins. Previous research on respiratory illnesses provides a starting point for a COVID-19 therapy. RNAi shows potential as a specific antiviral approach and has been applied in research against coronaviruses like SARS-CoV.
Eukaryotic transcription
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
7.1. Regulation of Gene Expression g.pptx
1. A gene encodes either a polypeptide chain or mRNA molecule through its DNA sequence. 2. Gene expression occurs in two steps: transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to a polypeptide. 3. Various environmental factors and signaling molecules can influence gene expression by activating transcription factors that regulate genes.
Gene expression in eukaryotes
The document summarizes gene expression in eukaryotes. It discusses that gene expression involves transcription of DNA into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. It describes the key components of transcription including promoters, transcription factors, RNA polymerase, and the formation of the preinitiation complex. It also discusses mechanisms of regulating transcription, such as chromatin remodeling, transcription factors, enhancers, and transcriptional activators.
Gene RegulationFunction of transcription factor domains, i.e. DNA.pdf
Gene Regulation:
Function of transcription factor domains, i.e. DNA binding vs. activation domain and co-
activators. Explain how they affect gene regulation in DNA.
Solution
Transcription is the process of synthesis of RNA from DNA template a- a fist step in gene
expression.The enzyme RNA polymerase copies a particular segment of DNA into RNa and it
represents the primary level at which gene expression is regulated in prokaryotes and eukaryotic
systems .the mechanism is similar in both prokayotes and eukaryotes .
In eukaryotic systems distinct factors known as the transcription initiation factors are required
and have a promoter region upstream from the gene or an enhancer region either up or
downstream from the gene and with specific motifs that are recognized by various types of
transcription factors .
The transcription factors bind and attract other transcripton factors to create a complex thus
facilitating the binding of RNA polymerase ii and hence the process of transcription. These
transcription factors are classified into genreral transcription factors which represent the basic
transcription machinery and gene specific transcription factor.
The transcrption factors are specific proteins that are required for RNA polymerase II to initiate
transcrption and contain one or more DNA binding domains (DBD) which attach to specific
DNA sequence adjacent to the gene that they regulate.
DNA binding domains is an independently folded domain which contains one motif that can
recognize a specific DNA sequence or general affinity to DNA. There are several different type
of DNA binding domains like the Helix turn Helix domain, Zinc finger domain ,Dimerization
domain , Leucine zipper etc.
Helix turn Helix domain: is characteristic of DNA binding proteins, composed of two -helices
joined by a short strand of amino acids and is found commonly in several proteins that regulate
gene expression. helix-turn-helix proteins include the homeodomain proteins, which play critical
roles in the regulation of gene expression during embryonic development
Zinc finger domain :They contain repeats of cysteine and histidine residues that bind zinc ions
and fold into looped structures that bind DNA first identified in the polymerase III transcription
factor TFIIA but are also found in transcription factors that regulate polymerse II promoters.
,Dimerization domain :,These domains bring about dimerization of two polypeptide chains as
seen in helix turn helkix domians , leucine zipper domain.
The transcrptional activator domains or the TAD are the regions of transcription factors which in
conjunction with DNA binding domain can activate transcrption from promoter by contacting
transcriptional machinery either directly or through other protein coactivators.
The transcriptional repressor domain TRDS are the regions of the transcription factors which in
conjuation with the DNA binding domain can repress transcirption from a promoter by
contacting transcrptional machinery eit.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica.
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
PROCESS AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION AND TOTAL TATA BOX ROLE IN THE TRASNCRIPTIONAL PROCESS
Promoters and enhancers
Promoters and enhancers contain binding sites for transcription factors that are important for initiating transcription. Promoters are located near the start site of transcription and contain binding sites dispersed over 200 bp. Enhancers can be located farther away, containing a more closely packed array of binding sites, and enhance transcription by interacting with proteins bound at the promoter. Eukaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerases and many transcription factors that recognize specific sequences in promoters and enhancers to regulate when and where genes are expressed.
Plant promoters
This document discusses different types of plant promoters that control gene expression. It defines a promoter as a DNA sequence that initiates transcription and activates downstream gene expression. There are four main types of promoters discussed: 1) Constitutive promoters that are active in all tissues, 2) Tissue-specific promoters that are active in particular plant tissues, 3) Inducible promoters whose expression is controlled by environmental or chemical stimuli, and 4) Synthetic promoters that are engineered from various promoter elements to regulate gene expression under chemical induction. The document provides examples and functions of each promoter type.
Section 20 n-20--20regulation-2
The document discusses the structure and function of eukaryotic transcription factors. It describes several common DNA-binding domains used by transcription factors, including the helix-turn-helix, zinc finger, and basic domains. It also discusses transcriptional activation domains, repressor domains, and dimerization domains. The document provides examples of how transcription is regulated by constitutive factors, phosphorylation, hormones, development factors, and viral proteins.
transcription factor by kk sahu
INTRODUCTION
-Transcription
-Transcription Factors
CLASSES OF TFs
GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
MEDIATOR
FUNCTIONS
-Formation of preinitiation complex
-Elongation
-Termination
-Differential enhancement of transcription
-Developmental
REFERENCES
13-miller-chap-7b-lecture.ppt
1) The document discusses the promoters, regulatory sequences, and transcription factors that control gene expression in eukaryotes. It describes the basic components of promoters like the TATA box and initiator elements.
2) It explains how the pre-initiation complex of RNA polymerase II and general transcription factors assembles at promoters. This includes the sequential binding of TBP, TFIIB, the Pol II-TFIIF complex, TFIIE, and TFIIH.
3) It covers different types of transcription factors that bind DNA, including zinc finger proteins, helix-turn-helix proteins, leucine zipper proteins, and discusses how they interact with DNA and each other to regulate transcription.
Transcription in eucaryotes
1) The document discusses the mechanisms of transcriptional control in eukaryotes. It describes the core promoter elements like TATA boxes and initiator elements that recruit RNA polymerase II.
2) General transcription factors help assemble the preinitiation complex at promoters and position the polymerase for transcription initiation. This involves sequential binding of factors like TFIID, TFIIB, and others.
3) The document outlines different classes of transcription factors that regulate gene expression, including those that contain zinc fingers, helix-turn-helix motifs, and leucine zippers, and how they bind DNA.
13-miller-chap-7b-lecture.ppt
1) The document discusses the mechanisms of transcriptional control in eukaryotes. It describes the core promoter elements, general transcription factors, and how they assemble to form the pre-initiation complex at RNA polymerase II promoters.
2) It also discusses the various classes of transcription factors that regulate gene expression, including their DNA-binding domains like zinc fingers, helix-turn-helices, and leucine zippers.
3) Transcription factor activity is regulated by ligands, co-factors, cooperative binding, and their assembly into enhanceosomes at gene enhancer elements.
gene regulation sdk 2013
Gene expression in eukaryotes is controlled at multiple levels, including chromatin structure, transcription, RNA processing, and translation. Chromatin structure determines if genes are transcriptionally active or inactive. Transcription is regulated by the interaction of promoters, transcription factors, and enhancers. RNA processing controls splicing and transport of mRNA. Finally, translation and post-translational modifications further regulate gene expression. Overall, eukaryotic gene expression is tightly controlled through complex mechanisms at the chromatin, transcription, RNA, translation, and protein levels.
Ch17 217 228
This document discusses the regulation of gene expression through transcriptional control mechanisms. It begins by explaining that gene expression is regulated by extracellular signals through modification of transcription factors, and that this transcriptional regulation plays important roles in nervous system functioning. It then describes the various steps in the process of gene expression, with a focus on transcriptional regulation. Specifically, it explains that transcription initiation is a key control point, and involves positioning RNA polymerase at start sites and controlling initiation rates. Core promoters set the start sites and direction of transcription for RNA polymerases. Transcription factors are also described as key regulators that recruit the basal transcription complex and achieve significant transcription levels.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcriptionMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
This document summarizes eukaryotic transcription by RNA polymerases. It discusses the three types of RNA polymerases (I, II, and III) found in eukaryotic cells, what genes each polymerase transcribes, and the basic stages and mechanisms of transcription (initiation, elongation, termination). It also describes the promoters, processing, and other regulatory elements involved in eukaryotic transcription.Transcription factors
This presentation is about the transcription machinery that is required for the transcription in eukaryotes. The comparison between the transcription factors involved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The initiation of transcription and how it helps in producing a mRNA.
Transcription in Eukaryotes-Complete.ppt
TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF RNA
A STRUCTURAL GENE
EUKARYOTIC RNA POLYMERASES
MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
- INITIATION
- ELONGATION
- TERMINATION
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
ACTIVATORS, MEDIATORS & CHROMATIN MODIFYING PROTEINS
RNA SPLICING
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
Receptor ppt by kashikant yadav
classification of receptor and detail study about nuclear receptor and enzyme linked receptor by Kashikant Yadav
Activation of gene expression by transcription factors
in eukaryotic cells, environmental stimuli commonly lead to activation of transcription factors and alteration of gene expression levels1. ... For example, the interaction between a transcription factor and DNA can be perturbed by either a change in DNA sequence or a change in the accessibility of the DNA by nucleosomes
Transcriptional regulation [autosaved]
The document summarizes transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes. It discusses the basic transcriptional machinery including RNA polymerase and general transcription factors. It describes various cis-regulatory elements like promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulators, and locus control regions. Promoters have core and proximal regions while distal elements regulate from farther distances. Transcription factors like activators and coactivators stimulate transcription while repressors and corepressors inhibit it. Precise transcriptional control is important for cell differentiation and proper gene expression.
Overview of transcription
Overview of transcriptionMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
Transcription - prokaryotic & Eukaryotic, transcription regulatory elements, inhibitors of TranscriptionEukaryotic TranscriptionOverall, the process of RNA synthesis in e.pdf
Eukaryotic Transcription
Overall, the process of RNA synthesis in eukaryotes is similar to that of prokaryotes. There are
some real differences, however. For one thing, initial transcripts in eukaryotes contain introns,
which must be removed after transcription (this will be examined later). Eukaryotes also have
three RNA polymerases, instead of just one. Each of these polymerases transcribes a different
class of genes, as outlined in the table below:
Our consideration of eukaryotic transcription will focus on genes transcribed by RNA
polymerase II (known as class II genes). As with prokaryotes, the transcription process can be
broken down into the steps of initiation, elongation, and termination. In eukaryotes, there is also
the additional step of RNA processing, which occurs during and after transcription.
Initiation
Initiation in eukaryotes is much more complex than it is in prokaryotes. Eukaryotic genes must
be much more carefully regulated, because many genes are only expressed in specific cells or
tissues at specific times in the organism\'s life. To achieve this careful regulation, eukaryotes
have evolved a more complicated initiation scheme than prokaryotes. In addition to promoters,
eukaryotic genes also have regulatory regions called enhancers. Both elements (promoter and
enhancer) are required for full, correct expression of eukaryotic genes. As a result of this added
complexity, eukaryotic RNA polymerases do not have anything equivalent to the sigma subunit
found in prokaryotic RNA polymerases. Instead, eukaryotes have groups of transcription factors,
which are proteins, independent of the RNA polymerases, that recognize promoter and enhancer
sequences.
Eukaryotic promoters, like prokaryotic promoters, contain conserved sequences that are
important for initiation. (Eukaryotes, because of their added complexity, tend to have more
conserved sequences in their promoters than do prokaryotes.) One important sequence in most
eukaryotic promoters is found around -30, and has the sequence TATAAA (or something close
to it). This promoter element, known as the TATA Box, is analogous to the -10 element in
prokaryotes. Other promoter sequences vary from gene to gene, but a common one is
GGCCAATCT, otherwise known as the CCAAT Box (for the central bases in the sequence),
which tends to occur around -80.
A group of basal transcription factors helps to initiate transcription of class II genes. Each
member of this group is named \"TFII\" for Transcription Factor, class II genes. The individual
factors are assigned a separate letter designation. For example, TFIID, a factor made of multiple
polypeptides, recognizes and binds to the TATA box. This factor and the other factors (TFIIA,
TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH, and TFIIJ) forms a complex on the DNA that recruits RNA
polymerase II to the promoter, and promotes initiation of transcription. These transcription
factors are sufficient to get a basal (minimal) level of transcription. Other transcription .
Transcription regulatory elements
This document discusses various classes of transcriptional regulatory elements. It begins by introducing transcriptional regulation and the basic transcriptional machinery. It then discusses the different elements that make up promoters, including the core promoter and proximal promoter elements. It also covers distal regulatory elements such as enhancers, silencers, insulators, and locus control regions. Enhancers can activate transcription from far away and silencers can repress it. Insulators protect genes from neighboring influences. Locus control regions coordinate expression of entire gene clusters.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription is carried out by three nuclear RNA polymerases that transcribe different genes. RNA polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes in the nucleus. During transcription initiation, transcription factors help recruit RNA polymerase II to the promoter. Elongation occurs as RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in a transcription bubble. Termination of RNA polymerase II transcription occurs via cleavage of the nascent RNA transcript followed by RNA degradation. The other polymerases terminate via sequence-specific signals in DNA or the synthesized RNA.
#!binbash# Decode a UDP packet raw binary dataDonelet offs=40.pdf
#!/bin/bash
# Decode a UDP packet raw binary dataDone
let offs=40
declare -i ws
declare -i end
declare -i rmndr
declare -i byteval
declare -i bitws
NetworkOrder16Bit() {
ws=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
}
NetworkOrder32Bit() {
ws=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
}
echo
echo
end=$offs+74
#Start with the destination MAC address
hexdump -s $offs -n 6 -e \'\"Ether Dest: \" 5/1 \"%02x:\" 1/1 \"%02x\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=6))
# Then the source
hexdump -s $offs -n 6 -e \'\"Ether Src: \" 5/1 \"%02x:\" 1/1 \"%02x\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=6))
# Next is the packet type, but its in network byte order so we can\'t
# use \'1/2 \"%04x\"\' - we may be run on a system with another byte order and you\'ll
# get different output
hexdump -s $offs -n 2 -e \'\"Ether Type: \" 2/1 \"%02x\" \"\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=2))
# IP header
# Get the version/len value into a variable we can do arithmetic with
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
# The most significant 4 bits are the IP version
((bitws=byteval&0xF0))
((bitws/=16))
echo \"IP Version: $bitws\"
# Least significant 4 bits are the header length
((bitws=byteval&0x0F))
((bitws*=4))
echo \"Header Length: $bitws\"
# Type of service
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
# Precedence
((bitws=byteval&0xE0))
((bitws/=32))
echo \"Precedence: $bitws\"
# Delay
((bitws=byteval&0x10))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"Minimize delay\"
fi
# Throughput
((bitws=byteval&0x08))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"High throughput\"
fi
# Reliability
((bitws=byteval&0x08))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"High reliability\"
fi
# Cost
((bitws=byteval&0x08))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"Minimize cost\"
fi
# Message length - in network byte order
NetworkOrder16Bit
echo \"Message Length: $ws\"
# ID
hexdump -s $offs -n 2 -e \'\"ID: \" 2/1 \"%02x\" \"\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=2))
# Flags
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
# DF
((bitws=byteval&0x40))
if (( bitws != 0))
then
echo \"Don\'t fragment\"
else
# More fragments
((bitws=byteval&0x20))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"More fragments\"
fi
# Fragment number
((ws=bitws&0x1F))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((ws+=byteval))
echo \"Fragment number: $ws\"
fi
((offs+=1))
hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'\"TTL: \" 1/1 \"%u\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=1))
hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'\"Protocol: \" 1/1 \"%u\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=1))
hexdump -s $offs -n 2 -e \'\"Header checksum: \" 2/1 \"%02x\" \"\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs.
Youd only need SOCl2 So d then na .pdf
This short document discusses the need for sulfuryl chloride (SOCl2) and sodium (Na) to complete some chemical process or reaction. Sodium is mentioned after "then na" which likely refers to adding sodium after the sulfuryl chloride. The document provides minimal context and it is difficult to determine the overall purpose or goal based on the limited information.
More Related Content
Similar to 1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 bas.pdf
Promoters and enhancers
Promoters and enhancers contain binding sites for transcription factors that are important for initiating transcription. Promoters are located near the start site of transcription and contain binding sites dispersed over 200 bp. Enhancers can be located farther away, containing a more closely packed array of binding sites, and enhance transcription by interacting with proteins bound at the promoter. Eukaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerases and many transcription factors that recognize specific sequences in promoters and enhancers to regulate when and where genes are expressed.
Plant promoters
This document discusses different types of plant promoters that control gene expression. It defines a promoter as a DNA sequence that initiates transcription and activates downstream gene expression. There are four main types of promoters discussed: 1) Constitutive promoters that are active in all tissues, 2) Tissue-specific promoters that are active in particular plant tissues, 3) Inducible promoters whose expression is controlled by environmental or chemical stimuli, and 4) Synthetic promoters that are engineered from various promoter elements to regulate gene expression under chemical induction. The document provides examples and functions of each promoter type.
Section 20 n-20--20regulation-2
The document discusses the structure and function of eukaryotic transcription factors. It describes several common DNA-binding domains used by transcription factors, including the helix-turn-helix, zinc finger, and basic domains. It also discusses transcriptional activation domains, repressor domains, and dimerization domains. The document provides examples of how transcription is regulated by constitutive factors, phosphorylation, hormones, development factors, and viral proteins.
transcription factor by kk sahu
INTRODUCTION
-Transcription
-Transcription Factors
CLASSES OF TFs
GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
MEDIATOR
FUNCTIONS
-Formation of preinitiation complex
-Elongation
-Termination
-Differential enhancement of transcription
-Developmental
REFERENCES
13-miller-chap-7b-lecture.ppt
1) The document discusses the promoters, regulatory sequences, and transcription factors that control gene expression in eukaryotes. It describes the basic components of promoters like the TATA box and initiator elements.
2) It explains how the pre-initiation complex of RNA polymerase II and general transcription factors assembles at promoters. This includes the sequential binding of TBP, TFIIB, the Pol II-TFIIF complex, TFIIE, and TFIIH.
3) It covers different types of transcription factors that bind DNA, including zinc finger proteins, helix-turn-helix proteins, leucine zipper proteins, and discusses how they interact with DNA and each other to regulate transcription.
Transcription in eucaryotes
1) The document discusses the mechanisms of transcriptional control in eukaryotes. It describes the core promoter elements like TATA boxes and initiator elements that recruit RNA polymerase II.
2) General transcription factors help assemble the preinitiation complex at promoters and position the polymerase for transcription initiation. This involves sequential binding of factors like TFIID, TFIIB, and others.
3) The document outlines different classes of transcription factors that regulate gene expression, including those that contain zinc fingers, helix-turn-helix motifs, and leucine zippers, and how they bind DNA.
13-miller-chap-7b-lecture.ppt
1) The document discusses the mechanisms of transcriptional control in eukaryotes. It describes the core promoter elements, general transcription factors, and how they assemble to form the pre-initiation complex at RNA polymerase II promoters.
2) It also discusses the various classes of transcription factors that regulate gene expression, including their DNA-binding domains like zinc fingers, helix-turn-helices, and leucine zippers.
3) Transcription factor activity is regulated by ligands, co-factors, cooperative binding, and their assembly into enhanceosomes at gene enhancer elements.
gene regulation sdk 2013
Gene expression in eukaryotes is controlled at multiple levels, including chromatin structure, transcription, RNA processing, and translation. Chromatin structure determines if genes are transcriptionally active or inactive. Transcription is regulated by the interaction of promoters, transcription factors, and enhancers. RNA processing controls splicing and transport of mRNA. Finally, translation and post-translational modifications further regulate gene expression. Overall, eukaryotic gene expression is tightly controlled through complex mechanisms at the chromatin, transcription, RNA, translation, and protein levels.
Ch17 217 228
This document discusses the regulation of gene expression through transcriptional control mechanisms. It begins by explaining that gene expression is regulated by extracellular signals through modification of transcription factors, and that this transcriptional regulation plays important roles in nervous system functioning. It then describes the various steps in the process of gene expression, with a focus on transcriptional regulation. Specifically, it explains that transcription initiation is a key control point, and involves positioning RNA polymerase at start sites and controlling initiation rates. Core promoters set the start sites and direction of transcription for RNA polymerases. Transcription factors are also described as key regulators that recruit the basal transcription complex and achieve significant transcription levels.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcriptionMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
This document summarizes eukaryotic transcription by RNA polymerases. It discusses the three types of RNA polymerases (I, II, and III) found in eukaryotic cells, what genes each polymerase transcribes, and the basic stages and mechanisms of transcription (initiation, elongation, termination). It also describes the promoters, processing, and other regulatory elements involved in eukaryotic transcription.Transcription factors
This presentation is about the transcription machinery that is required for the transcription in eukaryotes. The comparison between the transcription factors involved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The initiation of transcription and how it helps in producing a mRNA.
Transcription in Eukaryotes-Complete.ppt
TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF RNA
A STRUCTURAL GENE
EUKARYOTIC RNA POLYMERASES
MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
- INITIATION
- ELONGATION
- TERMINATION
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
ACTIVATORS, MEDIATORS & CHROMATIN MODIFYING PROTEINS
RNA SPLICING
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
Receptor ppt by kashikant yadav
classification of receptor and detail study about nuclear receptor and enzyme linked receptor by Kashikant Yadav
Activation of gene expression by transcription factors
in eukaryotic cells, environmental stimuli commonly lead to activation of transcription factors and alteration of gene expression levels1. ... For example, the interaction between a transcription factor and DNA can be perturbed by either a change in DNA sequence or a change in the accessibility of the DNA by nucleosomes
Transcriptional regulation [autosaved]
The document summarizes transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes. It discusses the basic transcriptional machinery including RNA polymerase and general transcription factors. It describes various cis-regulatory elements like promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulators, and locus control regions. Promoters have core and proximal regions while distal elements regulate from farther distances. Transcription factors like activators and coactivators stimulate transcription while repressors and corepressors inhibit it. Precise transcriptional control is important for cell differentiation and proper gene expression.
Overview of transcription
Overview of transcriptionMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
Transcription - prokaryotic & Eukaryotic, transcription regulatory elements, inhibitors of TranscriptionEukaryotic TranscriptionOverall, the process of RNA synthesis in e.pdf
Eukaryotic Transcription
Overall, the process of RNA synthesis in eukaryotes is similar to that of prokaryotes. There are
some real differences, however. For one thing, initial transcripts in eukaryotes contain introns,
which must be removed after transcription (this will be examined later). Eukaryotes also have
three RNA polymerases, instead of just one. Each of these polymerases transcribes a different
class of genes, as outlined in the table below:
Our consideration of eukaryotic transcription will focus on genes transcribed by RNA
polymerase II (known as class II genes). As with prokaryotes, the transcription process can be
broken down into the steps of initiation, elongation, and termination. In eukaryotes, there is also
the additional step of RNA processing, which occurs during and after transcription.
Initiation
Initiation in eukaryotes is much more complex than it is in prokaryotes. Eukaryotic genes must
be much more carefully regulated, because many genes are only expressed in specific cells or
tissues at specific times in the organism\'s life. To achieve this careful regulation, eukaryotes
have evolved a more complicated initiation scheme than prokaryotes. In addition to promoters,
eukaryotic genes also have regulatory regions called enhancers. Both elements (promoter and
enhancer) are required for full, correct expression of eukaryotic genes. As a result of this added
complexity, eukaryotic RNA polymerases do not have anything equivalent to the sigma subunit
found in prokaryotic RNA polymerases. Instead, eukaryotes have groups of transcription factors,
which are proteins, independent of the RNA polymerases, that recognize promoter and enhancer
sequences.
Eukaryotic promoters, like prokaryotic promoters, contain conserved sequences that are
important for initiation. (Eukaryotes, because of their added complexity, tend to have more
conserved sequences in their promoters than do prokaryotes.) One important sequence in most
eukaryotic promoters is found around -30, and has the sequence TATAAA (or something close
to it). This promoter element, known as the TATA Box, is analogous to the -10 element in
prokaryotes. Other promoter sequences vary from gene to gene, but a common one is
GGCCAATCT, otherwise known as the CCAAT Box (for the central bases in the sequence),
which tends to occur around -80.
A group of basal transcription factors helps to initiate transcription of class II genes. Each
member of this group is named \"TFII\" for Transcription Factor, class II genes. The individual
factors are assigned a separate letter designation. For example, TFIID, a factor made of multiple
polypeptides, recognizes and binds to the TATA box. This factor and the other factors (TFIIA,
TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH, and TFIIJ) forms a complex on the DNA that recruits RNA
polymerase II to the promoter, and promotes initiation of transcription. These transcription
factors are sufficient to get a basal (minimal) level of transcription. Other transcription .
Transcription regulatory elements
This document discusses various classes of transcriptional regulatory elements. It begins by introducing transcriptional regulation and the basic transcriptional machinery. It then discusses the different elements that make up promoters, including the core promoter and proximal promoter elements. It also covers distal regulatory elements such as enhancers, silencers, insulators, and locus control regions. Enhancers can activate transcription from far away and silencers can repress it. Insulators protect genes from neighboring influences. Locus control regions coordinate expression of entire gene clusters.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription is carried out by three nuclear RNA polymerases that transcribe different genes. RNA polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes in the nucleus. During transcription initiation, transcription factors help recruit RNA polymerase II to the promoter. Elongation occurs as RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in a transcription bubble. Termination of RNA polymerase II transcription occurs via cleavage of the nascent RNA transcript followed by RNA degradation. The other polymerases terminate via sequence-specific signals in DNA or the synthesized RNA.
Similar to 1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 bas.pdf (20)
Activation of gene expression by transcription factors
Activation of gene expression by transcription factors
Eukaryotic TranscriptionOverall, the process of RNA synthesis in e.pdf
Eukaryotic TranscriptionOverall, the process of RNA synthesis in e.pdf
More from aesalem06
#!binbash# Decode a UDP packet raw binary dataDonelet offs=40.pdf
#!/bin/bash
# Decode a UDP packet raw binary dataDone
let offs=40
declare -i ws
declare -i end
declare -i rmndr
declare -i byteval
declare -i bitws
NetworkOrder16Bit() {
ws=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
}
NetworkOrder32Bit() {
ws=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
((ws+=byteval))
}
echo
echo
end=$offs+74
#Start with the destination MAC address
hexdump -s $offs -n 6 -e \'\"Ether Dest: \" 5/1 \"%02x:\" 1/1 \"%02x\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=6))
# Then the source
hexdump -s $offs -n 6 -e \'\"Ether Src: \" 5/1 \"%02x:\" 1/1 \"%02x\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=6))
# Next is the packet type, but its in network byte order so we can\'t
# use \'1/2 \"%04x\"\' - we may be run on a system with another byte order and you\'ll
# get different output
hexdump -s $offs -n 2 -e \'\"Ether Type: \" 2/1 \"%02x\" \"\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=2))
# IP header
# Get the version/len value into a variable we can do arithmetic with
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
# The most significant 4 bits are the IP version
((bitws=byteval&0xF0))
((bitws/=16))
echo \"IP Version: $bitws\"
# Least significant 4 bits are the header length
((bitws=byteval&0x0F))
((bitws*=4))
echo \"Header Length: $bitws\"
# Type of service
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
# Precedence
((bitws=byteval&0xE0))
((bitws/=32))
echo \"Precedence: $bitws\"
# Delay
((bitws=byteval&0x10))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"Minimize delay\"
fi
# Throughput
((bitws=byteval&0x08))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"High throughput\"
fi
# Reliability
((bitws=byteval&0x08))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"High reliability\"
fi
# Cost
((bitws=byteval&0x08))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"Minimize cost\"
fi
# Message length - in network byte order
NetworkOrder16Bit
echo \"Message Length: $ws\"
# ID
hexdump -s $offs -n 2 -e \'\"ID: \" 2/1 \"%02x\" \"\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=2))
# Flags
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((offs+=1))
# DF
((bitws=byteval&0x40))
if (( bitws != 0))
then
echo \"Don\'t fragment\"
else
# More fragments
((bitws=byteval&0x20))
if (( bitws ))
then
echo \"More fragments\"
fi
# Fragment number
((ws=bitws&0x1F))
((ws*=256))
byteval=`hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'1/1 \"%u\"\' test2.pkts`
((ws+=byteval))
echo \"Fragment number: $ws\"
fi
((offs+=1))
hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'\"TTL: \" 1/1 \"%u\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=1))
hexdump -s $offs -n 1 -e \'\"Protocol: \" 1/1 \"%u\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs+=1))
hexdump -s $offs -n 2 -e \'\"Header checksum: \" 2/1 \"%02x\" \"\ \"\' test2.pkts
((offs.
Youd only need SOCl2 So d then na .pdf
This short document discusses the need for sulfuryl chloride (SOCl2) and sodium (Na) to complete some chemical process or reaction. Sodium is mentioned after "then na" which likely refers to adding sodium after the sulfuryl chloride. The document provides minimal context and it is difficult to determine the overall purpose or goal based on the limited information.
you can see the difference bw IE5 and IE6 is ver.pdf
you can see the difference b/w IE5 and IE6 is very high.. it means the element is
going to inert gas configuration after removing five e-s hence the element is nitrogen N and its
configuration is 1S2 2S2 2P3
Solution
you can see the difference b/w IE5 and IE6 is very high.. it means the element is
going to inert gas configuration after removing five e-s hence the element is nitrogen N and its
configuration is 1S2 2S2 2P3.
they have the same vapour pressure .pdf
This document states that two substances have the same vapour pressure. It provides no other context or details about the substances.
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to fo.pdf
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to form anion by gaining electrons .
This is probably due to the fact that increasing size of the atom makes it difficult for the nucleus
to hold extra electrons.
Solution
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to form anion by gaining electrons .
This is probably due to the fact that increasing size of the atom makes it difficult for the nucleus
to hold extra electrons..
taking the distance from point P in water for len.pdf
taking the distance from point P in water for length = 14 m time taken is = 14/5 =
2.8 hr and taking diagonal path in grassy plain = sqrt(15^2+11^2) time taken = 6.2003 hr
therefore total time taken is = 9.000358413 hr
Solution
taking the distance from point P in water for length = 14 m time taken is = 14/5 =
2.8 hr and taking diagonal path in grassy plain = sqrt(15^2+11^2) time taken = 6.2003 hr
therefore total time taken is = 9.000358413 hr.
PH3 Phosphine H3N ammonia H3PO2 Hypophosphorus.pdf
PH3: Phosphine H3N: ammonia H3PO2: Hypophosphorus Acid CuSO4: Copper
Sulphate P2O2: Phosphorus Dioxide H2SO5:Peroxymonosulfuric acid Titanium(IV) Oxide:
TiO2
Solution
PH3: Phosphine H3N: ammonia H3PO2: Hypophosphorus Acid CuSO4: Copper
Sulphate P2O2: Phosphorus Dioxide H2SO5:Peroxymonosulfuric acid Titanium(IV) Oxide:
TiO2.
order is 3 and it is a linear .pdf
The document discusses an order that is 3 and linear. It states that the order is 3 and describes it as being linear. No other information is provided.
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the.pdf
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the electrons in the electron cloud,
which is outside the nucleus. Let me know if this doesn\'t clear things up.
Solution
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the electrons in the electron cloud,
which is outside the nucleus. Let me know if this doesn\'t clear things up..
L2^12 .pdf
This mathematical expression involves taking the length L and dividing it by the square root of 2. The expression is evaluating the square root of 2 applied to the length L. This can be used to calculate the diagonal length of a square with side length L.
HOCl (aq) + HCI(aq) - H2O(l) + Cl2 (g) 6Cl2(g) +.pdf
HOCl (aq) + HCI(aq) -> H2O(l) + Cl2 (g) 6Cl2(g) + 12NaOH(aq) -> 10NaCl (aq) +
2NaCIO3(aq) + 6H2O(l) MgCO3(aq) +2HCI (aq) -> MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g)
Solution
HOCl (aq) + HCI(aq) -> H2O(l) + Cl2 (g) 6Cl2(g) + 12NaOH(aq) -> 10NaCl (aq) +
2NaCIO3(aq) + 6H2O(l) MgCO3(aq) +2HCI (aq) -> MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g).
In Atmospehere Pressure = 105760 = 0.138 Atmo.pdf
In Atmospehere : Pressure = 105/760 = 0.138 Atmosphere In Pascals: Pressure =
0.138 x 1.013 x 10^5 = 13995.4Pa
Solution
In Atmospehere : Pressure = 105/760 = 0.138 Atmosphere In Pascals: Pressure =
0.138 x 1.013 x 10^5 = 13995.4Pa.
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates alm.pdf
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates almost completely in water while rest
four compounds don\'t dissolve in water completely.
Solution
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates almost completely in water while rest
four compounds don\'t dissolve in water completely..
DE is positive in exothermic reactions .pdf
DE is positive in exothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings, so the system's energy decreases. Therefore, the change in energy (DE) for exothermic reactions is positive as energy is lost from the system.
The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return t.pdf
The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return that considers both the
interest income and any capital gain or loss. it should be noted that yield to maturity is not same
as current yield as current yield is the annual interest dividend by the bonds current value and
does not account for capital gain or loss.
YTM is important because it compare a bonds expected return with those of other securities
available in the market. YTM considers the three sources of potential return from a bond (coupon
payments, capital gains, and reinvestment returns which helps investors in Understanding how
yields vary with market prices (that as bond prices fall, yields rise; and as bond prices rise, yields
fall).it also helps investors to anticipate the effects of market changes on their portfolios. The
yield to maturity is expressed as an annual percentage rate
The following formula can be used to find out its approximate value:
APPROX YTM=C+F-P/n/F+P/2
Where
C=coupon value
F=face value
P=market price
And n=years to maturity
Solution
The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return that considers both the
interest income and any capital gain or loss. it should be noted that yield to maturity is not same
as current yield as current yield is the annual interest dividend by the bonds current value and
does not account for capital gain or loss.
YTM is important because it compare a bonds expected return with those of other securities
available in the market. YTM considers the three sources of potential return from a bond (coupon
payments, capital gains, and reinvestment returns which helps investors in Understanding how
yields vary with market prices (that as bond prices fall, yields rise; and as bond prices rise, yields
fall).it also helps investors to anticipate the effects of market changes on their portfolios. The
yield to maturity is expressed as an annual percentage rate
The following formula can be used to find out its approximate value:
APPROX YTM=C+F-P/n/F+P/2
Where
C=coupon value
F=face value
P=market price
And n=years to maturity.
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids ) is a measure of the combined content o.pdf
Total dissolved solids is a measure of inorganic and organic substances in a liquid. The most accurate method to determine TDS involves evaporating the liquid and measuring the mass of residues, which in this case was found to be 22g. Total suspended solids refer to suspended or colloidal particles, which were calculated to be 25g.
magnesium oxide + water = magnesium hydroxideMgO (s) + H2O (l) =.pdf
magnesium oxide + water => magnesium hydroxide
MgO (s) + H2O (l) => Mg(OH)2 (s)
Solution
magnesium oxide + water => magnesium hydroxide
MgO (s) + H2O (l) => Mg(OH)2 (s).
Meiosis, inheritance and variationThe uniqueness and similarities.pdf
Meiosis, inheritance and variation:
The uniqueness and similarities within the closely related family members occurs because of
inherit traits in the form of genes are passing from one generation to another generation.
This gene passing from our ancestral parents to our parents is called as heredity. Replication is a
process of duplication of DNA. That occurs during the S phase of Eukaryotic cell cycle.
In identical small organisms these genes pass from one generation to next by duplication of their
genetic information and then splitting into two identical organisms. In complex organisms
specialized sex cells called gametes carry half of the genetic information. These gametes from
both male and female organisms combine each other and produce new organisms. The gametes
produced process is termed as meiosis.
Meiosis:
During this process 1 diploid cell which contains 46 chromosomes undergoes cell division into 2
cycles. In which only once DNA replication is takes place. it results 4 haploid daughter cells.
The zygote is formed from the combination of both an egg and a sperm cells. Zygotes have same
number of chromosomes it is due to the halving nature of the number of chromosomes in sexual
reproduction. This critical character stabilize chromosome numbers from one generation to next
generation.
Phases of meiosis:
Interphase: In this the DNA is prepared for replication. After completion of replication process
the structure of each chromosomes compressed into 2 identical chromatids.
Prophase I : In this chromosomes structure appeared as in X - Shaped. The homologous
chromosomes are pair up each other and crossing over takes placed. In this the DNA was
exchanged. the nuclear membrane was completely dissolved at end of this stage. The
Microtubules can attach to the chromosomes.
Metaphase I: The synopsized chromosomes are aliened at equator of the cell. The chromosomes
are aliened randomly in which different combinations each time meiosis occurs.
Anaphase I: During this phase the molecules of chromosomes separates and migrates towards to
2 poles of cell.
Telophase I or Cytokinesis: In this the cell divides into two daughter cells.
Prophase II : Same as Prophase I. But the DNA does not replicate again.
Metaphase II: The chromosomes aliened at equator, again the alignment is random.
Anaphase II: The chromosomes separates and migrates towards to 2 poles of cell.
Telophase II: The nucleoplasm is reformed and the cytoplasm is divides into 2 haploid daughter
cells and finally 4 new haploid daughter cells is formed.
Genetic variation is increased by meiosis due to the independent assortment nature in meiosis.
The reshuffling process of genes in meiosis is increasing the genetic variation in a population.
Solution
Meiosis, inheritance and variation:
The uniqueness and similarities within the closely related family members occurs because of
inherit traits in the form of genes are passing from one generation to another generation.
This gene passing from our an.
Inter-Process-Communication (or IPC for short) are mechanisms provid.pdf
Inter-Process-Communication (or IPC for short) are mechanisms provided by the kernel to allow
processes to communicate with each other.
The types of inter process communication on Linux OS are:
The following IPC mechanisms are supported by Windows:
1. Clipboard - The clipboard acts as a central depository for data sharing among applications.
When a user performs a cut or copy operation in an application, the application puts the selected
data on the clipboard in one or more standard or application-defined formats. Any other
application can then retrieve the data from the clipboard, choosing from the available formats
that it understands.
2. File Mapping - File mapping enables a process to treat the contents of a file as if they were a
block of memory in the process\'s address space. The process can use simple pointer operations
to examine and modify the contents of the file. When two or more processes access the same file
mapping, each process receives a pointer to memory in its own address space that it can use to
read or modify the contents of the file.
3. Mailslot - Mailslots provide one-way communication. Any process that creates a mailslot is a
mailslot server. Other processes, called mailslot clients, send messages to the mailslot server by
writing a message to its mailslot.
4. RPC - RPC enables applications to call functions remotely. Therefore, RPC makes IPC as easy
as calling a function. RPC operates between processes on a single computer or on different
computers on a network.
5. Windows Socket - Windows Sockets is a protocol-independent interface capable of supporting
current and emerging networking capabilities.
The following IPC mechanisms are supported by Mac OS:
1. Mach Ports : Mach 3.0 is capable of running as a stand-alone kernel, with other traditional OS-
services like IO, file systems and networking stack running as user mode.It is much faster to
make a direct call between linked components than it is to send messages or do RPC between
separate tasks.
2. Apple Events : Universally supported by GUI applications on Mac OS for remote
control.Operations like opening or telling an application to open a file or quit etc can be done
using these.
3. Pasteboard - Copy Paste , Drag and drop done between applications is performed using this
technique.
4. Distributed Objects - Remote messaging feature of Cocoa to call an object in different Cocoa
applicaton.
Windows server uses the best technique to manage IPC because
a) It provides an efficient way for two or more processes on the same computer to share data.
b) It is capable of supporting current and emerging networking capabilities, such as quality of
service monitoring, robust asynchronous communication, I/O completion ports for superior
performance, and protocol-specific network
features.
=> Multiprocessing : refers to the use of two or morecentral processing units (CPU) within a
single computer system.All the operating systems provide support for multiprocessing.
Windows manages.
B)120.0° note So3 is sp2-hybridized and adopts .pdf
B)120.0° note: So3 is sp2-hybridized and adopts a trigonal planar geometry.
Solution
B)120.0° note: So3 is sp2-hybridized and adopts a trigonal planar geometry..
More from aesalem06 (20)
#!binbash# Decode a UDP packet raw binary dataDonelet offs=40.pdf
#!binbash# Decode a UDP packet raw binary dataDonelet offs=40.pdf
you can see the difference bw IE5 and IE6 is ver.pdf
you can see the difference bw IE5 and IE6 is ver.pdf
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to fo.pdf
The elements As, Sb and Bi show no tendency to fo.pdf
taking the distance from point P in water for len.pdf
taking the distance from point P in water for len.pdf
PH3 Phosphine H3N ammonia H3PO2 Hypophosphorus.pdf
PH3 Phosphine H3N ammonia H3PO2 Hypophosphorus.pdf
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the.pdf
Nope. When an atom is ionized it only affects the.pdf
HOCl (aq) + HCI(aq) - H2O(l) + Cl2 (g) 6Cl2(g) +.pdf
HOCl (aq) + HCI(aq) - H2O(l) + Cl2 (g) 6Cl2(g) +.pdf
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates alm.pdf
H2SO4 is a strong electrolyte. It dissociates alm.pdf
The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return t.pdf
The yield to maturity (YTM) is the measure of bonds rate of return t.pdf
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids ) is a measure of the combined content o.pdf
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids ) is a measure of the combined content o.pdf
magnesium oxide + water = magnesium hydroxideMgO (s) + H2O (l) =.pdf
magnesium oxide + water = magnesium hydroxideMgO (s) + H2O (l) =.pdf
Meiosis, inheritance and variationThe uniqueness and similarities.pdf
Meiosis, inheritance and variationThe uniqueness and similarities.pdf
Inter-Process-Communication (or IPC for short) are mechanisms provid.pdf
Inter-Process-Communication (or IPC for short) are mechanisms provid.pdf
B)120.0° note So3 is sp2-hybridized and adopts .pdf
B)120.0° note So3 is sp2-hybridized and adopts .pdf
Recently uploaded
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Aberdeen
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar KanvariaHow to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Covered community pharmacy topic of the subject Social and preventive pharmacy for Diploma and Bachelor of pharmacy
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Recently uploaded (20)
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 bas.pdf
- 1. 1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 base pairs upstream, which interact with proteins other than RNA polymerase and thus, regulate the activity of the promoter. These sites are called enhancers since they lead up to 200-fold increase in the rate of transcription of an affected gene. 2. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II transcribes messenger RNAs and RNA polymerase II requires general initiation factors (TF) IIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH assemble on promoter DNA along with polymerase II, creating a large multiprotein–DNA complex that supports accurate initiation. Transcriptional activators and co- activators, regulate the RNA synthesis from each gene in response to several developmental and environmental signals. 3. The other regulatory sites are called silencers consists of many kilobases which repress gene expression. 4. The transcriptional repressors are proteins that bind to specific sites on DNA and prevent transcription of nearby genes. The majority repressors inhibit the initiation of transcription. 5. The specific DNA-binding Proteins consists of 60 to 100 amino acids and two types o f zinc fingers found in DNA binding factors that participate in transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. 6. Mediator proteins are (TRAP/ PC2/ARC) large in size (22-28 subunit) and specific protein complexes that bind RNA polymerase II and controls transcription from class II genes. It binds RNA polymerase II and mediates activation and repression of transcription. 7. General transcription factors (GTFs) or basal transcriptional factors are a class of protein transcription factors that bind to specific promoter sequences on DNA to activate transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA. These are TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH. Solution 1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 base pairs upstream, which interact with proteins other than RNA polymerase and thus, regulate the activity of the promoter. These sites are called enhancers since they lead up to 200-fold increase in the rate of transcription of an affected gene. 2. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II transcribes messenger RNAs and RNA polymerase II requires general initiation factors (TF) IIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH assemble on promoter DNA along with polymerase II, creating a large multiprotein–DNA complex that supports accurate initiation. Transcriptional activators and co- activators, regulate the RNA synthesis from each gene in response to several developmental and environmental signals.
- 2. 3. The other regulatory sites are called silencers consists of many kilobases which repress gene expression. 4. The transcriptional repressors are proteins that bind to specific sites on DNA and prevent transcription of nearby genes. The majority repressors inhibit the initiation of transcription. 5. The specific DNA-binding Proteins consists of 60 to 100 amino acids and two types o f zinc fingers found in DNA binding factors that participate in transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. 6. Mediator proteins are (TRAP/ PC2/ARC) large in size (22-28 subunit) and specific protein complexes that bind RNA polymerase II and controls transcription from class II genes. It binds RNA polymerase II and mediates activation and repression of transcription. 7. General transcription factors (GTFs) or basal transcriptional factors are a class of protein transcription factors that bind to specific promoter sequences on DNA to activate transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA. These are TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH.