GENE REGULATION and genetic Related presentation
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Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica.
Gene RegulationFunction of transcription factor domains, i.e. DNA.pdf
Gene Regulation:
Function of transcription factor domains, i.e. DNA binding vs. activation domain and co-
activators. Explain how they affect gene regulation in DNA.
Solution
Transcription is the process of synthesis of RNA from DNA template a- a fist step in gene
expression.The enzyme RNA polymerase copies a particular segment of DNA into RNa and it
represents the primary level at which gene expression is regulated in prokaryotes and eukaryotic
systems .the mechanism is similar in both prokayotes and eukaryotes .
In eukaryotic systems distinct factors known as the transcription initiation factors are required
and have a promoter region upstream from the gene or an enhancer region either up or
downstream from the gene and with specific motifs that are recognized by various types of
transcription factors .
The transcription factors bind and attract other transcripton factors to create a complex thus
facilitating the binding of RNA polymerase ii and hence the process of transcription. These
transcription factors are classified into genreral transcription factors which represent the basic
transcription machinery and gene specific transcription factor.
The transcrption factors are specific proteins that are required for RNA polymerase II to initiate
transcrption and contain one or more DNA binding domains (DBD) which attach to specific
DNA sequence adjacent to the gene that they regulate.
DNA binding domains is an independently folded domain which contains one motif that can
recognize a specific DNA sequence or general affinity to DNA. There are several different type
of DNA binding domains like the Helix turn Helix domain, Zinc finger domain ,Dimerization
domain , Leucine zipper etc.
Helix turn Helix domain: is characteristic of DNA binding proteins, composed of two -helices
joined by a short strand of amino acids and is found commonly in several proteins that regulate
gene expression. helix-turn-helix proteins include the homeodomain proteins, which play critical
roles in the regulation of gene expression during embryonic development
Zinc finger domain :They contain repeats of cysteine and histidine residues that bind zinc ions
and fold into looped structures that bind DNA first identified in the polymerase III transcription
factor TFIIA but are also found in transcription factors that regulate polymerse II promoters.
,Dimerization domain :,These domains bring about dimerization of two polypeptide chains as
seen in helix turn helkix domians , leucine zipper domain.
The transcrptional activator domains or the TAD are the regions of transcription factors which in
conjunction with DNA binding domain can activate transcrption from promoter by contacting
transcriptional machinery either directly or through other protein coactivators.
The transcriptional repressor domain TRDS are the regions of the transcription factors which in
conjuation with the DNA binding domain can repress transcirption from a promoter by
contacting transcrptional machinery eit.
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
PROCESS AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION AND TOTAL TATA BOX ROLE IN THE TRASNCRIPTIONAL PROCESS
Activation of gene expression by transcription factors
in eukaryotic cells, environmental stimuli commonly lead to activation of transcription factors and alteration of gene expression levels1. ... For example, the interaction between a transcription factor and DNA can be perturbed by either a change in DNA sequence or a change in the accessibility of the DNA by nucleosomes
Transcription and translation
Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter sequences on DNA and synthesizing RNA without the need for primers. It proceeds through initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing three RNA polymerases and involving transcription factors, mediator complexes, 5' capping, splicing, and 3' polyadenylation to process mRNA. Alternative splicing allows single genes to code for multiple proteins through different combinations of exons.
gene regulation sdk 2013
Gene expression in eukaryotes is controlled at multiple levels, including chromatin structure, transcription, RNA processing, and translation. Chromatin structure determines if genes are transcriptionally active or inactive. Transcription is regulated by the interaction of promoters, transcription factors, and enhancers. RNA processing controls splicing and transport of mRNA. Finally, translation and post-translational modifications further regulate gene expression. Overall, eukaryotic gene expression is tightly controlled through complex mechanisms at the chromatin, transcription, RNA, translation, and protein levels.
Ch17 217 228
This document discusses the regulation of gene expression through transcriptional control mechanisms. It begins by explaining that gene expression is regulated by extracellular signals through modification of transcription factors, and that this transcriptional regulation plays important roles in nervous system functioning. It then describes the various steps in the process of gene expression, with a focus on transcriptional regulation. Specifically, it explains that transcription initiation is a key control point, and involves positioning RNA polymerase at start sites and controlling initiation rates. Core promoters set the start sites and direction of transcription for RNA polymerases. Transcription factors are also described as key regulators that recruit the basal transcription complex and achieve significant transcription levels.
Transcription factors
This presentation is about the transcription machinery that is required for the transcription in eukaryotes. The comparison between the transcription factors involved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The initiation of transcription and how it helps in producing a mRNA.
Recommended
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica.
Gene RegulationFunction of transcription factor domains, i.e. DNA.pdf
Gene Regulation:
Function of transcription factor domains, i.e. DNA binding vs. activation domain and co-
activators. Explain how they affect gene regulation in DNA.
Solution
Transcription is the process of synthesis of RNA from DNA template a- a fist step in gene
expression.The enzyme RNA polymerase copies a particular segment of DNA into RNa and it
represents the primary level at which gene expression is regulated in prokaryotes and eukaryotic
systems .the mechanism is similar in both prokayotes and eukaryotes .
In eukaryotic systems distinct factors known as the transcription initiation factors are required
and have a promoter region upstream from the gene or an enhancer region either up or
downstream from the gene and with specific motifs that are recognized by various types of
transcription factors .
The transcription factors bind and attract other transcripton factors to create a complex thus
facilitating the binding of RNA polymerase ii and hence the process of transcription. These
transcription factors are classified into genreral transcription factors which represent the basic
transcription machinery and gene specific transcription factor.
The transcrption factors are specific proteins that are required for RNA polymerase II to initiate
transcrption and contain one or more DNA binding domains (DBD) which attach to specific
DNA sequence adjacent to the gene that they regulate.
DNA binding domains is an independently folded domain which contains one motif that can
recognize a specific DNA sequence or general affinity to DNA. There are several different type
of DNA binding domains like the Helix turn Helix domain, Zinc finger domain ,Dimerization
domain , Leucine zipper etc.
Helix turn Helix domain: is characteristic of DNA binding proteins, composed of two -helices
joined by a short strand of amino acids and is found commonly in several proteins that regulate
gene expression. helix-turn-helix proteins include the homeodomain proteins, which play critical
roles in the regulation of gene expression during embryonic development
Zinc finger domain :They contain repeats of cysteine and histidine residues that bind zinc ions
and fold into looped structures that bind DNA first identified in the polymerase III transcription
factor TFIIA but are also found in transcription factors that regulate polymerse II promoters.
,Dimerization domain :,These domains bring about dimerization of two polypeptide chains as
seen in helix turn helkix domians , leucine zipper domain.
The transcrptional activator domains or the TAD are the regions of transcription factors which in
conjunction with DNA binding domain can activate transcrption from promoter by contacting
transcriptional machinery either directly or through other protein coactivators.
The transcriptional repressor domain TRDS are the regions of the transcription factors which in
conjuation with the DNA binding domain can repress transcirption from a promoter by
contacting transcrptional machinery eit.
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
PROCESS AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION AND TOTAL TATA BOX ROLE IN THE TRASNCRIPTIONAL PROCESS
Activation of gene expression by transcription factors
in eukaryotic cells, environmental stimuli commonly lead to activation of transcription factors and alteration of gene expression levels1. ... For example, the interaction between a transcription factor and DNA can be perturbed by either a change in DNA sequence or a change in the accessibility of the DNA by nucleosomes
Transcription and translation
Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter sequences on DNA and synthesizing RNA without the need for primers. It proceeds through initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing three RNA polymerases and involving transcription factors, mediator complexes, 5' capping, splicing, and 3' polyadenylation to process mRNA. Alternative splicing allows single genes to code for multiple proteins through different combinations of exons.
gene regulation sdk 2013
Gene expression in eukaryotes is controlled at multiple levels, including chromatin structure, transcription, RNA processing, and translation. Chromatin structure determines if genes are transcriptionally active or inactive. Transcription is regulated by the interaction of promoters, transcription factors, and enhancers. RNA processing controls splicing and transport of mRNA. Finally, translation and post-translational modifications further regulate gene expression. Overall, eukaryotic gene expression is tightly controlled through complex mechanisms at the chromatin, transcription, RNA, translation, and protein levels.
Ch17 217 228
This document discusses the regulation of gene expression through transcriptional control mechanisms. It begins by explaining that gene expression is regulated by extracellular signals through modification of transcription factors, and that this transcriptional regulation plays important roles in nervous system functioning. It then describes the various steps in the process of gene expression, with a focus on transcriptional regulation. Specifically, it explains that transcription initiation is a key control point, and involves positioning RNA polymerase at start sites and controlling initiation rates. Core promoters set the start sites and direction of transcription for RNA polymerases. Transcription factors are also described as key regulators that recruit the basal transcription complex and achieve significant transcription levels.
Transcription factors
This presentation is about the transcription machinery that is required for the transcription in eukaryotes. The comparison between the transcription factors involved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The initiation of transcription and how it helps in producing a mRNA.
Promoters and enhancers
Promoters and enhancers contain binding sites for transcription factors that are important for initiating transcription. Promoters are located near the start site of transcription and contain binding sites dispersed over 200 bp. Enhancers can be located farther away, containing a more closely packed array of binding sites, and enhance transcription by interacting with proteins bound at the promoter. Eukaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerases and many transcription factors that recognize specific sequences in promoters and enhancers to regulate when and where genes are expressed.
Transcription factors and machinery
Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to DNA and controlling the transcription of genes. They activate or repress transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase and other transcription factors at promoter and enhancer regions. This allows for precise control of which genes are expressed in different cell types and developmental stages. Transcription factors play a key role in cellular logic and decision-making by integrating various signals to determine whether a gene should be transcribed.
Transcription factors and machinery
Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to DNA and controlling the transcription of genes. They activate or repress transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase and other transcription factors at promoter and enhancer regions. This allows for precise control of which genes are expressed in different cell types and developmental stages. Transcription factors play a key role in cellular logic and decision-making by integrating various signals to determine whether a gene should be transcribed.
Transcription regulatory elements
This document discusses various classes of transcriptional regulatory elements. It begins by introducing transcriptional regulation and the basic transcriptional machinery. It then discusses the different elements that make up promoters, including the core promoter and proximal promoter elements. It also covers distal regulatory elements such as enhancers, silencers, insulators, and locus control regions. Enhancers can activate transcription from far away and silencers can repress it. Insulators protect genes from neighboring influences. Locus control regions coordinate expression of entire gene clusters.
Gene_Expression.pdf
This document summarizes the process of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. It involves transcription of DNA into RNA, processing of the initial RNA transcript, transport of the processed mRNA to the cytoplasm, and translation of mRNA into protein. Transcription is the initial step and involves RNA polymerase recognizing promoter sequences on DNA and transcribing the gene into mRNA. Multiple transcription factors bind to promoter and enhancer sequences to help initiate transcription in a regulated manner.
1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 bas.pdf
1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 base pairs upstream, which
interact with proteins other than RNA polymerase and thus, regulate the activity of the promoter.
These sites are called enhancers since they lead up to 200-fold increase in the rate of
transcription of an affected gene.
2. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II transcribes messenger RNAs and RNA polymerase II
requires general initiation factors (TF) IIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH assemble on
promoter DNA along with polymerase II, creating a large multiprotein–DNA complex that
supports accurate initiation. Transcriptional activators and co- activators, regulate the RNA
synthesis from each gene in response to several developmental and environmental signals.
3. The other regulatory sites are called silencers consists of many kilobases which repress gene
expression.
4. The transcriptional repressors are proteins that bind to specific sites on DNA and prevent
transcription of nearby genes. The majority repressors inhibit the initiation of transcription.
5. The specific DNA-binding Proteins consists of 60 to 100 amino acids and two types o f zinc
fingers found in DNA binding factors that participate in transcription mediated by RNA
polymerase II.
6. Mediator proteins are (TRAP/ PC2/ARC) large in size (22-28 subunit) and specific protein
complexes that bind RNA polymerase II and controls transcription from class II genes. It binds
RNA polymerase II and mediates activation and repression of transcription.
7. General transcription factors (GTFs) or basal transcriptional factors are a class of protein
transcription factors that bind to specific promoter sequences on DNA to activate transcription of
genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA. These are TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE,
TFIIF, and TFIIH.
Solution
1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 base pairs upstream, which
interact with proteins other than RNA polymerase and thus, regulate the activity of the promoter.
These sites are called enhancers since they lead up to 200-fold increase in the rate of
transcription of an affected gene.
2. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II transcribes messenger RNAs and RNA polymerase II
requires general initiation factors (TF) IIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH assemble on
promoter DNA along with polymerase II, creating a large multiprotein–DNA complex that
supports accurate initiation. Transcriptional activators and co- activators, regulate the RNA
synthesis from each gene in response to several developmental and environmental signals.
3. The other regulatory sites are called silencers consists of many kilobases which repress gene
expression.
4. The transcriptional repressors are proteins that bind to specific sites on DNA and prevent
transcription of nearby genes. The majority repressors inhibit the initiation of transcription.
5. The specific DNA-binding Proteins consists of 60 to 100 amino acids and two types o f zinc
fingers found in DNA bindin.
7.1. Regulation of Gene Expression g.pptx
1. A gene encodes either a polypeptide chain or mRNA molecule through its DNA sequence. 2. Gene expression occurs in two steps: transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to a polypeptide. 3. Various environmental factors and signaling molecules can influence gene expression by activating transcription factors that regulate genes.
Prokaryotic transcription: Promoters, Structure and Function
This PowerPoint presentation offers a comprehensive exploration of transcription processes in prokaryotic organisms. It covers the fundamental mechanisms of transcription, including initiation, elongation, and termination phases. Key topics include the role of RNA polymerase, promoter recognition, sigma factors, and regulatory sequences.
Bio 108 Cell Biology lec 6 Regulation of Transcription Initiation
1. Gene expression in bacteria is regulated through mechanisms that turn genes on and off in response to environmental signals.
2. The lac operon in E. coli encodes genes involved in lactose metabolism and is regulated by the lac repressor protein.
3. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor binds to the lac operon's operator region and blocks transcription of the lac genes. However, in the presence of lactose, allolactose binds to the lac repressor and prevents it from binding to the operator, allowing transcription to proceed.
Transcription in eukaryotes
transcription process in eukaryotes their factors RNA polymerase enzyme an intiation elongation termination process
Overview of transcription
Overview of transcriptionMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
Transcription - prokaryotic & Eukaryotic, transcription regulatory elements, inhibitors of Transcription13-miller-chap-7b-lecture.ppt
1) The document discusses the promoters, regulatory sequences, and transcription factors that control gene expression in eukaryotes. It describes the basic components of promoters like the TATA box and initiator elements.
2) It explains how the pre-initiation complex of RNA polymerase II and general transcription factors assembles at promoters. This includes the sequential binding of TBP, TFIIB, the Pol II-TFIIF complex, TFIIE, and TFIIH.
3) It covers different types of transcription factors that bind DNA, including zinc finger proteins, helix-turn-helix proteins, leucine zipper proteins, and discusses how they interact with DNA and each other to regulate transcription.
Transcription in eucaryotes
1) The document discusses the mechanisms of transcriptional control in eukaryotes. It describes the core promoter elements like TATA boxes and initiator elements that recruit RNA polymerase II.
2) General transcription factors help assemble the preinitiation complex at promoters and position the polymerase for transcription initiation. This involves sequential binding of factors like TFIID, TFIIB, and others.
3) The document outlines different classes of transcription factors that regulate gene expression, including those that contain zinc fingers, helix-turn-helix motifs, and leucine zippers, and how they bind DNA.
13-miller-chap-7b-lecture.ppt
1) The document discusses the mechanisms of transcriptional control in eukaryotes. It describes the core promoter elements, general transcription factors, and how they assemble to form the pre-initiation complex at RNA polymerase II promoters.
2) It also discusses the various classes of transcription factors that regulate gene expression, including their DNA-binding domains like zinc fingers, helix-turn-helices, and leucine zippers.
3) Transcription factor activity is regulated by ligands, co-factors, cooperative binding, and their assembly into enhanceosomes at gene enhancer elements.
promoter region
The promoter region is a DNA sequence located near the transcription start site of a gene that initiates transcription by RNA polymerase binding to it. Promoters contain response elements that provide binding sites for RNA polymerase and transcription factors. There are three main portions of a promoter: the core promoter contains the RNA polymerase binding site and transcription start site; the proximal promoter contains regulatory elements; and the distal promoter further upstream also contains regulatory elements. In prokaryotes, the core promoter contains -10 and -35 sequences recognized by sigma factors associated with RNA polymerase. In eukaryotes, transcription requires many general transcription factors and RNA polymerase is specific to the type of RNA transcribed. Regulation of transcription involves repressors and activators that bind
transcription factor by kk sahu
INTRODUCTION
-Transcription
-Transcription Factors
CLASSES OF TFs
GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
MEDIATOR
FUNCTIONS
-Formation of preinitiation complex
-Elongation
-Termination
-Differential enhancement of transcription
-Developmental
REFERENCES
Transcription in Eukaryotes-Complete.ppt
TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF RNA
A STRUCTURAL GENE
EUKARYOTIC RNA POLYMERASES
MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
- INITIATION
- ELONGATION
- TERMINATION
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
ACTIVATORS, MEDIATORS & CHROMATIN MODIFYING PROTEINS
RNA SPLICING
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
Basic principle of transcription
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and unwinds the double helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and stops adding nucleotides. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have similar transcription mechanisms but eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases and require additional transcription factors.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription is carried out by three nuclear RNA polymerases that transcribe different genes. RNA polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes in the nucleus. During transcription initiation, transcription factors help recruit RNA polymerase II to the promoter. Elongation occurs as RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in a transcription bubble. Termination of RNA polymerase II transcription occurs via cleavage of the nascent RNA transcript followed by RNA degradation. The other polymerases terminate via sequence-specific signals in DNA or the synthesized RNA.
Eukaryotic transcription
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
Tape Measure Training & Practice Assessments.pdf
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More Related Content
Similar to GENE REGULATION and genetic Related presentation
Promoters and enhancers
Promoters and enhancers contain binding sites for transcription factors that are important for initiating transcription. Promoters are located near the start site of transcription and contain binding sites dispersed over 200 bp. Enhancers can be located farther away, containing a more closely packed array of binding sites, and enhance transcription by interacting with proteins bound at the promoter. Eukaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerases and many transcription factors that recognize specific sequences in promoters and enhancers to regulate when and where genes are expressed.
Transcription factors and machinery
Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to DNA and controlling the transcription of genes. They activate or repress transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase and other transcription factors at promoter and enhancer regions. This allows for precise control of which genes are expressed in different cell types and developmental stages. Transcription factors play a key role in cellular logic and decision-making by integrating various signals to determine whether a gene should be transcribed.
Transcription factors and machinery
Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to DNA and controlling the transcription of genes. They activate or repress transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase and other transcription factors at promoter and enhancer regions. This allows for precise control of which genes are expressed in different cell types and developmental stages. Transcription factors play a key role in cellular logic and decision-making by integrating various signals to determine whether a gene should be transcribed.
Transcription regulatory elements
This document discusses various classes of transcriptional regulatory elements. It begins by introducing transcriptional regulation and the basic transcriptional machinery. It then discusses the different elements that make up promoters, including the core promoter and proximal promoter elements. It also covers distal regulatory elements such as enhancers, silencers, insulators, and locus control regions. Enhancers can activate transcription from far away and silencers can repress it. Insulators protect genes from neighboring influences. Locus control regions coordinate expression of entire gene clusters.
Gene_Expression.pdf
This document summarizes the process of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. It involves transcription of DNA into RNA, processing of the initial RNA transcript, transport of the processed mRNA to the cytoplasm, and translation of mRNA into protein. Transcription is the initial step and involves RNA polymerase recognizing promoter sequences on DNA and transcribing the gene into mRNA. Multiple transcription factors bind to promoter and enhancer sequences to help initiate transcription in a regulated manner.
1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 bas.pdf
1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 base pairs upstream, which
interact with proteins other than RNA polymerase and thus, regulate the activity of the promoter.
These sites are called enhancers since they lead up to 200-fold increase in the rate of
transcription of an affected gene.
2. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II transcribes messenger RNAs and RNA polymerase II
requires general initiation factors (TF) IIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH assemble on
promoter DNA along with polymerase II, creating a large multiprotein–DNA complex that
supports accurate initiation. Transcriptional activators and co- activators, regulate the RNA
synthesis from each gene in response to several developmental and environmental signals.
3. The other regulatory sites are called silencers consists of many kilobases which repress gene
expression.
4. The transcriptional repressors are proteins that bind to specific sites on DNA and prevent
transcription of nearby genes. The majority repressors inhibit the initiation of transcription.
5. The specific DNA-binding Proteins consists of 60 to 100 amino acids and two types o f zinc
fingers found in DNA binding factors that participate in transcription mediated by RNA
polymerase II.
6. Mediator proteins are (TRAP/ PC2/ARC) large in size (22-28 subunit) and specific protein
complexes that bind RNA polymerase II and controls transcription from class II genes. It binds
RNA polymerase II and mediates activation and repression of transcription.
7. General transcription factors (GTFs) or basal transcriptional factors are a class of protein
transcription factors that bind to specific promoter sequences on DNA to activate transcription of
genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA. These are TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE,
TFIIF, and TFIIH.
Solution
1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 base pairs upstream, which
interact with proteins other than RNA polymerase and thus, regulate the activity of the promoter.
These sites are called enhancers since they lead up to 200-fold increase in the rate of
transcription of an affected gene.
2. In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II transcribes messenger RNAs and RNA polymerase II
requires general initiation factors (TF) IIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH assemble on
promoter DNA along with polymerase II, creating a large multiprotein–DNA complex that
supports accurate initiation. Transcriptional activators and co- activators, regulate the RNA
synthesis from each gene in response to several developmental and environmental signals.
3. The other regulatory sites are called silencers consists of many kilobases which repress gene
expression.
4. The transcriptional repressors are proteins that bind to specific sites on DNA and prevent
transcription of nearby genes. The majority repressors inhibit the initiation of transcription.
5. The specific DNA-binding Proteins consists of 60 to 100 amino acids and two types o f zinc
fingers found in DNA bindin.
7.1. Regulation of Gene Expression g.pptx
1. A gene encodes either a polypeptide chain or mRNA molecule through its DNA sequence. 2. Gene expression occurs in two steps: transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to a polypeptide. 3. Various environmental factors and signaling molecules can influence gene expression by activating transcription factors that regulate genes.
Prokaryotic transcription: Promoters, Structure and Function
This PowerPoint presentation offers a comprehensive exploration of transcription processes in prokaryotic organisms. It covers the fundamental mechanisms of transcription, including initiation, elongation, and termination phases. Key topics include the role of RNA polymerase, promoter recognition, sigma factors, and regulatory sequences.
Bio 108 Cell Biology lec 6 Regulation of Transcription Initiation
1. Gene expression in bacteria is regulated through mechanisms that turn genes on and off in response to environmental signals.
2. The lac operon in E. coli encodes genes involved in lactose metabolism and is regulated by the lac repressor protein.
3. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor binds to the lac operon's operator region and blocks transcription of the lac genes. However, in the presence of lactose, allolactose binds to the lac repressor and prevents it from binding to the operator, allowing transcription to proceed.
Transcription in eukaryotes
transcription process in eukaryotes their factors RNA polymerase enzyme an intiation elongation termination process
Overview of transcription
Overview of transcriptionMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
Transcription - prokaryotic & Eukaryotic, transcription regulatory elements, inhibitors of Transcription13-miller-chap-7b-lecture.ppt
1) The document discusses the promoters, regulatory sequences, and transcription factors that control gene expression in eukaryotes. It describes the basic components of promoters like the TATA box and initiator elements.
2) It explains how the pre-initiation complex of RNA polymerase II and general transcription factors assembles at promoters. This includes the sequential binding of TBP, TFIIB, the Pol II-TFIIF complex, TFIIE, and TFIIH.
3) It covers different types of transcription factors that bind DNA, including zinc finger proteins, helix-turn-helix proteins, leucine zipper proteins, and discusses how they interact with DNA and each other to regulate transcription.
Transcription in eucaryotes
1) The document discusses the mechanisms of transcriptional control in eukaryotes. It describes the core promoter elements like TATA boxes and initiator elements that recruit RNA polymerase II.
2) General transcription factors help assemble the preinitiation complex at promoters and position the polymerase for transcription initiation. This involves sequential binding of factors like TFIID, TFIIB, and others.
3) The document outlines different classes of transcription factors that regulate gene expression, including those that contain zinc fingers, helix-turn-helix motifs, and leucine zippers, and how they bind DNA.
13-miller-chap-7b-lecture.ppt
1) The document discusses the mechanisms of transcriptional control in eukaryotes. It describes the core promoter elements, general transcription factors, and how they assemble to form the pre-initiation complex at RNA polymerase II promoters.
2) It also discusses the various classes of transcription factors that regulate gene expression, including their DNA-binding domains like zinc fingers, helix-turn-helices, and leucine zippers.
3) Transcription factor activity is regulated by ligands, co-factors, cooperative binding, and their assembly into enhanceosomes at gene enhancer elements.
promoter region
The promoter region is a DNA sequence located near the transcription start site of a gene that initiates transcription by RNA polymerase binding to it. Promoters contain response elements that provide binding sites for RNA polymerase and transcription factors. There are three main portions of a promoter: the core promoter contains the RNA polymerase binding site and transcription start site; the proximal promoter contains regulatory elements; and the distal promoter further upstream also contains regulatory elements. In prokaryotes, the core promoter contains -10 and -35 sequences recognized by sigma factors associated with RNA polymerase. In eukaryotes, transcription requires many general transcription factors and RNA polymerase is specific to the type of RNA transcribed. Regulation of transcription involves repressors and activators that bind
transcription factor by kk sahu
INTRODUCTION
-Transcription
-Transcription Factors
CLASSES OF TFs
GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
MEDIATOR
FUNCTIONS
-Formation of preinitiation complex
-Elongation
-Termination
-Differential enhancement of transcription
-Developmental
REFERENCES
Transcription in Eukaryotes-Complete.ppt
TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF RNA
A STRUCTURAL GENE
EUKARYOTIC RNA POLYMERASES
MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
- INITIATION
- ELONGATION
- TERMINATION
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
ACTIVATORS, MEDIATORS & CHROMATIN MODIFYING PROTEINS
RNA SPLICING
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
Basic principle of transcription
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and unwinds the double helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and stops adding nucleotides. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have similar transcription mechanisms but eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases and require additional transcription factors.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription is carried out by three nuclear RNA polymerases that transcribe different genes. RNA polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes in the nucleus. During transcription initiation, transcription factors help recruit RNA polymerase II to the promoter. Elongation occurs as RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in a transcription bubble. Termination of RNA polymerase II transcription occurs via cleavage of the nascent RNA transcript followed by RNA degradation. The other polymerases terminate via sequence-specific signals in DNA or the synthesized RNA.
Eukaryotic transcription
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
Similar to GENE REGULATION and genetic Related presentation (20)
1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 bas.pdf
1. Eukaryotic promoters also consist of sites located 100 to 200 bas.pdf
Prokaryotic transcription: Promoters, Structure and Function
Prokaryotic transcription: Promoters, Structure and Function
Bio 108 Cell Biology lec 6 Regulation of Transcription Initiation
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一比一原版布拉德福德大学毕业证（bradford毕业证）如何办理
一模一样【微信：A575476】【布拉德福德大学毕业证（bradford毕业证）成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
How to Prepare for Fortinet FCP_FAC_AD-6.5 Certification?
Begin Your Preparation Here: https://bit.ly/3VfYStG — Access comprehensive details on the FCP_FAC_AD-6.5 exam guide and excel in the Fortinet Certified Professional - Network Security certification. Gather all essential information including tutorials, practice tests, books, study materials, exam questions, and the syllabus. Solidify your knowledge of Fortinet FCP_FAC_AD-6.5 certification. Discover everything about the FCP_FAC_AD-6.5 exam, including the number of questions, passing percentage, and the time allotted to complete the test.
Leadership Ambassador club Adventist module
Aims to equip people who aspire to become leaders with good qualities,and with Christian values and morals as per Biblical teachings.The you who aspire to be leaders should first read and understand what the ambassador module for leadership says about leadership and marry that to what the bible says.Christians sh
官方认证美国旧金山州立大学毕业证学位证书案例原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国旧金山州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Learnings from Successful Jobs Searchers
Are you interested to know what actions help in a job search? This webinar is the summary of several individuals who discussed their job search journey for others to follow. You will learn there are common actions that helped them succeed in their quest for gainful employment.
5 Common Mistakes to Avoid During the Job Application Process.pdf
The journey toward landing your dream job can be both exhilarating and nerve-wracking. As you navigate through the intricate web of job applications, interviews, and follow-ups, it’s crucial to steer clear of common pitfalls that could hinder your chances. Let’s delve into some of the most frequent mistakes applicants make during the job application process and explore how you can sidestep them. Plus, we’ll highlight how Alliance Job Search can enhance your local job hunt.
Resumes, Cover Letters, and Applying Online
This webinar showcases resume styles and the elements that go into building your resume. Every job application requires unique skills, and this session will show you how to improve your resume to match the jobs to which you are applying. Additionally, we will discuss cover letters and learn about ideas to include. Every job application requires unique skills so learn ways to give you the best chance of success when applying for a new position. Learn how to take advantage of all the features when uploading a job application to a company’s applicant tracking system.
Job Finding Apps Everything You Need to Know in 2024
SnapJob is revolutionizing the way people connect with work opportunities and find talented professionals for their projects. Find your dream job with ease using the best job finding apps. Discover top-rated apps that connect you with employers, provide personalized job recommendations, and streamline the application process. Explore features, ratings, and reviews to find the app that suits your needs and helps you land your next opportunity.
Switching Careers Slides - JoyceMSullivan SocMediaFin - 2024Jun11.pdf
Joyce M Sullivan, Founder & CEO of SocMediaFin, Inc. shares her "Five Questions - The Story of You", "Reflections - What Matters to You?" and "The Three Circle Exercise" to guide those evaluating what their next move may be in their careers.
IT Career Hacks Navigate the Tech Jungle with a Roadmap
Feeling overwhelmed by IT options? This presentation unlocks your personalized roadmap! Learn key skills, explore career paths & build your IT dream job strategy. Visit now & navigate the tech world with confidence! Visit https://www.basecamp.com.sg for more details.
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- 6. The basal promoter The basal promoter contains a sequence of 7 bases (TATAAAA) called the TATA box. It is bound by a large complex of some 50 different proteins, including •Transcription Factor IID (TFIID) which is a complex of TATA-binding protein (TBP), which recognizes and binds to the TATA box 14 other protein factors which bind to TBP — and each other — but not to the DNA. •Transcription Factor IIB (TFIIB) which binds both the DNA and pol II.
- 7. The gene control region of a typical eukaryotic gene. The promoter is the DNA sequence where the general transcription factors and the polymerase assemble. The regulatory sequences serve as binding sites for gene regulatory proteins, whose presence on the DNA affects the rate of transcription initiation. These sequences can be located adjacent to the promoter, far upstream of it, or even within introns or downstream of the gene. DNA looping is thought to allow gene regulatory proteins bound at any of these positions to interact with the proteins that assemble at the promoter. Whereas the general transcription factors that assemble at the promoter are similar for all polymerase II transcribed genes, the gene regulatory proteins and the locations of their binding sites relative to the promoter are different for each gene.
- 8. The DNA between the enhancer and the promoter loops out to allow the activator proteins bound to the enhancer to come into contact with proteins (RNA polymerase, one of the general transcription factors, or other proteins) bound to the promoter. The DNA thus acts as a tether, helping a protein bound to an enhancer even thousands of nucleotide pairs away to interact with the complex of proteins bound to the promoter.