The document provides an overview of cardiac conduction systems and ECG interpretation. It describes the normal intrinsic conduction rates of the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and bundle of His. It then details the components of the ECG like the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, and T wave. Various arrhythmias are explained like sinus bradycardia, premature atrial contractions, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and different types of heart block. Methods for calculating heart rate from the ECG are also summarized.
Anesthesia related presentation very helpfulMalikArifUllah
This document provides an overview of coronary circulation, electrocardiography, and EKG interpretation. It describes the electrical conduction system of the heart and how it correlates to the EKG waveform. Key aspects of EKG interpretation including rate, rhythms, intervals, and waveform analysis are discussed. Various cardiac arrhythmias that can be lethal if left untreated are also reviewed.
The document describes steps for analyzing cardiac rhythms based on an electrocardiogram (ECG). It defines normal sinus rhythm and various arrhythmias based on measurements of rate, regularity, P waves, PR interval and QRS duration. Common arrhythmias described include sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, various atrioventricular blocks, premature contractions and atrial fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation is also discussed as a lethal arrhythmia where the ventricles contract in an uncoordinated way.
This document provides an overview of managing patients with dysrhythmias and conduction problems. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which include correlating ECG components to heart physiology, defining ECG waveforms, analyzing ECG strips, and identifying dysrhythmias and their management. It then describes normal electrical conduction in the heart and the components of an ECG. Various dysrhythmias are defined based on the site of origin, including sinus node, atrial, junctional and ventricular dysrhythmias. Specific dysrhythmias like sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, premature atrial complexes and atrial flutter are explained in detail.
The document discusses electrocardiography (ECG), providing details on the standard 12-lead ECG procedure, what each lead measures, and ECG paper formatting. Common cardiac arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities that can be detected from the ECG are summarized, including sinus bradycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Characteristics of right and left bundle branch block are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of ECG interpretation and arrhythmia recognition. It begins with the basic steps for ECG interpretation, including calculating rate, analyzing rhythm, axis, P waves, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, and T waves. It then covers various types of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, junctional tachycardias, and heart blocks. Finally, it discusses STEMI patterns and intraventricular conduction blocks. The document serves as a guide for methodically analyzing ECGs and recognizing various arrhythmias and cardiac conditions based on ECG findings.
This document provides an overview of interpreting electrocardiograms (ECGs). It begins with the cardiac anatomy and conduction system. It then outlines a 6-step approach to ECG interpretation: 1) rate, 2) rhythm, 3) P-wave, 4) PR interval, 5) QRS complex, and 6) ST segment and T wave. Key aspects of normal and abnormal findings are defined for each step. Common conditions are discussed like sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, bundle branch blocks, myocardial infarction, and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The document emphasizes interpreting ECGs systematically and identifying both normal and abnormal tracings.
The document discusses bioelectric signals and electrocardiography. It explains that cells have a resting membrane potential due to ion gradients maintained by semi-permeable membranes. An electrocardiogram records the summation of cardiac cell potentials as the heart depolarizes and repolarizes. Key components of the ECG waveform are described including the P, QRS, and T waves which correspond to atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively. Normal conduction pathways and the roles of the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers are outlined.
Anesthesia related presentation very helpfulMalikArifUllah
This document provides an overview of coronary circulation, electrocardiography, and EKG interpretation. It describes the electrical conduction system of the heart and how it correlates to the EKG waveform. Key aspects of EKG interpretation including rate, rhythms, intervals, and waveform analysis are discussed. Various cardiac arrhythmias that can be lethal if left untreated are also reviewed.
The document describes steps for analyzing cardiac rhythms based on an electrocardiogram (ECG). It defines normal sinus rhythm and various arrhythmias based on measurements of rate, regularity, P waves, PR interval and QRS duration. Common arrhythmias described include sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, various atrioventricular blocks, premature contractions and atrial fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation is also discussed as a lethal arrhythmia where the ventricles contract in an uncoordinated way.
This document provides an overview of managing patients with dysrhythmias and conduction problems. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which include correlating ECG components to heart physiology, defining ECG waveforms, analyzing ECG strips, and identifying dysrhythmias and their management. It then describes normal electrical conduction in the heart and the components of an ECG. Various dysrhythmias are defined based on the site of origin, including sinus node, atrial, junctional and ventricular dysrhythmias. Specific dysrhythmias like sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, premature atrial complexes and atrial flutter are explained in detail.
The document discusses electrocardiography (ECG), providing details on the standard 12-lead ECG procedure, what each lead measures, and ECG paper formatting. Common cardiac arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities that can be detected from the ECG are summarized, including sinus bradycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Characteristics of right and left bundle branch block are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of ECG interpretation and arrhythmia recognition. It begins with the basic steps for ECG interpretation, including calculating rate, analyzing rhythm, axis, P waves, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, and T waves. It then covers various types of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, junctional tachycardias, and heart blocks. Finally, it discusses STEMI patterns and intraventricular conduction blocks. The document serves as a guide for methodically analyzing ECGs and recognizing various arrhythmias and cardiac conditions based on ECG findings.
This document provides an overview of interpreting electrocardiograms (ECGs). It begins with the cardiac anatomy and conduction system. It then outlines a 6-step approach to ECG interpretation: 1) rate, 2) rhythm, 3) P-wave, 4) PR interval, 5) QRS complex, and 6) ST segment and T wave. Key aspects of normal and abnormal findings are defined for each step. Common conditions are discussed like sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, bundle branch blocks, myocardial infarction, and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The document emphasizes interpreting ECGs systematically and identifying both normal and abnormal tracings.
The document discusses bioelectric signals and electrocardiography. It explains that cells have a resting membrane potential due to ion gradients maintained by semi-permeable membranes. An electrocardiogram records the summation of cardiac cell potentials as the heart depolarizes and repolarizes. Key components of the ECG waveform are described including the P, QRS, and T waves which correspond to atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively. Normal conduction pathways and the roles of the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers are outlined.
ecg basics made easy, with description of most common ecg types especially in emergency situation.
easy to memorize points and mnemonics included.
approach to ecg diagnosis.
sample ecgs.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) including:
1. It defines an ECG as recording the electrical activity of the heart over time.
2. It describes the normal conduction pathway in the heart and the components of the ECG waveform.
3. It explains how a 12-lead ECG is recorded using electrodes placed on the limbs and chest to measure voltage differences.
4. Various cardiac rhythms and arrhythmias are evaluated such as sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and premature ventricular complexes.
- An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart over time using electrodes placed on the skin. It detects tiny electrical changes arising from the heart muscle contracting during each heartbeat.
- The cardiac impulse originates in the sinoatrial node and travels through the atria and ventricles via specialized conduction pathways before the ventricles contract.
- A standard 12-lead ECG provides multiple views of the heart to analyze the rate and rhythm of the heart as well as measure key intervals like the PR interval, QRS duration, and QT interval to identify any abnormalities.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiograms (ECGs). It discusses how ECGs work to detect the heart's electrical activity and analyze rhythms. The key parts of an ECG waveform are explained. Normal sinus rhythm is defined as a heart rate of 60-100 bpm, regular rhythm, normal P waves, and PR and QRS durations between 0.12-0.20 and 0.04-0.12 seconds respectively. Common arrhythmias like sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia are summarized. Recognizing myocardial infarctions on a 12-lead ECG is also covered, focusing on identifying ST segment
1. Ventricular fibrillation is characterized by disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles resulting in an inability to pump blood. It appears on ECG as an erratic, fibrillating wavy baseline without identifiable P waves, QRS complexes, or a measurable rate.
2. Immediate treatment involves rapid defibrillation along with CPR and medications like adrenaline and amiodarone to stabilize the patient and treat the underlying cause such as myocardial infarction or ischemia.
Basic EKG and Rhythm Interpretation Symposia - The CRUDEM FoundationThe CRUDEM Foundation
Basic EKG and Rhythm Interpretation Symposia presented in Milot, Haiti at Hôpital Sacré Coeur.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) for paramedics and junior medical officers. It discusses the anatomy and physiology underlying the ECG waveform, including the conduction system of the heart and cardiac action potentials. It then describes how to properly perform and interpret a standard 12-lead ECG, defining the various waves, segments, intervals and other components as well as common abnormalities. Factors that can affect the ECG tracing are also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of cardiac arrhythmias, including definitions and descriptions of normal sinus rhythm and various arrhythmias. It discusses the cardiac conduction system and mechanisms that can cause arrhythmias, such as abnormal impulse formation or conduction. Specific arrhythmias summarized include sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, premature atrial contractions, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and atrial tachycardia. For each arrhythmia, the document provides information on heart rate, rhythm, P wave presence/morphology, and other ECG characteristics.
The document provides information on basics of EKG, including:
1) Anatomy and physiology of the cardiac conduction cycle, graphic representation of the cardiac cycle, and anatomy of normal sinus rhythm.
2) Common arrhythmias including locations they stem from and typical ones seen.
3) The EKG procedure including patient preparation and lead placement.
4) Typical cardiac medications and cardiac labs. Abnormal EKG patterns are also described like myocardial infarction, ventricular fibrillation, and more.
The document provides information on basics of EKG, including:
1) Anatomy and physiology of the cardiac conduction cycle, how the electrical movement is represented graphically, and anatomy of normal sinus rhythm.
2) Common arrhythmias like premature ventricular complexes, junctional rhythms, and types of heart block.
3) The EKG procedure and patient preparation.
4) Typical cardiac medications and labs used to diagnose cardiac conditions.
The document discusses an electrocardiogram (ECG), which detects the electrical activity of the heart during contraction and relaxation. It explains that the sinoatrial node initiates the heart's electrical impulse, which travels through the atrioventricular node and bundle of His before causing the heart to contract. An ECG records this electrical activity through different waves that represent events in the cardiac cycle, such as atrial depolarization (P wave), ventricular depolarization (QRS complex), and repolarization (T wave). The ECG provides information to diagnose various heart conditions by analyzing features like rate, rhythm, and time intervals between waves.
This document provides information about cardiac cells, the cardiac conduction system, components of the ECG, ECG paper format, normal ECG intervals, dysrhythmias, and heart blocks. It describes the two main types of cardiac cells - myocardial and pacemaker cells. It explains the cardiac conduction system including the sinoatrial node. It outlines the key components of the ECG including the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, and T wave. It provides details on normal ECG intervals and how to analyze rhythms and determine heart rate. It discusses various dysrhythmias including sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, premature atrial contractions, atrial flutter, atrial fib
This document provides information on electrocardiographic monitoring and cardiac dysrhythmias. It begins with an overview of cardiac physiology and the cardiac conductive system. It then discusses electrocardiographic monitoring, describing what an ECG measures and how electrodes are used to detect electrical activity in the heart. Different ECG leads and components of the ECG waveform are also outlined. Common dysrhythmias like sinus bradycardia and sinus tachycardia originating in the sinoatrial node are then reviewed. The document provides details on ECG interpretation and analyzing cardiac rhythms.
The document discusses various types of arrhythmias that may occur during anesthesia including narrow and broad complex arrhythmias. It defines arrhythmia and outlines the conduction pathways in the heart. For narrow complex arrhythmias it describes sinus arrhythmias, premature atrial contractions, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, junctional tachycardia, atrial flutter and fibrillation. For broad complex arrhythmias it covers ventricular ectopy, ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Management strategies are provided for selected arrhythmias.
This document provides an overview of ECG interpretation and arrhythmia recognition. The course objectives are to recognize normal sinus rhythm, the 13 most common rhythm disturbances, and acute myocardial infarction on ECG. The learning modules cover ECG basics, rhythm analysis, normal sinus rhythm, common arrhythmias, and 12-lead interpretation. Various arrhythmias are described that can arise from problems in the sinus node, atrial cells, AV node, or ventricular cells.
Electrocardiography is a technique that records the electrical activity of the heart over time via electrodes placed on the skin. Dr. Wilhelm Einthoven invented the first practical ECG in 1903. An ECG provides information to support cardiac diagnoses by detecting abnormal cardiac rhythms and electrical changes associated with heart muscle contraction and relaxation. A normal ECG shows distinct P, QRS, and T waves representing atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively. Key intervals like the PR and QT intervals are also measured to identify conduction abnormalities.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation. It discusses the location of the heart, the components of a normal sinus rhythm on an ECG, and describes various types of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias including their characteristics and presentations on an ECG. The objectives are to discuss ECG pattern recognition for arrhythmias like atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and heart blocks. Placement of ECG leads and components of the ECG paper are also outlined.
The document discusses tachycardia, including:
1) Tachycardia is an abnormally fast heart rate over 100 beats per minute that can be caused by irregular heart rhythms.
2) Tachycardias are classified based on their origin and heart rhythm characteristics and can be stable or unstable.
3) Unstable tachycardias require prompt treatment such as synchronized cardioversion while stable tachycardias can often be treated with vagal maneuvers or medications like adenosine.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
More Related Content
Similar to 1 CARDIAC DYSARHYTHMIAS - INTERPRETATION.pptx
ecg basics made easy, with description of most common ecg types especially in emergency situation.
easy to memorize points and mnemonics included.
approach to ecg diagnosis.
sample ecgs.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) including:
1. It defines an ECG as recording the electrical activity of the heart over time.
2. It describes the normal conduction pathway in the heart and the components of the ECG waveform.
3. It explains how a 12-lead ECG is recorded using electrodes placed on the limbs and chest to measure voltage differences.
4. Various cardiac rhythms and arrhythmias are evaluated such as sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and premature ventricular complexes.
- An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart over time using electrodes placed on the skin. It detects tiny electrical changes arising from the heart muscle contracting during each heartbeat.
- The cardiac impulse originates in the sinoatrial node and travels through the atria and ventricles via specialized conduction pathways before the ventricles contract.
- A standard 12-lead ECG provides multiple views of the heart to analyze the rate and rhythm of the heart as well as measure key intervals like the PR interval, QRS duration, and QT interval to identify any abnormalities.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiograms (ECGs). It discusses how ECGs work to detect the heart's electrical activity and analyze rhythms. The key parts of an ECG waveform are explained. Normal sinus rhythm is defined as a heart rate of 60-100 bpm, regular rhythm, normal P waves, and PR and QRS durations between 0.12-0.20 and 0.04-0.12 seconds respectively. Common arrhythmias like sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia are summarized. Recognizing myocardial infarctions on a 12-lead ECG is also covered, focusing on identifying ST segment
1. Ventricular fibrillation is characterized by disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles resulting in an inability to pump blood. It appears on ECG as an erratic, fibrillating wavy baseline without identifiable P waves, QRS complexes, or a measurable rate.
2. Immediate treatment involves rapid defibrillation along with CPR and medications like adrenaline and amiodarone to stabilize the patient and treat the underlying cause such as myocardial infarction or ischemia.
Basic EKG and Rhythm Interpretation Symposia - The CRUDEM FoundationThe CRUDEM Foundation
Basic EKG and Rhythm Interpretation Symposia presented in Milot, Haiti at Hôpital Sacré Coeur.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) for paramedics and junior medical officers. It discusses the anatomy and physiology underlying the ECG waveform, including the conduction system of the heart and cardiac action potentials. It then describes how to properly perform and interpret a standard 12-lead ECG, defining the various waves, segments, intervals and other components as well as common abnormalities. Factors that can affect the ECG tracing are also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of cardiac arrhythmias, including definitions and descriptions of normal sinus rhythm and various arrhythmias. It discusses the cardiac conduction system and mechanisms that can cause arrhythmias, such as abnormal impulse formation or conduction. Specific arrhythmias summarized include sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, premature atrial contractions, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and atrial tachycardia. For each arrhythmia, the document provides information on heart rate, rhythm, P wave presence/morphology, and other ECG characteristics.
The document provides information on basics of EKG, including:
1) Anatomy and physiology of the cardiac conduction cycle, graphic representation of the cardiac cycle, and anatomy of normal sinus rhythm.
2) Common arrhythmias including locations they stem from and typical ones seen.
3) The EKG procedure including patient preparation and lead placement.
4) Typical cardiac medications and cardiac labs. Abnormal EKG patterns are also described like myocardial infarction, ventricular fibrillation, and more.
The document provides information on basics of EKG, including:
1) Anatomy and physiology of the cardiac conduction cycle, how the electrical movement is represented graphically, and anatomy of normal sinus rhythm.
2) Common arrhythmias like premature ventricular complexes, junctional rhythms, and types of heart block.
3) The EKG procedure and patient preparation.
4) Typical cardiac medications and labs used to diagnose cardiac conditions.
The document discusses an electrocardiogram (ECG), which detects the electrical activity of the heart during contraction and relaxation. It explains that the sinoatrial node initiates the heart's electrical impulse, which travels through the atrioventricular node and bundle of His before causing the heart to contract. An ECG records this electrical activity through different waves that represent events in the cardiac cycle, such as atrial depolarization (P wave), ventricular depolarization (QRS complex), and repolarization (T wave). The ECG provides information to diagnose various heart conditions by analyzing features like rate, rhythm, and time intervals between waves.
This document provides information about cardiac cells, the cardiac conduction system, components of the ECG, ECG paper format, normal ECG intervals, dysrhythmias, and heart blocks. It describes the two main types of cardiac cells - myocardial and pacemaker cells. It explains the cardiac conduction system including the sinoatrial node. It outlines the key components of the ECG including the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, and T wave. It provides details on normal ECG intervals and how to analyze rhythms and determine heart rate. It discusses various dysrhythmias including sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, premature atrial contractions, atrial flutter, atrial fib
This document provides information on electrocardiographic monitoring and cardiac dysrhythmias. It begins with an overview of cardiac physiology and the cardiac conductive system. It then discusses electrocardiographic monitoring, describing what an ECG measures and how electrodes are used to detect electrical activity in the heart. Different ECG leads and components of the ECG waveform are also outlined. Common dysrhythmias like sinus bradycardia and sinus tachycardia originating in the sinoatrial node are then reviewed. The document provides details on ECG interpretation and analyzing cardiac rhythms.
The document discusses various types of arrhythmias that may occur during anesthesia including narrow and broad complex arrhythmias. It defines arrhythmia and outlines the conduction pathways in the heart. For narrow complex arrhythmias it describes sinus arrhythmias, premature atrial contractions, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, junctional tachycardia, atrial flutter and fibrillation. For broad complex arrhythmias it covers ventricular ectopy, ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Management strategies are provided for selected arrhythmias.
This document provides an overview of ECG interpretation and arrhythmia recognition. The course objectives are to recognize normal sinus rhythm, the 13 most common rhythm disturbances, and acute myocardial infarction on ECG. The learning modules cover ECG basics, rhythm analysis, normal sinus rhythm, common arrhythmias, and 12-lead interpretation. Various arrhythmias are described that can arise from problems in the sinus node, atrial cells, AV node, or ventricular cells.
Electrocardiography is a technique that records the electrical activity of the heart over time via electrodes placed on the skin. Dr. Wilhelm Einthoven invented the first practical ECG in 1903. An ECG provides information to support cardiac diagnoses by detecting abnormal cardiac rhythms and electrical changes associated with heart muscle contraction and relaxation. A normal ECG shows distinct P, QRS, and T waves representing atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively. Key intervals like the PR and QT intervals are also measured to identify conduction abnormalities.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation. It discusses the location of the heart, the components of a normal sinus rhythm on an ECG, and describes various types of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias including their characteristics and presentations on an ECG. The objectives are to discuss ECG pattern recognition for arrhythmias like atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and heart blocks. Placement of ECG leads and components of the ECG paper are also outlined.
The document discusses tachycardia, including:
1) Tachycardia is an abnormally fast heart rate over 100 beats per minute that can be caused by irregular heart rhythms.
2) Tachycardias are classified based on their origin and heart rhythm characteristics and can be stable or unstable.
3) Unstable tachycardias require prompt treatment such as synchronized cardioversion while stable tachycardias can often be treated with vagal maneuvers or medications like adenosine.
Similar to 1 CARDIAC DYSARHYTHMIAS - INTERPRETATION.pptx (20)
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
2. Overview
● SHORT REVIEW OF
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF
THE HEART
● ECG-INTERPRETATION
● DYSRHYTHMIAS -TYPES AND
INTERPRETATION
3. INTRODUCTION
● The ability to recognize normal and abnormal cardiac
rhythms, called dysrhythmias, is an essential skill for the
nurses.
● Prompt assessment of dysrhythmias and the patient's
response to rhythm is critical.
4. Intrinsic rate of impulse conduction
SA node : 60-100 times /min
AV node : 40-60 times/min
Bundle of His &
Purkinje fibers : 20-40 beats/min
6. ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MONITORING
● An electrocardiogram reflects the electrical activity of
the of cardiac cells and records electrical activity at a
speed of 25mm / Sec.
● The wave forms on the ECG are produced by the movement
of charged ions across the membranes of myocardial cells,
representing depolarization and repolarization.
9. The standard paper speed is 25mm/sec:
● 1 SMALL square (1mm) = 0.04 sec
(40ms)
● 5 SMALL squares (5mm) = 1 LARGE
square = 0.2 sec (200ms)
● 5 LARGE squares = 1 second
10. P - Wave
P Wave Represents Atrial Depolarization
● Normal:
○ Duration: 0.06 to 0.12 s OR 3 small boxes
○ Amplitude: < 2.5mm OR 2.5 small boxes)
11. PR Interval
Measured from beginning of P wave
to beginning of QRS complex
Normal:
● Duration: 0.12- 0.2s OR 3-5 small boxes
● Will shorten during exercise as heart
rate increases
12. PR Segment
The PR segment is the flat, usually
isoelectric segment between the end of
the P wave and the start of the QRS
complex.
13. QRS - Complex
The Q wave is the first negative deflection after
the P wave and the first element in the QRS
complex.
The R wave is the first upward deflection after
the P wave..
The S wave is the first downward deflection of
the QRS complex that occurs after the R wave.
14. QRS - Complex Cntd…
Indicates Ventricular Depolarization
❖ Duration: 0.04- 0.12s OR 1-2.5 small
boxes
❖ Amplitude:
➢ 5 to 30mm height or 0.5 to 2.5 or
3.0mV
15. ST segment:
● Represents: The interval between
ventricular depolarization and
repolarization.
● Normal: Measured from the S wave
of the QRS complex to the beginning
of the T wave.
● Isoelectric line
● 0.12 Sec
16. T - Wave:
● Represents: Time for ventricular repolarization
● Duration: 0.16 Sec
● Amplitude: 3 to 6 mm
17. QT interval
It represents the time taken for
ventricular depolarisation and
repolarisation.
● QT interval is the time from the start of the Q
wave to the end of the T wave.
● Normal
○ Duration: 0.34- 0.44s OR
10-11 small boxes
.
18. J Point
Junction between the
termination of the QRS complex and
the beginning of the ST segment.
● Represents: The initiation of
ventricular repolarization
Q S
P
R
19. RR Interval
In an electrocardiogram, the
interval from the onset of one R wave to
the onset of the next one, one complete
cardiac cycle
● Normal: 0.6-1.2 seconds
.
20. Intervals and Segments
● PR Interval:From the start of
the P wave to the start of the
QRS complex
● PR Segment:From the end of
the P wave to the start of the
QRS complex
● J Point:The junction between
the QRS complex and the ST
segment
● QT Interval:From the start of
the QRS complex to the end of
the T wave
21. Normal values
● Heart rate 60 - 100 bpm
● P wave < 0.12 s OR 3 small boxes
● PR interval 0.12 - 0.20 s
● QRS interval ≤ 0.12 s
● QT interval < half RR interval (males < 0.40 s; females < 0.44 s)
● Q wave < 0.04 s (1 mm) and < 1/3 of R wave amplitude in the
same lead
22. Methods of Heart rate calculation:
1. Triplet HR technique.
2. Large square method
3. Small square method
4. R - R method and
5. 6 second method
23. ● With the Triplets HR technique we obtain a quick 'estimate' of heart rate to get
1.
24. Triplets HR technique Cntd…
The rhythm above is a REGULAR rhythm. With a REGULAR rhythm you can do the T
34. Systemic approach to ECG assessment
1. Determine the rate
2. Determine rhythm ( compare P-P intervals, R-R
intervals)
3. Evaluate P waves
4. Measure the duration of PR interval
5. Evaluate the ventricular rhythm
6. Measure the duration of QRS complex
7. Assess the ST segment
8. Evaluate the T wave
9. Measure the duration of QT interval
10.Look for other abnormality
35. Arrhythmias:
The term "arrhythmia" refers to any change from the
normal sequence of electrical impulses. The electrical
impulses may happen too fast, too slowly, or erratically –
causing the heart to beat irregularly.
- American Heart Association
36. Types of arrhythmias:
In general, heart arrhythmias are grouped by the speed of the
heart rate. For example:
● Tachycardia or tachyarrhythmias: Is a fast heart beat.
The resting heart rate is greater than 100 beats a minute.
● Bradycardia or bradyarrhythmia : Is a slow heartbeat.
The resting heart rate is less than 60 beats a minute.
38. Sinus rhythm:
First always determine whether the rhythm is Sinus rhythm or Non - Sinus rhythm
● Look at P wave
● Every QRS is preceded by a P wave
● P waves appear normal, that is they
are of sinus node origin
Normal morphology:
1. P - wave duration <0.12 Sec (<3boxes)
2. P - Wave height < 2.5 mm
39. Sinus bradycardia:
In sinus bradycardia the conduction pathway is the same as that in sinus rhythm, but SA node fires at a rate less
than 60 beats/minute
41. Sinus tachycardia:
The conduction pathway is the same in sinus tachycardia as that in normal sinus
rhythm. The discharge rate from the sinus node is increased. The sinus rate is
greater than 100 beats/ min
42. Sinus tachycardia:
Rate : 100 or greater. In adults, rates higher
than 160 are rarely
sinus in origin
P wave : Normal
P-R interval : Normal
QRS : Usually narrow
Ratio : 1:1
Rhythm : Regular
43. Premature atrial contraction:
Premature atrial contractions (PACs) are contractions of the atria that are
triggered by the atrial myocardium but have not originated from the sinoatrial
node (SA node). PACs are also commonly referred to as atrial premature
complexes (APCs), premature supraventricular complexes, premature
supraventricular beat, and premature atrial beat.
This phenomenon can be caused by an assortment of medical diseases,
structural abnormalities, pharmaceuticals, and non-regulated compounds.
44. Premature atrial contraction:
Rate : The underlying heart rate may vary
P wave : In order for the premature beat to be called a PAC, it
must have an
upright P wave
P-R Interval : Normal or prolonged
QRS : Usually narrow
Ratio : 1:1
Rhythm : Underlying rhythm is regular except where it is distributed
45. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a type of
abnormal heart rhythm, or arrhythmia. It occurs when a short circuit
rhythm develops in the upper chamber of the heart. This results in a
regular but rapid heartbeat that starts and stops abruptly.
PSVT occurs because of a short circuit — an abnormal electrical
pathway made of heart cells — that allows electricity to speed around in a
circle and repeat the signal over and over. As a result, the chambers
46. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)
Rate : 150 to 300, usually ranges from
120-200
P wave : Often hidden
QRS : Usually narrow
Ratio : 1:1 if visible P wave
Rhythm : Regular
47. Atrial flutter
Atrial flutter is a tachydysrhythmia
identified by recurring regular, saw tooth-
shaped flutter waves that originate from a
single ectopic focus in the right atrium.
48. Atrial flutter:
Atrial Rate : Usually ranges from 250 to 350
Ventricular rate : Depends on the impulse conducted through,
approximately 150
P wave : Multiple F waves or flutter waves ( saw
tooth shape)
Ratio : 2:1 or 3:1
Rhythm : Regular, can be irregular
51. Atrial fibrillation:
In atrial fibrillation, electrical signals fire
from multiple locations in the atria
(typically pulmonary veins), causing
them to beat chaotically. Since the
atrioventricular (AV) node doesn't
prevent all of these chaotic signals from
entering the ventricles, the heart beats
faster and irregularly.
52. Atrial fibrillation:
Atrial Rate : 350 to 600 beats/min
Ventricular rate : Rapid ventricular response (RVR): >100,
controlled
ventricular response(<100)
P wave : Non discernable, may be flutter waves
sometimes
QRS : Usually narrow
53. Junctional dysrhythmias:
Junctional rhythm refers to a rhythm originating at the
atrioventricular node, with P waves buried in the QRS
complex, which is traveling towards the base of the heart as
well as to the bundle branches in the ventricular septum. It
results primarily as the SA node has failed or the signals are
been blocked.
56. HEART BLOCK OR AV BLOCK
1. FIRST DEGREE AV BLOCK
2. SECOND DEGREE AV BLOCK
TYPE I ( MOBITZ I OR WENCKEBACH HEART BLOCK)
TYPE II ( MOBITZ II HEART BLOCK)
1. THIRD DEGREE AV BLOCK ( COMPLETE HEART BLOCK)
TYPES:
57. HEART BLOCK OR AV BLOCK
A first - degree atrioventricular node block occurs when
conduction through the AV node is slowed, thereby delaying the time it
takes for the action potential to travel from the sinoatrial node through
the AV node, and to the ventricles.
First degree AV block
59. SECOND DEGREE AV BLOCK
It includes a gradual lengthening of PR interval and absence of QRS
complex. It occurs because of a prolonged AV conduction time until an
atrial impulse is non conducted and a QRS complex is blocked.
TYPE I / Mobitz I / Wenckebach Heart Block
62. SECOND DEGREE AV BLOCK
In Mobitz II heart block a P wave is non conducted without
progressive antecedent PR interval lengthening. It almost occurs when
there is a block in one of the bundle branches.
TYPE II / Mobitz II
68. A premature ventricular contraction is a contraction originating in an ectopic
focus in the ventricles. It is the premature occurence of a QRS complex, which is
wide and distorted in shape compared with a QRS complex initiated from normal
conduction pathway
It can be Unifocal or multifocal:
● PVCs that appear to have the same shape are called unifocal PVCs, that arise from
single ectopic foci
● PVCs that are initiated from different foci appear different in shape from each other
and are called multifocal PVCs
PVC: Premature Ventricular contractions
69. ECG characharacteritics:
● Can occur at any time and with any rate
● Different QRS morphology
● T waves in opposite direction
● Usually followed by a compensatory pause
Types
● When every other beat is a PVC, it is called ventricular
Bigeminy
● When third beat is a PVC, it is called ventricular Trigeminy
● Two consecutive PVCs are called Couplet.
PVC: Premature Ventricular contractions cntd…
75. Ventricular tachycardia:
Ventricular tachycardia is made when a run of three or more PVCs
occur. It occurs when an ectopic foci fire frequently and the ventricles
takes control as the pacemaker.
Types:
Monomorphic VT: Waves that appear same in shape
Polymorphic VT : waves that appear abnormal shapes of varied types.
76. Ventricular tachycardia:
ECG changes:
● Ventricular rate: 150-250 beats/min
● Atria are depolarized by ventricles in retrograde manner
● P wave: no P waves preceding QRS, Av dissociation ( P
waves marching through)
78. Polymorphic VT
Polymorphic VT occurs when the QRS complexes gradually change back and
forth one shape, size, and direction to another over a series of beats
80. Ventricular fibrillations:
● Ventricular fibrillation is a severe derangement of the heart
rhythm characterized on ECG by irregular undulations of
varying shapes and amplitude. This represents the firing of
multiple ectopic foci in the ventricle.
● Mechanically the ventricles are simply quivering and no effect
of contraction, and consequently no CO, occurs.
● Heart rate is not measurable, needs immediate cardiac
resuscitation
81.
82. Asystole
● Represents the total absence of ventricular electrical activity
● Occasionally p waves are seen, no QRS complexes as there is no
depolarization of the ventricles
● Life threatening condition
83.
84. Conclusion:
● Continuous electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring is one of the
most common technologies used in acute care today. ECG
monitoring guides patient care, particularly for patients with or
at risk for arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia.
● Prompt and right time identification of arrhythmias aids in proper
cardiac resuscitation and life saving.
● Though the presentation consists of basic arrhythmias we strongly
believe that this session would have ignited an interest to look into
the details which might just be a beginning.
Editor's Notes
It consists of large squares and small squares
Each large square incorporates 25 small squares
An electrocardiogram strip consists of horizontal lines representing seconds and vertical lines representing voltage.
Each small square represents 0.04 sec horizontally and 0.1mV vertically, it is of 1mm square
Each large square represents 0.20 Sec and equal to 0.5 mV
Five large squares makes a second
Represents: The propagation of the cardiac action potential from the atria through the AV node into the ventricles.
Represents: The propagation of the cardiac action potential from the atria through the AV node into the ventricles.
Triplets HR technique starting with '0' using a R wave deflection directly on top of a darkline of a large box (plus or minus one small box).
The rhythm below is a REGULAR rhythm. With a REGULAR rhythm you can do the Triplets HR technique starting with '0' using a R wave deflection directly on top of a darkline of a large box (plus or minu one small box). Which of the 14 QRS complexes in the rhythm below could you do a Triplets HR technique?
Recall above that 300 large squares is equal to 1 minute at a paper speed of 25mm/sec
We can thus calculate bpm by dividing 300 by the number of LARGE squares between each R-R interval (space between two consecutive R waves = one beat)
For example, two large squares between each R-R interval implies a rate of 150 bpm, three implies a rate of 100 bpm and so forth:
Large square method: Divide 300 by the number of large squares between R-R interval. Useful for regular rhythms
Useful as quick calculation for regular rhythms at regular rate
2) Small square method
Similar to above, except 1500 is divided by the number of SMALL squares between consecutive R waves
For example, 10 small squares between R-R interval implies a rate of 150 bpm, 15 implies a rate of 100 bpm, and so forth
Small square method: Divide 1500 by number of small squares between R-R interval.
Useful for abnormal rhythms, as likely to provide more accurate rate than large square method
Count total seconds between two R waves. 1 small square is 0.04 sec. Obtain the total no. of small squares and multiply it by 0.04 Sec. and then usee base line 60 and divide 60 with obtained value and there you will get the heart rate of the client
P wave: are they are present before each QRS, is it same, upright or not.
PR interval: The normal PR interval is 0.12 seconds to 0.20 second
T wave:
Are T waves present?
Are T waves smooth and rounded?
Do they have a normal amplitude of 0.5 mV or less?
Is the deflection the same as the preceding QRS?
SA node fires at a rate of more than 100 beats / min. Feature of ECG is Camel hump
These ectopic impulses are not carried down to ventricles. It gets normalized in AV node.
Common causes of PSVT are : Atrioventricular Nodal Re-entrant Tachycardia (AVNRT), Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome ( extra electrical pathway), Atrial Tachycardia
Cause of abnormal atrial contraction is from the emergence of ectopic electrical activity within the upper chambers of the heart. atrial flutter is a fast, but is a regular heart rhythm, because the electrical impulses are organized into one large circular pathway. Because the abnormal electrical circuit in atrial flutter is a well defined pathway, the abnormal impulses follow this same path over and over again, at a fast rate of 250-300 times per minute, activating the top chambers of the heart at this rate. Luckily, the gatekeeper action of “the AV Node” which connects the top and bottom chambers, allows only every other electrical impulse to travel to the bottom chambers, or ventricles. This is still quite fast, leading to a ventricular heart rate and pulse of 150 beats per minute.
For every one QRS there are two P waves.
Four p waves exist for one QRS complex
AV node generates the impulse and sends retrograde signals to atria resulting in atrial contraction. Thus no visible P wave is seen.
There are three types of junctional dysarrhythmia: Junctional escape rhythm ( heart rate of 40-60 beats /min), accelerated junctional rhythm ( 60 - 100 beats / min) and junctional tachycardia ( where by AV node fires at a rate of 100-180 beats/min)
Normal PR interval is of 0.12 to 0.20, in first degree AV block the PR interval is of greater than 0.20 Sec. Time taken for signals to pass from SA node to AV node gets delayed but after conduction through AV node it passses normally and normal ventricular contractions are noticed.significant finding in ECG is extended PR interval.
It is a more serious type of heart block as more number of impulses are not conducted from SA node to ventricles. This occurs in ratio of 2:1 or 3:1 and so on. That is two p waves to one QRS.
Atrial rate ranges from 60-100 beats/min
Ventricular depends on the site of block- if it is in the AV node the rate is 40-60, if it is in bundle of his or purkinje fibers rate would be 20-40 beats / min. Atrial and ventricular rhythms are normal, but independent of each other.