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1. University school of management
Kurukshetra university
Kurukshetra
Topic – process analysis, process selection & product{paper manufacturing}
SUBMITTED BY :
GIWANSHU{87}
VIVEK {89}
AMAN {91}
Submitted to:
Dr.chetna Arora
{assistant professor}

2. 2
Process Analysis Terms
Process: Is any part of an organization that
takes inputs and transforms them into outputs.
Cycle Time: Is the average successive time
between completions of successive units.
Utilization: Is the ratio of the time that a
resource is actually activated relative to the
time that it is available for use

3. 3
Process Flowcharting
Defined
Process flowcharting is the use of a diagram to
present the major elements of a process.
The basic elements can include tasks or
operations, flows of materials or customers,
decision points, and storage areas or queues.
It is an ideal methodology by which to begin
analyzing a process.

4. 4
Flowchart Symbols
Tasks or
operations
Examples: Giving an
admission ticket to a
customer, installing a
engine in a car, etc.
Decision
Points
Examples: How much
change should be given
to a customer, which
wrench should be used,
etc.
Purpose and Examples

5. 5
Examples: Sheds, lines
of people waiting for a
service, etc.
Examples: Customers
moving to a seat,
mechanic getting a tool,
etc.
Storage areas
or queues
Flows of
materials or
customers
Purpose and Examples
Flowchart Symbols

6. 6
Example: Flowchart of Student Going to
School
Yes
No
Go
off
Go to
school
today?
Walk to
class
Drive
to
school

7. 7
Types of Processes
Single-stage Process
Stage 1
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Multi-stage Process

8. 8
Types of Processes (Continued)
A buffer refers to a storage area between
stages where the output of a stage is
placed prior to being used in a downstream
Stage.
Stage 1 Stage 2
Buffer
Multi-stage Process with Buffer

9. 9
Other Process Terminology
Blocking
Occurs when the activities in a stage must stop because there
is no place to deposit the item just completed.
If there is no room for an employee to place a unit of work
down, the employee will hold on to it and not able to
continue working on the next unit.
Starving
Occurs when the activities in a stage must stop because there
is no work .
If an employee is waiting at a work station and no work is
coming to the employee to process, the employee will
remain idle until the next unit of work comes.

10. 10
Other Process Terminology
(Continued)
Bottleneck
Occurs when the limited capacity of a process causes work to
pile up or become unevenly distributed in the flow of a process.
If an employee works too slow in a multi-stage process, work
will begin to pile up in front of that employee. In this case, the
employee represents the limited capacity causing the bottleneck.
Pacing
Refers to the fixed timing of the movement of items through the
process.

11. 11
Other Types of Processes
Make-to-order
Only activated in response to an actual order
Both work-in-process and finished goods
inventory kept to a minimum
Make-to-stock
Process activated to meet expected or forecast
demand
Customer orders are served from target
stocking level

12. 12
Process Performance Metrics
(Continued)
Productivity = Output
Input
Utilization = Time Activated
Time Available

13. 13
Cycle Time Example
Suppose you had to produce 600 units in 80 hours to
meet the demand requirements of a product. What is
the cycle time to meet this demand requirement?
Answer: There are 4,800 minutes (60 minutes/hour x
80 hours) in 80 hours. So the average time between
completions would have to be: Cycle time =
4,800/600 units = 8 minutes.

14. 14
Now we
Discuss About
Process
Selection

15. 15
Contents
Types of production system
Project
Job
Mass
Production

16. 16
Process selection
 The ways organizations choose to produce or provide
their goods and services.
 It involves choice of technology, type of processing,
and so on.
 It influences
◦ Capacity planning
◦ Layout of facilities
◦ Equipment
◦ Design of work systems

17. 17
Forecasting
Product and
Service Design
Technological
Change
Capacity
Planning
Process
Selection
Facilities and
Equipment
Layout
Work
Design
Process selection

18. 18
 Variety
◦ How much
 Flexibility
◦ What degree
 Volume
◦ Expected output
Factors which influence process
selection
Batch
Repetitive
Continuous
Job
Shop
Project

19. 19
Types of manufacturing systems
Types
Intermittent
system
Continuous
system

20. 20
Intermittent System
 Goods are made to specially fulfill orders made
by customers rather than for stock
 Production facilities are flexible
 Most products are produced in small quantities
 Workloads are generally unbalanced
 In-process inventory is large
 Highly skilled operators
 Needs high investment
 Elaborate sequencing & scheduling may be
required

21. 21
Continuous System
 Items are produced for stocks and not for specific
orders
 Inputs are standardized
 Standard set of process and sequence
 Does not require diverse work
 Balanced operational stages
 Simple control process
 Weakness in the system can be easily located
 Material requirement can be easily planned.

22. 22
Project: A non-repetitive set of activities directed
toward a unique goal within a limited time frame
Unique
Whole project is considered as one operation
Non routine
Each product is a class in itself
Highly skilled manpower
Generally high investments
High unit cost of production
Examples: Building a bridge, Dam construction
Process Types

23. 23
Batch: Produces many different products
in groups (batches)
Low or Moderate volume
Moderate variety. Variety among batches but
not inside
Batch is not passed to next operation until the
work on previous operation is complete
Examples: Bakeries, movie theaters,
classrooms, printing press
Process Types

24. 24
Job shop: Provides unit or lot production or
service with changeable specifications,
according to customer needs
Small scale
Small lots
low volume
general equipment
Skilled workers
High-variety
Examples: Dentist’s office
Process Types

25. 25
 Mass production: Items are produced in
large quantities and much emphasis is not
given to consumer orders
 Standardization is the fundamental characteristic
 Uniform and uninterrupted flow of materials is
maintained
 Pre-determined sequence
 One type of product at one time
 Generally used to produce sub-assemblies or
parts/components
Process Types

26. Intermittent
 Same product is not
produced continuously
 Items produced for order
 Equipment used for limited
time
 Wide range of products can
be manufactured
 Smaller scale of production
 Planning & control
operations complicated &
tedious
Continuous
 Same product produced
continuously
 Items produced for stock
 Regular use of equipment
 Only particular type of
product can be produced
 Large scale production
 Planning & control
operations simple & easy

27. Intermittent
 Production process
flexible
 Per unit cost of
production is high
 Functional type of
organization
 Product & process is
not standardized
Continuous
 Process not flexible
 Per unit cost of
production is low
 Divisional type of
organization
 Product & process
standardized