Rut resistance behavior was tested for 9 types of asphalt mixtures and 10 types of pavement structures combining different mixtures. Double-deck structures, whether with different or same mixtures, showed considerably poorer rut resistance than single-layer structures. Using modified binders in the lower layer did not significantly improve rut resistance of double-deck structures. Current Chinese specifications setting rut resistance criteria based on single-layer tests is unreasonable for multi-layer pavements.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document provides an overview of asphalt aggregates, which are materials used in asphalt pavements. It discusses the types of asphalt mixtures and lists quality requirements for aggregates used in asphalt, including gradation, aggregate properties, and testing. It also provides details on AfriSam's aggregate products, including typical gradings and properties, and lists the company's quarry locations in Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, and Western Cape.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FERROCEMENT DEEP BEAMS WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of ferrocement deep beams with partial replacement of river sand by pond ash. 18 deep beams and 18 cubes were cast with varying parameters. The beams had wire mesh layers and shear span-to-depth ratios varied to study their effects. Mortar cubes were also cast with 0-30% pond ash replacement to determine the optimum replacement. Beams were tested under two-point loads and failure modes, cracking patterns, and load-deflection behaviors were recorded. Results showed increased strength and ductility with more wire mesh layers and flexural failures at higher shear span-to-depth ratios.
This document summarizes the development of self-compacting concrete. It was first developed in 1988 to achieve durable concrete structures without needing skilled labor for proper compaction. Since then, various investigations have been conducted to establish mix design methods and testing procedures to standardize self-compacting concrete. The key aspects that allow concrete to self-compact are limited aggregate content, low water-to-powder ratio, and use of superplasticizers. Tests such as the U-flow test and box test are used to evaluate if a mix is self-compacting and suitable for a structure.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by C...IRJET Journal
This document reports on an experimental study that partially replaces coarse aggregate with coconut shells in concrete. Various percentages of replacement (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) were used to make M25 grade concrete. Specimens were tested to determine compressive strength, tensile strength, impact resistance, and flexural strength. The results will help identify the optimum replacement percentage of natural coarse aggregate with coconut shell waste. Testing included slump tests, compressive strength tests of cubes, splitting tensile tests of cylinders, and flexural tests of beams.
Mix design practice (bituminous mix) ce 463abhay mishra
The document discusses various methods for designing bituminous mixes, including the Marshall, Hveem, and Modified Hubbard-Field methods. The objective of bituminous mix design is to determine an optimal blend of aggregates and bitumen that provides sufficient bitumen for durability while maintaining stability, voids, and other properties to meet traffic and weather demands. Key steps involve preparing trial mixtures, testing stability and voids, and analyzing results to select the design bitumen content.
IRJET- Performance Evaluation of Wooden Charcoal as Filler in Stone Matrix As...IRJET Journal
The document evaluates the performance of using wooden charcoal as a filler in stone matrix asphalt (SMA). SMA is a gap-graded asphalt mixture made of 70-80% coarse aggregate that provides strength and rut-resistance. The study examines the Marshall properties of SMA mixtures containing different fillers like stone dust, cement, and fly ash, and compares them to mixtures containing wooden charcoal filler. The optimum binder content is determined using the Marshall method. Previous studies on SMA properties related to mix design and the effect of mineral fillers on SMA performance are also reviewed. The main objective is to evaluate the suitability of wooden charcoal as a filler in SMA.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document provides an overview of asphalt aggregates, which are materials used in asphalt pavements. It discusses the types of asphalt mixtures and lists quality requirements for aggregates used in asphalt, including gradation, aggregate properties, and testing. It also provides details on AfriSam's aggregate products, including typical gradings and properties, and lists the company's quarry locations in Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, and Western Cape.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FERROCEMENT DEEP BEAMS WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of ferrocement deep beams with partial replacement of river sand by pond ash. 18 deep beams and 18 cubes were cast with varying parameters. The beams had wire mesh layers and shear span-to-depth ratios varied to study their effects. Mortar cubes were also cast with 0-30% pond ash replacement to determine the optimum replacement. Beams were tested under two-point loads and failure modes, cracking patterns, and load-deflection behaviors were recorded. Results showed increased strength and ductility with more wire mesh layers and flexural failures at higher shear span-to-depth ratios.
This document summarizes the development of self-compacting concrete. It was first developed in 1988 to achieve durable concrete structures without needing skilled labor for proper compaction. Since then, various investigations have been conducted to establish mix design methods and testing procedures to standardize self-compacting concrete. The key aspects that allow concrete to self-compact are limited aggregate content, low water-to-powder ratio, and use of superplasticizers. Tests such as the U-flow test and box test are used to evaluate if a mix is self-compacting and suitable for a structure.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by C...IRJET Journal
This document reports on an experimental study that partially replaces coarse aggregate with coconut shells in concrete. Various percentages of replacement (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) were used to make M25 grade concrete. Specimens were tested to determine compressive strength, tensile strength, impact resistance, and flexural strength. The results will help identify the optimum replacement percentage of natural coarse aggregate with coconut shell waste. Testing included slump tests, compressive strength tests of cubes, splitting tensile tests of cylinders, and flexural tests of beams.
Mix design practice (bituminous mix) ce 463abhay mishra
The document discusses various methods for designing bituminous mixes, including the Marshall, Hveem, and Modified Hubbard-Field methods. The objective of bituminous mix design is to determine an optimal blend of aggregates and bitumen that provides sufficient bitumen for durability while maintaining stability, voids, and other properties to meet traffic and weather demands. Key steps involve preparing trial mixtures, testing stability and voids, and analyzing results to select the design bitumen content.
IRJET- Performance Evaluation of Wooden Charcoal as Filler in Stone Matrix As...IRJET Journal
The document evaluates the performance of using wooden charcoal as a filler in stone matrix asphalt (SMA). SMA is a gap-graded asphalt mixture made of 70-80% coarse aggregate that provides strength and rut-resistance. The study examines the Marshall properties of SMA mixtures containing different fillers like stone dust, cement, and fly ash, and compares them to mixtures containing wooden charcoal filler. The optimum binder content is determined using the Marshall method. Previous studies on SMA properties related to mix design and the effect of mineral fillers on SMA performance are also reviewed. The main objective is to evaluate the suitability of wooden charcoal as a filler in SMA.
An experimental investigation was conducted to investigate the behavior of ultra-high strength reactive concrete (RPC) columns before and after strengthening with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets jacketing under eccentric axi al load. Twelve columns were tested up to failure, strengthened and retested to examine strengthening efficiency and to evaluate the effects of variation of the concrete type (normal or RPC), presence of steel fibers and main steel reinforcement ratio. Experimental results showed that CFRP jacketing increases the ultimate failure load of strengthened columns up to 185%, highly stiffens them (reduces lateral displacements) and allow more ductile failure than the original columns. Also, inclusion of steel fibers in RPC columns increases failure loads up to 86%, prevents palling of the concrete cover and increase the ductility.
This document summarizes an investigation into the behavior of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete exposed to acidic environments. Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete and conventional concrete cubes were immersed in 5% hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and magnesium sulfate solutions for up to 4 weeks. The geopolymer concrete exhibited much lower mass loss and higher residual compressive strength when compared to conventional concrete after acid immersion. For example, after 7 days of immersion the geopolymer concrete retained 89-96% of its original compressive strength, while conventional concrete retained only 75-90%. This confirms that geopolymer concrete has superior acid resistance compared to conventional concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
This document summarizes an experimental and analytical study on composite high-strength concrete beams reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). Fifteen concrete beams were tested with variations in steel reinforcement ratio, FRP laminate type (chopped strand mat or uni-directional cloth), and laminate thickness. Finite element models were developed and showed reasonable agreement with test results. The study found that FRP laminates effectively strengthened reinforced concrete beams and provided efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness for upgrading structures.
Addmix brx922 midrange plasticizer type d and type gAddmix
This document provides information on ADDMIX@ 922 BRX, a ready-to-use liquid admixture designed to produce rheoplastic qualities in concrete. Some key points:
- It improves strength, lowers permeability, and improves durability, pumping, and workability.
- Testing shows it considerably improves compressive strength when dosed at 1L per 100kg of cement.
- It is normally dosed at 0.7-1.2L per 100kg of cement but dosages may vary depending on conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
The document investigates the effects of silica fume and fly ash on the flexural strength of roller compacted concrete. Tests found that using fly ash alone decreased 28-day flexural strength while silica fume alone slightly increased it. However, using silica fume and fly ash together resulted in higher flexural strength than either additive alone or the control mixture. The maximum 28-day flexural strength of 4.53 MPa was achieved with a mixture of 85% OPC, 10% fly ash, and 5% silica fume.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
This document discusses grain refiners and modifiers used in aluminum casting. It provides details on:
- The behavior of grain refiners over time, including initial rapid grain size reduction, achievement of ultimate grain size, and potential subsequent grain growth known as "fade".
- How various elements like titanium, zirconium, and vanadium can affect grain refiners through competitive absorption and formation of stable surface layers on refining particles.
- The roles of sodium and strontium in modifying eutectic silicon morphology in aluminum-silicon alloys, and how strontium provides more consistent modification with less fade.
- Factors that influence grain refinement effectiveness such as refiner type, addition
The Marshall Method of Mix Design involves selecting an asphalt binder content that provides suitable density and satisfies requirements for minimum stability and flow values. The method includes selecting aggregates and asphalt cement suited for the climate, compacting specimens at varying asphalt contents, and determining volumetrics and performance properties to identify the optimum asphalt content. Specimens are compacted using 35, 50, or 75 blows based on design traffic loads then tested to calculate properties like unit weight, voids, and stability as a function of asphalt content.
This presentation material is concerned with research results for Ultra High Performance Concrete. The research was focused on the behavior of shrinkage in UHPC.
The document discusses the Marshall method for designing asphalt concrete mixes. It describes creating trial mixes with varying asphalt contents and testing them for properties like stability, flow, density and voids. The optimum asphalt content is selected based on maximum stability, density and a specified air voids level. Test results and mix proportions are evaluated against specifications to adjust the mix design if needed.
Iaetsd experimental study on properties of ternary blended fibreIaetsd Iaetsd
This document summarizes an experimental study on the properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) blended with ternary fibers including fly ash, rice husk ash, and steel fibers. The study found that replacing some of the cement content in SCC with these mineral admixtures and fibers can improve the strength and durability of SCC while making it more cost effective. Specifically, the study observed overall improvements in the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of SCC mixtures with varying blends of fly ash, rice husk ash, and steel fibers.
This document discusses bituminous materials and mixtures used in pavement construction. It describes different types of bituminous materials including asphalt cement, cutback asphalt, and emulsified asphalt. It also discusses conventional tests performed on asphalt cements to determine properties like penetration, flash point, solubility, ductility, and viscosity. Additional tests like the thin film oven test and rolling thin film oven test are used to simulate aging of asphalt in hot mix plants. Three conventional grading methods for asphalt cements are also described based on penetration, viscosity of original asphalt, and viscosity after thin film oven aging.
Behavior of Red Clay and Fly Ash Bricks under Uniaxial CompressionIRJET Journal
The document describes a study on the behavior of red clay bricks and fly ash bricks under uniaxial compression loading. Prisms made of 5, 6, and 7 layers of each brick type were cast and tested. The red clay brick prisms exhibited higher average basic compressive strength (258.16 N/mm2 for 6 layers) and modulus of elasticity (298.57 N/mm2 for 7 layers) compared to the fly ash brick prisms (51.26 N/mm2 and 78.71 N/mm2 respectively). Failure modes also differed, with red clay brick prisms exhibiting vertical splitting and diagonal cracks, while fly ash brick prisms failed through spalling and corner crushing. The results
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Effect of width and layers of GFRP strips on deflection of Reinforced Concret...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses the Marshall stability test process for determining the optimal asphalt content for road pavement mixtures. It describes preparing samples with varying asphalt contents, compacting them using a Marshall compactor, and testing them for properties like stability, flow, voids. Stability refers to the maximum load withstood before failure. Graphs of properties versus asphalt content are used to select the optimum content for maximum stability and density with adequate void filling.
Comparative Study of Concrete Prisms Confined with G-FRP Wrapping Under Compr...IRJET Journal
- The document presents the results of an experimental study on the compressive behavior of concrete prisms confined with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) wrapping.
- The prisms had varying edge details like sharp edges, rounded corners with radii of 13mm and 19mm, and chamfered edges of 13mm and 19mm.
- The results show that GFRP confinement significantly improved the ultimate compressive strength and failure strain of the prisms compared to unconfined prisms. Prisms with rounded corners and chamfered edges performed better than those with sharp edges.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshow presentations.
Khushbu Sharma Nair has over 7 years of experience in marketing and communications. She currently works as Manager of Marketing for AccorHotels in Mysuru, where she is responsible for brand management, PR, media relations, and digital marketing. Previously she has held roles with various companies managing events, publications, social media, and client relationships. She has a bachelor's degree in journalism and is pursuing a post-graduate degree in marketing management.
An experimental investigation was conducted to investigate the behavior of ultra-high strength reactive concrete (RPC) columns before and after strengthening with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets jacketing under eccentric axi al load. Twelve columns were tested up to failure, strengthened and retested to examine strengthening efficiency and to evaluate the effects of variation of the concrete type (normal or RPC), presence of steel fibers and main steel reinforcement ratio. Experimental results showed that CFRP jacketing increases the ultimate failure load of strengthened columns up to 185%, highly stiffens them (reduces lateral displacements) and allow more ductile failure than the original columns. Also, inclusion of steel fibers in RPC columns increases failure loads up to 86%, prevents palling of the concrete cover and increase the ductility.
This document summarizes an investigation into the behavior of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete exposed to acidic environments. Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete and conventional concrete cubes were immersed in 5% hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and magnesium sulfate solutions for up to 4 weeks. The geopolymer concrete exhibited much lower mass loss and higher residual compressive strength when compared to conventional concrete after acid immersion. For example, after 7 days of immersion the geopolymer concrete retained 89-96% of its original compressive strength, while conventional concrete retained only 75-90%. This confirms that geopolymer concrete has superior acid resistance compared to conventional concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
This document summarizes an experimental and analytical study on composite high-strength concrete beams reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). Fifteen concrete beams were tested with variations in steel reinforcement ratio, FRP laminate type (chopped strand mat or uni-directional cloth), and laminate thickness. Finite element models were developed and showed reasonable agreement with test results. The study found that FRP laminates effectively strengthened reinforced concrete beams and provided efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness for upgrading structures.
Addmix brx922 midrange plasticizer type d and type gAddmix
This document provides information on ADDMIX@ 922 BRX, a ready-to-use liquid admixture designed to produce rheoplastic qualities in concrete. Some key points:
- It improves strength, lowers permeability, and improves durability, pumping, and workability.
- Testing shows it considerably improves compressive strength when dosed at 1L per 100kg of cement.
- It is normally dosed at 0.7-1.2L per 100kg of cement but dosages may vary depending on conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
The document investigates the effects of silica fume and fly ash on the flexural strength of roller compacted concrete. Tests found that using fly ash alone decreased 28-day flexural strength while silica fume alone slightly increased it. However, using silica fume and fly ash together resulted in higher flexural strength than either additive alone or the control mixture. The maximum 28-day flexural strength of 4.53 MPa was achieved with a mixture of 85% OPC, 10% fly ash, and 5% silica fume.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
This document discusses grain refiners and modifiers used in aluminum casting. It provides details on:
- The behavior of grain refiners over time, including initial rapid grain size reduction, achievement of ultimate grain size, and potential subsequent grain growth known as "fade".
- How various elements like titanium, zirconium, and vanadium can affect grain refiners through competitive absorption and formation of stable surface layers on refining particles.
- The roles of sodium and strontium in modifying eutectic silicon morphology in aluminum-silicon alloys, and how strontium provides more consistent modification with less fade.
- Factors that influence grain refinement effectiveness such as refiner type, addition
The Marshall Method of Mix Design involves selecting an asphalt binder content that provides suitable density and satisfies requirements for minimum stability and flow values. The method includes selecting aggregates and asphalt cement suited for the climate, compacting specimens at varying asphalt contents, and determining volumetrics and performance properties to identify the optimum asphalt content. Specimens are compacted using 35, 50, or 75 blows based on design traffic loads then tested to calculate properties like unit weight, voids, and stability as a function of asphalt content.
This presentation material is concerned with research results for Ultra High Performance Concrete. The research was focused on the behavior of shrinkage in UHPC.
The document discusses the Marshall method for designing asphalt concrete mixes. It describes creating trial mixes with varying asphalt contents and testing them for properties like stability, flow, density and voids. The optimum asphalt content is selected based on maximum stability, density and a specified air voids level. Test results and mix proportions are evaluated against specifications to adjust the mix design if needed.
Iaetsd experimental study on properties of ternary blended fibreIaetsd Iaetsd
This document summarizes an experimental study on the properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) blended with ternary fibers including fly ash, rice husk ash, and steel fibers. The study found that replacing some of the cement content in SCC with these mineral admixtures and fibers can improve the strength and durability of SCC while making it more cost effective. Specifically, the study observed overall improvements in the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of SCC mixtures with varying blends of fly ash, rice husk ash, and steel fibers.
This document discusses bituminous materials and mixtures used in pavement construction. It describes different types of bituminous materials including asphalt cement, cutback asphalt, and emulsified asphalt. It also discusses conventional tests performed on asphalt cements to determine properties like penetration, flash point, solubility, ductility, and viscosity. Additional tests like the thin film oven test and rolling thin film oven test are used to simulate aging of asphalt in hot mix plants. Three conventional grading methods for asphalt cements are also described based on penetration, viscosity of original asphalt, and viscosity after thin film oven aging.
Behavior of Red Clay and Fly Ash Bricks under Uniaxial CompressionIRJET Journal
The document describes a study on the behavior of red clay bricks and fly ash bricks under uniaxial compression loading. Prisms made of 5, 6, and 7 layers of each brick type were cast and tested. The red clay brick prisms exhibited higher average basic compressive strength (258.16 N/mm2 for 6 layers) and modulus of elasticity (298.57 N/mm2 for 7 layers) compared to the fly ash brick prisms (51.26 N/mm2 and 78.71 N/mm2 respectively). Failure modes also differed, with red clay brick prisms exhibiting vertical splitting and diagonal cracks, while fly ash brick prisms failed through spalling and corner crushing. The results
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Effect of width and layers of GFRP strips on deflection of Reinforced Concret...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses the Marshall stability test process for determining the optimal asphalt content for road pavement mixtures. It describes preparing samples with varying asphalt contents, compacting them using a Marshall compactor, and testing them for properties like stability, flow, voids. Stability refers to the maximum load withstood before failure. Graphs of properties versus asphalt content are used to select the optimum content for maximum stability and density with adequate void filling.
Comparative Study of Concrete Prisms Confined with G-FRP Wrapping Under Compr...IRJET Journal
- The document presents the results of an experimental study on the compressive behavior of concrete prisms confined with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) wrapping.
- The prisms had varying edge details like sharp edges, rounded corners with radii of 13mm and 19mm, and chamfered edges of 13mm and 19mm.
- The results show that GFRP confinement significantly improved the ultimate compressive strength and failure strain of the prisms compared to unconfined prisms. Prisms with rounded corners and chamfered edges performed better than those with sharp edges.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshow presentations.
Khushbu Sharma Nair has over 7 years of experience in marketing and communications. She currently works as Manager of Marketing for AccorHotels in Mysuru, where she is responsible for brand management, PR, media relations, and digital marketing. Previously she has held roles with various companies managing events, publications, social media, and client relationships. She has a bachelor's degree in journalism and is pursuing a post-graduate degree in marketing management.
The document repeats the same word "KrisBraam" multiple times without any other context. It is difficult to determine the essential meaning or purpose from a document that only contains a single repeated word.
Rut resistance behavior was tested for 9 types of asphalt mixtures and 10 types of pavement structures combining different mixtures. Double-deck structures, whether with different or same mixtures, showed considerably poorer rut resistance than single-layer structures. Using modified binders in the lower layer did not significantly improve rut resistance of double-deck structures. Current Chinese specifications setting rut resistance criteria based on single-layer tests is unreasonable for multi-layer pavements.
This document discusses the use of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) in wearing courses. SMA was developed in Germany in the 1960s as a rut-resistant asphalt mixture. It contains a high amount of coarse aggregate that forms an interlocking skeleton filled with bitumen and mineral filler. The document reviews the materials and mix design requirements for SMA, including aggregate properties, bitumen grade, and volumetric mix design parameters. It discusses the advantages of SMA in providing durability and resisting rutting and deformation, as well as some potential disadvantages like increased costs. A literature review covers past research on using various fillers and additives in SMA mixes.
This document summarizes the development of self-compacting concrete. Some key points:
- Self-compacting concrete was first developed in 1988 to achieve durable concrete structures without relying on skilled labor for proper compaction.
- It uses a low water-cement ratio, limited aggregate content, and superplasticizers to achieve high deformability and prevent segregation of aggregates.
- Tests like the U-flow test and box test evaluate whether concrete is self-compacting, while other tests measure properties like deformability and viscosity.
- The role of mortar is important - it needs sufficient deformability to flow around obstacles without segregating from aggregates, and adequate viscosity to reduce stress between aggregates
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IRJET- Mechanical and Bond Properties of Steel Fibre Reinforced SBR Modified ...IRJET Journal
1) The study evaluated the mechanical and bond properties of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete modified with Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) latex.
2) Specimens containing 0-15% SBR and 0.5% steel fibers by volume were tested for compressive, tensile, and flexural strength as well as bond strength.
3) The results showed that compressive strength decreased with later curing ages, but flexural, tensile, and bond strength increased significantly with the addition of SBR and steel fibers.
Knowledge and Experience of Menopause - A Rural Based Study in Aligarhjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: The menopause is a transitional phase in women’s life.The level of oestrogen is decreased ,because of which a variety of symptoms such as hot flushes, mucosal dryness, excessive sweating, emotional fluctuations, psychoses, decr-eased strength and calcification of bones occurs. Attitudes, perception and expectations are part of the psychosocial phenomenon surrounding menopause. Natural menopause is diagnosed after 12 months of amenorrhoea not associated with a pathological cause. Menopause is a gradual process that lasts for about 2 years, called climacteric. It is normal and should not be taken as a disease or syndrome. The aim of this study was to find out the knowledge and experience of menopausal symptoms among women who had attained menopause
To Study the Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Recycled Aggregate ...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the study of workability and durability characteristics of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with Viscosity Modifying Admixture (VMA), and containing fly ash. The mix design for SCC was arrived as per the Guidelines of European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete (EFNARC). In this investigation, SCC was made by usual ingredients such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, mineral admixture fly ash and demolished concrete at various replacement levels (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). To enhance the property of SCC made with the use of demolish concrete and fly ash, glass fiber has been added to the mix. Glass fiber in various % (i.e. 0.15%, 0.20% 0.30%, of Wt. of cement) has been added in the mix which contain demolish concrete and gave highest strength i.e. (10% demolish concrete).
This document discusses using waste plastic as a modifier for asphalt and cement concrete pavements. It summarizes previous research coating aggregates with plastic waste and blending plastic into asphalt at different ratios. The author aims to evaluate properties of coated aggregates and polymer-modified asphalt, including Marshall stability and compressive strength. Test results showed increases in stability and strength compared to unmodified materials, indicating plastic waste has potential as a pavement modifier. This could provide an eco-friendly use of plastic waste.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Experimental Study on Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement with GGBS a...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigated the effect of partially replacing cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and river sand with steel slag on the compressive strength of concrete. Concrete cubes of M20 grade were cast by replacing cement with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% GGBS and river sand with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% steel slag. Compressive strength tests at 7 and 28 days showed that concrete with 15% GGBS replacement of cement and 30% steel slag replacement of river sand achieved the highest compressive strength compared to other mixes and the control concrete. Therefore, the optimal mix was determined to be 15% GGBS and 30% steel
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document analyzes the effect of adding Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) latex to cement concrete mixes on compressive strength and flexural strength. Concrete cubes and beams were created with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% SBR latex by weight of cement. Testing found that SBR latex increased workability but decreased early strength. However, at 28 days the SBR latex mixes showed higher compressive and flexural strengths than the control mix without latex. The optimum SBR latex content was determined to be 15%, which increased compressive strength by 20.95% and flexural strength by 36.35% compared to the control mix. Adding SBR latex was concluded to improve concrete strength and potentially reduce required pavement thickness
The aggregate is a relatively inert material and it imparts volume stability.
The aggregate provide about 75% of the body of the concrete and hence its influence is extremely important (70 to 80 %)
An aggregate should be of proper shape and size, clean, hard and well graded.
It must possess chemical stability and it must exhibit abrasion resistance.
Classification of Aggregate
I. Classification Based on Size
a. Fine aggregates:
b. Coarse aggregates:
II. Classification Based on Shape
a. Rounded aggregate:
b. Irregular aggregates
c. Angular aggregates
d. Flaky and elongated aggregates
III. Classification based on unit weight
a. Normal weight aggregates
b. Heavy weight aggregates
c. Light weight aggregates
The physical properties of aggregates are;
1. Shape
2. Size
3. Color
4. Texture
5. Gradation
6. Fineness modulus
Effect of aggregate properties on concrete
a. Particle Size, Grading and Dust Content
b. Particle Shape
c. Particle Surface Texture
d. Water Absorption
fineness modulus - According to IS 2386-1963, the sieves that are to be used for the sieve analysis of the aggregate for concrete are 80mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600m, 300m and 150m.
Gradation of aggregates
Gradation refers to the particle size distribution of aggregates.
The gradation of coarse aggregate plays an important role in workability and paste requirements.
The gradation of fine aggregate affects the workability and finishing ability of concrete.
Types of gradation:
a. Well graded
b. Poor / Uniform graded
c. Gap graded
Mechanical Properties
The following are the properties to be analyzed for aggregates, they are
a. Toughness
b. Hardness
c. Specific gravity
d. Bulk Density
e. Porosity and absorption of aggregates
f. Moisture content of aggregate
Mechanical Strength Test
a. Crushing strength Test
b. Impact strength Test
c. Abrasion Test (Los Angeles Test)
Water (for concrete)
Water is the most important material for construction, especially for making concrete.
The purpose of water in concrete are
a. It distributes the cement evenly.
b. It reacts with cement chemically and produces calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel which gives the strength to concrete.
c. It provides for workability, i.e., it lubricates the mix.
d. Hence, for construction, quantity and quality of water is as important as cement.
As water quantity goes up in a mix (ill effect), the following are the effects:
a. Strength decreases
b. Durability decreases
c. Workability increases
d. Cohesion decreases
e. Economy may increase at the expense of quality and reliability.
Quality of water for concrete (IS10500:2012)
a. Chlorides: They can cause corrosion of steel reinforcement, can accelerate setting.
b. Sulphates: They reduce long-term strength levels.
c. Organic matter: If an alga is present, water should not be used. It will affect the setting and strength development.
d. Sugar: It will retard setting time.
e. Wastewater: It should never be used in construction.
This document discusses materials used in highway construction, including aggregates, bitumen, asphalt, tar, cement, and steel reinforcement. It describes aggregates as a coarse particulate material used in construction that serves as reinforcement. It also summarizes different tests conducted on materials, such as aggregate impact value, polished stone value, and ductility tests. Finally, it provides an overview of asphalt mix design, noting its objectives are to determine a cost-effective blend of aggregates and binder that meets specifications and provides sufficient stability, voids, workability, and skid resistance.
Experimental Investigation of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag as Fine Aggregate...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation on the use of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) as a replacement for natural river sand in concrete. The objectives are to determine the optimum GBFS content, and to study the effect on concrete's compression, tension, and flexural strengths. Concrete cubes, cylinders, and beams were cast with GBFS replacements of 25-50%. Testing showed maximum compression and tension strengths at 30% replacement. The optimum GBFS content was determined to be 30%, providing an increase of up to 22.6% in strength over conventional concrete.
This document summarizes a student's research project on the effect of mix parameters on the performance and design of cold mix asphalt. The student investigated different mix designs using Marshall and gyratory compaction and tested properties like stability, flow, voids. For dense and gap graded mixes, the student determined optimum binder contents and compared performance. The dense graded mix performed better overall except for lower stability loss. The study showed initial stability depends on optimum total liquid content and higher liquid content requires more curing time.
Performance evaluation of asphalt mixture modified by hydrated lime and polyp...IAEME Publication
This document discusses the performance evaluation of asphalt mixtures modified with hydrated lime and polypropylene. Specifically:
- Hydrated lime at 1% of total aggregate weight and polypropylene at percentages from 1-3% of asphalt weight were added to asphalt mixtures to improve performance.
- Testing included the Marshall test, index of retained strength test, and indirect tensile strength test. Results showed increases of 1.3-1.5 times in Marshall properties and indirect tensile strength compared to control mixtures. The index of retained strength also increased by 1.3 times.
- The addition of 1% hydrated lime and 2% polypropylene best satisfied
This document presents a student project examining the properties of stone matrix asphalt mixes containing bamboo fibers and slag aggregate. The objectives are to determine the stability, flow value, air voids, and voids in mineral aggregate of SMA mixes using bamboo fibers with stone and slag aggregates, and to compare results with and without fibers. Testing will include bitumen properties tests and aggregate property tests. The project will involve literature review, sample preparation and testing, results analysis, and conclusions on the suitability of bamboo fibers in SMA mixes.
STRENGTHENING OF NORMAL AND HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE CORBELS WITH HORIZONTAL AN...IAEME Publication
In this study, there were two modes of applying the carbon fiber strips on reinforced concrete corbels: the first one is application three horizontal strips and its width is (50 mm) and the other is applying three inclined strips with angle about (45°), the both modes applied on the two faces of concrete corbel specimens. Two types of concrete were used in this study; normal strength (28 MPa) and high strength concrete (57 MPa). Each types strengthening with two modes of carbon fiber stripes.
The ultimate and cracking capacity of tested specimens were improved as a result of strengthening with carbon fiber strips, in addition to development of energy absorption and stiffness characteristics.
Laboratory Investigation of Conventional Asphalt Mix Using Shell Thiopave for...IJERA Editor
The characteristic performance of asphalt pavement always depends on the properties of bitumen, volumetric properties of asphalt mixtures. Bitumen is visco– elastic material where the temperature and rate of load application have a great influence on its behavior. There are different solutions to reduce the pavement distress such as using Thiopave (binder extender and asphalt mixture modifier) in the mix design. Thiopave can significantly alter the performance properties of the mix and it is helpful to extend the life span of pavement. In this study, investigating use of thiopave and the change in the performance properties is dependent both on the percentage of virgin binder using VG-30 bitumen that is substituted with thiopave with different percentages. The study indicated that 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% replacement of binder was done with thiopave. The most notable impact of the addition of thiopave to a bituminous mixture is an increase in the stiffness of the mixture for better resistance to fatigue cracking and rutting. Thiopave materials can have a positive impact on laboratory mixture performance. The addition of thiopave has been shown to significantly increase Marshall Stability. From this study it is observed that thiopave can be utilized up to 30% to 40% as replacement to bitumen.
Flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs using steel slag as coarse ag...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete slabs using steel slag as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate. Concrete mixes of M30 and M40 grade were prepared with 0%, 30%, 60%, and 100% replacement of 20mm coarse aggregate with steel slag. Slabs of size 1400x1200x100mm were cast for each mix. Tests conducted included slump, rebound hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compression testing of cubes, and flexural testing of slabs. Results showed that 60% steel slag replacement attained the maximum strength for both grades. Complete replacement of coarse aggregate with steel slag reduced surface hardness but provided adequate workability at 50% fine aggregate content.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
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This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
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The fashion industry is dynamic and ever-changing, continuously sculpted by trailblazing visionaries who challenge norms and redefine beauty. This document delves into the profiles of some of the most iconic fashion personalities whose impact has left a lasting impression on the industry. From timeless designers to modern-day influencers, each individual has uniquely woven their thread into the rich fabric of fashion history, contributing to its ongoing evolution.
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
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How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
Starting a business is like embarking on an unpredictable adventure. It’s a journey filled with highs and lows, victories and defeats. But what if I told you that those setbacks and failures could be the very stepping stones that lead you to fortune? Let’s explore how resilience, adaptability, and strategic thinking can transform adversity into opportunity.
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2. Table 2 Characteristics of Coarse aggregate, Fine aggregate and Filter 300 mm wide, 300 mm long, but vary thichness according to
Coarse Fine three times of norminal dimensions of gradation. And for the
Items of test Aggregate Aggregate Filter
double-deck asphalt concrete, all specimen dimensions are
Crushed index values % 20.3 300 mm wide, 300 mm long,but total thichness for each a
Los Angeles abrasion loss % 24.1 specimen is the sum combined by the up-layer plus the
down-layer respectively according to three times of norminal
Specific gravity (20 20 ) 2.732 2.693 2.713
dimensions of gradation. The specimens were maintanced a
Water absorption % 1.5 1.9 contant temperatures at 60°C above 5 hours and then tested.
Robustness % 9.8 12 Test samples are loaded for a hour at tire contact pressures of
0.7MPa. The travel speed of the wheel move back and forth
Contents of soft rock % 3
approximately 42 times per 60 second. Data, which is the
Contents of flat and slender particles % 15 average value of four specimens tested, is automatically
Contents of less than 0.075mm % 1 2.5 collected and calculated by the computer.The dynamic
stability(DS) of samples for asphalt mixtures was calculated by
Sand equivalences % 66 62 the formula (1):
(t 2 − t1 ) × N × C
Sand flow s 31.5
The graphs of three types of aggregate gradation, which meet DS= × C2 (1)
d 2 − d1
1
requirements of China’s Techincal specifications for
construction of highway asphalt pavements[7]are shown in fig.1. Where is
DS- the dynamic stability of asphalt mixtures times/mm.
d1-deformations corresponding with time t1 =45min
mm.
d2- deformations corresponding with time t2 =60min
mm.
C1-revise coefficient for type of tester.It is applied to 1.0
when the tester is droven by the crank and connecting rod
mechanism; It is applied to 1.5 when the tester is droven by
the chain mechanism.
C2- sample coefficient.It is1.0 for the sample being prepared
by 300 mm wide, 300 mm long.
N- The travel speed of the wheel, it is approximately 42
times /min.
2.2 Description of Symbols Used in Paper 3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In order to have a simple and clear description symbols for
grading types, binder types and types of mixtures are defined 3.1 Experimental Results
respectively in table 3 and table 4. Experimental results for monolayer and double-deck asphalt
Table 3 Types of Gradations and Binders and all their Symbols
concrete are respectively shown in Table 5 and Table 6.
Grading Types Symbols Binder Types Symbols
Table 4 Types of the Mixtures and the Composite Structures and their Symbols
Coarse Grading Maximum Conventional Monolayer Asphalt Combination of Double-deck Asphalt
Size 31.5mm Gc Bitumen60/80 CB Concrete Structures Concrete Structures
Middle Grading Maximum Types of
Size 26.5mm Gm Modified Bitumen MB Mixtures Symbols Types of Mixtures Symbols
Fine Grading Maximum Super-Viscous Gc with Gc CB Up-layer: Gm CB(60/80) plus
Size 16mm Gf Modified Bitumen SVMB CB(60/80) Down-Layer: Gc CB(60/80)
2.3 Test Methods Gm CB Up-layer:Gm MB plus
Down-Layer: Gc CB(60/80)
For simulating research of rut resistance behavior of Gf with Gf CB
CB(60/80)
HMA the most common type of laboratory equipment to be
Gc with
used is generally a Loaded wheel testers (LWT).They include MB Gc MB
the Georgia Loaded Wheel Tester (GLWT), Asphalt Pavement
Analyzer (APA), Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device(HWTD), Gm MB
LCPC (French) Wheel Tracker, Purdue University Laboratory
Wheel Tracking Device(PURWheel), and one-third scale Model Gf with MB Gf MB
Mobile Load Simulator (MMLS3) [4]. In the paper China’s
Wheel Tracking Tester (Accuracy of deformation sensor is up to Gc SVMB
0.01%) similar to GLWT was used. All test was carried out Gm with Gm SVMB
according to the Standard Specification’s SVMB
Gf with
method,T0719-1993,Standard test Methods of Bitumen and SVMB Gf SVMB
Bituminous Mixtures for Highway Engineering[8]. All specimen
dimensions for the monolayer asphalt concrete are respectively
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3. Table 5 Experimental Results for the Monolayer Asphalt Concrete structures
1 s1 t1 y1
Types of
Asphalt 1 s2 t2 y2
Concrete
Gc CB 1087 3.86 0.0386 5.2 1 s3 t3 y3
Gc MB 4400 9.6 0.0096 6.7 1 s4 t4 ˆ
k0 y4
Gc SVMB 4440 10.5 0.0095 5.65
Gm CB 1189 6.53 0.0353 5.4 1 s5 t5 ˆ ˆ y5
Gm MB 3280 12.8 0.0128 7.84 X= k = k1 Y=
Gm SVMB 4200 10.55 0.01 6.75
1 s6 t6 y6
ˆ
k2
Gf CB 868 4.84 0.0484 7.9 1 s7 t7 y7
Gf MB 2832 14.8 0.0148 12.18
Gf SVMB 3360 12.55 0.0125 4.76 1 s8 t8 y8
Table 6 Experimental Results for the Double-deck Asphalt Concrete structures 1 s9 t9 y9
Combined by the Different Asphalt Mixtures
1 s10 t10 y10
Combination of
Asphalt Concrete
Structures ˆ ˆ
k =X/Y; Y=X k .
Gm CB+ Gc CB 630.5 6.67 0.0667 12.4 Y =the DS’s or the RD’s of double-deck asphalt concrete.
Gm MB+ Gc CB 1832 12.9 0.0229 3.6 X1 =the DS’s or the RD’s of the monolayer down-layer
Gm SVMB+ Gc CB 1890 8.22 0.0222 4.3 asphalt concrete.
Gm MB+ Gc SVMB 2102 12.5 0.02 7.2 X2 =the DS’ s or the RD’s of the monolayer up-layer asphalt
Gm SVMB+ Gc SVMB 2044 12.04 0.0205 4.1
concrete.
Calculations based upon experimental data in table 5 and
Gf CB+ Gc CB 541.5 7.76 0.0776 14.7 table 6 by (2) can be obtained respectively:
Gf MB+ Gc CB 1339 13.1 0.0314 8.1 DSdouble=120.15+0.0501x1+0.4214x2 (3)
Gf SVMB+ Gc CB 1443 12.91 0.0291 14.5
RDdouble=4.4447×10-3+0.0896x1+1.5133x2 (4)
Gf MB+ Gc SVMB 1451 10.29 0.029 4.8
Gf SVMB+ Gc SVMB 1535 11.28 0.0275 11.2 Where DSdouble =the DS of double-deck asphalt concrete.
RDdouble= the RD of double-deck asphalt concrete.
3.2 Discussion The relationship between the experimental value and the
3.2.1 Correlation of the DS or the RD calculating value for the DS’s and for the RD’s obtained
respectively by the (3) and the (4) and their residuals are shown
Comparing the data in table 5 and in table 6 can know that respectively in fig.2 and in fig. 3.The results indicated that the
the rut resistance behavior of all double-deck asphalt concrete values predicted by the (3) or the (4) have a good linear
structures whether they made up of different HMA or same, are relationship with experimental value whether is for the DS’s or
considerably poor than that of monolayer asphalt concrete for the RD’s. So we recognize that the (3) and the (4) predicting
structures, for example, the former the DS almost had only half the DS’s or the RD’s of double-deck asphalt concrete with the
of that of the latter but the former the RD had an increase of monolayer DS’s or RD’s are reliable and accurate.
about 50% than that of the latter, and no exception even though
Relationship between experimental value and calculating value for DS (Model A)
for a combination of SVMB with coarse aggregate gradation. 2500
Results also indicated that if the HMA of upper-layer of 2000
Experimental value
double-deck asphalt concrete is same type, using the MB or 1500
y = 1*x - 1.2e-013
SVMB binder substituting the CB binder in the lower layer of
1000
double-deck asphalt concrete, rut resistance property not
improved markedly. From the data in the table mentioned 500 data 1
linear
above,we can build the relationships of the DS or the RD 0
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
between the double-deck asphalt concrete structures and the Calculating value
different monolayer asphalt concrete structures as the following residuals
model: 300 Linear: norm of residuals = 554.5275
200
y=k0+k1x1+k2x2 (2) 100
0
-100
ˆ
The matrix X, k Y: -200
-300
Where 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Figure 2 The relationship between experimental value and calculating value for
the DS and residuals
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4. Relationship between experimental value and calculating value for RD (Model A)
but a considerable improvement for the MB or the SVMB.
0.08
Experimental value
y = 1*x - 2.7e-017
0.06
0.04
data 1
0.02 linear
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Calculating value
residuals
0.05
Linear: norm of residuals = 0.010101
0
-0.05
0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Figure 3 The relationship between experimental value and calculating value
for the RD and residuals
3.2.2 Influence of the combination of different asphalt
mixtures on rut resistance behavior
As showed in Fig.4 and in Fig.5, in the same group whether
it is for the Down-layers or for the up-layers only the types of
binders change the DS of the pavement structures combined by
different asphalt mixtures have quite evident difference. In the
same group when keeping the mixtures of the Down-layers are
the same and the binders of the Up-layer’s mixtures use the
4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
modified asphalt substituting the conventional asphalt, the Evaluating the rutting resistance behavior of the
enhancement of the DS’s for the double-deck asphalt concrete HMA using the results of wheel tracking test, the DS’s of
are the more evident than that of the DS’s for the double-deck the monolayer asphalt concrete are the evident large than
asphalt concrete when keeping the mixtures of the Up-layers are that of the composite double-deck layer asphalt concrete.
the same then using the modified asphalt substitute the This state that the deformation of asphalt concrete
conventional asphalt of the Down-layers. This showed that pavement increase with the increase of asphalt concrete
using the high-quality binder in asphalt concrete of the thickness and the DS’s of asphalt concrete pavement
Up-layers will develop most-effeteness than that of using the decrease with the decrease of asphalt concrete thickness.
high-quality binder in the Down-layers. However, the results in Hence not using the DS’s of the monolayer asphalt
Fig.6 showed that in the same group when keeping every concrete structures substitutes that of the composite
combination of the double-deck asphalt concrete in the grade multi-layer asphalt concrete as a criterion of controlling rut
are the same, the DS’s improvement for the high property binder, of multi-layer asphalt concrete pavement.
MB or SVMB, used in the Up-layers and the Down-layers are
not evident than that of only the high property binder, MB or However, utilizing the rutting experimental
SVMB, used in the Up-layers but the CB used in the result of the different types of monolayer asphalt concrete
Down-layers . structure we can build a relationship of the differently
composite multi-layers asphalt concrete structure with that
Furthermore, as showed in Fig. 7,when in the same group of the different types of monolayer asphalt concrete
keeping the mixtures of the Down-layers and the binders of the structure to evaluate the rutting resistance behavour of
Up-layers are the same, only changing the fine grade in the composite multi-layers asphalt concrete structure.
Up-layer’s into the middle grade, the DS’s for the double-deck
asphalt concrete only have a limited improvement for the CB The high property binder used in Up-layer of
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5. pavement can play the more-effective rutting resistance
behavior than used in the Down-layer of pavement.
However For all using the high property binder in the Up-
layer and the Down-layer at the same time, the rutting
resistance property of asphalt concrete structure can not
greatly get increasing at a direct proportion to the DS’s of
the monolayer asphalt concrete structures . When the fine
grade in the Up-layer’s be substituted by the middle grade,
the DS’s for the double-deck asphalt concrete can
evidently improve for the MB or the SVMB but only have
a limited improvement for the CB.
Using the asphalt concrete structure of the CB
plus course gradation in the Down-layer of pavement,there
is a equivalent rutting resistance property but the most
cost-effective than using the asphalt concrete structure of
the MB or the SVMB plus course gradation in the
Down-layer of pavement.
References
[1] Parker Jr., F., and E. R. Brown, “A Study of Rutting of Alabama Asphalt
Pavements” [R],Alabama Department of Transportation,final report for
Project 2019-09, Bureau of Research and Development, Montgomery,
Alabama, November 1993.
[2] Thomas D. White, John E. Hadock, Adam J. T. Hand, Hongbing Fang,
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