5. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction5 Imran Hussain | UMT
Human-Computer Interaction
الحاسوب مع النسان تفاعل
(Human)
– the end-user
– the others in the organization
Computer
– hardware
– Software
Interaction
– user “tells” the computer what is he wants
– computer communicates results
8. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction8 Imran Hussain | UMT
The goals of HCI
To develop or improve the :
• Safety (design of safety-critical systems)
• Utility (the functionality of a system)
• Effectiveness
• Efficiency
• Usability (making systemseasy to learn and easy to use)
13. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction13 Imran Hussain | UMT
Practical Goals of HCI
Develop usable products
Involve users in the design/evaluation process
Practice throughout out software life cycle
15. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction15 Imran Hussain | UMT
Why Study HCI?
Usability of design is often an afterthought, something
to be added at the end
Management doesn’t understand how good designs are
created
A good UI is not an inspiration but the result of a
process (and lots of hard work)
Following UI level guideline is not enough
17. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction17 Imran Hussain | UMT
Why Study HCI (cont.)
Most programmers believe they are UI experts
Most programmers think users are just like themselves
Knowing how to use a UI development tool, doesn’t mean
you can make a usable interface
Good design means profit/efficiency
Makes YOU more employable/marketable
19. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction19 Imran Hussain | UMT
What do HCI professionals do?
interaction designers - people involved in the design of all
the interactive aspects of a product
usability engineers - people who focus on evaluating
products, using usability methods and principles
web designers - people who develop and create the visual
design of websites, such as layouts
information architects - people who come up with ideas of
how to plan and structure interactive products
user experience designers - people who do all the above but
who may also carry out field studies to inform the design of
products
21. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction21 Imran Hussain | UMT
Importance of HCI
• In order to achieve efficient, effective and safe products/systems:
– Productivity
(introducing technology that does not support the work may
cause reduced productivity)
– Safety
(crashed air planes and nuclear power plant disasters have led to
an understanding why HCI is important!)
Computers should be designed for the needs and capabilities of the
people for whom they are intended!
25. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction25 Imran Hussain | UMT
Usability Definitions
ISO
The effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction with which specified
users achieve specified goals in particular environments
Preece et al
A measure of the ease with which a system can be
learned or used, its safety, effectiveness and
efficiency and the attitude of its users towards it
27. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction27 Imran Hussain | UMT
Usability principles
• Similar to design principles, except more prescriptive
• Used mainly as the basis for evaluating systems
• Provide a framework for heuristic evaluation
29. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction29 Imran Hussain | UMT
Usability goals
Effective to use (produce desired effect)
Have good utility (be useful)
Efficient to use
Easy to learn
Easy to remember how to use
Safe to use
Satisfying to use
31. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction31 Imran Hussain | UMT
Usability and user experience
Goals
• How do usability goals differ from user experience
goals?
• Are there trade-offs between the two kinds of goals?
– e.g. can a product be both fun and safe?
• How easy is it to measure usability versus user
experience goals?
33. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction33 Imran Hussain | UMT
التصميم مع التفاعل
Interaction Design
( ID )
34. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction34 Imran Hussain | UMT
What is interaction design?
Designing interactive products to support
people in their everyday and working lives
The design of spaces for human
communication and interaction
36. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction36 Imran Hussain | UMT
Goals of interaction design
• Develop usable products
–Usability means easy to learn , effective to use and
provide an enjoyable experience
• Involve users in the design process
38. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction38 Imran Hussain | UMT
From HCI to Interaction Design
• Human-computer interaction (HCI) is:
“concerned with the design, evaluation and
implementation of interactive computing systems for
human use and with the study of major phenomena
surrounding them” (ACM SIGCHI, 1992, p.6)
• Interaction design (ID) is:
“the design of spaces for human communication and
interaction”
• Increasingly, more application areas, more technologies
and more issues to consider when designing ‘interfaces’
47. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction47 Imran Hussain | UMT
How to design
Need to take into account:
Who the users are
What activities are being carried out
Where the interaction is taking place
Example:
compare the differences between a cell phone and a
public pay phone
how do these differences manifest themselves in the
design and use of phones?
50. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction50 Imran Hussain | UMT
User-Centered Design
Find out
• who users are
• what their goals are
• what tasks they need to perform
Task Analysis
• Characterize what steps users need to take to achieve their goal
• Create scenarios of actual use
• Decide which users and tasks to support
Design based on this
Evaluate the design
•Test interface (with users, usability experts)
•Do this before implementation
53. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction53 Imran Hussain | UMT
Users’ needs
understand what people are good and bad at
easier to recall than remember (menus vs. command
line)
understand how they currently do things and then
make it better,
e.g., how do people read hardcopy magazines and how
would you make it better in softcopy?
58. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction58 Imran Hussain | UMT
Top level principles
Three top level principles
Learnability, effectiveness and accommodation
Twelve main principles categorized in the three top level categories
Systems should be
Learnable. Principles 1–4 are concerned with access, ease of learning
and remembering
Effective. Principles 5–7 are concerned with ease of use and 8–9 are
concerned with safety
Accommodating. Principles 10–12 are concerned with accommodating
differences between people and respecting those
differences
63. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction63 Imran Hussain | UMT
Principle 1 – Visibility
Try to ensure that things are visible so that people
can see what functions are available and what the
system is currently doing.
This is an important part of the psychological
principle that it is easier to recognize things than
to have to recall them.
If it is not possible to make it visible, make it
observable.
Consider making things ‘visible’ through the use of
sound and touch.
66. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction66 Imran Hussain | UMT
Principle 3 – Familiarity
Use language and symbols that the intended
audience will be familiar with.
Where this is not possible because the concepts
are quite different from those people know
about, provide a suitable metaphor to help them
transfer similar and related knowledge from a
more familiar domain.
e.g. recycle bin = delete?
68. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction68 Imran Hussain | UMT
Principle 4 – Affordance
Design things so it is clear what they are for;
for example make buttons look like buttons so people will press them.
Make a slot for inserting a credit card look like a credit card slot!
Affordance refers to the properties that things have (or are
perceived to have) and how these relate to how the things
could be used.
Buttons afford pressing, chairs afford sitting on and post-it
notes afford writing a message on and sticking next to
something else.
Affordances are culturally determined.
70. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction70 Imran Hussain | UMT
Top - level principle of Effectiveness
للفاعلية الساسية المبادئ
الستخدام سهولةEase of Use which consists of
Principle 5 – النتقال سهولة Navigation
Principle 6 - التحكم Control
Principle 7 – الرجاع قدرة Feedback
والمن المان Safe and Secure which consists of
Principle 8 – الستعادة قدرة Recovery
Principle 9 - التعقيد Constraints
71. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction71 Imran Hussain | UMT
Principle 5 – Navigation
Provide support to enable people to move around the
parts of the system; maps, directional signs and
information signs.
Menus are often used for navigation, signs (labels)
indicate where else you can go in the system.
73. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction73 Imran Hussain | UMT
Principle 6 – Control
Make it clear who or what is in control and allow people to take
control.
Control is enhanced if there is a clear, logical mapping
between controls and the effect that they have.
Also make clear the relationship between what the system
does and what will happen in the world outside the system.
75. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction75 Imran Hussain | UMT
Principle 7 – Feedback
Rapidly feed back information from the system to people so that
they know what effect their actions have had.
Constant and consistent feedback will enhance the feeling of
control.
Pressing a button or pulling a lever
77. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction77 Imran Hussain | UMT
Safe and Secure
Principle 8 – Recovery مبدءا8-المعلومات استعادة
المعلومات استعادة علي القدرة
enable recovery from actions, particularly mistakes and
errors, quickly and effectively.
او أخطاء تحدت عندما الصلية المعلومات استعادة قدرة
.وفاعلية بسرعة فيها نقص
78. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction78 Imran Hussain | UMT
Principle 9 – Constraints مبدءا9-القيود
Constraints – Involve limiting the actions that can be
performed in a particular design
Safe and Secure
القيود
أو العمال جعل تعني
عند إل تعمل ل الوامر
المناسبة الساحة وجود
لها المخصصة أو
79. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction79 Imran Hussain | UMT
Principle 10 – Flexibility
Allow multiple ways of doing things so as to
accommodate users with different levels of experience
and interest in the systems.
Provide people with the opportunity to change the way
things look or behave so that they can personalize the
system.
87. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction87 Imran Hussain | UMT
HCI design models
Norman Model نموذجنورمان
Waterfall model النسيابي النموذج
The star life cycle model حياة دورة نموج
النجوم
Rapid prototyping السريعة البتدائية النمدجه
88. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction88 Imran Hussain | UMT
The waterfall model
Requirements
analysis &
specification
System &
software
design
Implementation
& unit testing
Integration
& system
testing
89. Virtual University- Human Computer Interaction89 Imran Hussain | UMT
The star life cycle
Task analysis /
functional
analysis
Requirements
specification
Conceptual design /
formal design
Prototyping
Implementation
Evaluation