The document outlines an integrated lecture on the organization of the nervous system and the mechanism of synaptic transmission, providing learning objectives, core concepts on topics like the general design of the nervous system and types of synapses, and incorporating horizontal and vertical integration on related topics from other disciplines like physiology, biochemistry, and pathology. Bloom's taxonomy of learning domains is referenced to guide learning objectives.
Sistem saraf adalah sistem yang berfungsi untuk mengatur dan mengkoordinasikan tubuh manusia. Ada 2 sistem regulatorik yang berperan: sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin (hormon). Perbedaan dari sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin dilihat dari responnya: Sistem saraf:cepat,singkat,spesifik. Sistem endokrin: Lambat,lebih lama, spesifik.
Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system. They communicate via electrical and chemical signals to transmit sensory information and control bodily movements. A neuron consists of a cell body containing the nucleus, dendrites that receive signals, a long axon that transmits signals, and axon terminals that release neurotransmitters and pass signals to other neurons at synapses. Neurons communicate through the transmission and reception of electrochemical signals along their lengths.
General Physiology - The nervous system, basic functions of synapsesHamzeh AlBattikhi
The document summarizes the organization and functions of the nervous system. It discusses the following key points:
1. The central nervous system contains over 100 billion neurons with dendrites that receive signals and axons that transmit signals in a forward direction via synapses.
2. There are three major levels of the central nervous system - the spinal cord level controls basic reflexes, the lower brain/subcortical level controls subconscious functions, and the higher brain/cortical level is responsible for thought processes and stores memories.
3. Synaptic transmission occurs either chemically via neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and glutamate, or electrically through direct connections. Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles and released
Review of neurophysiology (sensory system) 2016rashidrmc
This document provides an overview of neurophysiology and the nervous system. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls all body functions and is divided into areas that control thinking, memory, movement, and other tasks. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and is made up of nerves and sensory organs.
updated ppt of examination of sensosry nervous system.pptxbobehe4189
The document provides information about conducting a sensory examination, including assessing different sensory modalities. It describes testing pain, temperature, vibration, light touch, proprioception, and two-point discrimination. The tests are performed by applying different stimuli like pinpricks, hot/cold water, and tuning forks to assess the patient's sensory perceptions in various dermatomes. Precise procedures are outlined for each sensory modality test.
The document provides information on a presentation about neurological assessment. It includes:
- An overview of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, dividing it into the central and peripheral nervous systems.
- Descriptions of the main components of the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord.
- Details on the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and their functions.
- An explanation of the goals and process of performing a neurological examination, including the areas examined and equipment needed.
Sistem saraf adalah sistem yang berfungsi untuk mengatur dan mengkoordinasikan tubuh manusia. Ada 2 sistem regulatorik yang berperan: sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin (hormon). Perbedaan dari sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin dilihat dari responnya: Sistem saraf:cepat,singkat,spesifik. Sistem endokrin: Lambat,lebih lama, spesifik.
Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system. They communicate via electrical and chemical signals to transmit sensory information and control bodily movements. A neuron consists of a cell body containing the nucleus, dendrites that receive signals, a long axon that transmits signals, and axon terminals that release neurotransmitters and pass signals to other neurons at synapses. Neurons communicate through the transmission and reception of electrochemical signals along their lengths.
General Physiology - The nervous system, basic functions of synapsesHamzeh AlBattikhi
The document summarizes the organization and functions of the nervous system. It discusses the following key points:
1. The central nervous system contains over 100 billion neurons with dendrites that receive signals and axons that transmit signals in a forward direction via synapses.
2. There are three major levels of the central nervous system - the spinal cord level controls basic reflexes, the lower brain/subcortical level controls subconscious functions, and the higher brain/cortical level is responsible for thought processes and stores memories.
3. Synaptic transmission occurs either chemically via neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and glutamate, or electrically through direct connections. Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles and released
Review of neurophysiology (sensory system) 2016rashidrmc
This document provides an overview of neurophysiology and the nervous system. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls all body functions and is divided into areas that control thinking, memory, movement, and other tasks. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and is made up of nerves and sensory organs.
updated ppt of examination of sensosry nervous system.pptxbobehe4189
The document provides information about conducting a sensory examination, including assessing different sensory modalities. It describes testing pain, temperature, vibration, light touch, proprioception, and two-point discrimination. The tests are performed by applying different stimuli like pinpricks, hot/cold water, and tuning forks to assess the patient's sensory perceptions in various dermatomes. Precise procedures are outlined for each sensory modality test.
The document provides information on a presentation about neurological assessment. It includes:
- An overview of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, dividing it into the central and peripheral nervous systems.
- Descriptions of the main components of the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord.
- Details on the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and their functions.
- An explanation of the goals and process of performing a neurological examination, including the areas examined and equipment needed.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system including:
- The central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) which connects the CNS to other parts of the body and includes nerves and ganglia.
- The autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary body functions and has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
- Neurons, the basic cellular units of the nervous system, and neuroglia which support neuronal functions. Key parts of neurons and different neuron types are described.
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory.
The nervous system has three main functions: sensory, integration, and motor. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS; brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains neurons and neuroglia. Neuroglia provide support and protection for neurons. There are two types of neurons - sensory neurons transmit sensory information to the CNS, and motor neurons transmit signals from the CNS to effectors like muscles. Neurons communicate via electrical or chemical synapses using neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, and catecholamines.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the nervous system. It describes the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, and its parts. It discusses the two main cell types - neurons and glial cells. It describes the organization of the nervous system into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Within the central nervous system, it outlines the main parts including the brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus and cerebrum. It provides details on the structure and functions of these parts.
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omnipause neuron, premotor excitatory and inhibitory burst neurons, long lead burst neuron,
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investigate saccade dynamics. The final motoneuronal signals drive a time-optimal
controller that stimulates a linear homeomorphic model of the oculomotor plant.
This document summarizes the structure and function of the central nervous system and its neurons. It discusses:
1) The basic structure of neurons, including their dendrites, axons, and synaptic connections to other neurons.
2) The main components and functions of the sensory and motor parts of the nervous system, including sensory receptors, effectors like muscles and glands, and different levels of motor control.
3) How information is processed in the brain, through integration of sensory information and storage of memories at synapses in the cerebral cortex.
4) The roles of neurotransmitters, synaptic transmission, and different types of synapses (chemical vs electrical) in processing and transmitting signals between neurons.
Structure of neuron and propagation mechanism of nerve impulseKakerlaKavyaPriya
The document summarizes the structure and function of neurons and the propagation of nerve impulses. It discusses that neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system and communicate via synapses. The key parts of a neuron are the cell body, dendrites, axon, and axon terminals. An action potential is initiated at the axon hillock and propagates along the axon via depolarization and repolarization at the nodes of Ranvier. Neurotransmission occurs either electrically or chemically at synapses using neurotransmitters like acetylcholine.
The document discusses the organization and functions of the nervous system. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and diencephalon. The spinal cord runs from the brainstem down the back. The PNS includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic system is voluntary while the autonomic system regulates involuntary functions like breathing and digestion.
The nervous system is the most complex system in the body. It controls and coordinates all bodily functions through the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS contains nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. The nervous system allows organisms to process information from their environments and respond appropriately through motor functions and reflex actions. It also enables higher functions such as memory, intelligence, and emotion.
Neurological Basis Of Behavior Presentation.pptxMahekShaikh72
The document discusses neurons, synapses, and neurotransmitters. It begins by describing the structure of neurons including dendrites, cell body, and axon. There are two main types of synapses - electrical and chemical. Chemical synapses transmit signals across a synaptic cleft using neurotransmitters stored in synaptic vesicles. The central and peripheral nervous systems are described along with their components like the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Key neurotransmitters are discussed and how they work by being released from neurons and binding to receptors on target cells to trigger actions.
This document provides an introduction to the nervous system, including its main components and functions. It begins with definitions of the nervous system and its role in controlling the body. It then describes the two major divisions of the nervous system - the central nervous system (CNS), comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Key structures of the CNS like the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain are outlined. The basic functions of the nervous system in receiving sensory input, integrating information, and directing motor responses are summarized. Finally, it discusses neurons, synapses, and memory formation and storage in the brain.
The document provides an overview of the central nervous system. It discusses the main components and functions of the CNS, including the brain stem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala. It also covers topics like neuron types, neuroglia, CSF circulation, spinal cord levels, lower and higher brain functions, speech pathways, and neurodegenerative diseases. The central topics covered are the structure and functions of the key parts of the CNS and their roles in motor control, sensory processing, memory, emotion and other higher cognitive functions.
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The midbrain connects the brainstem to the forebrain and cerebellum. It consists of the tectum and cerebral peduncles. The tectum contains the superior and inferior colliculi, which are involved in visual and auditory reflexes. The cerebral peduncles contain the substantia nigra and red nucleus. The red nucleus receives input from the motor cortex and dentate nucleus, and sends outputs to control muscle tone, complex movements, righting reflexes, and eye movements.
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The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes three basic functions: sensory functions, integrative functions, and motor functions. Each function has a corresponding functional unit of neurons. The nervous system is organized into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) to carry out these three functions. The CNS contains gray matter with neuron cell bodies and white matter with axon tracts. A basic neuron has a cell body, dendrites that receive stimuli, and an axon that transmits signals. Communication between neurons occurs at synapses via neurotransmitters.
Physiological psychology describes the biological mechanisms underlying behavior. Behavior involves muscular movements that can be studied across species. A species' physiology must be adapted to its environment for survival. The brain is composed of specialized regions that carry out distinct functions. Key regions include the frontal lobe, which controls decision-making and emotional responses, and the hippocampus, which is crucial for memory formation and retrieval. Physiological techniques like brain imaging and lesion studies provide insights into the neural underpinnings of behavior.
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the nervous system. It begins with an introduction to the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system. It then describes the main divisions and components of the CNS in detail, including the brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and telencephalon. It discusses the protection mechanisms of the CNS, including the skull, meninges, blood-brain barrier, and cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, it provides an overview of neurons, glial cells, and classifications of neurons.
The document summarizes the organization and function of the nervous system. It discusses how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It also describes the basic components of neurons, including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and myelin sheath. It explains how neurons communicate via graded potentials and action potentials in response to stimuli and how synapses facilitate communication between neurons.
This atlas provides basic anatomy and physiology of the nervous system for medical and dental students in a form of pictures accompanied with explanations. In Sudan they write books but rarely someone draw pictures and make an atlas, so the idea is to exploit drawing skills in our medical field, it will be a new scope, I hope that medical students and doctors whose have drawing skill to use it in their fields. The neuroscience is one of the nice and enjoyable topics, to get more usefulness from this atlas you must read about neuroscience from well-known textbooks and then refer to this atlas. To make studying easy the atlas organized in parts each part explains specific details.
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The document summarizes the structure and functions of the nervous system. It describes the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, and its parts. It discusses the two main cell types - neurons and glial cells. It describes the organization of the nervous system into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Within the central nervous system, it outlines the main parts including the brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus and cerebrum. It provides details on the structure and functions of these parts.
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The document discusses the organization and functions of the nervous system. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and diencephalon. The spinal cord runs from the brainstem down the back. The PNS includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic system is voluntary while the autonomic system regulates involuntary functions like breathing and digestion.
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2. The Rawalpindi Medical University
Dr. Shmyla Hamid
Associate Professor Physiology
CNS MODULE
PHYSIOLOGY LGIS
ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
&
MECHANISM OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
Date:05-06-2023
2
3. The Rawalpindi Medical University
Table of contents
3
Sr # Content Slide #
1 Motto, Vision 4
2 Professor Umar Model of Integrated Lecture 5
3 Bloom’s Taxonomy (Domains of learning) 6
4 Diagrammatic representation of Blooms taxonomy 7
5 Learning Objectives 8
6 Horizontal Integration 12, 13 ,14, 28 , 39, 40
7 Core Concept 9,10 & 14 to 24,27,29 to 38, 41, 42
8 Vertical Integration 25, 49
9 Biomedical Ethics (Lesson of the day) 51
10 Suggested research article 50
11 Brainstorming (MCQs relevant with the lecture) 43 to 48
12 Promoting IT and Research culture (Digital library) 52
13 References of this lecture 53
4. The Rawalpindi Medical University
Motto Vision; The Dream/Tomorrow
• To impart evidence based research oriented
medical education
• To provide best possible patient care
• To inculcate the values of mutual respect
and ethical practice of medicine
4
5. The Rawalpindi Medical University
5
ProfessorUmarModel of Integrated Lecture
60%
CORE SUBJECT
20%
HORIZONTAL
INTEGRATION
anatomy
biochemistry
8%
VERTICAL
INTEGRATION
Pathology
pharmacology
7%
VERTICAL
INTEGRATION
Clinical
integration
5%
VERTICAL
INTEGRATION
Research,
professionalism
Ethics
Digital library
6. The Rawalpindi Medical University
BLOOM'S TAXONOMY : DOMAINS OF LEARNING
Sr. # Domain of learning Abbreviation Levels of the
domain
Meaning
1 cognition C C1 Recall / Remembering
2 C2 Understanding
3 C3 Applying / Problem solving
4 Psychomotor P P1 Imitation / copying
5 P2 Manipulation / Follows instructions
6 P3 Precision / Can perform accurately
7 Attitude A A1 Receiving / Learning
8 A2 Respond / Starts responding to the learned
attitude
9 A3 Valuing / starts behaving according to the
learned attitude
8. The Rawalpindi Medical University
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
8
Sr. # Learning Objective Domain of Learning
1 To Illustrate the general design of the nervous system C3
2 To Describe the physiologic anatomy of the synapse C2
3 To Give a brief account of role of synapses in processing
information
C1
4 To Enlist the various types of synapses C1
5 To differentiate the various types of synapses C4
6 To Explain the mechanism of synaptic transmission C2
12. The Rawalpindi Medical University
Central Nervous System Neuron:
The Basic Functional Unit
•more than 100 billion neurons
• a typical neuron of a type found in the brain
motor cortex
• Incoming signals
• output signal
• the signal normally passes only in the
forward direction
HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION
PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY
Horizontal
Integration
12
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HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION
PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY
Horizontal
Integration
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HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION
PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY
Horizontal
Integration
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A-Sensory Part of the Nervous System—Sensory Receptors
Most activities of the nervous system are initiated by
sensory experience exciting sensory receptors visual
receptors, auditory receptors, tactile receptors, or other
kinds of receptors
Somatic portion of the sensory system, transmits sensory
information( surface & deep)--- receptors– pns--enters the
CNS and is conducted immediately to multiple sensory areas in
1. The spinal cord at all levels;
2. The reticular substance of medulla, pons, mesencephalon
of the brain;
3. The cerebellum;
4. The thalamus;
5. Areas of the cerebral cortex.
CORE
CONCEPTS
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B-Motor Part of the Nervous System— Effectors
Motor functions of the nervous system
1. Contraction of skeletal muscles throughout the body,
2. Contraction of smooth muscle in the internal organs, and
3. Secretion of active chemical substances by both exocrine and endocrine glands in
many parts of the body.
CORE
CONCEPTS
The muscles and glands are called effectors
because they are the actual anatomical
structures that perform the functions dictated
by the nerve signals.
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The skeletal muscles can be controlled
from many levels of the central nervous
System, including
1. The spinal cord;
2. The reticular substance of the medulla,
pons, and mesencephalon;
3. The basal ganglia;
4. The cerebellum; and
5. The motor cortex.
CORE
CONCEPTS
17
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C- Processing of Information— “Integrative” Function of
the Nervous System
most important function--- to process incoming information appropriate mental
and motor responses will occur.
More than 99 per cent of all sensory information is discarded by the brain as irrelevant and
unimportant. But, when important sensory information excites the mind, it is immediately
channeled into proper integrative and motor regions of the brain to cause desired responses.
the integrative function of the nervous system--- channeling and processing of information
CORE
CONCEPTS
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Role of Synapses in Processing Information
The synapse : is the junction point from one neuron to the next.
synapses determine the directions that the nervous signals will spread through the nervous
system.
Synaptic transmission is controlled by facilitatory and inhibitory signals from other areas in
the nervous system.
The synapses perform a selective action:
blocking weak signals
allowing strong signals to pass
selecting and amplifying certain weak signals
channeling these signals in many directions rather than only one direction.
Memory-- is a function of the synapses (facilitation)
CORE
CONCEPTS
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Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function
inherited special functional capabilities
From this heritage, three major levels of the central nervous system have
specific functional characteristics:
1. The spinal cord level,
2. The lower brain or subcortical level, and
3. The higher brain or cortical level.
CORE
CONCEPTS
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1. Spinal Cord Level
Even after the spinal cord has been cut in the high neck region, many highly organized
spinal cord functions still occur.
neuronal circuits in the cord can cause
1. Walking movements,
2. Reflexes that withdraw portions of the body from painful objects,
3. Reflexes that stiffen the legs to support the body against gravity, and
4. Reflexes that control local blood vessels, gastrointestinal movements, or urinary
excretion.
CORE
CONCEPTS
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2. Lower Brain or Subcortical Level
• Controls subconscious activities of the body
• in the medulla, pons, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, and basal
ganglia
• medulla and pons subconscious control of arterial pressure and respiration
• older portions of the cerebellum and the reticular substance of the medulla, pons, and
mesencephalon Control of equilibrium.
• medulla, pons, mesencephalon, amygdala, and hypothalamus Feeding reflexes.
• Hypothalamus emotional patterns, can still occur after destruction of much of the
cerebral cortex.
CORE
CONCEPTS
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3. Higher Brain or Cortical Level
• cerebral cortex storehouse.
• The cortex never functions alone but always in association with lower centers of the
nervous system.
• The vast storehouse of cortical information usually converts these functions to
determinative and precise operations.
• the cerebral cortex is essential for most of our thought processes, but it cannot function by
itself.
• Without the cerebral cortex, the functions of the lower brain centers are often imprecise.
• In fact, it is the lower brain centers, not the cortex, that initiate wakefulness in the cerebral
cortex, thus opening its bank of memories to the thinking machinery of the brain.
CORE
CONCEPTS
24
27. The Rawalpindi Medical University
Central Nervous System Synapses
nerve action potentials--- “nerve impulses”
(1) may be blocked in its transmission from one neuron to the next,
(2) may be changed from a single impulse into repetitive impulses, or
(3) may be integrated with impulses from other neurons to cause highly intricate
patterns of impulses in successive neurons.
All these functions can be classified as synaptic functions of neurons.
CORE
CONCEPTS
27
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Physiologic Anatomy of the Synapse
Horizontal
Integration
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Types of Synapses—Chemical and Electrical
CORE
CONCEPTS
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Types of Synapses—Chemical and Electrical
chemical synapses –
mainly signal transmission in CNS
Almost all of the synapses in the CNS
Presynaptic neuron: the first neuron secretes at its nerve
ending a chemical substance called a neurotransmitter-- this
transmitter in turn acts on receptor proteins in the membrane
of the next neuron—postsynaptic neuron. (excites, inhibits, or
modifies its sensitivity)
“One-Way” Conduction at chemical synapses
40 important transmitter substances
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine,histamine,
gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA), glycine, serotonin, and
glutamate.
CORE
CONCEPTS
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Electrical synapses, are characterized by direct open
fluid channels that conduct electricity from one cell to
the next.
Most of these consist of small protein tubular structures
called gap junctions that allow free movement of ions
from the interior of one cell to the interior of the next.
Very few in the CNS but are the predominant type in the
periphery of the body (i.e. cardiac muscle and smooth
muscle)
CORE
CONCEPTS
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presynaptic membrane contains large numbers of voltage-gated calcium channels.
The quantity of transmitter substance that is then released from the terminal into the
synaptic cleft is directly related to the number of calcium ions that enter.
2000 to 10,000 molecules of acetylcholine are present in each vesicle.
CORE
CONCEPTS
34
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“Second messenger” system by which a transmitter substance from an initial neuron can
activate a second neuron by first releasing a “G-protein” into the second neuron’s cytoplasm.
HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION
BIOCHEMISTRY
Horizontal
Integration
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40. The Rawalpindi Medical University
• Second Messenger Systems- the alpha
component of the G protein performs one
of four functions:
a. Opening specific ion channels
through the post-synaptic
membrane
b. Activation of cAMP or cGMP
c. Activation of one or more
cellular enzymes
d. Activation of gene transcription
HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION
BIOCHEMISTRY
Horizontal
Integration
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41. The Rawalpindi Medical University
• Excitatory Receptors in the Postsynaptic Membrane
a. In excitation: the opening of Na channels to allow
large numbers of + electrical charges to flow to the
interior. This raises the membrane potential toward
threshold (most widely used method of excitation)
b. In excitation: depressed conduction through chloride
or potassium channels or both; decreases the diffusion
of Cl to the inside or K to the outside which makes the
membrane potential more positive
c. Metabolic changes to excite cell activity, increase
excitatory receptors or decrease inhibitory receptors
CORE
CONCEPTS
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42. The Rawalpindi Medical University
• Inhibitory Receptors in the Postsynaptic Membrane
a. Opening of chloride channels allowing the rapid influx
of ions which causes the membrane potential to become
more negative, and therefore inhibitory
b. Increase in conductance of potassium ions out of the
neuron allowing positive ions to diffuse to the outside
causing increased negativitiy, and therefore inhibitory
c. Activation of receptor enzymes that inhibit metabolic
functions or increase the number of inhibitory receptors
or decrease the number of excitatory receptors
CORE
CONCEPTS
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1. Following is a characteristic feature of electrical synapse :
a. Unidirectional transmission
b. Bidirectional transmission
c. Neurotransmitter receptors
d. Neurotransmitter vesicles
e. Voltage gated calcium channels
MCQ # 1
Brain
Storming
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44. The Rawalpindi Medical University
1. Following is a characteristic feature of electrical synapse :
a. Unidirectional transmission
b. Bidirectional transmission*
c. Neurotransmitter receptors
d. Neurotransmitter vesicles
e. Voltage gated calcium channels
KEY # 1
Brain
Storming
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2. Neurotransmitter receptors that act through second
messenger systems are called:
a. Ionotropic receptors
b. Metabotropic receptors
c. Muscarinic receptors
d. Alpha receptors
e. Nicotinic receptors
MCQ # 2
Brain
Storming
45
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2. Neurotransmitter receptors that act through second
messenger systems are called:
a. Ionotropic receptors
b. Metabotropic receptors*
c. Muscarinic receptors
d. Alpha receptors
e. Nicotinic receptors
KEY # 2
Brain
Storming
46
47. The Rawalpindi Medical University
4. The inhibitory synapses mainly:
a. Open chloride channels
b. Close chloride channels
c. Open sodium channels
d. Allow potassium influx
e. Allow bicarbonate efflux
MCQ # 3
Brain
Storming
47
48. The Rawalpindi Medical University
4. The inhibitory synapses mainly:
a. Open chloride channels*
b. Close chloride channels
c. Open sodium channels
d. Allow potassium influx
e. Allow bicarbonate efflux
KEY # 3
Brain
Storming
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49. The Rawalpindi Medical University
49
VERTICAL INTEGRATION
Seizures and Epilepsy
• Seizures are temporary
disruptions of brain
function caused by
uncontrolled excessive
neuronal activity.
• Cerebral epileptic seizures
occur because of increased
excitability of some or all
of the cerebral neurons.
VERTICAL
INTEGRATION
50. The Rawalpindi Medical University
SUGGESTED RESEARCH ARTICLE
PROMOTING RESEARCH CULTURE
50
WEB LINK: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9313035/
51. The Rawalpindi Medical University
• It is a code of conduct for the members of the medical
profession in order to render the best possible services to
humanity and maintain the honor and dignity of the profession.
BIOMEDICAL ETHICS
Lesson of the day
51
Understanding
biomedical
ethics
52. The Rawalpindi Medical University
• Steps to Access HEC Digital Library
1. Go to the website of HEC National Digital Library.
2. On Home Page, click on the INSTITUTES.
3. A page will appear showing the universities from Public and Private Sector
and other Institutes which have access to HEC National Digital Library HNDL.
4. Select your desired Institute.
5. A page will appear showing the resources of the institution
6. Journals and Researches will appear
7. You can find a Journal by clicking on JOURNALS AND DATABASE and enter a
keyword to search for your desired journal.
How To Access Digital Library
52
PROMOTING IT AND RESEARCH CULTURE
53. The Rawalpindi Medical University
REFERENCES
1. Guyton and Hall text book of medical physiology, 14th edition
2. Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th Edition
4. Berne and Levy Physiology-7th Edition
5. Costanzo Physiology by Linda S. Costanzo, 7th edition
6. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, by Silverthorn-8th edition
7. Best & Taylors Physiological Basis of Medical Practice-13th Edition 53