Dr Marie-Pierre Preziosi's presentation at Meningitis Research Foundation's 2013 conference, Meningitis & Septicaemia in Children & Adults http://www.meningitis.org/conference2013
Emergence of a virulent new meningococcal W sequence type 11 in South America: experience, control measures and impact
http://www.meningitis.org/conference2015
Current epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the African meningitis belt and new WHO outbreak response guidelines after the Meningitis Vaccine Project
http://www.meningitis.org/conference2015
Professor Michael Levin's presentation at Meningitis Research Foundation's 2013 conference Meningitis & Septicaemia in Children & Adults www.meningitis.org/conference2013
Dr Marie-Pierre Preziosi's presentation at Meningitis Research Foundation's 2013 conference, Meningitis & Septicaemia in Children & Adults http://www.meningitis.org/conference2013
Emergence of a virulent new meningococcal W sequence type 11 in South America: experience, control measures and impact
http://www.meningitis.org/conference2015
Current epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the African meningitis belt and new WHO outbreak response guidelines after the Meningitis Vaccine Project
http://www.meningitis.org/conference2015
Professor Michael Levin's presentation at Meningitis Research Foundation's 2013 conference Meningitis & Septicaemia in Children & Adults www.meningitis.org/conference2013
Novartis satellite breakfast session at the Meningitis Research Foundation 2013 conference, Meningitis & Septicaemia in Children & Adults presented by Emeritus Professor Richard Moxon, Dr Jamie Findlow and Dr Simon Nadel
Single-dose oral ciprofloxacin prophylaxis as a meningococcal meningitis outbreak response: results of a cluster-randomized trial
https://www.meningitis.org/mrf-conference-2017
Novartis satellite breakfast session at the Meningitis Research Foundation 2013 conference, Meningitis & Septicaemia in Children & Adults presented by Emeritus Professor Richard Moxon, Dr Jamie Findlow and Dr Simon Nadel
Single-dose oral ciprofloxacin prophylaxis as a meningococcal meningitis outbreak response: results of a cluster-randomized trial
https://www.meningitis.org/mrf-conference-2017
Objective :
describe the morphology and structure of Neisseria meningitidis
describe the transmission and clinical features of meningitides
describe the process of development of meningitides
what is the diagnostic test required for Neisseria meningitidis
list the other causes of meningitis and its cfc finding
done by : asem shadid , college of medicine .
Similar to Current epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the UK and Europe, including issues for surveillance relating to a MenB vaccine costs of meningitis
Enterovirus D68: an underestimated pathogen - Prof. NiestersWAidid
"Enterovirus D68: an underestimated pathogen" - Slideset by professor Niesters (Chair of WAidid Working group on Virology) presented at the 2015 Annual Meeting of the Society for General Microbiology, held in Birmingham at the end of March 2015.
Find more on www.waidid.org
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Amanda Mocroft, UCL
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Trends on Health-Care Associated Infections and Infection Control in Estonia ...Kazimierz Murzyn
Presentation given during Cost AMiCI meeting in Tallinn Nov 2017
by Pille Märtin
Infection control doctor
West-Tallinn Central Hospital
Chief specialist
Dep. Of Communicable Diseases surveillance and control
Health Board of Estonia
Johanna Takkinen: Operational Collaboration on EU-wide Zoonotic and Foodborne...THL
Ms. Johanna Takkinen, Head of Food and Waterborne Diseases and Zoonoses Programme, ECDC, at One Health Security Conference, 14-15 Oct 2019, THL, Helsinki
Presentation from the 3rd Joint Meeting of the Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections (ARHAI) Networks, organised by the European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control - Stockholm, 11-13 February 2015
In 2014, over 57 000 new cases of hepatitis B and C were reported. 22 442 cases of hepatitis B virus infection were reported in 30 EU/EEA Member States and 35 321 cases of hepatitis C were reported from 28 EU/EEA Member States.
Surveillance data from 2013 show high numbers of newly diagnosed hepatitis B and C cases notified across Europe. Chronic cases dominate across both diseases with a marked variation between countries: in 2013, 19 930 cases of hepatitis B virus infection were reported in 28 EU/EEA Member States, a crude rate of 4.4 per 100 000 population. 26 EU/ EEA Member States recorded 32 512 cases of hepatitis C resulting in a crude rate of 9.9 per 100 000 population.
Similar to Current epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the UK and Europe, including issues for surveillance relating to a MenB vaccine costs of meningitis (20)
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Current epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the UK and Europe, including issues for surveillance relating to a MenB vaccine costs of meningitis
1. Invasive Meningococcal Disease
in England & Wales
Shamez Ladhani, Pauline Kaye and Mary Ramsay
Immunisation Department
Public Health England Colindale
E-mail: shamez.ladhani@phe.gov.uk
2. ... on the basis of the available evidence, routine infant or
toddler immunisation using Bexsero is highly unlikely
to be cost-effective ...
... if the vaccine had no impact on ...carriage ....
adolescent immunisation is also unlikely to be costeffective....
4. Meningococcal Cases by Age & Year
England and Wales, 2006/07-2012/13
450
2006/2007
Number of cases
400
2007/2008
350
2008/2009
2009/2010
300
2010/2011
250
2011/2012
2012/2013
200
150
100
50
0
<1
1-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
Age Group (years)
25-44
45-64
≥
>=65
7. IMD Surveillance in England & Wales
•
PHE Meningococcal Reference Unit (MRU):
•
•
•
•
•
•
National service for species confirmation and capsular
grouping of invasive Neisseria meningitidis isolates
~ “Real-time” PCR-testing of clinical samples for molecular
diagnosis of IMD
Routinely requests clinical isolates for PCR-positive cases
Molecular characterisation of a proportion of isolates annually
Clinical & diagnostic support for IMD clusters & outbreaks
Laboratory support for meningococcal vaccine trials
8. IMD Surveillance in England & Wales
•
PHE Colindale
•
•
•
•
•
Enhanced national surveillance of IMD
Monitor MenC vaccination programme –
impact, effectiveness, replacement disease, population
immunity
Follow-up of clinical cases (when needed)
Public health advice and national guidance for management
of cases and contacts, including outbreaks
Modelling, carriage studies, vaccine trials, health economic
analyses and other relevant studies to inform national
immunisation policy
9. Alternative Data Sources: LabBase2
Labase2
•
Voluntary electronic reporting of laboratory-confirmed
clinically significant pathogens by NHS hospital
microbiology departments in England & Wales
• Proportion of laboratories reporting to LabBase2 has been
increasing over the past decade
• Currently ~ 83% of cases reported through LabBase2
• BUT:
- Only laboratory-confirmed cases
- No clinical data
- Variable quality and timing of reporting by laboratories
10. PCR Diagnosis for IMD
Number of cases
1400
B
C
W135
Y
Other
•
5,471 lab-confirmed cases by PHE MRU
during 2006/07-10/11 (5 years)
800
•
Average annual incidence: 1.8/100,000
600
•
Incidence in infants: 38.6/100,000
•
1,034 lab-confirmed cases in 2010/11
•
Only 14 cases in LabBase2 were not
reported to PHE MRU
1200
1000
400
200
0
Epidemiological year
11. Contribution of PCR-testing to IMD diagnosis
England & Wales, 1998/99-2012/13
3000
PCR ONLY
Number of Cases
2500
CULTURE ONLY
CULTURE AND PCR
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Epidemiological Year
12. Added Value of PCR-testing to IMD
Surveillance (England, 2009 and 2010)
•
25,379 specimens to MRU for PCR testing:
1,492 patients (6.8%) tested positive
•
Of 1,924 IMD cases:
1099 (57%) were confirmed by PCR only
432 (23%) by culture only
393 (20%) by both tests
•
Multiple PCR Specimens:
Of 2827 patients with multiple PCR-samples
submitted, only one patient had a discordant result
between two EDTA samples submitted on the same day.
•
PCR sensitivity against cultures:
Comparing PCR-negative/culture-positive samples taken
on the same day (n=5) to cases confirmed by both
methods (n=393), the sensitivity of PCR was 99%
•
Comparison with LabBase2:
Only 47/509 (10%) isolates not submitted to PHE MRU
Heinsbroek et al. Journal of Infection (2013); 67: 385-90
But 36/47 (77%) had already been tested PCR-positive
13. Changing epidemiology of MenY disease
(England & Wales, 2006-2013)
40
A <1
B 1-4
C 5-9
D 10-14
E 15-19
F 20-24
G 25-44
H 45-64
I >=65
Number of MenY cases
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2006/2007
2007/2008
2008/2009
2009/2010
2010/2011
Epidemiological Year
2011/2012
2012/2013
14. Recent increase in MenW cases
(England & Wales, 2006-2013)
Number of MenW cases
60
Other
50
2a
40
33
30
2
20
10
18
11
1
20
5
20
15
15
17
15
10
0
2a
Other
2006/2007
2007/2008
1
18
2
20
2008/2009
2009/2010
2010/2011
2011/2012
2012/2013
15
5
15
11
15
20
10
33
17
Epidemiologocal Year
15. Are we truly capturing all
invasive meningococcal
cases?
16. Estimating the total burden of IMD in
England using multiple national data sources
MRU DATABASE
ELECTRONIC LAB REPORTS
INDIVIDUAL
HOSPITAL
ADMISSIONS
DEATH
NOTIFICATIONS
17. National Data Sources: HES
•
HES
•
Hospital Episode Statistics for all hospital admissions in
England only
• Data format requires complex analysis, especially if linking
with other data sources
• Diagnosis based on ICD-10 codes at discharge
• BUT
- Only includes hospitalised cases
- Coding may be non-specific (e.g. meningitis, pneumonia)
- No laboratory-confirmation (clinically diagnosed cases vs.
petechial rash treated with 7 days of IV antibiotics)
18. National Data Sources: ONS Deaths
•
Death Registrations
•
ICD10 codes and cause of death available electronically for
all death registrations in England
• May identify non-hospitalised cases at post-mortem (although
usually still need laboratory-confirmation)
• Allows assessment of timing and cause of death for
laboratory-confirmed IMD cases
• BUT:
- Least specific data source for pathogen-specific disease
- Pathogen may not be known at the time of registration
- Pathogen may not be reported even if known (“meningitis”)
21. Completeness of case ascertainment
(England & Wales, 2007-2011)
1600
1400
1200
1000
168
433
433 cases: coded as IMD in HES, but not linked to MRU
265
22
293
22 cases: coded in ONS as IMD but not linked to MRU or
HES
800
293 cases: MRU-positive, infection-related ICD10 code in
HES for most (~87.5%) cases
600
400
787
200
787 cases: MRU Positive & coded as IMD in HES
0
IMD Cases
22. Completeness of case ascertainment
(England & Wales, 2007-2011)
1600
1400
1200
1000
168
433
265
168 cases: coded as IMD in HES but no lab-confirmation
265 cases: Coded as IMD in HES but MRU-negative
22
HES cases that were PCR-negative
400
800
600
400
787
200
Number of Cases
293
300
200
100
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Interval (days) between admission and testing
0
IMD Cases
30
23. Age distribution of HES cases that were
MRU-confirmed, MRU-negative & unmatched
24. Conclusions
Current surveillance of IMD in England and Wales relies on PHE MRU
•
National Reference Centre for clinical isolates and PCR-testing
•
Standardised methodology – consistent over time
•
Allows molecular surveillance of meningococci causing IMD
PHE monitors completeness of case ascertainment at regular
intervals using multiple alternative national datasets
•
Currently surveillance captures >90% of laboratory-confirmed cases
•
Redundancy in free PCR-testing service ensures high case ascertainment
PHE working to develop standardised methodology for routinely
linking multiple national datasets to enhance IMD surveillance
•
Particular emphasis on cases without laboratory confirmation
25. Pathogens causing Bacterial Meningitis
(LabBase2, England & Wales, 2004-2011)
Adults (≥15 years)
0.3
2
nm
1.6
spn
1.2
gbs
0.8
ecoli
0.4
hi
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Incidence per 100,000
Incidence per 100,000
Children (<15 years)
nm
0.2
spn
gbs
0.1
ecoli
hi
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year