This document describes a proposed dynamic power management controller for a wind-solar DC microgrid used for transportation applications. The microgrid includes wind and solar generation sources, an energy storage system consisting of batteries and supercapacitors, and brushless DC motors. High-efficiency DC-DC converters are used to interface these components to the common DC bus. A dynamic power management algorithm is implemented using an FPGA to control power sharing and maintain stable operation of the microgrid under varying load and weather conditions.
The document provides information about academic projects available for M.Tech students in electrical engineering at EEE for the 2013-2014 academic year. It lists several potential project topics in areas like transmission and distribution, renewable energy, motor drives, power electronics, and MATLAB/Simulink modeling. It also provides contact information for students to get more details on project descriptions and includes a table with 7 sample past project titles from 2013. The document aims to help students identify suitable project topics and contact faculty for further information.
Power Flow Control for Dc Microgrid Using MPPT TechniqueIRJET Journal
The document proposes an incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to control power flow in a DC microgrid powered by solar and wind energy. The microgrid contains a solar PV array, wind turbine, battery storage, and loads connected to a common DC bus. The MPPT algorithm optimizes power extraction from the solar and wind sources by regulating them at their respective maximum power points. It also regulates the DC bus voltage using the battery charger/discharger. Simulation results show that the algorithm maintains stable DC voltage and balances power between sources and loads despite fluctuations in solar and wind power output or changes in load demand. The MPPT approach improves the microgrid's ability to efficiently utilize renewable energy resources.
Power Quality Improvement with Multilevel Inverter Based IPQC for MicrogridIJMTST Journal
A micro grid is a hybrid power system consists of several distributed resources and local loads .Now a
days with increasing on a day to day life micro grid plays a vital role in power generation using Renewable
Energy Sources. Usage of power electronic devices in a micro grid results in harmonic generation and leads to
various power quality issues. Inorder to overcome voltage fluctuations and over current a magnetic flux
control based variable reactor is proposed. The performance of IPQC can be verified by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK`
REDUCTION OF CHARGING TIME OF PLUG-IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE USING SMART CHARGING A...IRJET Journal
The document presents a proposed system for reducing the charging time of plug-in electric vehicles using a smart charging algorithm without an energy storage system. The system includes a direct current fast charging station supplied by a photovoltaic system and grid interlinked converters. A smart charging algorithm is proposed to coordinate the power distribution between the electric vehicles and grid interlinked converters to balance power fluctuations, without using an energy storage system. The algorithm includes a self-regulated algorithm and grid-regulated algorithm. The self-regulated algorithm controls the charging power of electric vehicles based on their load requirements and state of charge to prevent minor power fluctuations. The grid-regulated algorithm triggers the grid interlinked converters when there are major power fluctuations to ensure electric vehicles receive
IRJET- Energy Management and Control for Grid Connected Hybrid Energy Storage...IRJET Journal
This document describes an energy management system for a grid-connected hybrid energy storage system. It proposes a new energy management strategy that provides effective power sharing between battery and supercapacitor storage under different operating modes. The key advantages of the proposed strategy are faster DC link voltage regulation, dynamic power sharing between battery and grid based on state of charge, and reduced battery charge/discharge rates. The effectiveness is validated through simulation and experimental results. The system aims to improve power quality when connected to the grid and allow for seamless transitions between operating modes.
A Power quality problem is an occurrence of nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a
failure or a misoperation of end user equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads and
critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost
significant financial losses. With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic Converters/Inverters. This
paper presents a single-stage, three-phase grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. The proposed system
is dual purpose, as it not only feeds extracted solar energy into the grid but it also helps in improving power
quality in the distribution system. The presented system serves the purpose of maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), feeding SPV energy to the grid, harmonics mitigation of loads connected at point of common coupling
(PCC) and balancing the grid currents. The SPV system uses a three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) for
performing all these functions. An improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST)-based control algorithm is proposed
for control of VSC. In the proposed system, a variable dc link voltage is used for MPPT. An instantaneous
compensation technique is used incorporating changes in PV power for fast dynamic response. The SPV system
is first simulated in MATLAB along with Simulink and simpower system toolboxes.
Design and Simulation of MPPT Algorithm for Three Phase Induction Motor Solar...ijtsrd
In this paper a three phase induction motor controller for a photovoltaic powered water pump without the use of chemical storage element is presented. The use of a three-phase induction motor is a better solution to the dc motor water pumping system. This system is use to achieve a more efficient, reliable, maintenance-free, and cheaper solution than that use dc motors or low-voltage synchronous motors. The developed system is based on a non inverting buck“boost converter and a full-bridge three-phase inverter. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm has been developed and implemented to maximize the use of solar power generated at any given instant. By using MATLAB/ Simulink model is implemented. The system is expected to have a high lifetime due to the inexistence of storage element. As a result, the system is a economical solution to deliver water to household, industrial and agricultural activities which require water supply. Swati Killedar | Dr. S. N. Patil | Prof. A. P. Kinge"Design and Simulation of MPPT Algorithm for Three Phase Induction Motor Solar Water Pump" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9682.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/9682/design-and-simulation-of-mppt-algorithm-for-three-phase-induction-motor-solar-water-pump/swati-killedar
Implementation Of A High-Efficiency, High-Lifetime, And Low-Cost Converter Us...irjes
This paper proposes a new converter for photovoltaic water pumping and treatment systems without
the use of storage elements. The converter is designed to drive a three-phase induction motor directly from PV
solar energy. The use of this motor has the objective of presenting a better solution to the standard DC motor
water pumping system. The development is oriented to achieve a commercially viable solution and a market
friendly product. The converter topology is based on a Resonant Two Inductor Boost converter and a Threephase
Voltage Source inverter achieving 90% efficiency at a rated power of 210W.
The document provides information about academic projects available for M.Tech students in electrical engineering at EEE for the 2013-2014 academic year. It lists several potential project topics in areas like transmission and distribution, renewable energy, motor drives, power electronics, and MATLAB/Simulink modeling. It also provides contact information for students to get more details on project descriptions and includes a table with 7 sample past project titles from 2013. The document aims to help students identify suitable project topics and contact faculty for further information.
Power Flow Control for Dc Microgrid Using MPPT TechniqueIRJET Journal
The document proposes an incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to control power flow in a DC microgrid powered by solar and wind energy. The microgrid contains a solar PV array, wind turbine, battery storage, and loads connected to a common DC bus. The MPPT algorithm optimizes power extraction from the solar and wind sources by regulating them at their respective maximum power points. It also regulates the DC bus voltage using the battery charger/discharger. Simulation results show that the algorithm maintains stable DC voltage and balances power between sources and loads despite fluctuations in solar and wind power output or changes in load demand. The MPPT approach improves the microgrid's ability to efficiently utilize renewable energy resources.
Power Quality Improvement with Multilevel Inverter Based IPQC for MicrogridIJMTST Journal
A micro grid is a hybrid power system consists of several distributed resources and local loads .Now a
days with increasing on a day to day life micro grid plays a vital role in power generation using Renewable
Energy Sources. Usage of power electronic devices in a micro grid results in harmonic generation and leads to
various power quality issues. Inorder to overcome voltage fluctuations and over current a magnetic flux
control based variable reactor is proposed. The performance of IPQC can be verified by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK`
REDUCTION OF CHARGING TIME OF PLUG-IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE USING SMART CHARGING A...IRJET Journal
The document presents a proposed system for reducing the charging time of plug-in electric vehicles using a smart charging algorithm without an energy storage system. The system includes a direct current fast charging station supplied by a photovoltaic system and grid interlinked converters. A smart charging algorithm is proposed to coordinate the power distribution between the electric vehicles and grid interlinked converters to balance power fluctuations, without using an energy storage system. The algorithm includes a self-regulated algorithm and grid-regulated algorithm. The self-regulated algorithm controls the charging power of electric vehicles based on their load requirements and state of charge to prevent minor power fluctuations. The grid-regulated algorithm triggers the grid interlinked converters when there are major power fluctuations to ensure electric vehicles receive
IRJET- Energy Management and Control for Grid Connected Hybrid Energy Storage...IRJET Journal
This document describes an energy management system for a grid-connected hybrid energy storage system. It proposes a new energy management strategy that provides effective power sharing between battery and supercapacitor storage under different operating modes. The key advantages of the proposed strategy are faster DC link voltage regulation, dynamic power sharing between battery and grid based on state of charge, and reduced battery charge/discharge rates. The effectiveness is validated through simulation and experimental results. The system aims to improve power quality when connected to the grid and allow for seamless transitions between operating modes.
A Power quality problem is an occurrence of nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a
failure or a misoperation of end user equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads and
critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost
significant financial losses. With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic Converters/Inverters. This
paper presents a single-stage, three-phase grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. The proposed system
is dual purpose, as it not only feeds extracted solar energy into the grid but it also helps in improving power
quality in the distribution system. The presented system serves the purpose of maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), feeding SPV energy to the grid, harmonics mitigation of loads connected at point of common coupling
(PCC) and balancing the grid currents. The SPV system uses a three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) for
performing all these functions. An improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST)-based control algorithm is proposed
for control of VSC. In the proposed system, a variable dc link voltage is used for MPPT. An instantaneous
compensation technique is used incorporating changes in PV power for fast dynamic response. The SPV system
is first simulated in MATLAB along with Simulink and simpower system toolboxes.
Design and Simulation of MPPT Algorithm for Three Phase Induction Motor Solar...ijtsrd
In this paper a three phase induction motor controller for a photovoltaic powered water pump without the use of chemical storage element is presented. The use of a three-phase induction motor is a better solution to the dc motor water pumping system. This system is use to achieve a more efficient, reliable, maintenance-free, and cheaper solution than that use dc motors or low-voltage synchronous motors. The developed system is based on a non inverting buck“boost converter and a full-bridge three-phase inverter. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm has been developed and implemented to maximize the use of solar power generated at any given instant. By using MATLAB/ Simulink model is implemented. The system is expected to have a high lifetime due to the inexistence of storage element. As a result, the system is a economical solution to deliver water to household, industrial and agricultural activities which require water supply. Swati Killedar | Dr. S. N. Patil | Prof. A. P. Kinge"Design and Simulation of MPPT Algorithm for Three Phase Induction Motor Solar Water Pump" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9682.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/9682/design-and-simulation-of-mppt-algorithm-for-three-phase-induction-motor-solar-water-pump/swati-killedar
Implementation Of A High-Efficiency, High-Lifetime, And Low-Cost Converter Us...irjes
This paper proposes a new converter for photovoltaic water pumping and treatment systems without
the use of storage elements. The converter is designed to drive a three-phase induction motor directly from PV
solar energy. The use of this motor has the objective of presenting a better solution to the standard DC motor
water pumping system. The development is oriented to achieve a commercially viable solution and a market
friendly product. The converter topology is based on a Resonant Two Inductor Boost converter and a Threephase
Voltage Source inverter achieving 90% efficiency at a rated power of 210W.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
HYBRID SOLAR-WIND CHARGING STATION FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND ITS SIMULATIONIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a proposed hybrid solar-wind charging station for electric vehicles. The station uses photovoltaic panels, a wind turbine, batteries, and power converters to provide electricity for electric vehicle charging.
2) A MATLAB simulation was created to analyze the performance of the system. The simulation included models of the photovoltaic array, permanent magnet synchronous generator for the wind turbine, maximum power point tracking algorithm, and voltage control converters.
3) The results of the simulation showed the station was able to maintain the direct current bus voltage at the target level of 170V to provide power for charging electric vehicles, as well as produce 110V alternating current for additional loads.
DISTRIBUTED CONTROL OF HYBRID AC-DC MICROGRID WITH SOLAR ENERGY,ENERGY STORAG...kodibalasriram
The document describes a hybrid AC/DC microgrid system with solar energy, energy storage, and critical load. The system includes an AC source, AC loads, a PV farm, battery storage, and DC loads. A PV array is connected to a DC bus through a boost converter with MPPT control. Battery storage connects to the DC bus via a bi-directional DC-DC converter. An AC-DC bi-directional converter connects the AC and DC buses to allow power sharing. The system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to maintain stable operation under different conditions when operating in island mode.
Design of Integrated Generator-Rectifier System to Determine the Maximum Powe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a fuzzy logic controller-based maximum power point tracking system for an integrated generator-rectifier system used in offshore wind turbines. The system combines a permanent magnet synchronous generator with active and passive rectifiers. A fuzzy logic controller analyzes the d-axis current of the active rectifier to achieve maximum power point tracking and improve the efficiency of the wind energy conversion system. The proposed method is assessed using MATLAB/Simulink simulations. It is suggested that the integrated system using a fuzzy logic controller can help reduce the levelized cost of energy for offshore wind power applications.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
Design and Simulation of DC Microgrid with DC-DC Bi-directional ConverterIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a DC microgrid system in Matlab Simulink. The microgrid includes a solar PV array connected to the DC bus via a boost converter. A bidirectional DC-DC converter connects a battery energy storage system to allow power flow in both directions. The microgrid is controlled through maximum power point tracking of the PV array and voltage control of the DC bus. Simulations of the full microgrid are run under different operating conditions to analyze system performance.
a new pv/fuel cell based bi-directional pwm converter for micro grid applicat...Srirangam Vamshikrishna
This document discusses a proposed bidirectional converter for use in microgrid applications integrating photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell systems. It describes the need for bidirectional power flow between the AC and DC sides of a microgrid. The proposed converter design would allow for both rectifier and inverter modes of operation to enable charging and discharging of energy storage. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink are presented to validate the performance of the proposed bidirectional converter interface for renewable-based microgrids.
IRJET- Performance Evaluation of Micro GridIRJET Journal
The document discusses the performance evaluation of a microgrid system combining photovoltaic (PV) arrays and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). The microgrid is designed to operate autonomously to meet load demand. It uses a voltage source converter (VSC) controller and phase locked loop (PLL) based on DQ transformation to control voltage, current and frequency. A DC-DC converter connects the PV and PEMFC, with the fuel cell providing backup power when the PV state of charge falls. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) using a perturb and observe algorithm maintains output voltage. Simulation results show the system improves power quality by reducing total harmonic distortion compared to using a VSC controller alone.
Steady State Operation And Enhancement Of Transient Stability In Hydel Power...IJMER
In this paper, the effect of STATCOM for improving the stability and steady state operation of
the hydel power system is investigated. The STATCOM is used to control power flow of power system by
injecting appropriate reactive power during dynamic state. Simulation results show that STATCOM not
only considerably improves transient stability but also compensates the reactive power in steady state.
Therefore STATCOM can increase reliability and capability of AC transmission system. To illustrate the
performance of the FACTS controller (STATCOM), a three machine nine bus, Multi-Machine Power
System has been considered.
Control of a Bidirectional Converter to Interface Ultracapacitor with Renewab...Projectsatbangalore
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a controller for a bidirectional converter to interface an ultracapacitor with renewable energy sources. The controller integrates both Peak Current Mode Control and Linear Quadratic Regulator methods. Simulation results show that the controller achieves good DC bus voltage regulation under different operating conditions of the bidirectional converter, and ensures smooth transition between the buck and boost modes. The controller is designed to improve the reliability and energy efficiency of renewable energy systems by utilizing an ultracapacitor for energy storage.
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
This document discusses improving power quality using a STATCOM under various loading conditions. It first provides background on power quality issues and defines STATCOM. It then describes the system topology which includes a wind energy generation system connected to the grid along with a STATCOM and battery energy storage system. Two control schemes for the STATCOM are proposed: Bang-Bang current control and fuzzy logic control. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented for various cases including balanced/unbalanced linear and non-linear loads, showing the STATCOM is able to mitigate power quality issues and regulate voltage.
A Review on Methodologies of Multi Array PV Battery Based Bi- Directional Con...IRJET Journal
- The document discusses a proposed system for managing power flow from multiple photovoltaic (PV) arrays and a battery to a grid using a bidirectional DC-DC converter.
- The system aims to meet load demand, control power flow from multiple sources, inject excess power into the grid, and charge the battery from the grid as needed.
- A bidirectional buck-boost converter is used to control power from the PV arrays while also allowing battery charging and discharging. This reduces the number of conversion stages compared to existing grid-connected hybrid systems.
Isolated Wind Hydro Hybrid Generation System with Battery StorageIJMER
In this paper, a new isolated wind- hydro hybrid generation system comprising one squirrel -cage induction generator (SCIG) driven by a variable-speed wind turbine and another synchronous generator driven by constant power hydro turbine feeding three phase four wire local loads is proposed. The system utilizes two back to back connected voltage-source converters (VSCs) with a battery energy storage system at their dc link. The main objective of the control algorithm for the VSC is to achieve control of the magnitude and the frequency of the load voltage. The proposed wind-hydro hybrid system has a capability of bidirectional active- and reactive-power flow, by which it controls the magnitude and the frequency of the load voltage. The proposed electromechanical system is modelled and simulated in MATLAB using Simulink.
Many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications, nowadays, require real-time communication, which demands cautious design consideration to resolve inherent conflicts between energy efficiency and the need to meet Quality of Services (QoS), such as end-to-end delay communications. Numerous innovative solutions are proposed such as Real-time Power-Aware Routing (RPAR) protocol, which dynamically adapts transmission power to meet specified communication delays at low energy cost. Hence, to enable real-time communication with RPAR protocol, an adaptive Power Management Circuit (PMC) using hybrid energy harvester to support WSN real-time communication is proposed. In this paper, a high-level architecture of the proposed PMC is discussed, which consists of Thermal Energy Generator (TEG), and Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (PEG) as energy providers, with low-power Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) feature enabled. Preliminary simulations which analyze and characterize TEG and PEG system are conducted separately to determine the optimal design parameters to support the conventional WSN QoS requirement. Next, both systems will be integrated into a single PMC implementation prior to fabrication and lab characterization.
Research on Micro-grid Stability Based on Data Center and Battery ArrayIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:At present, the number of distributed energy in the micro-grid shows a gradually increasing trend. In order to absorb and use distributed energy greatly, and to achieve stable control of the micro-grid, this paper adjusts the load power and distributed energy to match the demand response, and then make the micro-grid stable. Through the adjustable load to reduce the peak and fill the valley in themicro-grid, and use the energy storage device to achieve the excess output and load demand. By using the data center and the battery array to control the micro-grid, the data center load is adjustable and the battery array is to absorb the energy release. The intermittent fluctuations of the distributed energy in the micro-grid has been suppressed, and this two devices achieve stable control of the micro-grid in two different ways.
Review Grid Connected Wind Photovoltaic Cogeneration Using Back to Back Volta...IJSRED
This document reviews a proposed system for grid-connected wind and photovoltaic cogeneration using back-to-back voltage source converters. The system uses a permanent magnet synchronous generator for wind power generation and a boost converter for maximum solar power generation through maximum power point tracking. Simulation results are provided to validate the proposed system, which is designed to maximize energy capture from the wind turbine and solar array and deliver it to the utility grid. Control systems are designed for maximum power point tracking of the solar array and synchronization of the inverters with the grid voltage.
A Novel Multi-Functional DSTATCOM with Distribution Generation using FRC Cont...IJECEIAES
Distribution Generation plays a significant role in remote areas where the utility grid is affected and initializing by renewable energy sources to acquire the sufficient power demand. In distribution system, it is very exigent consumer related concern which is confronted due to mis-operation of massive non-linear load apparatus. A multi-functional distributed static compensator incorporates the best choice for enhancing the power quality features with effective control scheme under rambled non-linear loads. Conventional control schemes are more adversed with greater switching losses due to extreme harmonic frequencies in a refernce current component. This paper proposes, a novel multi-objective fundamental reference current control scheme based multi-functional DSTATCOM furnishes the current harmonic compensation at PCC, reactive power compensation, power factor correction, active power exchanging, minimizing the switching losses, incredible efficiency and power factor correction. The validation of proposed multi-functional DSTATCOM with proposed control strategy under rated capacity of distribution generation is evaluated by using Matlab/Simulink platform and simulation results are presented.
COORDINATED CONTROL AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION INVERTERS...ijiert bestjournal
In modern world,our entire life moves around Computers. Most of our tasks are dependent on the Computers,like Communication,Ticket Reservations,Researches,Printing,and Education etc. When we communicate with each other by using Computers through E Mails,a number of Computers are used for this purpose and the collection of these computers forms a network,which is called a Computer Network. As more and more peoples are going to be connected through the general network (INTERNET),the problem of security arises. Now a day,a number of security issues occur in networks which include Sniffing,Spoofing,Security Attacks,Malwares,Unauthorized Access,etc. This will create havoc for the users,who wants to communicate with each other through these networks. So,to make the communication between two users via the Computer Networks,we have to follow some security measures,which include using the Firewalls,Anti Malicious Software,Intrusion Detection Systems,Cryptography Techniques,et c. This paper is basically focused on how the communication between two users has been performed by using Computer Networks and how to make such a communication
IRJET - Optimal Scheduling of Solar Wind Bio-Mass Systems and Evaluating the ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on optimal scheduling of a solar-wind-biomass hybrid renewable energy system and evaluating its effective load carrying capability. It proposes a multi-source multi-product framework for coupled multi-carrier energy supplies using the hybrid renewable system. The study develops a MATLAB/Simulink model of the hybrid system and analyzes its performance. Key findings include that the hybrid system is able to reliably meet electricity demand by drawing power from multiple renewable sources and energy storage helps balance the intermittent nature of solar and wind power.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
HYBRID SOLAR-WIND CHARGING STATION FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND ITS SIMULATIONIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a proposed hybrid solar-wind charging station for electric vehicles. The station uses photovoltaic panels, a wind turbine, batteries, and power converters to provide electricity for electric vehicle charging.
2) A MATLAB simulation was created to analyze the performance of the system. The simulation included models of the photovoltaic array, permanent magnet synchronous generator for the wind turbine, maximum power point tracking algorithm, and voltage control converters.
3) The results of the simulation showed the station was able to maintain the direct current bus voltage at the target level of 170V to provide power for charging electric vehicles, as well as produce 110V alternating current for additional loads.
DISTRIBUTED CONTROL OF HYBRID AC-DC MICROGRID WITH SOLAR ENERGY,ENERGY STORAG...kodibalasriram
The document describes a hybrid AC/DC microgrid system with solar energy, energy storage, and critical load. The system includes an AC source, AC loads, a PV farm, battery storage, and DC loads. A PV array is connected to a DC bus through a boost converter with MPPT control. Battery storage connects to the DC bus via a bi-directional DC-DC converter. An AC-DC bi-directional converter connects the AC and DC buses to allow power sharing. The system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to maintain stable operation under different conditions when operating in island mode.
Design of Integrated Generator-Rectifier System to Determine the Maximum Powe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a fuzzy logic controller-based maximum power point tracking system for an integrated generator-rectifier system used in offshore wind turbines. The system combines a permanent magnet synchronous generator with active and passive rectifiers. A fuzzy logic controller analyzes the d-axis current of the active rectifier to achieve maximum power point tracking and improve the efficiency of the wind energy conversion system. The proposed method is assessed using MATLAB/Simulink simulations. It is suggested that the integrated system using a fuzzy logic controller can help reduce the levelized cost of energy for offshore wind power applications.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
Design and Simulation of DC Microgrid with DC-DC Bi-directional ConverterIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and simulation of a DC microgrid system in Matlab Simulink. The microgrid includes a solar PV array connected to the DC bus via a boost converter. A bidirectional DC-DC converter connects a battery energy storage system to allow power flow in both directions. The microgrid is controlled through maximum power point tracking of the PV array and voltage control of the DC bus. Simulations of the full microgrid are run under different operating conditions to analyze system performance.
a new pv/fuel cell based bi-directional pwm converter for micro grid applicat...Srirangam Vamshikrishna
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2. gain high-efficient bi-directional DC-DC converter classes are
proposed by using four switches and three switches used bi-
directional dc-dc converter [17],[18]. This converter also
suffers fromhigh losses. To achieve high efficiency by
reducing the number of switches.A bi-directional dc-dc
converter with two switches is presented in [19].
The main challenge in DC microgrid is to implement a
suitable power management algorithm to maintain stability
[20], [21]. A dynamic power management algorithm is
proposed in this paper is capable of maintaining the proper
power sharing among the microgrid participants. The main
functions of dynamicpower management are to provide a
constant supply voltage at common bus bar by keepingthe
battery and supercapacitor SOC within the limits.Lastly, the
real-timeimplementation of the dynamic power
managementwas done by the help ofVIRTEX-7 FPGA kit
through Xilinx system generator.
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The wind-solar sources based DC microgridaccompanying
with energy storage systems connected to the common DC bus
bar through the high-gain high-efficiency processing stages is
shown in Fig.1. Wind -solar sources are the primary generating
sources in the DC microgrid system.The ESS assists the extra
power needed when the generation is less than the load
requirement. Also, stores the excess power available at the
common DC bus bar. As described in the introduction, the
combination of battery and supercapacitor maintains the
constant voltage at DC bus bar evenunder the variations of load
or weather conditions. To improve the efficiency of DC
microgrid by minimizing the stress,the high-gain high-efficient
DC-DC convertersare used in place of conventional converters.
Also, the ESS is connected to common DC bus bar through the
bi-directional high-gain high-efficient converters for gaining
the high voltage levels with reduced losses. The power balance
equationfor the DC microgrid system is given by
Pwn+Ppv=Pload+Psc+Pbat (1)
Where Pwn is the instantaneous power generated by wind
source; Ppvis the instantaneous power generated by PV
source;Ploadis the power demanded by theloadin watts; Pscand
Pbatare the amount of power flowing from/to the
supercapacitor and battery bank respectively.All the powers
are in watts. The system specifications are listed in below
Table. I.
III. DYNAMIC CONTROL STRATEGY
Upon finalizing the converter topologies and type of energy
source/storage devices, what follows next is the control of
these converters. The wind turbine DC-DC converter is
controlled by using Kalman MPPT algorithm. Time update
and measurement update for the Kalman MPPT is given in
Table I.
Fig 1. DC microgrid system with high gain interfacing converters for traction applications.
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3. TABLE I. KALMAN ALGORITHM
Measurement Update(Correct) Time Update (Predict)
ሾሿ ൌ ሾሿെሾሾሿെ ሿെͳ
ƒ…– ሾሿ ൌ
ƒ…– ሾሿെ ሾሿሾ”‡ˆ ሾሿ
െ
ƒ…– ሾሿെሿ
ሾሿ ൌ ൣͳ െ ሾሿ൧ሾሿെ
ƒ…– ሾͳሿ=
ƒ…– ሾሿ
ሾሿെሾെͳሿ
ሾሿെሾെͳሿ
ሾͳሿെ ൌ ሾሿ
In this method, initially the Kalman gain ሾሿ is computed.
Later, the estimated voltage
ƒ…– ሾሿ and error covariance ሾሿ
are updated respectively. In the time update the succeeding
voltage
ƒ…– ሾͳሿ and error covariance ሾͳሿെ are predicted
corresponding to
ƒ…– ሾሿሾሿ . Therefore the estimated voltage
ƒ…– ሾͳሿ is closer to MPP than the actual value
ƒ…– ሾሿ. Where
Q is the process noise of the plant.
The ESS provides required energy supply/absorption to
maintain constant voltage at the DC link bus.Hence, The main
role of the controller is to operate the converters of the
particular energy storing device depending upon the system
operating conditions. To perform this task a dual loop control
is used to calculate the amount of current supplied/absorbed
to/from the ESS to maintain aconstant voltage at the bus bar. A
voltage controller with PI control is engaged to generate
reference current that is to be supplied/absorbed by the ESS.
Further, a current control is preferredforbattery and
supercapacitor bank for power flow. The error in DC link
voltage (Verror)is supplied to the voltage controller and the
reference current generated is given by
Iref(s)=( kp+ (ki/s)) ×Verror (2)
where kp is the proportional gain and kiis the integral gain.
The generated current reference(Iref) is separated and supplied
to the battery reference current and supercapacitor reference
current using alow-pass filter (LPF). The reference currents of
the battery (Ibat)and supercapacitor (Isc)are thus given by
Ibat(s)=Iref(s) ×H(s) (3)
H(s) =ω/(s+ω) (4)
Isc(s)=Iref(s)-Ibat(s) (5)
Where H(s) is the transfer function of the low-pass filter
with a cut-off frequency of ωrad/s. It is chosen as 100 Hz,
therefore high frequency the alterations are compensated by the
supercapacitor to improve the lifetime of the battery.
Depending on the reference currents generated, the power is
managed by the ESS depending on the SOC of theparticular
device. The cutoff frequency of The flow chart for the control
algorithm is given in Fig.3.
TABLE I. SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Parameter Specification
PV array voltage (MPP) 50 V
PV cell current (MPP) 50 A
Wind Turbine DC voltage (MPP) 150 V
Wind Turbine DC current (MPP) 10 A
Supercapacitor voltage 34 V
Supercapacitor module capacitance 58 F
Battery voltage (nominal) 40 V
Battery current(nominal) 20 A
BLDC motor rating 3 hp
BLDC motor input voltage 400 V
TABLE II. CONTROL PARAMETERS USED FOR ANALYSIS
Parameter Specification
VDC,Ref 400 V
Switching frequency 20 KHz
ω 2×3.14×100 rad/s
Sampling period 5 μs
The reference current is generated after checking SOC of
the ESS. This reference current is supplied to the inner current
loop for generating the pulses for the converters of the
ESS.Important control parameters considered for this analysis
are shown in Table II.
Fig. 2. Flow chart of the controller employed for ESS
Fig. 3. Energy management Controller employed for ESS.
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4. IV. HARDWARE-IN-LOOP ANALYSIS OF THE CONTROLLER
FPGA is the good tool for checking the Real-time
implementation of the control algorithm. It eliminates the
complexity and huge cost incurred by hardware components.
The task of themodelling, converting and programming ofthe
controller is performed by Xilinx system generator (XSG) of
the FPGA kit. XSG is a part of theMATLAB/SIMULINK
software. JTAG cable performs the task of hardware-in-loop
by connecting PC and FPGA kit.
Xilinx blocks of the dynamic power
managementcontrollerareshown in Fig. 4. Xilinx blocks used in
above figure are constant, addition, gateway-in, gateway-out,
m-code, delay, counter, assert, cast, cmult and relational
blocks.Xilinx modelling of the supercapacitor charging current
controller and battery discharging current controller isshown in
Fig. 4.The “Battery discharge current controller” and
“Supercapacitor charging current controller also resembles the
Fig. 4. The bilinear transformation is used to convert the low
pass filter from Laplace domain into discrete domain. The
discrete low pass filter has been realised using direct form-I.
The important FPGA resources utilized during the
implementation of the given controller is tabulated in Table
III.Fig. 5 displays the Zynq ZC702 FPGA-based hardware-in-
loop experimental setup used for analysis.
TABLE III. FPGA RESOURCE UTILIZATION
Resource Available Utilized % of utilisation
Slice LUT’s 53200 3037 5.71
Slice Registers 106400 1286 1.21
Block RAM tiles 140 2 1.43
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The DC microgrid system under considerationas shown in
Fig. 1 is modelled and analysedwith the help of
MATLAB/SIMULINK. In order to assure the performance of
the controller under different system variations in solar
irradiance, wind speed and load torque of the BLDC motor
done as follows.
x Solar irradiance is maintained at 1000 W/m2
from 0 to
3 s and it is reducedto 800 W/m2
within the duration of
3 to 5 s.Finally, it is maintained up to 10 s.
x The wind speed of 12 m/s is increased linearly to 14
m/s with in the duration of 1s to 4 s and is maintained
constant up to 10 s.
x The Load torque of 1 Nm is applied to the BLDC
motor from 0 to 1 s. a step change of 2 Nm load
torque is applied at 2.5 s and 3.5 Nm at 3.5 s. Again it
is reduced to 2 Nm at 9s and maintained up to 10 s.
Case 1: In this case all the microgrid participants are
considered and SOC of the ESS also confined to the limits.
Case 2: In this case PV source is neglected and all other
microgrid participants are considered. Also, SOC of the ESS
also within the limits.
Fig. 4. Xilinx modelling of the important sections of the controller
Fig. 5.Experimental test bench for hardware-in-loop analysis of the
controller
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5. The power flow among the wind turbine, PV array, battery
bank, supercapacitor bank and BLDC motor as shown in Fig.
6. It is confirmed from the Fig. 6,that there is a stable power
flow among the microgrid partakersadhering to the load torque,
wind power and PV power variations due to the dynamicaction
of the controller. Fig.7 displaysthe power-sharing amongst the
microgrid partakers in the absence of PV generation. It can be
observed that the power demanded by the load is satisfied by
the battery and supercapacitor.Similarly, the battery and
supercapacitor bank voltage, current and SOC variations can be
observed from Figs. 8 9 respectively. It can be observed
from Figs. 8 9 that there is a suitable power flow among the
ESS (excluding at the starting) such that always high-frequency
variations (above 100 Hz) taken care by supercapacitor to
reduce the stress on the battery. The terminal voltage and
currents extracted from the wind turbine and solar array by
using Kalman MPPT is shown in Fig. 11. The voltage and the
current at the common DC bus bar are shown in Fig.12.
Therefore, it is assured that the voltage at the DC link bus bar
is maintained constant irrespective of the load torque change.
The mechanical parameters of the solar car are shown in Fig.
13, from the figure we can assure that the speed of the rotor is
changing inversely proportional to the load torque. The high-
gain high-efficient converters are capable ofboosting the low
voltage of the PV array, wind turbine and the ESS to 400 V
with improved efficiency. Also, the controller is able to
maintain the DC microgrid instableconditionirrespective of the
other system parameter abnormalities.
Fig 11.Wind parameters under case 2 (a) Voltage (b) Current
Fig.10.PV parameters under case 1 (a) Voltage (b) Current
Fig. 9.Supercapacitor parameters under case 2 (a) voltage (b) current (c) SOC
Fig.8.Battery bank parameters under case 2 (a) voltage (b) current (c) SOC
Fig. 7. Power flow among the microgrid participants under case 2.
Fig.6.Power flow among the microgrid participants under case 1.
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6. VI. CONCLUSION
Anextreme increase in environmental pollutants
discharging from ICE based vehicles necessitates
theintegration of clean/renewable energy into the automotive
industry. In this viewpoint,a DC microgrid incorporating PV
array and wind turbine as generating sourceaccompanied with
ESS containing supercapacitor and battery bank has been
proposed in this paper. The high stresses and high losses
associatedwith conventional DC-DC converters for high-
voltage applications are overcame by high-gain high-efficient
DC-DC converters.In order to control the power flow from/to
the ESS under different system conditions are done by dual
loop controller.In order to validate the performance of the
controller,the changes is done in load torque and PV
irradiance.Finally, the controlleris modelled and confirmed
using hardware-in-loop co-simulation employing ZYNQ
ZC702 FPGA evaluation kit for its performance and the
synthesis details are tabulated.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is supported by the REC Transmission
ProjectsCompany Limited Grant RECTPCL/CSR/2016-
17/693.
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Fig 13.DC link bus bar (a) voltage (b) Current
Fig 12.BLDC motor electrical parameters (a) Voltage (b) Current
6
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