1. 1Challenge the future
on the tire-pavement frictionStudy of Cornering Maneuvers of
Pneumatic Tires on AC Surfaces using FEM
S.K. Srirangam
K. Anupam
A. Scarpas
C.Kasbergen
M. Kane

2. 2Challenge the future
Asphalt Pavement
Mechanism of Rubber Friction
Hysteresis loop
Force
Displacement
Loading
Unloading

3. 3Challenge the future
3
Tire components

4. 4Challenge the future
Water jet
Rubber slice
Rubber samples
Rubber Rheological Tests

5. 5Challenge the future
5
Rubber Rheological Tests
0.E+00
5.E+05
1.E+06
2.E+06
2.E+06
3.E+06
3.E+06
4.E+06
4.E+06
0 50 100 150 200
Temperature (o
C)
Phaseangle(o
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
ComplexShearModulus(Pa)
Complex
Modulus
Phase Angle
0.
5.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
Phaseangle(o
)
100 150 200
Temperature (o
C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
ComplexShearModulus(Pa)
Complex
Modulus
Phase Angle

6. 6Challenge the future
6
Tire stiffness calibration

7. 7Challenge the future
7
FE tire footprint calibration
Computed FAR
MeasuredFAR

8. 8Challenge the future
Scope of study
The effect of axle load
The effect of inflation
pressure
The effect of tire sideslip angle
The effect of speed
The effect of temperature
The effect of macrotexture
on the tire-pavement
friction

9. 10Challenge the future
Mechanical deformation
analysis
Tire-pavement contact
Tire-rim-ambience
Heat exchange
Axi-symmetry
Contained air
Tire-pavement heat conduction
Sidewall-ambience
heat exchange
Heat transfer
analysis
FE Modeling
Energy dissipation
analysis

10. 11Challenge the future
FE Modeling
Mechanical deformation
analysis
Tire-pavement contact
Heat transfer
analysis
Energy dissipation
analysis
Tire-rim-ambience
Heat exchange
Axi-symmetry
Contained air
Tire-pavement heat conduction
Sidewall-ambience
heat exchange

11. 12Challenge the future
FE Modeling
Mechanical deformation
analysis
Tire-pavement contact

12. 13Challenge the future
FE Modeling
Master surface
segments
Penetration
Slave surface
nodes
Slave nodes cannot penetrate
master segments

13. 14Challenge the future
FE Modeling
Master surface
segments
Penetration
Slave surface
nodes
Slave nodes cannot penetrate
master segments
Energy dissipation
analysis

14. 15Challenge the future
FE Modeling
Energy dissipation
analysis
T
v e v
0
W S : L dt  
TM K
km kmv
e v
m 1k 1 0
W 1
Q S : L dt
T T  

  
E¥
1
E
1
h
2
E
N
E
2
h
N
h
s sσ
E1 η1
E2 η2
En ηn
E∞
σ
a)

15. 16Challenge the future
FE Modeling
Energy dissipation
analysis
T
v e v
0
W S : L dt  
TM K
km kmv
e v
m 1k 1 0
W 1
Q S : L dt
T T  

  
E¥
1
E
1
h
2
E
N
E
2
h
N
h
s sσ
E1 η1
E2 η2
En ηn
E∞
σ
a)

16. 17Challenge the future
FE Modeling Heat transfer analysis
Region Heat Transfer Coefficient (W/m2 0
C)
Tread/Road Contact 12000
Tread/Air 5.9 3.7v+
Sidewall/Air 5.9 3.7v+
Tire/Rim Contact 88000
Linear/Cavity Air 5.9

17. 18Challenge the future
FE Modeling

18. 19Challenge the future
FE Modeling

19. 20Challenge the future
Validation

20. 21Challenge the future
Tire temperature (°C)
Coefficientoffriction
Simulation
results
Oliver (1989)
Validation

21. 22Challenge the future
Our Field Validation
- Adhera longitudinal friction testing device
- Tire type (PIARC 185/60 R15)
- Slip ratio (100%)
- Velocity (40, 60 ; 80; 90 km/h)
- Tire inflation pressure and weight (200 kPa &
2.5 kN)
- Pavement surface texture (Porous Asphalt
Concrete 0/6; Dense Asphalt Concrete 0/10)
- Water thickness (0.5; 1.0 mm)
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
40 60 80 90
Exp FE

22. 23Challenge the future
Heat transfer analysis
FE Modeling
Energy dissipation
analysis
α
PIARC
Smooth Tire
Wheel
direction
Longitudinal
direction
AC Surface

23. 24Challenge the future
Results and discussions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400

24. 25Challenge the future
Results and discussions
µ
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Tread SidewallPA pavement
Inflation pressure
200 kPa
Speed 45 km/h
Side-slip angle 5°
Temperature(°C)
Load on Tire (N)
Effect of loading on tire temperature

25. 26Challenge the future
Results and discussions
µ
Effect of loading on cornering friction-PA surface
TT(°C)
Total Temperature, T (°C) = AT+PT
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
1 degree 2 deg 3 4 deg 7 deg 8 deg 9 deg 10 deg
Load on Tire (N)
CorneringFrictionCoefficient
PA pavement
200 kPa inflation pressure
Speed : 45 km/h
decreasing slip angle

26. 27Challenge the future
Results and discussions
µ
Effect of loading on cornering friction-UTS surface
TT(°C)
Load on Tire (N)
CorneringFrictionCoefficient
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
UTS pavement
200 kPa inflation pressure
Speed : 45 km/h
decreasing slip angle

27. 28Challenge the future
Results and discussions
µ
Effect of loading on cornering friction-SMA surface
TT(°C)
Total Temperature, T (°C) = AT+PT
Load on Tire (N)
CorneringFrictionCoefficient
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
SMA pavement
200 kPa inflation pressure
Speed : 45 km/h
decreasing slip angle

28. 29Challenge the future
Results and discussions
µEffect of inflation pressure on tire temperature
Temperature(°C)
Inflation Pressure(kPa)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150 200 250 300 350
Tread Sidewall
Inflation pressure (kPa)

29. 30Challenge the future
Results and discussions
µ Effect of inflation pressure on cornering
friction-UTS surface
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
100 150 200 250 300 350
1 deg 2 deg 3 deg 4 deg 5 deg 6 deg 7 deg 8 deg 9 deg 10 deg
Speed
UTS pavement
Load 4000 N
Speed 45 km/h
CorneringFrictionCoefficient
Inflation Pressure (kPa)
decreasing slip angle

30. 31Challenge the future
Results and discussions
µ Effect of inflation pressure on cornering
friction-SMA surface
Speed
CorneringFrictionCoefficient
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
100 150 200 250 300 350
1 deg 2 deg 3 deg 4 deg 5 deg 6 deg 7 deg 8 deg 9 deg 10 deg
Inflation Pressure (kPa)
SMA pavement
Load 4000 N
Speed 45 km/h
decreasing slip angle

31. 32Challenge the future
Speed (km/h)
CorneringFrictionCoefficient
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
25 35 45 55 65 75
1 degree 2 deg 3 4 deg 5 deg 6 deg 7 deg 8 deg 9 deg 10 deg
Results and discussions
µ
Side slip angle
Effect of speed on cornering friction

32. 33Challenge the future
Conclusions
Tire-pavement
Friction
Speed
Tire load
Temperature
#For a fixed pavement surface type and side slip angle

33. 34Challenge the future
Conclusions
#For a fixed pavement surface type and speed
Tire-pavement
Friction
Slip angle
Texture
Inflation
pressure

34. 35Challenge the future
Conclusions
µ
Porous Asphalt
Ultra-Thin
Surface
Stone Mastic
Asphalt

35. 36Challenge the future
Our supporters & partners
µ

36. 37Challenge the future