07-Networks-IP.pdf
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An IP address is a numerical label assigned to devices connected to a network that uses the Internet Protocol. The ARPANET, established in 1966, was the first wide-area packet switching network and implemented TCP/IP, becoming the foundation of the Internet. IPv4 addresses use 32 bits but were limited, so IPv6 was introduced in 1998 using 128 bits to provide more addresses for future growth.
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![• a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the IP address, was standardized in
1998.IPv6 deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s.
• In IPv6, the address size was increased from 32 bits in IPv4 to 128 bits, thus
providing up to 2128 (approximately 3.4×1038) addresses. This is deemed sufficient
for the foreseeable future.
• IPv6 addresses are 128 bits in length and written as a string of hexadecimal digits.
Every 4 bits can be represented by a single hexadecimal digit, for a total of 32
hexadecimal values (016 [00002] through f16 [11112]).
49
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Method 1:
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Eg:
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@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
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-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
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Describe how you would look up the critical z-value for a 72% on a normal curve table, what is
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Solution
Za/2 = Z-table value = 1.08
Method 1:
I will use the below formula NORMINV(1-0.28/2,0,1)
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To do this, if X ~ N(?, ?^2), then
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Use below method
http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/standard-normal-distribution-table.html
Eg:
TYPE 1: (Z ? 1.65) = F(1.65) = 0.95.
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- IPv6 is the next generation internet protocol that will replace IPv4, providing a vastly larger address space and additional features.
- The key reasons for adopting IPv6 are that IPv4 addresses are running out due to the exponential growth of internet-connected devices, while IPv6 supports 128-bit addresses providing trillions of times more addresses.
- IPv6 addresses are 128-bit compared to 32-bit IPv4 addresses, written in hexadecimal format divided into eight groups, and features include improved security, mobility, and traffic routing capabilities.
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ipv4 & ipv6
It is the underlying technology that makes it possible for us to connect our devices to the web. Whenever a device access the Internet (whether it's a PC, Mac, smartphone or other device), it is assigned a unique, numerical IP address.
↓↓↓↓ Read More:
@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
@ Appreciate my work:
-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
Internet Protocols
The document discusses Internet protocols and TCP/IP. It describes how the Internet protocols were developed in the 1970s to facilitate communication between different computer systems. The key protocols are TCP and IP. TCP provides reliable data transmission and IP provides best-effort delivery of packets across networks. The document outlines the TCP/IP protocol stack and key concepts like IP addressing, ARP, routing, ICMP, TCP connection establishment and sliding windows.
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- 1. • An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. • IPv4 was the first version deployed for production in the ARPANET in 1983 • The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first wide-area packet- switching network with distributed control and the first network to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet. The ARPANET was established by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense1966. • Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit number. However, because of the growth of the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4 addresses. • An IPv4 address has a size of 32 bits, which limits the address space to 4.294.967.296 (232) addresses. Of this number, some addresses are reserved for special purposes such as private networks (~18 million addresses) and multicast addressing (~270 million addresses). • IPv4 addresses are usually represented in dot-decimal notation. 48 HAIDER ALTOMAH
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- 4. 51
- 5. All Zeros ( 0 ) and all Ones ( 1 ) are Invalid Hosts addresses 52