This document describes the formulation and evaluation of ranitidine oral in situ gels. Ranitidine was chosen as a model drug to develop a sustained release oral in situ gel system. Various polymers like sodium alginate, HPMC K15M, xanthan gum and HPMC K100M were used to formulate the in situ gels. 12 formulations were developed and evaluated for characteristics like visual appearance, pH, drug content, gelation time, viscosity and in vitro drug release. The results showed that xanthan gum was suitable for developing sustained release oral in situ gels of ranitidine.
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of ranitidine oral in situ gels. Ranitidine was chosen as a model drug and different polymers including sodium alginate, HPMC K15M, and xanthan gum were used to develop 12 formulations of in situ gels. The gels were characterized for visual appearance, pH, drug content, gelation time, viscosity and in vitro drug release. Sodium alginate based formulations showed suitable gelation and drug release properties. The results suggest xanthan gum is a suitable polymer for developing sustained release oral in situ gels of ranitidine.
Formulation and Evaluation of Solid dispersion for Dissolution Enhancement of...Jing Zang
The document summarizes research on developing solid dispersions of the poorly water soluble drug nifedipine to enhance its dissolution rate. Solid dispersions of nifedipine were prepared using different polymers (sodium starch glycollate, croscarmellose sodium, eudragit E-100) at various weight ratios using solvent evaporation. The best formulation with croscarmellose sodium at a 1:7 ratio showed over 70% increased dissolution compared to nifedipine API. This formulation was further adsorbed onto neusilin US2 to form a ternary mixture, which showed over 30% higher dissolution than the marketed product. Tablets prepared from the ternary mixture were stable
Preparation, In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of Solid Dispersions of La...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Drug Research and Technology covers: Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Drug Synthesis, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy Practice, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics, Clinical Research, Pharmaceutical Management & Regulatory Affairs and Nanotechnology related to Drug Discovery and all the branches of Medical Science or related disciplines.
International Journal of Drug Research and Technology covers: Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Drug Synthesis, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy Practice, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics, Clinical Research, Pharmaceutical Management & Regulatory Affairs and Nanotechnology related to Drug Discovery and all the branches of Medical Science or related disciplines.
International Journal of Drug Research and Technology IJDRT.COM, Research Article, Review Article,innovative papers, literature reviews, mini-reviews, current topics health journal, journal online, free journal, pharmaceutical journal, scientific journal,web journal.
This document summarizes a study that developed and optimized chitosan-alginate nanoparticles for oral delivery of the drug rosuvastatin calcium. The nanoparticles were prepared using ionotropic gelation and characterized for properties such as size, surface charge, drug loading efficiency, and in vitro drug release. The optimized nanoparticles had an average size of 349.3 nm, a zeta potential of +29.1 mV, high drug loading and entrapment efficiencies, and showed a fast initial release followed by more gradual release over 24 hours. The study demonstrated that the chitosan-alginate nanoparticle system improved rosuvastatin solubility and has potential to enhance its oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.
PREPARATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF ITRACONAZOLE LOADED NANOSPONGES FOR T...Mahewash Sana Pathan
Itraconazole is an imidazole derivative and used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal infections. It is a BCS Class II drug having very low solubility in water i.e. 1-4ng/ml. The oral use of Itraconazole is not much recommended as it has many side effects. The present research has been undertaken with the aim to develop a topical hydrogel formulation of Itraconazole loaded nanosponges to increase the solubility, permeability and stability of itraconazole. Itraconazole loaded nanosponge was prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method by using different concentrations of ethyl cellulose as a polymer, Polyvinyl alcohol as surfactant and dichloromethane as cross linking agent. Physical characteristics of the nanosponges as well as the drug entrapment efficiency, percentage drug content, Percent yield, drug polymer compatibility, solubility studies of the nanosponges were investigated. Particle size analysis and surface morphology of nanosponges were performed. The scanning electron microscopy of nanosponges showed that they were spherical in shape and spongy in nature. Drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in the range of 42.75 % to 73.10 %. The optimized nanosponge formulation was loaded into hydrogel using carbopol 940 and studied for pH, viscosity, in vitro drug release. Of the nanosponge formulations prepared, F4 was found to show drug release of 70.62%. It was concluded that Itraconazole nanosponge hydrogel may have increased solubility and drug release
The document summarizes the formulation and evaluation of diclofenac sodium and thiocolchicoside as a topical gel. It describes preparing 6 formulations of gel using different polymers and permeation enhancers. The formulations were characterized for physical properties, pH, drug content, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability and stability. In vitro drug permeation and skin irritation studies were also performed to select the best formulation. Preformulation studies including solubility, melting point, UV, FTIR and DSC were done on the drugs and excipients to ensure compatibility. The results of various evaluation tests are presented and the best gel formulation is selected based on desired properties.
This document describes the formulation and evaluation of ranitidine oral in situ gels. Ranitidine was chosen as a model drug and different polymers including sodium alginate, HPMC K15M, and xanthan gum were used to develop 12 formulations of in situ gels. The gels were characterized for visual appearance, pH, drug content, gelation time, viscosity and in vitro drug release. Sodium alginate based formulations showed suitable gelation and drug release properties. The results suggest xanthan gum is a suitable polymer for developing sustained release oral in situ gels of ranitidine.
Formulation and Evaluation of Solid dispersion for Dissolution Enhancement of...Jing Zang
The document summarizes research on developing solid dispersions of the poorly water soluble drug nifedipine to enhance its dissolution rate. Solid dispersions of nifedipine were prepared using different polymers (sodium starch glycollate, croscarmellose sodium, eudragit E-100) at various weight ratios using solvent evaporation. The best formulation with croscarmellose sodium at a 1:7 ratio showed over 70% increased dissolution compared to nifedipine API. This formulation was further adsorbed onto neusilin US2 to form a ternary mixture, which showed over 30% higher dissolution than the marketed product. Tablets prepared from the ternary mixture were stable
Preparation, In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of Solid Dispersions of La...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Drug Research and Technology covers: Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Drug Synthesis, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy Practice, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics, Clinical Research, Pharmaceutical Management & Regulatory Affairs and Nanotechnology related to Drug Discovery and all the branches of Medical Science or related disciplines.
International Journal of Drug Research and Technology covers: Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Drug Synthesis, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy Practice, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics, Clinical Research, Pharmaceutical Management & Regulatory Affairs and Nanotechnology related to Drug Discovery and all the branches of Medical Science or related disciplines.
International Journal of Drug Research and Technology IJDRT.COM, Research Article, Review Article,innovative papers, literature reviews, mini-reviews, current topics health journal, journal online, free journal, pharmaceutical journal, scientific journal,web journal.
This document summarizes a study that developed and optimized chitosan-alginate nanoparticles for oral delivery of the drug rosuvastatin calcium. The nanoparticles were prepared using ionotropic gelation and characterized for properties such as size, surface charge, drug loading efficiency, and in vitro drug release. The optimized nanoparticles had an average size of 349.3 nm, a zeta potential of +29.1 mV, high drug loading and entrapment efficiencies, and showed a fast initial release followed by more gradual release over 24 hours. The study demonstrated that the chitosan-alginate nanoparticle system improved rosuvastatin solubility and has potential to enhance its oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.
PREPARATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF ITRACONAZOLE LOADED NANOSPONGES FOR T...Mahewash Sana Pathan
Itraconazole is an imidazole derivative and used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal infections. It is a BCS Class II drug having very low solubility in water i.e. 1-4ng/ml. The oral use of Itraconazole is not much recommended as it has many side effects. The present research has been undertaken with the aim to develop a topical hydrogel formulation of Itraconazole loaded nanosponges to increase the solubility, permeability and stability of itraconazole. Itraconazole loaded nanosponge was prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method by using different concentrations of ethyl cellulose as a polymer, Polyvinyl alcohol as surfactant and dichloromethane as cross linking agent. Physical characteristics of the nanosponges as well as the drug entrapment efficiency, percentage drug content, Percent yield, drug polymer compatibility, solubility studies of the nanosponges were investigated. Particle size analysis and surface morphology of nanosponges were performed. The scanning electron microscopy of nanosponges showed that they were spherical in shape and spongy in nature. Drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in the range of 42.75 % to 73.10 %. The optimized nanosponge formulation was loaded into hydrogel using carbopol 940 and studied for pH, viscosity, in vitro drug release. Of the nanosponge formulations prepared, F4 was found to show drug release of 70.62%. It was concluded that Itraconazole nanosponge hydrogel may have increased solubility and drug release
The document summarizes the formulation and evaluation of diclofenac sodium and thiocolchicoside as a topical gel. It describes preparing 6 formulations of gel using different polymers and permeation enhancers. The formulations were characterized for physical properties, pH, drug content, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability and stability. In vitro drug permeation and skin irritation studies were also performed to select the best formulation. Preformulation studies including solubility, melting point, UV, FTIR and DSC were done on the drugs and excipients to ensure compatibility. The results of various evaluation tests are presented and the best gel formulation is selected based on desired properties.
Formulation and Evaluation of W/O/W Multiple Emulsions with Diclofenac SodiumSagar Savale
Multiple emulsion is novel approach of drug delivery system
for enhancement of bioavailability and pharmacological
activity. It is important to prevent the problem of oral drug
delivery system and they are stabilized by using of combination
of hydrophilic and lipophilic surfactant. The specific ratio of
surfactant concentration is responsible for maintaining the
stability of multiple emulsions, the importance of this study was
to prepare multiple emulsion of Diclofenac sodium by using
two step emulsification process, by using the non-ionic
surfactant units. In multiple emulsion, the stability of multiple
emulsion was evaluated, percent entrapment efficiency as well
as in vitro studies are conducted. The process of primary and
secondary emulsification was optimized to get the stable
multiple emulsion with the high entrapment efficiency. Multiple
emulsion to improve bioavailability with the hypothesis that
improvement of drug release profile will reflect the
enhancement of bioavailability of the drug.
Method Development, Validation and Forced Degradation Studies of Dapagliflozi...ijtsrd
A simple, sensitive, robust, precise, and efficient RP HPLC approach for the simultaneous determination of Dapagliflozin and Pioglitazone Hydrochloride in Synthetic Mixture. As per ICH Q2 R1 guidelines, the final chromatographic conditions were Optimized with a mobile phase ratio of 25 75 v v in ACN Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Buffer pH 4 was adjusted by adding OPA at a flow rate of 1 mL min, column temperature of 30 °C, injection volume of 20 µL, Kromstar Vertex C18 analytical column, and UV detection at 228 nm wavelength. Dapagliflozin and Pioglitazone Hydrochloride reported retention times of 3 min and 6.5 min, respectively. Validation of a method was found to be linear in the range of 2 10 µg ml for Dapagliflozin and 3–15 µg mL for Pioglitazone Hydrochloride. The Recovery for Dapagliflozin was discovered to be 98.52 99.90 , while for Pioglitazone Hydrochloride, it was found to be 99.67 99.94 . The Precision results for both drugs were within the limits while expressed Intraday and Interday. For Dapagliflozin, the LOD and LOQ were reported to be 0.041 µg mL and 0.13 µg mL, respectively, and for Pioglitazone Hydrochloride, 0.105 µg mL and 0.32 µg mL. As per ICH Q1A R2 guidelines, the synthetic mixture was subjected to acid, base, oxidation, thermal, and photolysis stress conditions. Mr. Tarang Patel | Ronak Parikh "Method Development, Validation and Forced Degradation Studies of Dapagliflozin and Pioglitazone Hydrochlorides in Synthetic Mixtures by RP-HPLC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52165.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/52165/method-development-validation-and-forced-degradation-studies-of-dapagliflozin-and-pioglitazone-hydrochlorides-in-synthetic-mixtures-by-rphplc/mr-tarang-patel
This document provides an introduction and project report on the preparation and evaluation of a nifedipine nanosuspension using the solvent evaporation method. It begins with background information on nanosuspensions and how they can be used to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The aim and objectives are to prepare and evaluate a nifedipine nanosuspension using solvent evaporation. Literature is reviewed on previous studies related to nanosuspensions and the drug nifedipine. The nanosuspension is formulated and characterized through in vitro drug release studies and measurement of particle size and zeta potential.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GLIBENCLAMIDE MICROSPHERE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMArindam Chakraborty
The document discusses the formulation and evaluation of glibenclamide microsphere drug delivery system. The objective was to increase the drug's self-life by developing a microsphere delivery system. Two batches of glibenclamide microspheres were prepared using different polymers and manufacturing methods. Batch 2, prepared via spray congealing with agar polymer, showed more sustained release over 12 hours compared to Batch 1 and was considered the optimized formulation. In vitro drug release studies found Batch 2 followed zero-order kinetics. The microspheres were characterized and evaluated for properties like particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release kinetics. The study achieved sustained drug release to improve bioavailability and patient compliance.
Formulation and in vitro study of ibuprofen loaded crosslinked sodium alginat...Shouvik Mondal
Ibuprofen loaded microspheres were prepared using sodium alginate and gellan gum and were cross-linked by maleic anhydride, aluminium chloride. The resulting microspheres were evaluated by in-vitro release study, swelling index, microscopic analysis and entrapment efficiency. DSC study shows there was no interaction between drug and excipients.
Entrapment was found good in all the formulations while the maximum entrapment (97.6%) was recorded in formulation
cross-linked by aluminium chloride and their average particle size were 150 to 160 µm. Approximately 50% of drug was
released by the formulation cross-linked by aluminium chloride (F2) over a period of 6 hours. From this experiment, it is observed that the formulation with cross-linked by aluminium chloride is the better formulation among others due to good release profile and entrapment efficiency.
Preparation and evaluation of vitamin A nanosuspension as a novel ocular drug...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
The aim of this study was to prepare a nanosuspension formulation as a new vehicle for the improvement of the ocular delivery of vitamin A.
Material and Methods:
Formulations were designed based on full factorial design. A high pressure homogenization technique was used to produce nanosuspensions. Fifteen formulations were prepared by the use of different combinations of surfactants Tween 80, benzalkonium chloride and Pluronic and evaluated for pH, particle size, entrapment efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), stability and drug release. Also, Draize test was used to evaluate the irritation of rabbit eye by formulations.
Results:
All formulations showed a small mean size that is well suited for ocular application. Also it was observed that the particle size decreased with increase in the amount of surfactant. Drug entrapment increased with increasing amount of surfactant. It was shown that initial and final drug release can be controlled by the ratio and the total amount of surfactants, respectively.
Conclusion:
It was concluded that the use of Tween 80 and Pluronic in the formualtions with a proper ratio does not show eye irritation and could be useful to achieve a suitable nanosuspension of vitamin A as a novel ocular delivery system.
This document discusses solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), which are submicron colloidal carriers composed of a physiological lipid core stabilized by surfactants. SLNs can encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs and are produced using methods like high shear homogenization, ultrasound, solvent emulsification, or microemulsion. SLNs offer advantages over other carriers like improved drug stability, biocompatibility, and ability to control drug release. They are promising drug delivery systems being researched for applications like targeted cancer therapy, topical products, and more.
Spectrophotometric Oxidation Method for the Determination of Teneligliptin by...ijtsrd
A sensitive, precise, accurate, simple and rapid spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of Teneligliptin in pharmaceutical formulations and in the drug dosage form. During the course of study, it is observed that acidic solution of the drug formed the oxidation product with Bromate "“ Bromide mixture. This property of the drug is exploited for the development of spectrophotometric method for the determination and analysis of the drug. The oxidation product showed ?max at 250 nm. The linearity range for Teneligliptin is found to be 10 µgml to 250 µgml. Recovery studies gave satisfactory results indicating that none of common additives and excipients interfere the assay method. The molar absorptivity and the sandell sensitivity of the method are evaluated and the values are found to be to be 1.1645×104 lit molecm and 0.0366 µg mlcm2 respectively. I. Lakshmi Prasanna | G. T. Naidu | G. Abdul Huq"Spectrophotometric Oxidation Method for the Determination of Teneligliptin by Using Bromate "“ Bromide Mixture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18253.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/18253/spectrophotometric-oxidation-method-for-the-determination-of-teneligliptin-by-using-bromate---bromide-mixture/i-lakshmi-prasanna
This document describes the development and validation of a reverse phase HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of metformin and linagliptin in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. The method utilizes a C18 column, mobile phase of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (60:40) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Metformin and linagliptin were well separated with retention times of 3.048 and 4.457 minutes respectively. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, accuracy, precision and recovery for both drugs. The method can be used to simultaneously quantify metformin and linagliptin in tablet formulations.
This document describes a study that prepared and evaluated carvedilol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for oral drug delivery. Compritol 888 ATO (COMP) was selected as the lipid material based on its solubility parameter relative to carvedilol. Design of experiments was used to optimize the concentrations of COMP and Poloxamer 188 surfactant in blank SLNs and carvedilol-loaded SLNs. The optimized formulation containing 7.5% COMP, 5.0% Poloxamer 188, and 1.11% carvedilol had a particle size of 161 nm and 94.8% drug entrapment efficiency. In vitro studies showed the SLNs protected carvedilol from acidic environments and
Spectrophotometric Method and its Validation for Repaglinide in its Bulk and ...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document describes the development and validation of a UV spectrophotometric method for the quantification of repaglinide, an antidiabetic drug, in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The method was developed using acetonitrile:water (70:30) as the diluent and a wavelength of 244 nm. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and was found to be linear, precise, accurate, robust and rugged. Forced degradation studies were also performed to test the stability of the drug. The method can be used for the analysis of repaglinide in quality control testing.
This document discusses using a "mixed solvency" concept to reduce the amount of surfactant needed in self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) for candesartan cilexetil (CC), a poorly water-soluble drug. Solubility studies were conducted to determine the best oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant vehicles for CC. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify self-emulsifying regions using varying ratios of oil, surfactant, and water. The results showed that a modified solubilizer system containing camphor, vanillin, and lutrol F-68 in ethanol was able to solubilize CC up to
This document summarizes the development and evaluation of an in situ gelling system for the treatment of periodontitis using tinidazole as the model drug. Tinidazole was incorporated into gellan gum and poloxamer 407 polymer matrices using a 32 full factorial design to optimize the formulation variables. Nine formulations were developed varying the concentration of gellan gum (0.5-1.5% w/v) and poloxamer 407 (10-20% w/v). The formulations were characterized for appearance, gelling capacity, pH, viscosity, gelation temperature, drug content, syringeability and in vitro drug release. The optimized formulation with maximum desirability contained 0.5% w/
This document provides a synopsis for a Master's thesis project titled "Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Films of Lisinopril". The project aims to develop fast dissolving films of the hypertension drug Lisinopril to improve patient compliance. Literature on fast dissolving drug delivery systems and films has been reviewed. The planned work involves preparing Lisinopril films using natural and synthetic polymers through various techniques and evaluating the films for properties like drug content, dissolution, and pharmacodynamics. If successful, the fast dissolving Lisinopril films could provide quick action and ease of administration benefits for hypertension patients.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery...ijtsrd
The primary objective of the work was to develop a self nano emulsifying drug delivery system of dolutegravir HCL. Self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system is a lipid based formulation which consists of isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants and co surfactants. It can conveniently develop the emulsion on gentle agitation and offers a considerable surface area for interaction between the SNEDDS formulation and the aqueous gastrointestinal fluid. This may lead to enhanced bioavailability of hydrophobic agents. The Liquid SNEDDS was prepared and after that solidified by aerosil 200. For 10 gm of liquid SNEDDS 5 gm of Aerosil 200 was used and after that product is dried by spray drying method. And 12 gm of product is remaining after the process. The drug excipients interaction studies were carried out using FTIR and DSC. The interaction studies were carried out to check physical and chemical stability of Dolutegravir with other excipients. FTIR spectra showed the characteristic peaks of drug i.e. for C H stretch, N C stretch appear in the spectra of physical mixtures at the same wave number indicating no modification or interaction between drug and the polymers. The liquid SNEDDS formulation C1 showed good thermodynamic stability without any precipitation and having globule size 536.6 nm and zeta potential 29.9. Based on thermodynamic stability, precipitation studies, self emulsification studies, globule size and zeta potential liquid SNEDDS of formulation batch C1 was selected as optimized formulation. Liquid SNEDDS and solid SNEDDS was prepared for Dolutegravir. SEM, IR, and DSC results confirmed that drug was present in an amorphous state in solid SNEDDS. In vitro drug release and drug content of optimized formulation was found to be 98.64 and 99.35 respectively. F3 batch of capsule formulation shows better drug release than marketed formulation. Suresh Mularam Choudhary | Prof S. A Waghmare | Hemant V. Kamble "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Dolutegravir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50569.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50569/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-self-nano-emulsifying-drug-delivery-system-of-dolutegravir/suresh-mularam-choudhary
Dissolution enhancement of glimepiride by solid dispersion technique.Santosh Adhikari
Dissolution Enhancement of Glimepiride by Solid Dispersion Technique.
Priyanka Shrestha1*, Shiva Kumar Bhandari1, SM Ashraful Islam1, and Santosh Adhikari2.
1Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh.
2Department of Pharmacy, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Banglore-560 041.
Mucilage of basil seed can be employed as a potential ingredient in suspensions, emulsions, gels and tablets especially as viscosity enhancing agents, thickening agent, emulsifier or gelling agent and release retardant because of its good hydrophilic nature, physical stability, barrier properties, efficient control of release profile, extrudability and good spreadability.
Extensive characterisation of natural polymer in dosage form development for subsequent commercialisation has given rise to a new term “Naturapolyceutics”.
Formulation and Evaluation of W/O/W Multiple Emulsions with Diclofenac SodiumSagar Savale
Multiple emulsion is novel approach of drug delivery system
for enhancement of bioavailability and pharmacological
activity. It is important to prevent the problem of oral drug
delivery system and they are stabilized by using of combination
of hydrophilic and lipophilic surfactant. The specific ratio of
surfactant concentration is responsible for maintaining the
stability of multiple emulsions, the importance of this study was
to prepare multiple emulsion of Diclofenac sodium by using
two step emulsification process, by using the non-ionic
surfactant units. In multiple emulsion, the stability of multiple
emulsion was evaluated, percent entrapment efficiency as well
as in vitro studies are conducted. The process of primary and
secondary emulsification was optimized to get the stable
multiple emulsion with the high entrapment efficiency. Multiple
emulsion to improve bioavailability with the hypothesis that
improvement of drug release profile will reflect the
enhancement of bioavailability of the drug.
Method Development, Validation and Forced Degradation Studies of Dapagliflozi...ijtsrd
A simple, sensitive, robust, precise, and efficient RP HPLC approach for the simultaneous determination of Dapagliflozin and Pioglitazone Hydrochloride in Synthetic Mixture. As per ICH Q2 R1 guidelines, the final chromatographic conditions were Optimized with a mobile phase ratio of 25 75 v v in ACN Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Buffer pH 4 was adjusted by adding OPA at a flow rate of 1 mL min, column temperature of 30 °C, injection volume of 20 µL, Kromstar Vertex C18 analytical column, and UV detection at 228 nm wavelength. Dapagliflozin and Pioglitazone Hydrochloride reported retention times of 3 min and 6.5 min, respectively. Validation of a method was found to be linear in the range of 2 10 µg ml for Dapagliflozin and 3–15 µg mL for Pioglitazone Hydrochloride. The Recovery for Dapagliflozin was discovered to be 98.52 99.90 , while for Pioglitazone Hydrochloride, it was found to be 99.67 99.94 . The Precision results for both drugs were within the limits while expressed Intraday and Interday. For Dapagliflozin, the LOD and LOQ were reported to be 0.041 µg mL and 0.13 µg mL, respectively, and for Pioglitazone Hydrochloride, 0.105 µg mL and 0.32 µg mL. As per ICH Q1A R2 guidelines, the synthetic mixture was subjected to acid, base, oxidation, thermal, and photolysis stress conditions. Mr. Tarang Patel | Ronak Parikh "Method Development, Validation and Forced Degradation Studies of Dapagliflozin and Pioglitazone Hydrochlorides in Synthetic Mixtures by RP-HPLC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52165.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/52165/method-development-validation-and-forced-degradation-studies-of-dapagliflozin-and-pioglitazone-hydrochlorides-in-synthetic-mixtures-by-rphplc/mr-tarang-patel
This document provides an introduction and project report on the preparation and evaluation of a nifedipine nanosuspension using the solvent evaporation method. It begins with background information on nanosuspensions and how they can be used to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The aim and objectives are to prepare and evaluate a nifedipine nanosuspension using solvent evaporation. Literature is reviewed on previous studies related to nanosuspensions and the drug nifedipine. The nanosuspension is formulated and characterized through in vitro drug release studies and measurement of particle size and zeta potential.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GLIBENCLAMIDE MICROSPHERE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMArindam Chakraborty
The document discusses the formulation and evaluation of glibenclamide microsphere drug delivery system. The objective was to increase the drug's self-life by developing a microsphere delivery system. Two batches of glibenclamide microspheres were prepared using different polymers and manufacturing methods. Batch 2, prepared via spray congealing with agar polymer, showed more sustained release over 12 hours compared to Batch 1 and was considered the optimized formulation. In vitro drug release studies found Batch 2 followed zero-order kinetics. The microspheres were characterized and evaluated for properties like particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release kinetics. The study achieved sustained drug release to improve bioavailability and patient compliance.
Formulation and in vitro study of ibuprofen loaded crosslinked sodium alginat...Shouvik Mondal
Ibuprofen loaded microspheres were prepared using sodium alginate and gellan gum and were cross-linked by maleic anhydride, aluminium chloride. The resulting microspheres were evaluated by in-vitro release study, swelling index, microscopic analysis and entrapment efficiency. DSC study shows there was no interaction between drug and excipients.
Entrapment was found good in all the formulations while the maximum entrapment (97.6%) was recorded in formulation
cross-linked by aluminium chloride and their average particle size were 150 to 160 µm. Approximately 50% of drug was
released by the formulation cross-linked by aluminium chloride (F2) over a period of 6 hours. From this experiment, it is observed that the formulation with cross-linked by aluminium chloride is the better formulation among others due to good release profile and entrapment efficiency.
Preparation and evaluation of vitamin A nanosuspension as a novel ocular drug...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
The aim of this study was to prepare a nanosuspension formulation as a new vehicle for the improvement of the ocular delivery of vitamin A.
Material and Methods:
Formulations were designed based on full factorial design. A high pressure homogenization technique was used to produce nanosuspensions. Fifteen formulations were prepared by the use of different combinations of surfactants Tween 80, benzalkonium chloride and Pluronic and evaluated for pH, particle size, entrapment efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), stability and drug release. Also, Draize test was used to evaluate the irritation of rabbit eye by formulations.
Results:
All formulations showed a small mean size that is well suited for ocular application. Also it was observed that the particle size decreased with increase in the amount of surfactant. Drug entrapment increased with increasing amount of surfactant. It was shown that initial and final drug release can be controlled by the ratio and the total amount of surfactants, respectively.
Conclusion:
It was concluded that the use of Tween 80 and Pluronic in the formualtions with a proper ratio does not show eye irritation and could be useful to achieve a suitable nanosuspension of vitamin A as a novel ocular delivery system.
This document discusses solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), which are submicron colloidal carriers composed of a physiological lipid core stabilized by surfactants. SLNs can encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs and are produced using methods like high shear homogenization, ultrasound, solvent emulsification, or microemulsion. SLNs offer advantages over other carriers like improved drug stability, biocompatibility, and ability to control drug release. They are promising drug delivery systems being researched for applications like targeted cancer therapy, topical products, and more.
Spectrophotometric Oxidation Method for the Determination of Teneligliptin by...ijtsrd
A sensitive, precise, accurate, simple and rapid spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of Teneligliptin in pharmaceutical formulations and in the drug dosage form. During the course of study, it is observed that acidic solution of the drug formed the oxidation product with Bromate "“ Bromide mixture. This property of the drug is exploited for the development of spectrophotometric method for the determination and analysis of the drug. The oxidation product showed ?max at 250 nm. The linearity range for Teneligliptin is found to be 10 µgml to 250 µgml. Recovery studies gave satisfactory results indicating that none of common additives and excipients interfere the assay method. The molar absorptivity and the sandell sensitivity of the method are evaluated and the values are found to be to be 1.1645×104 lit molecm and 0.0366 µg mlcm2 respectively. I. Lakshmi Prasanna | G. T. Naidu | G. Abdul Huq"Spectrophotometric Oxidation Method for the Determination of Teneligliptin by Using Bromate "“ Bromide Mixture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18253.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/18253/spectrophotometric-oxidation-method-for-the-determination-of-teneligliptin-by-using-bromate---bromide-mixture/i-lakshmi-prasanna
This document describes the development and validation of a reverse phase HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of metformin and linagliptin in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. The method utilizes a C18 column, mobile phase of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (60:40) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Metformin and linagliptin were well separated with retention times of 3.048 and 4.457 minutes respectively. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, accuracy, precision and recovery for both drugs. The method can be used to simultaneously quantify metformin and linagliptin in tablet formulations.
This document describes a study that prepared and evaluated carvedilol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for oral drug delivery. Compritol 888 ATO (COMP) was selected as the lipid material based on its solubility parameter relative to carvedilol. Design of experiments was used to optimize the concentrations of COMP and Poloxamer 188 surfactant in blank SLNs and carvedilol-loaded SLNs. The optimized formulation containing 7.5% COMP, 5.0% Poloxamer 188, and 1.11% carvedilol had a particle size of 161 nm and 94.8% drug entrapment efficiency. In vitro studies showed the SLNs protected carvedilol from acidic environments and
Spectrophotometric Method and its Validation for Repaglinide in its Bulk and ...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document describes the development and validation of a UV spectrophotometric method for the quantification of repaglinide, an antidiabetic drug, in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The method was developed using acetonitrile:water (70:30) as the diluent and a wavelength of 244 nm. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and was found to be linear, precise, accurate, robust and rugged. Forced degradation studies were also performed to test the stability of the drug. The method can be used for the analysis of repaglinide in quality control testing.
This document discusses using a "mixed solvency" concept to reduce the amount of surfactant needed in self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) for candesartan cilexetil (CC), a poorly water-soluble drug. Solubility studies were conducted to determine the best oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant vehicles for CC. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify self-emulsifying regions using varying ratios of oil, surfactant, and water. The results showed that a modified solubilizer system containing camphor, vanillin, and lutrol F-68 in ethanol was able to solubilize CC up to
This document summarizes the development and evaluation of an in situ gelling system for the treatment of periodontitis using tinidazole as the model drug. Tinidazole was incorporated into gellan gum and poloxamer 407 polymer matrices using a 32 full factorial design to optimize the formulation variables. Nine formulations were developed varying the concentration of gellan gum (0.5-1.5% w/v) and poloxamer 407 (10-20% w/v). The formulations were characterized for appearance, gelling capacity, pH, viscosity, gelation temperature, drug content, syringeability and in vitro drug release. The optimized formulation with maximum desirability contained 0.5% w/
This document provides a synopsis for a Master's thesis project titled "Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Films of Lisinopril". The project aims to develop fast dissolving films of the hypertension drug Lisinopril to improve patient compliance. Literature on fast dissolving drug delivery systems and films has been reviewed. The planned work involves preparing Lisinopril films using natural and synthetic polymers through various techniques and evaluating the films for properties like drug content, dissolution, and pharmacodynamics. If successful, the fast dissolving Lisinopril films could provide quick action and ease of administration benefits for hypertension patients.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery...ijtsrd
The primary objective of the work was to develop a self nano emulsifying drug delivery system of dolutegravir HCL. Self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system is a lipid based formulation which consists of isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants and co surfactants. It can conveniently develop the emulsion on gentle agitation and offers a considerable surface area for interaction between the SNEDDS formulation and the aqueous gastrointestinal fluid. This may lead to enhanced bioavailability of hydrophobic agents. The Liquid SNEDDS was prepared and after that solidified by aerosil 200. For 10 gm of liquid SNEDDS 5 gm of Aerosil 200 was used and after that product is dried by spray drying method. And 12 gm of product is remaining after the process. The drug excipients interaction studies were carried out using FTIR and DSC. The interaction studies were carried out to check physical and chemical stability of Dolutegravir with other excipients. FTIR spectra showed the characteristic peaks of drug i.e. for C H stretch, N C stretch appear in the spectra of physical mixtures at the same wave number indicating no modification or interaction between drug and the polymers. The liquid SNEDDS formulation C1 showed good thermodynamic stability without any precipitation and having globule size 536.6 nm and zeta potential 29.9. Based on thermodynamic stability, precipitation studies, self emulsification studies, globule size and zeta potential liquid SNEDDS of formulation batch C1 was selected as optimized formulation. Liquid SNEDDS and solid SNEDDS was prepared for Dolutegravir. SEM, IR, and DSC results confirmed that drug was present in an amorphous state in solid SNEDDS. In vitro drug release and drug content of optimized formulation was found to be 98.64 and 99.35 respectively. F3 batch of capsule formulation shows better drug release than marketed formulation. Suresh Mularam Choudhary | Prof S. A Waghmare | Hemant V. Kamble "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Dolutegravir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50569.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50569/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-self-nano-emulsifying-drug-delivery-system-of-dolutegravir/suresh-mularam-choudhary
Dissolution enhancement of glimepiride by solid dispersion technique.Santosh Adhikari
Dissolution Enhancement of Glimepiride by Solid Dispersion Technique.
Priyanka Shrestha1*, Shiva Kumar Bhandari1, SM Ashraful Islam1, and Santosh Adhikari2.
1Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh.
2Department of Pharmacy, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Banglore-560 041.
Mucilage of basil seed can be employed as a potential ingredient in suspensions, emulsions, gels and tablets especially as viscosity enhancing agents, thickening agent, emulsifier or gelling agent and release retardant because of its good hydrophilic nature, physical stability, barrier properties, efficient control of release profile, extrudability and good spreadability.
Extensive characterisation of natural polymer in dosage form development for subsequent commercialisation has given rise to a new term “Naturapolyceutics”.
ALPHA LOGARITHM TRANSFORMED SEMI LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTION USING MAXIMUM LIKELIH...BRNSS Publication Hub
The document discusses the alpha logarithm transformed semi-logistic distribution and its maximum likelihood estimation method. It introduces the distribution, provides its probability density function and cumulative distribution function. It then describes generating random numbers from the distribution and outlines the maximum likelihood estimation method to estimate the distribution's unknown parameters. This involves deriving the likelihood function and taking its partial derivatives to obtain equations that are set to zero and solved to find maximum likelihood estimates of the location, scale, and shape parameters.
AN ASSESSMENT ON THE SPLIT AND NON-SPLIT DOMINATION NUMBER OF TENEMENT GRAPHSBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes research on the split and non-split domination numbers of tenement graphs. It defines tenement graphs and provides basic definitions of domination, split domination, and non-split domination. Formulas for the split and non-split domination numbers of tenement graphs are presented based on the number of vertices. Theorems are presented stating that the mid vertex set of a tenement graph is always a split dominating set, but its size is not always equal to the split domination number.
This document summarizes research on generalized Cantor sets and functions where the standard construction is modified. It introduces Cantor sets defined by an arbitrary base where the intervals removed at each stage are not all the same length. It also defines irregular or transcendental Cantor sets generated by transcendental numbers like e. The key findings are:
1) There exists a unique probability measure for generalized Cantor sets that generates the cumulative distribution function.
2) The Holder exponent of generalized Cantor sets is shown to be logn/s where n is the base and s is the number of subintervals.
3) Lower and upper densities are defined for the measure on generalized Cantor functions and their properties are
SYMMETRIC BILINEAR CRYPTOGRAPHY ON ELLIPTIC CURVE AND LIE ALGEBRABRNSS Publication Hub
1) The document discusses symmetric bilinear pairings on elliptic curves and Lie algebras in the context of cryptography. It provides an overview of the theoretical foundations and applications of combining these areas.
2) Key concepts covered include the Weil pairing as a symmetric bilinear pairing on elliptic curves, its properties of bilinearity and non-degeneracy, and efficient computation. Applications of elliptic curves in cryptography like ECDH and ECDSA are also summarized.
3) The security of protocols like ECDH and ECDSA relies on the assumed difficulty of solving the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP). The document proves various mathematical aspects behind symmetric bilinear pairings and their use in elliptic curve cryptography.
SUITABILITY OF COINTEGRATION TESTS ON DATA STRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT ORDERSBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes research investigating the suitability of cointegration tests on time series data of different orders. The researchers used simulated time series data from normal and gamma distributions at sample sizes of 30, 60, and 90. Three cointegration tests (Engle-Granger, Johansen, and Phillips-Ouliaris) were applied to the data. The tests were assessed based on type 1 error rates and power to determine which test was most robust for different distributions and sample sizes. The results indicated the Phillips-Ouliaris test was generally the most effective at determining cointegration across different sample sizes and distributions.
Artificial Intelligence: A Manifested Leap in Psychiatric RehabilitationBRNSS Publication Hub
Artificial intelligence shows promise in improving psychiatric rehabilitation in 3 key ways:
1) AI can help diagnose and treat mental health issues through virtual therapists and chatbots, improving access and reducing stigma.
2) Technologies like machine learning and big data allow personalized interventions and more accurate diagnoses.
3) The COVID-19 pandemic has increased need for mental health support, and AI may help address gaps by providing remote services.
A Review on Polyherbal Formulations and Herbal Medicine for Management of Ul...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document provides a review of polyherbal formulations and herbal medicines for treating peptic ulcers. It discusses how peptic ulcers occur due to an imbalance between aggressive and protective factors in the gastrointestinal tract. Common causes include H. pylori infection and NSAID use. While synthetic medications are available, herbal supplements are more affordable and have fewer side effects. The review examines various herbs that have traditionally been used to treat ulcers, including their active chemical constituents. It defines polyherbal formulations as combinations of two or more herbs, which can enhance therapeutic effects while reducing toxicity. The document aims to summarize recent research on herb and polyherbal formulation treatments for peptic ulcers.
Current Trends in Treatments and Targets of Neglected Tropical DiseaseBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes current trends in treatments and targets of neglected tropical diseases. It begins by stating that neglected tropical diseases affect over 1.7 billion people globally each year and are caused by a variety of microbes. The World Health Organization is working to eliminate 30 neglected tropical diseases by 2030. The document then discusses several specific neglected tropical diseases in more detail, including human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, soil-transmitted helminths, and schistosomiasis. It describes the causative agents, transmission methods, symptoms, affected populations, and current treatment options for each of these diseases. Overall, the document aims to briefly discuss neglected infectious diseases and treatment
Evaluation of Cordia Dichotoma gum as A Potent Excipient for the Formulation ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a study that evaluated Cordia dichotoma gum as an excipient for oral thin film drug delivery. Films were prepared with varying ratios of the gum, plasticizers (methyl paraben and glycerine), and the model drug diclofenac sodium. The films were evaluated for properties like thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, water uptake, and drug release kinetics. The results found that a film with 10% gum, 0.2% methyl paraben and 2.5% glycerine (CDF3) exhibited the best results among the formulations tested. Stability studies showed the films were stable for 30 days at different temperatures. Overall, the study demonstrated that C.
Assessment of Medication Adherence Pattern for Patients with Chronic Diseases...BRNSS Publication Hub
This study assessed medication adherence and knowledge among rural patients with chronic diseases in South Indian hospitals. 1500 hypertensive patients were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received education from pharmacists at various times, while the control group did not. A questionnaire evaluated patients' medication knowledge at baseline and several follow-ups. The intervention group showed improved medication knowledge scores after education compared to the control group. Female gender, lower education, and income were linked to lower knowledge. The study highlights the need to educate rural patients to improve medication understanding and adherence.
This document proposes a system to hide information using four algorithms for image steganography. The system first encrypts data using a modified AES algorithm. It then encrypts the encrypted data using a modified RSA algorithm. Next, it uses a fuzzy stream algorithm to add ambiguity. Finally, it hides the encrypted data in the least significant bits of cover images using LSB steganography. The document evaluates the proposed system using metrics like PSNR, MSE, and SSIM to analyze image quality and the ability to hide data imperceptibly compared to other techniques. It selects four color images as cover files and tests the system on them.
The document discusses Goldbach's problems and their solutions. It summarizes that the ternary Goldbach problem, which states that every odd number greater than 7 can be represented as the sum of three odd primes, was solved in 2013. It also discusses Ramare's 1995 proof that any even number can be represented as the sum of no more than 6 primes. The document then provides proofs for theorems related to representing numbers as sums of primes and concludes there are an infinite number of twin primes.
The document summarizes research on k-super contra harmonic mean labeling of graphs. It defines k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling of a graph as an injective vertex labeling such that the induced edge labels satisfy certain properties. It proves that several families of graphs admit k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling for any positive integer k, including triangular snakes, double triangular snakes, alternative triangular snakes, quadrilateral snakes, and alternative quadrilateral snakes. The document introduces the concept of k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling and investigates this property for these families of graphs.
The document summarizes research on using various iterative schemes to solve fixed-point problems and inequalities involving self-mappings and contractions in Banach spaces. It defines concepts like non-expansive mappings, mean non-expansive mappings, and rates of convergence. The paper presents two theorems: 1) an iterative scheme for a sequence involving a self-mapping T is shown to converge to a fixed point of T, and 2) an iterative process involving a self-contraction mapping T is defined and shown to converge. Limiting cases are considered to prove convergence as the number of iterations approaches infinity.
This document summarizes research on analyzing and simulating the accuracy and stability of closed-loop control systems. It discusses various techniques for evaluating accuracy and stability, including steady-state error analysis, stability analysis, and simulation. Factors that can affect accuracy and stability are also identified, such as sensor noise, model inaccuracies, and environmental disturbances. The paper provides an overview of closed-loop control systems and their uses in various engineering fields like manufacturing, chemical processes, vehicles, aircraft, and power systems.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. Meghana and Bhargavi: Evaluation of Ranitidine Oral in Situ Gels
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2021/Vol 12/Issue 3 127
• Reduced dose frequency
• Improved patient compliance
•
Its production is less complex and so lowers the
investment.
Drug and Excipients Profile
Drug profile
Ranitidine
Description
Ranitidine is a commonly used drug, classified as
a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, and belongs to
the same drug class as cimetidine and famotidine.
This drug helps to prevent and treat gastric acid
associatedconditions,includingulcers,becauseofits
ability to decrease gastric acid secretion. Ranitidine
is often referred to as Zantac and is available in
various forms, including tablet, injection, and
effervescent tablet preparations. The prevalence of
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is thought
to be 10–20% in Western countries. Ranitidine has
proven to be an effective treatment for relieving
uncomfortable symptoms of gastric acid associated
conditions and is, therefore, widely used in GERD
and other gastric acid-related conditions.
Structure
CAS number: 66357-35-5
Average weight: 314.4
Monoisotopic: 314.141261758
Chemical formula: C13
H22
N4
O3
S
IUPAC Name: [1-({2-[({5-[(dimethylamino)
methyl] furan-2-yl} methyl) sulfanyl] ethyl}
amino)-2-nitroethenyl] methyl amine
Excipients Profiles
Sodium alginate
Sodium alginate is a natural hydrophilic
polysaccharide derived from sea weed. It is the
sodium salt of alginic acid, a high molecular weight
linear polymer consisting of D-mannuronic acid
and L-glucuronic acid residues that are arranged in
the polymer chain in blocks.
Empirical formula: (C6
H7
O6
Na)n
Description
Sodium alginate occurs as a white or buff color
coarse or fine powder which is odorless and
tasteless. Aqueous solutions form gel on the
addition of small amount of soluble calcium salt.
Solubility
Sodium alginate is slowly soluble in water,
forming a viscous colloidal solution. It is insoluble
in alcohol and in hydroalcoholic solutions in which
the alcohol content is 30% by weight. It is also
insoluble in other organic solvents and in acids
where the pH of the resulting falls below 3.
Gel properties
Alginate forms gels with monovalent, divalent,
and multivalent cations. Monovalent cations form
soluble salts with alginate where as divalent and
multivalent cations (except Mg2+
) forms gels
or precipitates. Hydration of alginic acid leads
to the formation of a high viscosity “acid gel”
due to intermolecular binding. After gelation,
the water molecules are physically entrapped
inside the alginate matrix, but are still free
to migrate. This is great importance in many
applications, for example, alginate gels for cell
immobilization/microencapsulation. The various
cations show different affinity for alginate and
selective ion binding in the basis for the ability of
alginate to form ionotropic hydrogels. Alginate is
easily gelled in the presence of a divalent cation as
calcium ion. The gel strength will depend on the
guluronic content and also of the average number
of G-units in the G-blocks.
Viscosity
Various grades of sodium alginate are
available yield in aqueous solutions of varying
viscosity within a range of 20–400 centipoise
(0.02– 0.4 Pa.S) in 1% solution at 20°C.
Viscosity decreases of sodium alginate solutions
above pH of 10.
3. Meghana and Bhargavi: Evaluation of Ranitidine Oral in Situ Gels
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2021/Vol 12/Issue 3 128
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
All materials (AR Grade) used were obtained
from different sources and all instruments used
in work that is as given in table, respectively
[Tables 1 and 2].
Experimental Work
Pre-formulation studies
Solubility studies
Solubility of ranitidine was carried out in different
solvents such as 0.1 N HCl, methanol, ethanol,
7.4 pH buffer, and 6.8 pH buffer. Saturated
solutions were prepared by adding excess drug to
the vehicles and shaking on the shaker for 24 h at
25°C under constant vibration. Filtered samples
(1 ml) were diluted appropriately with suitable
buffer and solubility of ranitidine was determined
spectrophotometrically at 230 nm.[6-15]
Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
The physical compatibility between the pure drug
and polymers used in the research was tested by
infrared (IR) spectroscopy. FT-IR absorption
spectra for pure drug and physical mixture were
recorded in the range of 400–4000 cm−1
by KBr
disc method using FT-IR spectrophotometer.
Determination of absorption maxima by UV
spectrophotometer
Ten milligrams of ranitidine were dissolved in 10 ml
of buffers so as to get a stock solution of 1000 µg/
ml concentration. From this, 1 ml solution was
withdrawn and diluted to 10 ml to get a concentration
of 100 µg/ml (SS-II). From this stock solution pipette
out 1 ml of the solution and makeup the volume to
10 ml using buffer to get the concentration of 10 µg/
ml concentration, this solution was scanned under UV
spectroscopy using 200–400 nm.
Preparation of calibration curve of ranitidine
Ten milligrams of ranitidine were dissolved in
10 ml of 0.1 N HCl by slight shaking (1000 µg/ ml).
One milligram of this solution was taken and
made up to 10 ml with 0.1 N HCl, which gives
100 µg/ ml concentration (stock solution). From
the stock solution, concentrations of 4, 8, 12, 16,
20, and 24 µg/ ml in 0.1 N HCl were prepared. The
absorbance of diluted solutions was measured at
267 nm and a standard plot was drawn using the data
obtained. The correlation coefficient was calculated.
Method of preparation of in situ gel
Floating in situ gel formulations of ranitidine were
prepared using compositions given in Table 3. Take
100 ml beaker, in that beaker take sodium alginate and
add with polymer, then mix with 60 ml distilled water,
now heat the mixture at 60°C till solution occurs using
a heating magnetic stirrer. Take another 100 ml beaker,
inthisaddsodiumcitratealongwithcalciumcarbonate,
then mix with 30 ml distilled water, heat the mixture at
60°Ctillsolutionoccurs.Nowtake another beaker,add
5 mlmethanolwithdrug,thenthreemixturesaremixed
at 60°C. After cooling this solution below 40°C, keep
the above mixture in mechanical stirring for 30 min,
well to get the final preparation which was stored in
amber color bottles until further use.
Evaluation Parameters of Oral In Situ Gels
Visual appearance and clarity
Visual appearance and clarity were done under
fluorescent light against a white and black
Table 1: Instruments used
Instruments Companies
UV–visible spectrophotometer T60 PG INSTRUMENTS
Weighing balance Essae‑Teraoka Ltd., DS‑852j
Overhead stirrer Techno Scientific Products, Bangalore
pH meter (pH Tutor) Techno Scientific Products, Bangalore
Rheometer (DV‑E) Brookfield Viscometer
Magnetic stirrer MB Instruments, MB575, Delhi
Mechanical stirrer MBI Instruments, MB575, Delhi
Dissolution apparatus DS 8000 Lab, India
Table 2: Materials used
S. No. Materials Sources
1 Ranitidine Hetero Labs Ltd., Hyderabad.
2 Sodium alginate Colorcon Asia Ltd., Verna, Goa.
3 Calcium carbonate MJ Biopharmaceuticals, Mumbai
4 Sodium citrate MJ Biopharmaceuticals, Mumbai
5 HPMC K15M MJ Biopharmaceuticals, Mumbai
6 Xanthan gum MJ Biopharmaceuticals, Mumbai
7 HPMC K100M MJ Biopharmaceuticals, Mumbai
8 Water Narmada Chemicals
4. Meghana and Bhargavi: Evaluation of Ranitidine Oral in Situ Gels
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background for the presence of any particulate
matter.
pH measurement
The pH of the prepared in situ gelling system after
addition of all the ingredients was measured using
pH meter.[10,16-26]
Determination of drug content
Accurately, 5 mL of formulation from different
batches was measured and transferred to 100 ml
volumetric flask. To this, 50–70 ml of 0.1 N HCl
was added and sonicated for 30 min. Volume
was adjusted to 100 ml. Complete dispersion of
contents was ensured visually and the dispersion
was filtered using Whatman filter paper. From this
solution, 1 ml of sample was withdrawn and diluted
to 10 ml with 0.1 N HCl. Contents of ranitidine
were measured at maximum absorbance at 230 nm
using UV–visible spectrophotometer.
In vitro floating study
The in vitro floating study was carried out by
introducing 5 ml of formulation into a beaker
containing 100 ml of 0.1N HCl (pH 1.2) at 37○
C
withoutmuchdisturbance.Thetimetheformulation
constantly floated on surface of the dissolution
medium (duration of floating) were recorded.
In vitro gelation study
Toevaluatetheformulationsfortheirinvitrogelling
capacity, accurately measured 5 ml of formulation
was added to 100 ml of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid
(HCl, pH 1.2) at 37○
C in a beaker with mild
agitation that avoids breaking of formed gel.
The in vitro gelling capacity was graded in
three categories on the basis of stiffness of the
formulation.
(+) Gels after few minutes, dispersed rapidly (++)
gelation immediate remains for few hours (+++)
gelation immediate remains for an extended period.
Measurement of viscosity of in situ gelling system
Viscosity of the dispersion was determined using
a Brookfield digital viscometer. The samples
(5 ml) were sheared at a rate of 10 rpm/min using
spindle number 2 at room temperature. Viscosity
measurementforeachsamplewasdoneintriplicate,
with each measurement taking approximately 30 s.
In vitro release studies
The drug release study was carried out using USP
type II paddle-type apparatus at 37 ± 0.5°C and at
50 rpm using 900 ml of 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2). In situ
gel equivalent to 25 mg of ranitidine was used for
the test. Sample solution (5 ml) was withdrawn
at predetermined time intervals, filtered through
a 0.45 μm membrane filter, diluted, and suitably
analyzed by UV spectrophotometric LAB INDIA
8000 at 230 nm. Fresh dissolution medium was
replaced immediately after withdrawal of the test
sample to maintain sink condition. The dissolution
studies were carried out for a period of 12 h.
Release Kinetics
In the present study, data of the in vitro release
were fitted to different equations and kinetic
models to explain the release kinetics of ranitidine
from the in situ gels. The kinetic models used were
zero-order equation, first order, Higuchi release,
Table 3: Formulation of ranitidine oral in situ gels
Ingredients (g) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12
Ranitidine 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Sodium alginate 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Calcium chloride (%w/v) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Sodium citrate (mg) 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170
HPMC K15M 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑
Xanthan gum ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑ 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑
HPMC K100M ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑ ‑‑ 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Water (ml) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
5. Meghana and Bhargavi: Evaluation of Ranitidine Oral in Situ Gels
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and Korsmeyer–Peppas models. Kinetic Studies:
Mathematical models:
Different release kinetic equations (zero-order,
first-order, Higuchi’s equation, and Korsmeyer–
Peppas equation) were applied to interpret the
release rate of the drug from matrix systems for
the optimized formulation. The best fit with higher
correlation (r2
) was calculated.
Zero-order model
Drug dissolution from dosage forms that do not
disaggregate and release the drug slowly can be
represented by the equation,
Qt = Q0 + K0t
Where, Qt is the amount of drug dissolved in time
t, Q0 is the initial amount of drug in the solution
(most times, Q0 = 0), and K0 is the zero-order
release constant expressed in units of concentration/
time. To study the release kinetics, data obtained
from in vitro drug release studies were plotted as
cumulative amount of drug released versus time.
Application
It is used to describe the drug dissolution of several
types of modified release pharmaceutical dosage
forms, as in the case of some transdermal systems,
as well as tablets with low soluble drugs in coated
forms, osmotic systems, etc.
First-order model
The first-order equation describes the release from
systems where the dissolution rate is dependent on
the concentration of the dissolving species.
Release behavior generally follows the following
first-order equation: Log C= Log Co-kt/2.303,
where C is the amount of drug dissolved at time t,
Co
is the amount of drug dissolved at t=0, and k
is the first-order rate constant. A graph of log
cumulative of % drug remaining versus time yields
a straight line.
The pharmaceutical dosage forms following this
dissolution profile, such as those containing water-
soluble drugs in porous matrices, release the drugs
in a way that is proportional to the amount of drug
remaining in its interior, in such way, that the
amount of drug released by unit of time diminishes.
Higuchi model
The first example of a mathematical model
aimed to describe drug release from a system was
proposed by Higuchi in 1961. Initially conceived
for planar systems, it was then sustained to different
geometrics and porous systems. This model is
based on the hypothesis that,
• Initial drug concentration in this is much higher
than drug solubility
• Drug diffusion takes place only in one
dimension (edge effect must be negligible)
• Drug particles are much smaller than system
thickness
• Swelling and dissolution are negligible
• Drug diffusivity is constant and
• Perfect sink conditions are always attained in
the release environment.
In a general way, the Higuchi model is simply
expressed by the following equation
Q = KH
- t1/2
Where, KH
is the Higuchi dissolution constant.
The data obtained were plotted as cumulative
percentage drug release versus square root of time.
Korsmeyer–Peppas model
Korsmeyer et al. (1983) derived a simple
relationship which described drug release from
a polymeric system equation. To find out the
mechanism of drug release, first 60% drug
release data were fitted in Korsmeyer–Peppas
model,
Mt/M∞ = Ktn
Where, Mt/M∞ is a fraction of drug released at time
t, k is the release rate constant, and n is the release
exponent. The n value is used to characterize
different release for cylindrical-shaped matrices.
In this model, the value of n characterizes the
release mechanism of drug as described in Table 4.
Table 4: Drug transport mechanisms suggested based on
“n” value
S. No. Release
exponent
Drug transport
mechanism
Rate as a
function of time
1 0.5 Fickian diffusion t − 0.5
2 0.45 n = 0.89 Non‑Fickian transport t n − 1
3 0.89 Case II transport Zero‑order release
4 Higher than
0.89
Super case II transport t n − 1
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The results of in vitro release profiles obtained for
the in situ gels formulations were fitted into four
models of data treatment as follows:
1. Cumulative percent drug released versus time
(zero-order kinetic model)
2. Log cumulative percent drug remaining versus
time (first-order kinetic model)
3. Cumulative percent drug released versus square
root of time (Higuchi’s model)
4. Log cumulative percent drug released
versus log time (Korsmeyer–Peppas
equation).[27-29]
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Saturation Solubility of Ranitidine
Solubility of ranitidine was determined in water,
0.1 N HCl, and 6.8 phosphate buffer and values
obtained were noted in Table 5.
Discussion
From the above solubility data, we can say that
ranitidine has more solubility in 0.1 N HCl.
Compatibility Study of Ranitidine
Compatibility between the drug and polymers
was studied by FT-IR method. Pure ranitidine
and optimized formulation were subjected for
FT-IR spectroscopic analysis, to as certain any
interaction between the drug and polymers
used. The position of characteristic peaks
of pure ranitidine was compared with those
peaks obtained for optimized formulation.
These characteristic bands for ranitidine were
identifiable and there was no major shift or
disappearance in the peak positions. This
indicated that the drug was intact and has
not reacted with the excipients used in the
Table 5: Solubility studies of ranitidine in various
solvents
Solvents Solubility (µg/ml)
0.1 N HCl 0.756
Water 0.439
6.8 pH buffer 0.628
Table 6: Calibration curve data ranitidine in 0.1 N HCl
Concentration (µg/ml) Absorbance
0 0
5 0.132
10 0.264
15 0.397
20 0.524
25 0.651
30 0.782
formulation and hence they are compatible.
Hence, it can be concluded that the drug is in free
state and can release easily from the polymeric
network in the free form [Figures 1-4].
Determination of Absorption Maximum
(λmax) of Ranitidine
Determination of ranitidine λ-max was done for
accuratequantitativeassessmentofdrugdissolution
rate [Table 6].
Discussion
Ranitidine Beer’s range concentration was
found to be in the range of 5–30 µg/ml using
0.1 N HCl buffer as buffer solution. The
regression value was closer to 1 indicating the
method obeyed Beer-Lamberts’ law as it was
linear [Figure 5].
Discussion
The drug content was found to being the range
of 95–102% for all the formulations indicating
uniform distribution of drug [Table 7].
Figure 1: Solubility studies
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Ranitidine oral in situ gelling systems were
prepared using polymers such as xanthan gum,
HPMC K15M, HPMC K100M, sodium citrate,
calcium carbonate, and sodium alginate. A total
of 12 (F1– F12) formulations were prepared and
F8 was found to be the best formulation xanthan
gum. Drug and polymers were subjected for
compatibility study using FTIR studies, which
revealed that there was no interaction between
drug and polymers. The prepared formulations
were evaluated for drug content, floating lag
time, total floating time, viscosity, gelling
nature, visual appearance, and in vitro release
studies which were also performed. The in vitro
release studies of all the formulations among
them F8 formulation containing xanthan gum
show drug release of 98.08% by the end of 12 h.
Figure 2: Fourier transform infrared graph of pure ranitidine
Figure 3: Fourier transform infrared graph of optimized formulation
Figure 4: Absorption maximum (λmax
) of ranitidine 230 nm
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The release kinetics of the optimized formulation
was best fitted into Higuchi model (R2
= 0.973)
and showed zero-order (R2
= 0.985) drug release
with super case II transport mechanism. From the
above experimental results, it can be concluded
that ranitidine was chosen as the model candidate
for the development of oral in situ gel, since
they possess near ideal characteristics that these
drugs must have formulating sustained drug
delivery system.
The results of study demonstrate that xanthan
gum was suitable to develop sustained release oral
in situ gels.
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Formulation code Drug content (%)
F1 97.52
F2 98.26
F3 96.15
F4 99.42
F5 101.26
F6 98.04
F7 97.36
F8 99.04
F9 98.46
F10 95.48
F11 97.34
F12 96.82
Figure 5: Calibration curve of ranitidine in 0.1 N HCl
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IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2021/Vol 12/Issue 3 134
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