Mass Production of Paecilomyces Lilacinus by using Different Cultivation Medi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprophytic, filamentous fungus. Morphological characters of Paecilomyces lilacinus were separate mycelium, hyaline, conidia white to pink colored and formation of phialides. The growth of Paecilomyces lilacinus carried out on SDA media at room temperature was better than incubator. Various solid substrates like Rice, Wheat bran, and Sorghum were evaluated for the mass multiplication of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. Added dextrose and antibiotics in solid media for mass multiplication at room temperature. Among all the substrate Wheat bran recorded the maximum spore count of 7. 1 10-8 spore/ml followed by Sorghum 5. 4 10-8 spore/ml and Rice 5. 1 10-8 spore/ml after 20 days. Also dry mycelia weight or biomass of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus without an incubator was more than using an incubator.
Growth Pattern of Beauveria bassiana in Different Eco-friendly MediaBRNSS Publication Hub
Beauveria bassiana belongs to the class Deuteromycetes which is one of the important disease-causing biocontrol agents in insects. B. bassiana, formerly known as Botrytis bassiana (Balsamo), is a widely distributed soil inhabiting fungus. B. bassiana is also known to be best biocontrol agent against larval stage of the silkworm. B. bassiana is categorized as a white muscardine fungus due to the white color of sporulating colonies. It is a type of biopesticide which is based on entomopathogenic fungi which are often considerable scope as plant protection agents against several pathogens and insects including whiteflies, aphids, thrips, grasshoppers, and certain types of beetles. The present study deals with the use of different media such as coconut media, jaggery media, nutrient media, potato dextrose media, Sabouraud dextrose media, and molasses media.
Effect of Sakkara Brewing on the Severity of Powdery Mildew Disease of Luffa ...AI Publications
Powdery mildew is one of the major production constraint of cucurbits in almost all parts of Sri Lanka.The disease can be controlled with fungicides. However, bio control agents or organic compounds provide economically sound, practically feasible and environmentally safe approach. “Sakkaraa” brewing (SBr) is a fermented aqueous drink based on cane sugar and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Most of the studies assessing the efficacy of yeast as a bio control agent, however, have focused on its effects against some fungi. Two experiments were conducted in parallel to identify the effect of SBr on severity of powdery mildew of Luffa and cucumber varieties under greenhouse condition. Six luffa varieties and twelve cucumber varieties were grown in pots and artificially inoculated with powdery mildew pathogen. Layout of the factorial experiments involving crop varieties and SBr treatments was completely randomized block design with four replications. About 15 days after inoculation of spore suspension of pathogen and when powdery mildew symptoms were well appeared, started the application of diluted SBr on six Luffa varieties and twelve cucumber varieties as an aqueous spray and untreated plants of each Luffa and cucumber variety were kept as control. Disease evaluation and measurements of percentage disease severity index (DSI (%)) of powdery mildew on plants were performed and recorded at flowering stage and fruiting stage. Microscopic observations confirmed that causal agent of powdery mildew of Luffa and cucumber in the country was Podosphaera xanthii. Results of DSI % of powdery mildew in both experiment showed that there was a significant difference between SBr applied treatment and control both at flowering and fruiting stage. Luffa varieties did not show significantly different of DSI (%) of powdery mildew. Popular Luffa variety Naga recorded highest DSI (%) when compared with other tested varieties. Cucumber varieties showed significant difference of DSI (%) of powdery mildew at flowering and fruiting stages. Cucumber var. KWxG17(S) Green and Var. Tunnel Green showed significantly lower DSI (%) of powdery mildew compared to other tested varieties. Results revealed that SBr has remarkable ability of control of powdery mildew and provides an opportunity to produce an effective control tool to protect Luffa and cucumber varieties from powdery mildew disease.
Mass Production of Paecilomyces Lilacinus by using Different Cultivation Medi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprophytic, filamentous fungus. Morphological characters of Paecilomyces lilacinus were separate mycelium, hyaline, conidia white to pink colored and formation of phialides. The growth of Paecilomyces lilacinus carried out on SDA media at room temperature was better than incubator. Various solid substrates like Rice, Wheat bran, and Sorghum were evaluated for the mass multiplication of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. Added dextrose and antibiotics in solid media for mass multiplication at room temperature. Among all the substrate Wheat bran recorded the maximum spore count of 7. 1 10-8 spore/ml followed by Sorghum 5. 4 10-8 spore/ml and Rice 5. 1 10-8 spore/ml after 20 days. Also dry mycelia weight or biomass of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus without an incubator was more than using an incubator.
Growth Pattern of Beauveria bassiana in Different Eco-friendly MediaBRNSS Publication Hub
Beauveria bassiana belongs to the class Deuteromycetes which is one of the important disease-causing biocontrol agents in insects. B. bassiana, formerly known as Botrytis bassiana (Balsamo), is a widely distributed soil inhabiting fungus. B. bassiana is also known to be best biocontrol agent against larval stage of the silkworm. B. bassiana is categorized as a white muscardine fungus due to the white color of sporulating colonies. It is a type of biopesticide which is based on entomopathogenic fungi which are often considerable scope as plant protection agents against several pathogens and insects including whiteflies, aphids, thrips, grasshoppers, and certain types of beetles. The present study deals with the use of different media such as coconut media, jaggery media, nutrient media, potato dextrose media, Sabouraud dextrose media, and molasses media.
Effect of Sakkara Brewing on the Severity of Powdery Mildew Disease of Luffa ...AI Publications
Powdery mildew is one of the major production constraint of cucurbits in almost all parts of Sri Lanka.The disease can be controlled with fungicides. However, bio control agents or organic compounds provide economically sound, practically feasible and environmentally safe approach. “Sakkaraa” brewing (SBr) is a fermented aqueous drink based on cane sugar and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Most of the studies assessing the efficacy of yeast as a bio control agent, however, have focused on its effects against some fungi. Two experiments were conducted in parallel to identify the effect of SBr on severity of powdery mildew of Luffa and cucumber varieties under greenhouse condition. Six luffa varieties and twelve cucumber varieties were grown in pots and artificially inoculated with powdery mildew pathogen. Layout of the factorial experiments involving crop varieties and SBr treatments was completely randomized block design with four replications. About 15 days after inoculation of spore suspension of pathogen and when powdery mildew symptoms were well appeared, started the application of diluted SBr on six Luffa varieties and twelve cucumber varieties as an aqueous spray and untreated plants of each Luffa and cucumber variety were kept as control. Disease evaluation and measurements of percentage disease severity index (DSI (%)) of powdery mildew on plants were performed and recorded at flowering stage and fruiting stage. Microscopic observations confirmed that causal agent of powdery mildew of Luffa and cucumber in the country was Podosphaera xanthii. Results of DSI % of powdery mildew in both experiment showed that there was a significant difference between SBr applied treatment and control both at flowering and fruiting stage. Luffa varieties did not show significantly different of DSI (%) of powdery mildew. Popular Luffa variety Naga recorded highest DSI (%) when compared with other tested varieties. Cucumber varieties showed significant difference of DSI (%) of powdery mildew at flowering and fruiting stages. Cucumber var. KWxG17(S) Green and Var. Tunnel Green showed significantly lower DSI (%) of powdery mildew compared to other tested varieties. Results revealed that SBr has remarkable ability of control of powdery mildew and provides an opportunity to produce an effective control tool to protect Luffa and cucumber varieties from powdery mildew disease.
Microbial composting play an important role in the recycling of different processing wastes and the compost generated by bio-conversion of wastes offers several benefits such as enhanced soil fertility and soil health that can lead to increased agricultural productivity, improved soil biodiversity, reduced ecological risks and a healthier environment. The present experiment was conducted in Plastic pots, which were filled with the different wastes, namely Sugarcane waste, Plants waste, Flower waste, Mausmi waste and Mixed waste, which was inoculated by Yash Activator Plus (2% w/w) with a set control pot of each. The results of this study revealed that with Yash Activator Plus, the temperature was increased rapidly at 20 days of composting which were 50, 52, 58, 54 and 54˚C. Control treatments increased temperature up to 45, 44, 48, 46, and 46˚C respectively. The total loss of dry matter content at the end of composting amounted to be 37.73, 39.67, 52.94, 51.25 and 40% from the initial amount of Sugarcane waste, Plants waste, Flower waste, Mausmi waste and Mixed waste respectively. The maximum and minimum dry matter contents were decreased in flower waste and sugarcane waste respectively. Increased temperature enhanced the process of composting rapidly due to the thermophilic microorganisms, which reduces the time of composting. On the basis of this study, we can conclude that the mixed consortia of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms increased the process of composting, which reduces the time of degradation of different wastes. Key-words- Compost, Microbial composting, Different waste, Yash Activator Plus
Seed treatment, Seed germination and crop establishment in relation to soil m...Alkesh Patel
Detailed information about the seed treatments, methods of seed treatments, different equipment used in seed treatments, seed germination, component related to seed germination and establishment of crop in relation to soil moisture content.
To get the presentation contact me on alkesh.patel,2711@gmail.com
Biofertilizers definition, classification, bacterial biofertilizers, mass production of bacterial biofertilizers, prospects and constraints of biofertilizers production in hilly regions of Indian states. Liquid biofertilizers and its uses and advatages
Medium Composition Effects on Growth Kinetic of Cordyceps militaris Cells Usi...iosrjce
Cordyceps militaris is one of the well described mushrooms and has been extensively used in
Traditional Chinese Complementary Medicine (TCCM) since many centuries. It has been cultivated naturally or
in submerged culture using different types of media. Fungal mycelia contain adenosine, cordycepin, and
polysaccharides, which are responsible for its biological activities. Cordycepin is the best-known and most
potent mushroom-derived substances possessing anticancer, antitumor and immunomodulating activities. This
mushroom characterized by very low growth rate when grown in solid agar medium for inoculum preparation
during cultivation process. Thus, there was enormous need to increase the growth rate of this type of mushroom
on solid medium to reduce the time of inoculum preparation stage. In this study, optimization of agar cultivation
medium for rapid cell growth using modified potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium culture supplemented with
specific amount of malt extract (ME) together with yeast extract (YE) was investigated. The mycelial growth
diameter was monitored during 21 days of cultivation using two series of experiments of different medium
supplements: 2, 4, 6 and 8 g of ME and 6 g of ME with 0, 2, 4 and 6 g of YE to the PDA medium. The obtained
results clearly demonstrate that the highest mycelial growth diameter of about 7.5 cm was obtained in PDA
medium supplemented with 6 g/L ME and 4 g/L. YE
Establishment of suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. for benzyl isoth...IOSRJPBS
Successful scale-upof the anticancer benzyl isothiocyanate compound production was achieved from cell suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. Cell cultures were established from the stem internodal segments derived callus. Elicitation with two biotic elicitors; chitosan and salicylic acid, increased callus biomass and benzyl isothiocyanate accumulation, but chitosan induced the maximum accumulation, which reached about four-fold higher over the control at the concentration of 100 mg/L. Benzyl isothiocyanate production from cell suspension cultures was studied in shake-flask culture and stirred-tank bioreactor with the application of the optimum concentration of chitosan in the medium. Both methods elevate the compound production; however its yield was higherin the stirred-tank bioreactor.It achieved about eight-fold increase in the production of benzyl isothiocyanate after 24 days of incubation. This protocol can act as a roadmap for large-scale production of benzyl isothiocyanate from cell suspension cultures ofSalvadora persica by using bioreactors
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
Ganoderma lucidum against Candida albicansCsikós Ilona
Ganoderma lucidum has been in use in Traditional Chinese Medicine for years. Literature supports the use of this Ganoderma lucidum as a medicinal mushroom for its antimicrobial, antiviral properties. Candida albicans is the most common oral fungus associated with oral candidial infections. More: http://www.ganodermacoffee.dxnnet.com
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus spp. especially (L. planetarium and L. acidophilus) against S. aureus were tested using agar-plug, agar well diffusion methods to select the best isolate that could inhibit the growth of multidrug resistance isolates. Further identification for the presence of bacteriocin was done using ELISA kit. Results showed that Lactobacillus spp isolates were bacteriocin producers with different degrees and that L. planetarium (L7) was the most efficient in bacteriocin production. Therefore, L. planetarium (L7) was selected for purification using 70% saturated ammonium sulfate and gel chromatography. The effect of purified bacteriocin was tested on 16 bacterial isolates using micro-titer plate method and well diffusion method. The results showed the ability of the bacteriocin to inhibit bacteria only at concentrations 1866U/ml (50%), 3732U/ml (100%) with a diameter of inhibition zones ranges between (11-23 mm) respectively. The anti-biofilm activity of purified bacteriocin at concentration 100% was investigated and the results showed that biofilm formation was reduced by 100% in the presence of bacteriocin.
“Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Antibiotic Producing Microorga...IOSR Journals
The search for new antibiotics continues in a rather overlooked hunting ground. In the course of screening for new antibiotic-producing microorganisms, isolates showing antimicrobial activity were isolated from waste soil samples from various habitats in the Industrial Areas in Dheradun, Uttarakhand, India. Existing methods of screening for antibiotic producers together with some novel procedures were reviewed. Both modified agar-streak and agar-plug methods were used in the primary screens. The use of selective isolation media, with or without antibiotic incorporation and/or heat pretreatment, enhanced the development of certain actinomycete colonies on the isolation plates. Antibiotics have long been considered the “magic bullet” that would end infectious disease. Although they have improved the health of countless numbers of humans and animals, many antibiotics have also been losing their effectiveness since the beginning of the antibiotic era. Bacteria have adapted defenses against these antibiotics and continue to develop new resistances, even as we develop new antibiotics. In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in antibiotic resistance. As more microbial species and strains become resistant, many diseases have become difficult to treat, a phenomenon frequently ascribed to both indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in human medicine. However, the use of antibiotics and antimicrobials in raising food animals has also contributed significantly to the pool of antibiotic resistant organisms globally and antibiotic resistant bacteria are now found in large numbers in virtually every ecosystem on earth. Dual culture bioassays were used to screen seven selected Bacillus isolates for activity against four plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. All isolates were able to inhibit the pathogens to varying degrees. Two isolates, R29 and B81, were selected for further testing and characterization. Further bioassays were performed on five complex nutrient media which were adjusted to pH S.S and 7, and both incubated at 2SoC and 30°C" respectively. It was found that pH and media composition showed significant influences on the antifungal activities of the isolates tested, but that a SoC temperature difference in incubation temperature did not. Tryptone soy agar was found to give rise to the largest inhibition zones. Both isolates were tentatively identified using standard biochemical and morphological tests. Based on its phenotypic characteristics, R29 was identified as a strain of B. subtilis. B81 proved to be more difficult to assign to a specific group or species of Bacillus, though B. subtilis and B. licheniformis were considered to be the nearest candidates. Genomic DNA was extracted from both isolates and a portion of each of their 16s rDNA genes were amplified and sequenced for homology testing against the GeneBank database. Homology testing confirmed that both isolates were members of the genus Bacillus and most
Red palm weevils Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is becoming a serious insect pest on date palm in the Mediterranean region and in Palestinian territories. Naturally occurring enemies collected from several localities could have a great potential in controlling invasive insect species. An indigenous strain of Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) isolated from naturally infected Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae, pupae and adults were collected from several sites from the northern part of the West Bank. Identification and pathogenicity test were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions on module insect pests reared in the laboratories of Kadoorie Agriculture Research Center (KARC)/ PTUK, West-bank/ Palestinian territories. Laboratory results showed that indigenous strains of B. bassiana can infect target insect pest tested (LC50 was 120-132 conidia per ml). Field preventive bioassays on apple trees infected with aphid, confirmed the potential of this strain as a biological control agent under certain environmental conditions.
Identification of the Fungal Postharvest Disease on Peach Fruitsijtsrd
This study investigated the fungi associated with the spoilage of the most world popular fruits cultivated commercially, namely peach, although its botanical name is Prunus persica L. Batsch belongs to the family Rosaceae. A total of 500 mixed samples of peach fruits were collected. The spoilage peaches fungi were isolated, characterized and identified. The fungi isolated and identified from the spoiled peaches were, Monilinia fructicola, Sphaerotheca sp, Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Botryodiplodia sp, Cladosporium carpophilum, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp and Trichothecium sp. The most prevalent fungi isolated from the samples and found in all samples collected from peach fruits and caused severe post harvest losses were Aspergillus sp, Penicillium sp and Rhizopus sp and considered as the main species that cause the postharvest disease infection of peach fruits The study showed that the presence of these fungi associated with peach spoilage caused high risk to humans and animals due to they produce microbial toxins or presence pathogenic microorganisms in food products, which lead to food poisoning. The suitable and proper technology in each harvesting steps must apply in order to minimize the contamination of these microorganisms and maintain good quality during harvesting, grading, cleaning, packaging and transportation. Ahmed Rashed Al-Najada "Identification of the Fungal Postharvest Disease on Peach Fruits" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29729.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/29729/identification-of-the-fungal-postharvest-disease-on-peach-fruits/ahmed-rashed-al-najada
Microbial composting play an important role in the recycling of different processing wastes and the compost generated by bio-conversion of wastes offers several benefits such as enhanced soil fertility and soil health that can lead to increased agricultural productivity, improved soil biodiversity, reduced ecological risks and a healthier environment. The present experiment was conducted in Plastic pots, which were filled with the different wastes, namely Sugarcane waste, Plants waste, Flower waste, Mausmi waste and Mixed waste, which was inoculated by Yash Activator Plus (2% w/w) with a set control pot of each. The results of this study revealed that with Yash Activator Plus, the temperature was increased rapidly at 20 days of composting which were 50, 52, 58, 54 and 54˚C. Control treatments increased temperature up to 45, 44, 48, 46, and 46˚C respectively. The total loss of dry matter content at the end of composting amounted to be 37.73, 39.67, 52.94, 51.25 and 40% from the initial amount of Sugarcane waste, Plants waste, Flower waste, Mausmi waste and Mixed waste respectively. The maximum and minimum dry matter contents were decreased in flower waste and sugarcane waste respectively. Increased temperature enhanced the process of composting rapidly due to the thermophilic microorganisms, which reduces the time of composting. On the basis of this study, we can conclude that the mixed consortia of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms increased the process of composting, which reduces the time of degradation of different wastes. Key-words- Compost, Microbial composting, Different waste, Yash Activator Plus
Seed treatment, Seed germination and crop establishment in relation to soil m...Alkesh Patel
Detailed information about the seed treatments, methods of seed treatments, different equipment used in seed treatments, seed germination, component related to seed germination and establishment of crop in relation to soil moisture content.
To get the presentation contact me on alkesh.patel,2711@gmail.com
Biofertilizers definition, classification, bacterial biofertilizers, mass production of bacterial biofertilizers, prospects and constraints of biofertilizers production in hilly regions of Indian states. Liquid biofertilizers and its uses and advatages
Medium Composition Effects on Growth Kinetic of Cordyceps militaris Cells Usi...iosrjce
Cordyceps militaris is one of the well described mushrooms and has been extensively used in
Traditional Chinese Complementary Medicine (TCCM) since many centuries. It has been cultivated naturally or
in submerged culture using different types of media. Fungal mycelia contain adenosine, cordycepin, and
polysaccharides, which are responsible for its biological activities. Cordycepin is the best-known and most
potent mushroom-derived substances possessing anticancer, antitumor and immunomodulating activities. This
mushroom characterized by very low growth rate when grown in solid agar medium for inoculum preparation
during cultivation process. Thus, there was enormous need to increase the growth rate of this type of mushroom
on solid medium to reduce the time of inoculum preparation stage. In this study, optimization of agar cultivation
medium for rapid cell growth using modified potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium culture supplemented with
specific amount of malt extract (ME) together with yeast extract (YE) was investigated. The mycelial growth
diameter was monitored during 21 days of cultivation using two series of experiments of different medium
supplements: 2, 4, 6 and 8 g of ME and 6 g of ME with 0, 2, 4 and 6 g of YE to the PDA medium. The obtained
results clearly demonstrate that the highest mycelial growth diameter of about 7.5 cm was obtained in PDA
medium supplemented with 6 g/L ME and 4 g/L. YE
Establishment of suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. for benzyl isoth...IOSRJPBS
Successful scale-upof the anticancer benzyl isothiocyanate compound production was achieved from cell suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. Cell cultures were established from the stem internodal segments derived callus. Elicitation with two biotic elicitors; chitosan and salicylic acid, increased callus biomass and benzyl isothiocyanate accumulation, but chitosan induced the maximum accumulation, which reached about four-fold higher over the control at the concentration of 100 mg/L. Benzyl isothiocyanate production from cell suspension cultures was studied in shake-flask culture and stirred-tank bioreactor with the application of the optimum concentration of chitosan in the medium. Both methods elevate the compound production; however its yield was higherin the stirred-tank bioreactor.It achieved about eight-fold increase in the production of benzyl isothiocyanate after 24 days of incubation. This protocol can act as a roadmap for large-scale production of benzyl isothiocyanate from cell suspension cultures ofSalvadora persica by using bioreactors
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
Ganoderma lucidum against Candida albicansCsikós Ilona
Ganoderma lucidum has been in use in Traditional Chinese Medicine for years. Literature supports the use of this Ganoderma lucidum as a medicinal mushroom for its antimicrobial, antiviral properties. Candida albicans is the most common oral fungus associated with oral candidial infections. More: http://www.ganodermacoffee.dxnnet.com
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus spp. especially (L. planetarium and L. acidophilus) against S. aureus were tested using agar-plug, agar well diffusion methods to select the best isolate that could inhibit the growth of multidrug resistance isolates. Further identification for the presence of bacteriocin was done using ELISA kit. Results showed that Lactobacillus spp isolates were bacteriocin producers with different degrees and that L. planetarium (L7) was the most efficient in bacteriocin production. Therefore, L. planetarium (L7) was selected for purification using 70% saturated ammonium sulfate and gel chromatography. The effect of purified bacteriocin was tested on 16 bacterial isolates using micro-titer plate method and well diffusion method. The results showed the ability of the bacteriocin to inhibit bacteria only at concentrations 1866U/ml (50%), 3732U/ml (100%) with a diameter of inhibition zones ranges between (11-23 mm) respectively. The anti-biofilm activity of purified bacteriocin at concentration 100% was investigated and the results showed that biofilm formation was reduced by 100% in the presence of bacteriocin.
“Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Antibiotic Producing Microorga...IOSR Journals
The search for new antibiotics continues in a rather overlooked hunting ground. In the course of screening for new antibiotic-producing microorganisms, isolates showing antimicrobial activity were isolated from waste soil samples from various habitats in the Industrial Areas in Dheradun, Uttarakhand, India. Existing methods of screening for antibiotic producers together with some novel procedures were reviewed. Both modified agar-streak and agar-plug methods were used in the primary screens. The use of selective isolation media, with or without antibiotic incorporation and/or heat pretreatment, enhanced the development of certain actinomycete colonies on the isolation plates. Antibiotics have long been considered the “magic bullet” that would end infectious disease. Although they have improved the health of countless numbers of humans and animals, many antibiotics have also been losing their effectiveness since the beginning of the antibiotic era. Bacteria have adapted defenses against these antibiotics and continue to develop new resistances, even as we develop new antibiotics. In recent years, much attention has been given to the increase in antibiotic resistance. As more microbial species and strains become resistant, many diseases have become difficult to treat, a phenomenon frequently ascribed to both indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in human medicine. However, the use of antibiotics and antimicrobials in raising food animals has also contributed significantly to the pool of antibiotic resistant organisms globally and antibiotic resistant bacteria are now found in large numbers in virtually every ecosystem on earth. Dual culture bioassays were used to screen seven selected Bacillus isolates for activity against four plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. All isolates were able to inhibit the pathogens to varying degrees. Two isolates, R29 and B81, were selected for further testing and characterization. Further bioassays were performed on five complex nutrient media which were adjusted to pH S.S and 7, and both incubated at 2SoC and 30°C" respectively. It was found that pH and media composition showed significant influences on the antifungal activities of the isolates tested, but that a SoC temperature difference in incubation temperature did not. Tryptone soy agar was found to give rise to the largest inhibition zones. Both isolates were tentatively identified using standard biochemical and morphological tests. Based on its phenotypic characteristics, R29 was identified as a strain of B. subtilis. B81 proved to be more difficult to assign to a specific group or species of Bacillus, though B. subtilis and B. licheniformis were considered to be the nearest candidates. Genomic DNA was extracted from both isolates and a portion of each of their 16s rDNA genes were amplified and sequenced for homology testing against the GeneBank database. Homology testing confirmed that both isolates were members of the genus Bacillus and most
Red palm weevils Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is becoming a serious insect pest on date palm in the Mediterranean region and in Palestinian territories. Naturally occurring enemies collected from several localities could have a great potential in controlling invasive insect species. An indigenous strain of Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) isolated from naturally infected Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae, pupae and adults were collected from several sites from the northern part of the West Bank. Identification and pathogenicity test were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions on module insect pests reared in the laboratories of Kadoorie Agriculture Research Center (KARC)/ PTUK, West-bank/ Palestinian territories. Laboratory results showed that indigenous strains of B. bassiana can infect target insect pest tested (LC50 was 120-132 conidia per ml). Field preventive bioassays on apple trees infected with aphid, confirmed the potential of this strain as a biological control agent under certain environmental conditions.
Identification of the Fungal Postharvest Disease on Peach Fruitsijtsrd
This study investigated the fungi associated with the spoilage of the most world popular fruits cultivated commercially, namely peach, although its botanical name is Prunus persica L. Batsch belongs to the family Rosaceae. A total of 500 mixed samples of peach fruits were collected. The spoilage peaches fungi were isolated, characterized and identified. The fungi isolated and identified from the spoiled peaches were, Monilinia fructicola, Sphaerotheca sp, Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Botryodiplodia sp, Cladosporium carpophilum, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp and Trichothecium sp. The most prevalent fungi isolated from the samples and found in all samples collected from peach fruits and caused severe post harvest losses were Aspergillus sp, Penicillium sp and Rhizopus sp and considered as the main species that cause the postharvest disease infection of peach fruits The study showed that the presence of these fungi associated with peach spoilage caused high risk to humans and animals due to they produce microbial toxins or presence pathogenic microorganisms in food products, which lead to food poisoning. The suitable and proper technology in each harvesting steps must apply in order to minimize the contamination of these microorganisms and maintain good quality during harvesting, grading, cleaning, packaging and transportation. Ahmed Rashed Al-Najada "Identification of the Fungal Postharvest Disease on Peach Fruits" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29729.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/29729/identification-of-the-fungal-postharvest-disease-on-peach-fruits/ahmed-rashed-al-najada
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Pancholi, et al.: Growth pattern of paecilomyces lilacinus
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2020/Vol 11/Issue 1 35
alternative to the chemical control. Paecilomyces
sp. has the potential for biological control of
nematodes. This soil fungus has been reported to
interfere with nematode population densities and
has been gaining popularity due to its capability to
manage plant parasitic nematodes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Source of the bioagent
Paecilomyces culture was provided in Vise Organic
Company.[9-11]
Procedure
A weight 3.25 g of Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA)
was suspended in 50 ml of sterile distilled water and
heatedtocompletelydissolvethemedia.Thedissolve
media was sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C for 15
min. The molten SDA was poured in the sterile Petri
dishes and allowed to solidify in a laminar flow for
45 min.And then, P. lilacinus culture was inoculated.
The fungi were allowed to grow in the SDA media
in the room temperature. Similarly, prepare plates
of molasses agar plate, potato dextrose agar (PDA)
plates and coconut water agar plates.
Once the lawn growth was obtained the mycelia
along with the spores were transferred to liquid
media, i.e., jaggery media, coconut water media,
molasses media, and potato dextrose broth to
observe the growth of the fungi on liquid media.
Enumeration of the spores
A total of 2.5 g of conidia were scooped from the
growth obtained which was then added to the 10
ml of water and centrifuged at the speed of 4000
rpm. The suspension was the filtered with the
help of muslin cloth. The obtained liquid was then
observed with the help of hemocytometer for the
fungal spore count [Table 1].
RESULTS AND DISSCUSION
Multiple types of media were used to observe the
growth of P. lilacinus. The growth takes place
rapidly in molasses media and PDA media. The
growth takes around in around 25–30 days to cover
the whole flask of 500 ml of media.
Highest and most effective biomass growth was
observed when it was incubated at the temperature
of 26 ± 2°C. The media that showed the higher
density of fungal spores were SDA while showed
slightly lower density of spores followed by
molasses, but the coconut media showed lowest
spore count as compared to the mycelial weight.
Thus, SDA shows to be the best media for the
growth of P. lilacinus, but in reference to cost,
molasses prove to be the effective media that will
not cost much needful produce.
CONCLUSION
Effect of temperature on the growth of P. lilacinus
was studied in solid substrate (sorghum grain)
and liquid media (coconut water) at different
temperature, namely, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 ± 1°C.
Number of colonies forming units in sorghum grain
was found to be maximum at 30 ± 1°C followed
by 35 ± 1°C. In liquid media (coconut water) also,
maximum dry mycelial weight was recorded at 30
± 1°C which was on par with 35 and 25 ± 1°C.
It shows effect of temperature on the mycelial
growth.
REFERENCES
1. Amala U, Jiji T, Naseema A. Mass multiplication of
entomopathogenic fungus (Paecilomyces lilacinus)
(Thom) Samson with solid substrate. J Biopest
2012;5:168-70.
2. Bonants PJ, Fitters PF, Thijs H, den Belder E,
Waalwijk C, Henfling JW. A basic serine protease
from Paecilomyces lilacinus with biological activity
Table 1: Mycelial weight and spore load of fungus
multiplied in different media
Media Mycelial
weight in gram
Spore load×108
CFU/ml of medium
SDA 0.5 0.28
Molasses media 0.5 0.20
Coconut media 0.5 0.18
Sorghum grain 0.5 0.23
PDA 0.5 0.25
SDA: Sabouraud dextrose agar, PDA: Potato dextrose agar
3. Pancholi, et al.: Growth pattern of paecilomyces lilacinus
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2020/Vol 11/Issue 1 36
against Meloidogyne hapla eggs. Microbiology
1995;141(Pt 4):775-84.
3. BanuJG,IyerR,GunasekaranM.Massmultiplicationand
formulation of a nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces
lilacinus. Int J Nematol 2006;16:145-52.
4. Jatala P. Biological control of plant parasitic nematodes.
Ann Rev Phytopathol 1986;24:453-89.
5. Khan MR, Goswami BK. Selection of suitable media for
mass culture of Paecilomyces lilacinus isolates. Indian
Agric 1999;43:203-6.
6. Mucksood AG, Tabraiz AK. Biological potential of
Paecilomyces lilacinus on pathogenesis of Meloidogyne
javanica infection tomato plant. Eur J Appl Sci
2010;2:80-4.
7. Pandey A, Soccol CR, Poonam N, Soccol VT,
Vandenbeghe LP. Biotechnological potential of agro-
industrial residue ii: Cassava bagasse. Bioresource
Technol 2000;74:81-7.
8. Sasser JN, Freckman DW. A world perspective in
nematology: Role of society. In: Veech JA, Dickson DW,
editors. Vistas on Nematology. 1987. p. 7-14.
9. Prabhu S, Kumar S, Subramanian S. Mass production
and commercial formulation of Paecilomyces lilacinus.
Madras Agric J 2008;95:415-7.
10. Mwathi ZM, Muiru WM, Kimenju JW, Wachira P.
Evaluationofbio-wasteformultiplicationofPaecilomyces
lilacinus. Int J Agron Agric Res 2017;10:1-5.
11. Stephan ZA, Al-Din SS. Influence of temperature and
culture media on the growth of the fungus Paecilomyces
lilacinus. Rev Neinatol 1987;10:494.