The document discusses the advantages of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) beyond just increased yields. SRI provides higher productivity with fewer inputs which increases profits for farmers. Field evaluations in multiple countries found that SRI led to yield increases of 25-60% while reducing costs of production by 11-56%. SRI was also found to require less water, seeds, fertilizer and pesticides which further increased profits. Additionally, SRI rice had higher resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to climate stresses, and provided environmental benefits with less chemical use.
This document provides information about Bengalgram or chickpea. It discusses the plant family, origin, nutritional value, production areas and yields, soil and climate requirements, varieties, and cultivation practices like seed treatment, sowing, fertilizer use, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, threshing, and cropping systems. India is the largest producer of chickpeas, with 77% of global area and production. Common varieties include Desi and Kabuli types. Proper sowing time, fertilizer use, irrigation, and weed control are needed to optimize yields, which average 20-25 quintals per hectare.
Apple physiological disorders A Lecture By Allah Dad Khan To FFS Trainees Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document summarizes various physiological disorders that can occur in apples, specifically Granny Smith apples. It describes the symptoms of bitter pit, sunburn, internal browning, superficial scald, senescent scald, core flush, internal breakdown, Braeburn browning disorder, and watercore. For each disorder, it provides details on how the disorder appears both externally on the skin of the apple and internally in the flesh, as well as potential causes and storage conditions that can influence severity. The purpose is to educate farmers and technicians on identifying these common post-harvest disorders affecting apple quality.
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) is a hardy fruit commonly known as the poor man's fruit that is cultivated throughout India. It is high in vitamins and minerals. There are many varieties of ber that differ in maturation time, productivity, and suitability to various climates. Ber is propagated through seed sowing or vegetative methods like budding. It grows best in tropical and subtropical areas and a wide variety of soils.
The document discusses the causal organism, Phaeophleospora indica, of sapota leaf spot disease. P. indica is a fungus that causes small pinkish-brown leaf spots on sapota trees, leading to premature leaf fall and yield reduction. It provides details on the distribution, symptoms, pathogen characteristics, disease cycle, favorable conditions, and integrated disease management of sapota leaf spot.
Cotton is an important crop derived from the Arabic word "qutun". There are four main cultivated species of cotton: Gossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum, and G. herbaceum. Cotton grows as a warm season crop in tropical and subtropical regions. The key growth stages of cotton include germination and emergence, vegetative growth through leaf and canopy development, flowering and boll development, and maturation. During flowering, pollinated flowers form cotton bolls over approximately 50 days as they undergo enlargement, filling, and maturation phases.
This document discusses silvopasture systems, which involve the combined production of woody plants and pasture. Key aspects covered include using trees and shrubs to provide fodder, live fences, and scattered plantings to supplement pasture forage. Benefits of silvopasture systems include increased income diversity and wildlife habitat as well as soil improvement through tree roots and nutrient cycling. The document provides examples of grass and tree species suitable for silvopasture systems and their observed yields under experiments in India.
This document provides information about Bengalgram or chickpea. It discusses the plant family, origin, nutritional value, production areas and yields, soil and climate requirements, varieties, and cultivation practices like seed treatment, sowing, fertilizer use, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, threshing, and cropping systems. India is the largest producer of chickpeas, with 77% of global area and production. Common varieties include Desi and Kabuli types. Proper sowing time, fertilizer use, irrigation, and weed control are needed to optimize yields, which average 20-25 quintals per hectare.
Apple physiological disorders A Lecture By Allah Dad Khan To FFS Trainees Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document summarizes various physiological disorders that can occur in apples, specifically Granny Smith apples. It describes the symptoms of bitter pit, sunburn, internal browning, superficial scald, senescent scald, core flush, internal breakdown, Braeburn browning disorder, and watercore. For each disorder, it provides details on how the disorder appears both externally on the skin of the apple and internally in the flesh, as well as potential causes and storage conditions that can influence severity. The purpose is to educate farmers and technicians on identifying these common post-harvest disorders affecting apple quality.
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) is a hardy fruit commonly known as the poor man's fruit that is cultivated throughout India. It is high in vitamins and minerals. There are many varieties of ber that differ in maturation time, productivity, and suitability to various climates. Ber is propagated through seed sowing or vegetative methods like budding. It grows best in tropical and subtropical areas and a wide variety of soils.
The document discusses the causal organism, Phaeophleospora indica, of sapota leaf spot disease. P. indica is a fungus that causes small pinkish-brown leaf spots on sapota trees, leading to premature leaf fall and yield reduction. It provides details on the distribution, symptoms, pathogen characteristics, disease cycle, favorable conditions, and integrated disease management of sapota leaf spot.
Cotton is an important crop derived from the Arabic word "qutun". There are four main cultivated species of cotton: Gossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum, and G. herbaceum. Cotton grows as a warm season crop in tropical and subtropical regions. The key growth stages of cotton include germination and emergence, vegetative growth through leaf and canopy development, flowering and boll development, and maturation. During flowering, pollinated flowers form cotton bolls over approximately 50 days as they undergo enlargement, filling, and maturation phases.
This document discusses silvopasture systems, which involve the combined production of woody plants and pasture. Key aspects covered include using trees and shrubs to provide fodder, live fences, and scattered plantings to supplement pasture forage. Benefits of silvopasture systems include increased income diversity and wildlife habitat as well as soil improvement through tree roots and nutrient cycling. The document provides examples of grass and tree species suitable for silvopasture systems and their observed yields under experiments in India.
This document provides information about tapioca (cassava), including its origin in North-Eastern Brazil, major growing countries, and cultivation in India. It describes cassava's economic roots/tubers, which are high in starch. Varieties developed in India like Sree Sahya, Sree Prakash and Sree Harsha are summarized. The document also covers cassava's climate needs, soil preferences, planting methods, fertilizer use, pests/diseases and their management strategies.
This presentation provides information on the silvicultural characteristics of Abies pindrow. It discusses the botanical classification of A. pindrow, noting that it is a fir native to the western Himalayas. Key silvicultural characteristics include that it is a shade bearer with little undergrowth, frost hardy, drought sensitive as a seedling requiring moist soil, and fire sensitive. It prefers cool, moist locations with deep rich soil and heavy snowfall. Its uses include packing cases, containers, railway sleepers, aircraft work, veneer, matchsticks, fuel wood, paper/pulp production, and animal litter.
This content is created for helping the students pursuing Agriculture Science.
It deals with the cultivation practice of Broad Leaf Mustard which is one of major leafy vegetable grown in Nepal.
The document summarizes silvopastoral systems used in tropical dryland and highland areas for diversifying banana plantations in Guadeloupe, West French Indies. It defines silvopastoral systems as those integrating trees, shrubs, and pasture for livestock grazing or fodder production. It then describes how small farms in Capesterre-belle-eau, Guadeloupe practice silvopastoralism by grazing livestock on fallows after banana plantations or growing flowers and trees, using species like Alpinia purpurata as edgerows and living fences.
This presentation covers the production technology of the arhar crop. It also includes the latest data with respect to the area and production in India and a little about its origin and botany of the plant.
Scope and importance, principles and concepts of precision horticulture Dr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
This document provides an overview of precision horticulture, including its key concepts, benefits, components, tools, and research areas. Precision horticulture aims to do the right agricultural activities in the right places and times. It recognizes field variability and regulates management accordingly using technologies like GPS, sensors, and GIS to assess spatial and temporal differences. This approach can increase yields and profits while reducing waste and environmental impacts by optimizing input use. The tools and research highlighted show potential for improving production efficiency and quality prediction in horticultural crops. However, realizing these benefits faces challenges in India due to small landholdings and lack of technical expertise.
1. Cumbu Napier is a hybrid fodder grass developed from Pennisetum purpureum and P. americanum with a chromosome number of 2n = 20, 21.
2. Varieties released from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University include CO1-CO5 which are high yielding and suitable for growing throughout the year in Tamil Nadu.
3. CO-3 has characteristics of profuse tillering, high yield potential, high nutritional content, quick regeneration, and palatability with resistance to pests and diseases.
Production Technology of Cotton Crop By Maham Zahrah From IUBsaleem944
The document discusses the cultivation of cotton. It provides details on the botanical description, origin from India and Pakistan around 1500 BC, and economic importance as a cash crop and raw material for the textile industry. Cotton grows best in tropical and subtropical regions, with an optimal soil temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit, and is harvested 150-200 days after planting.
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESSING OF CASHEWPourani SGM
This document provides information on cashew production technology and processing. It discusses the origin, cultivation, varieties, propagation, management practices, pests, and processing of cashews. Key points include that cashews are native to Brazil but introduced to India in the 16th century, India is the second largest producer after Vietnam, and the major uses of cashews include their nutritional value as well as industrial uses of cashew nut shell liquid.
Teak is a tall evergreen tropical hardwood tree known as Tectona Grandis that grows up to 30 meters tall. It grows best in a warm, moist climate with temperatures between 13-17°C and 39-44°C, and rainfall between 1,250-3,750 mm annually. Teak grows well in deep, well-drained fertile soil derived from limestone, schist, gneiss, and shale. It has medicinal properties and is used to make furniture, boats, flooring, and more, providing economic value when sold as raw material.
The document discusses the basic components and types of greenhouses. The key structural components of a greenhouse include the foundation, side walls, curtain wall, sill, eave, trusses, purlins, ridge, and sash bars. Greenhouses are classified based on their shape, purpose, construction method, and covering materials. Common shapes include lean-to, even span, and ridge and furrow designs. Greenhouses can be built for active heating or cooling and use wooden, pipe, or truss frames with glass, plastic, or rigid panel coverings.
This document provides an overview of chickpea production technology, including its origin from Asia and the Mediterranean, varieties, soil and climate requirements, cultivation practices from field preparation through harvesting, and storage. Key steps include applying fertilizer before sowing, performing weed control and irrigation as needed, managing pests and diseases, harvesting when plants dry, threshing and drying seeds, and storing seeds at 10% moisture content.
This document discusses hi-tech horticulture techniques including greenhouses, hydroponics, and net houses. Greenhouses allow for production of off-season crops and propagation. Hydroponics is a soilless cultivation method that uses nutrient solutions. Net houses are naturally ventilated structures used to grow vegetables, flowers, and fruits for export. The document promotes hi-tech horticulture as important for food security, economic security, and foreign exchange through higher value crops.
Foundation and certified seed production of Black gram, Green gram and bengal...NSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Foundation and certified seed production of Black gram, Green gram and Bengal gram.
Rejuvenation of Old/senile orchards-A success storyParshant Bakshi
The document discusses rejuvenation of old or senile orchards as a way to restore their productive capacity. It describes how orchards become uneconomic over time due to issues like wild shrub growth, overcrowding of trees, damage from weather/pests, and use of inferior varieties. Rejuvenation involves pruning trees to renew growth from latent buds and improve the root to shoot ratio. Examples provided include heading back mango and guava trees to develop a new canopy in 2 years and increase yields by 4-5 times.
This document summarizes information about the banana freckle leaf spot disease, caused by the fungus Guignardia musae. It affects banana plants globally, causing an estimated 78% yield loss. Symptoms include small brown spots on leaves and fruit that give them a rough, sooty appearance. The disease spreads via spores carried by rain or infected plant material. Management strategies include bagging bunches, removing diseased leaves, growing resistant varieties, and applying fungicide sprays in severe cases.
This document provides information on mango production. It discusses the origin and characteristics of mangoes, important cultivars, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, pest and disease management, harvesting, postharvest handling, and storage. It also covers other topics such as irrigation, fertilization, physiological disorders, and production of guava.
- Tree measurements like diameter and girth are important for management decisions and research works in forestry.
- Diameter is typically measured at breast height (DBH), which is 1.37m above the ground to standardize measurements.
- Common tools used to measure diameter include callipers and tapes. Callipers take two measurements for non-circular trees while tapes wrap around the entire circumference.
- Measurements are categorized into diameter or girth classes with standard intervals and color codes for ease of recording data.
Title: Partnerships for Research, Capacity Building, Innovation and Foresighting: Managing water for agriculture and food in ACP countries.
Date: 28 October, 2012
Speaker: Norman Uphoff, Cornell University, USA
Venue: GCARD2 Pre-Conference Meeting Punta del Este, Uruguay
This document provides information about tapioca (cassava), including its origin in North-Eastern Brazil, major growing countries, and cultivation in India. It describes cassava's economic roots/tubers, which are high in starch. Varieties developed in India like Sree Sahya, Sree Prakash and Sree Harsha are summarized. The document also covers cassava's climate needs, soil preferences, planting methods, fertilizer use, pests/diseases and their management strategies.
This presentation provides information on the silvicultural characteristics of Abies pindrow. It discusses the botanical classification of A. pindrow, noting that it is a fir native to the western Himalayas. Key silvicultural characteristics include that it is a shade bearer with little undergrowth, frost hardy, drought sensitive as a seedling requiring moist soil, and fire sensitive. It prefers cool, moist locations with deep rich soil and heavy snowfall. Its uses include packing cases, containers, railway sleepers, aircraft work, veneer, matchsticks, fuel wood, paper/pulp production, and animal litter.
This content is created for helping the students pursuing Agriculture Science.
It deals with the cultivation practice of Broad Leaf Mustard which is one of major leafy vegetable grown in Nepal.
The document summarizes silvopastoral systems used in tropical dryland and highland areas for diversifying banana plantations in Guadeloupe, West French Indies. It defines silvopastoral systems as those integrating trees, shrubs, and pasture for livestock grazing or fodder production. It then describes how small farms in Capesterre-belle-eau, Guadeloupe practice silvopastoralism by grazing livestock on fallows after banana plantations or growing flowers and trees, using species like Alpinia purpurata as edgerows and living fences.
This presentation covers the production technology of the arhar crop. It also includes the latest data with respect to the area and production in India and a little about its origin and botany of the plant.
Scope and importance, principles and concepts of precision horticulture Dr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
This document provides an overview of precision horticulture, including its key concepts, benefits, components, tools, and research areas. Precision horticulture aims to do the right agricultural activities in the right places and times. It recognizes field variability and regulates management accordingly using technologies like GPS, sensors, and GIS to assess spatial and temporal differences. This approach can increase yields and profits while reducing waste and environmental impacts by optimizing input use. The tools and research highlighted show potential for improving production efficiency and quality prediction in horticultural crops. However, realizing these benefits faces challenges in India due to small landholdings and lack of technical expertise.
1. Cumbu Napier is a hybrid fodder grass developed from Pennisetum purpureum and P. americanum with a chromosome number of 2n = 20, 21.
2. Varieties released from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University include CO1-CO5 which are high yielding and suitable for growing throughout the year in Tamil Nadu.
3. CO-3 has characteristics of profuse tillering, high yield potential, high nutritional content, quick regeneration, and palatability with resistance to pests and diseases.
Production Technology of Cotton Crop By Maham Zahrah From IUBsaleem944
The document discusses the cultivation of cotton. It provides details on the botanical description, origin from India and Pakistan around 1500 BC, and economic importance as a cash crop and raw material for the textile industry. Cotton grows best in tropical and subtropical regions, with an optimal soil temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit, and is harvested 150-200 days after planting.
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESSING OF CASHEWPourani SGM
This document provides information on cashew production technology and processing. It discusses the origin, cultivation, varieties, propagation, management practices, pests, and processing of cashews. Key points include that cashews are native to Brazil but introduced to India in the 16th century, India is the second largest producer after Vietnam, and the major uses of cashews include their nutritional value as well as industrial uses of cashew nut shell liquid.
Teak is a tall evergreen tropical hardwood tree known as Tectona Grandis that grows up to 30 meters tall. It grows best in a warm, moist climate with temperatures between 13-17°C and 39-44°C, and rainfall between 1,250-3,750 mm annually. Teak grows well in deep, well-drained fertile soil derived from limestone, schist, gneiss, and shale. It has medicinal properties and is used to make furniture, boats, flooring, and more, providing economic value when sold as raw material.
The document discusses the basic components and types of greenhouses. The key structural components of a greenhouse include the foundation, side walls, curtain wall, sill, eave, trusses, purlins, ridge, and sash bars. Greenhouses are classified based on their shape, purpose, construction method, and covering materials. Common shapes include lean-to, even span, and ridge and furrow designs. Greenhouses can be built for active heating or cooling and use wooden, pipe, or truss frames with glass, plastic, or rigid panel coverings.
This document provides an overview of chickpea production technology, including its origin from Asia and the Mediterranean, varieties, soil and climate requirements, cultivation practices from field preparation through harvesting, and storage. Key steps include applying fertilizer before sowing, performing weed control and irrigation as needed, managing pests and diseases, harvesting when plants dry, threshing and drying seeds, and storing seeds at 10% moisture content.
This document discusses hi-tech horticulture techniques including greenhouses, hydroponics, and net houses. Greenhouses allow for production of off-season crops and propagation. Hydroponics is a soilless cultivation method that uses nutrient solutions. Net houses are naturally ventilated structures used to grow vegetables, flowers, and fruits for export. The document promotes hi-tech horticulture as important for food security, economic security, and foreign exchange through higher value crops.
Foundation and certified seed production of Black gram, Green gram and bengal...NSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Foundation and certified seed production of Black gram, Green gram and Bengal gram.
Rejuvenation of Old/senile orchards-A success storyParshant Bakshi
The document discusses rejuvenation of old or senile orchards as a way to restore their productive capacity. It describes how orchards become uneconomic over time due to issues like wild shrub growth, overcrowding of trees, damage from weather/pests, and use of inferior varieties. Rejuvenation involves pruning trees to renew growth from latent buds and improve the root to shoot ratio. Examples provided include heading back mango and guava trees to develop a new canopy in 2 years and increase yields by 4-5 times.
This document summarizes information about the banana freckle leaf spot disease, caused by the fungus Guignardia musae. It affects banana plants globally, causing an estimated 78% yield loss. Symptoms include small brown spots on leaves and fruit that give them a rough, sooty appearance. The disease spreads via spores carried by rain or infected plant material. Management strategies include bagging bunches, removing diseased leaves, growing resistant varieties, and applying fungicide sprays in severe cases.
This document provides information on mango production. It discusses the origin and characteristics of mangoes, important cultivars, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, pest and disease management, harvesting, postharvest handling, and storage. It also covers other topics such as irrigation, fertilization, physiological disorders, and production of guava.
- Tree measurements like diameter and girth are important for management decisions and research works in forestry.
- Diameter is typically measured at breast height (DBH), which is 1.37m above the ground to standardize measurements.
- Common tools used to measure diameter include callipers and tapes. Callipers take two measurements for non-circular trees while tapes wrap around the entire circumference.
- Measurements are categorized into diameter or girth classes with standard intervals and color codes for ease of recording data.
Title: Partnerships for Research, Capacity Building, Innovation and Foresighting: Managing water for agriculture and food in ACP countries.
Date: 28 October, 2012
Speaker: Norman Uphoff, Cornell University, USA
Venue: GCARD2 Pre-Conference Meeting Punta del Este, Uruguay
Producer Organizations - some WorldFish ExperiencesWorldFish
Presented by Michael Phillips, Malcolm Beveridge, and Wayne Rogers at the Producer Organization workshop, held in Cairo, Egypt on the 25th of September 2012.
The document summarizes crop production statistics and initiatives in Andhra Pradesh for 2011-12. It includes:
1) Results of crop cutting experiments conducted for 21 principal crops showing average yields and total production.
2) Procurement figures for rice and pulses showing the state's contribution to national procurement targets.
3) Expenditure details under various central and state agricultural schemes like NFSM, RKVY, and initiatives to promote mechanization, SRI cultivation, and intercropping of pulses.
4) New innovations adopted to enhance production including distribution of farm machinery, establishment of custom hiring centers, and progress under schemes targeting 60000 pulse villages.
This document summarizes a survey of rice management practices including SRI, BMP, and CP on acid soils in Prey Veng, Cambodia. The survey found that SRI provided the highest yields and best rice characteristics due to practices like younger seedlings, better water management, and organic fertilizer. However, SRI required more labor and costs. While SRI had lower gross margins when including labor, it provided higher incomes and benefits than BMP and CP. The study concluded that combining rice management techniques is important for yields, but partial adoption may be more suitable for farmers due to resource constraints.
This document summarizes a merger between Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) and Reliance Petroleum Limited (RPL). Some key points:
- RIL was India's largest private company with $33 billion in revenue from refining and petrochemicals. RPL had a newer 580,000 barrel per day refinery.
- The merger combined their operations to create one of the world's largest refining companies by capacity. It aimed to unlock synergies in crude sourcing, product placement, and operations.
- The merger ratio was 1 RIL share for every 16 RPL shares. It increased RIL's equity base by 4.4% while reducing the promoter holding slightly
The document outlines an initiative in Jharkhand, India to reduce food insecurity through adopting the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) technique for small and marginal farmers. Over the years 2008-2011, the program expanded its coverage of villages and beneficiaries while increasing the area under SRI cultivation and yields. Partners included government agriculture departments, banks, and other organizations. Through training programs, demonstrations, and field days, more farmers were convinced to adopt the SRI method for rice and wheat production. The program achieved increased yields compared to traditional practices.
1. The case study analyzed the economic impact of legume nodulating bacteria (rhizobia) on groundnut production in Karnataka, India.
2. Results showed that farmer using rhizobia realized higher yields (14% increase) and net incomes (56% increase) than non-users.
3. Total factor productivity analysis found the incremental contribution of rhizobia to increased groundnut output was over 77%, demonstrating its significant economic benefits.
Jatropha Curcas Oil: A Future Source of BiodieselZK8
The document is a presentation on Jatropha curcas oil and its potential as a future source of biodiesel. It discusses India's growing dependence on imported crude oil and the need for an alternative fuel substitute. Jatropha is identified as a promising non-edible oilseed crop that can be grown in dry lands and produce oil for biodiesel production. The presentation covers Jatropha cultivation areas in India, biodiesel production methods from Jatropha oil, engine performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends, and concludes that biodiesel is a renewable and ecofriendly diesel substitute but is more prone to oxidation over time without proper stabilization additives.
This document proposes a project to distribute clean cookstoves in Indonesia to reduce carbon emissions. Over 5 years, the project aims to distribute 10,000 cookstoves in Majalengka, West Java and partner with local companies to supply used cooking oil to fuel the stoves. The project expects to generate revenue from cookstove sales and carbon credits from verified emissions reductions. Financial projections estimate the project will reach profitability in year 2 and have a 50% internal rate of return over 5 years.
This document outlines a study on the impact of ownership structure on economic outcomes for sugarcane mills in India. The study evaluates sugarcane mills that are privately owned versus those owned by cooperatives of farmers. The introduction discusses the motivation for studying this topic, noting that agricultural markets often involve market failures related to hold-up problems and economies of scale in production and marketing. Governments have responded by subsidizing cooperatives or nationalizing industries. The study aims to evaluate how private versus cooperative ownership impacts mill performance and outcomes for farmers.
This document outlines a proposal for a clean cookstove project in Indonesia. The project would distribute 8,000 improved cookstoves called "Protos" over 5 years that reduce emissions and use waste cooking oil as fuel. It would partner with local companies and charities, and generate revenue from stove, fuel, and preheating material sales as well as carbon credits under the Clean Development Mechanism. Financial projections estimate the project will have a positive NPV, 50% IRR, and reach the break-even point in the second quarter of the second year.
3rd Africa Rice Congress
Theme 3: Rice processing and marketing
Mini symposium: constraints to and opportunities for rice processing and marketing
Author: Johnson
3rd Africa Rice Congress
Theme 3: Rice processing and marketing
Mini symposium: constraints to and opportunities for rice processing and marketing
Author: Coulibaly
Representatives of the International Rice Research Institute and the CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security gave this presentation on applying and scaling up Alternate Wetting and Drying for paddy rice in Vietnam.
Apresentação sem discurso 2 t10 aes eletropaulo final_eng (final)AES Eletropaulo
- AES Eletropaulo reported higher energy volume, earnings, and cash generation in 2Q10 compared to 2Q09. Net income increased 201% due to market growth, tariff adjustments, and one-off gains.
- EBITDA more than doubled due to increased revenue, lower expenses, and a one-time settlement. Cash flow was up 37% despite higher capital expenditures.
- The results demonstrate the company's improved operational and financial performance through consumption growth, expense management, and non-recurring items.
1) Eletropaulo reported higher revenues and profits in 1Q10 compared to 1Q09, with electricity consumption and collection rates up.
2) Operational indicators like losses and outage times were affected by heavy rainfall in 1Q10.
3) Investments in expanding and improving the electricity distribution system continued in 1Q10.
Eletropaulo reported higher operational and financial results in 1Q10 compared to 1Q09. Key highlights include a 5.2% increase in captive market consumption, lower commercial losses, and a 6.8% increase in net income. Cash generation was 113% higher due to consumption growth and a tariff readjustment. Standard & Poor's raised Eletropaulo's credit ratings. The company issued R$800 million in debentures to refinance debt and fund investments. Overall, 1Q10 results showed improved performance driven by higher consumption and tariff increases.
Similar to 0427 The System of Rice Intensification (SRI): Advantages - Part III (20)
Authors: Febri Doni and Rizky Riscahya Pratama Syamsuri
Title: System of Rice Intensification in Indonesia: Research adoption and Opportunities
Presented at: The International Conference on System of Crop Intensification (SCI) for Climate-Smart Livelihood and Nutritional Security
Date: December 12-14, 2022
Venue: ICAR, Hyderabad, India
Author: Bancy Mati
Title: Improving Rice Production and Saving Water in Africa
Presented at: The International Conference on System of Crop Intensification for Climate-Smart Livelihood and Nutritional Security (ICSCI22)
Date: December 12-14 2022
Venue: ICAR, Hyderabad, India
Author: Lucy Fisher
Title: Overview of the System of Rice Intensification SRI Around the World
Presented at: The International Conference on The System of Crop Intensification (ICSCI22)
Date: December 12, 2022
This document summarizes research on using System of Rice Intensification (SRI) methods in Iraq to increase water savings and rice yields. The research found that using SRI with 3-day or 7-day intervals between irrigation used 50% and 72% less water than continuous submergence, and increased yields by 20% and 11% respectively. SRI with 3-day intervals also had the highest water productivity and net economic return, making it a promising strategy for Iraq's water-deficit conditions. The document recommends wider adoption of SRI through incentives, mechanization support, and collaboration with water user associations.
(Partial slideset related to the System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Presentation at COP26, Glasgow, Scotland
Date: November 2021
Presentation by: Ministereo Desarrollo Agropecuario, Panama
This is a presentation about the SRI activities of the LINKS program, Catalysing Economic Growth for Northern Nigeria, which is implemented by Tetra Tech International Development
Author: Tetra Tech International Development
Title: Reduced Methane Emissions Rice Production Project in Northern Nigerian with System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Date: October 25, 2021
Author: Reinaldo Cardona
Instituto de Investigaciones Agrícolas del estado Portuguesa: UNEFA-Núcleo Portuguesa Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica de la Fuerza Armada
Date: 2017
Title: Sistema Intensivo del Cultivo del Arroz para la Producción y Sustentabilidad del Rubro
Willem A. Stoop presents on ecological intensification lessons learned from the System of Rice Intensification (SRI). He discusses two approaches to intensification - conventional using modern varieties, dense planting, irrigation, and chemicals, and ecological using local varieties, low seeding rates, and organic inputs. SRI is presented as an example of an agro-ecological approach using practices like young seedlings, wide spacing, and alternate wetting and drying of soils. SRI results in increased growth, yields, and resilience through enhanced root and soil biology. However, SRI challenges conventional agricultural sciences' focus on increasing planting densities and fertilizer use over soil health and plant spacing.
Speaker: Norman Uphoff
Title: Agroecological Opportunities with the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and the System of Crop Intensification (SCI)
Date: June 25, 2021
Venue: online, presented in the International Webinar Series on Agroecology and Community Series
Speaker: Khidhir Abbas Hameed,
Al Mishkhab Rice Research Station
Title: System of Rice Intensification SRI
Date: December 9, 2020
Organizer: Central and West Asian Rice Center (CWA Rice)
Venue: online
Author/Presenter: Karla Cordero Lara
Title: Towards a More Sustainable Rice Crop: System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Experience in Chilean Temperate Japonica Rice
Date: November 29-30, 2018
Presented at: The Third International Symposium on Rice Science in Global Health
Venue: Kyoto, Japan
Title: Proyecto IICA - MIDA/ Sistema Intensivo de Arroz (SRI) Evaluación del primer ensayo de validación realizado en coclé para enfrentar al Cambio Climático (alternativa) Localizada en el Sistema de Riego El Caño. Diciembre /2018 - Abril/ 2019 - Octubre/ 2019
Author: Norman Uphoff
Title: Agroecological Management of Soil Systems for Food, Water, Climate Resilience, and Biodiversity
Date: December 6, 2019
Presented at: The Knowledge Dialogue on the Occasion of World Soil Day
Venue: United Nations, New York
Title: Smallholder Rice Production Practice and Equipment: What about the Women?
Presenter: Lucy Fisher
Venue: 2nd Global Sustainable Rice Conference and Exhibition
United Nations Conference Centre, Bangkok Thailand
Date: October 2, 2019
1. African farmers today are more educated, connected, market-oriented, and aware of issues like climate change than previous generations. They are also more open to new ideas and collective action approaches.
2. Efforts to improve agriculture must consider rural-to-urban migration trends in Africa. While migration is driven by rural challenges, the younger generation remaining in rural areas is more educated and eager for progressive agriculture.
3. Things that should be avoided include mechanization tied to large-scale capital-intensive operations, land grabs, and agricultural models that turn farmers into laborers with no opportunity for management roles. Monoculture and large-scale foreign-owned farming should also be avoided.
Authors: Christopher B. Barrett, Asad Islam, Abdul Malek, Deb Pakrashi, Ummul Ruthbah
Title: The Effects of Exposure Intensity on Technology Adoption and Gains: Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh on the System of Rice Intensification
Date: July 21, 2019
Presented at: USDA Multi-state Research Project NC-1034 annual research conference on
The Economics of Agricultural Technology & Innovation
Location: Atlanta, GA
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0427 The System of Rice Intensification (SRI): Advantages - Part III
1. The System of Rice
Intensification (SRI):
Advantages
Cornell International Institute for Food,
Agriculture and Development (CIIFAD)
and Association Tefy Saina, Madagascar
3. Yield is Most Evident Advantage
• Yield is most obvious and visible benefit
• Increased number of tillers and larger
and more panicles can be counted and
measured; yield is simple and impressive
• But higher yield at high cost may be of
no real benefit
• It is greater productivity of resources
that makes farmers and countries richer
• SRI is more about productivity than yield
and also provides many other benefits
4. SRI Yield Gains Are Significant
• The following table summarizes data from a
French development assistance project to
improve small-scale irrigation schemes on
the high plateau of Madagascar
• There was no significant extension effort to
promote SRI in the area. Most of the spread
was farmer-to-farmer based on results
• SRA is a more input-intensive method for
rice growing, promoted by the government
• Very similar to results from Morang district,
Nepal, from two years of evaluation there
5.
6. Other Benefits to Be Considered
• Cost reduction and increased profitability –
can reduce water, seed, labor and other inputs
• Lower capital requirements – more accessible
for poorer households, help with food security
• Resistance to pests and diseases – farmers can
reduce or end their use of agrochemical sprays
• Resistance to climatic effects – greater tolerance
to drought, cold, storm and salinity, no lodging
• Environmental benefits – less chemical use,
lower water demand, fewer greenhouse gases?
• Lower risk – less chance of net losses from rice
production
• Higher grain quality – higher milling out-turn,
better eating qualities, more nutritious rice?
• Biodiversity conservation – traditional varieties
8. • Water saving can be 25-50%
• Seed reduction should be 80-90%
• Fertilizer can become unnecessary as
homemade compost can be even better
• Purchase of pesticides can be reduced
or becomes unnecessary
• Labor saving is possible after 1st year
• All these savings reduce cost per kg
of rice produced
• All this gives farmers more profit
9. Evaluation in Tamil Nadu, India
• 100 on-farm Adaptive Research Trials,
each with two 1,000 m2 plots, one with
SRI methods, one with farmer practices
• Not all practices used as recommended
(only 36), but all used 14-day seedlings
– FP yield average 5,657 t/ha (3,887-8,730)
– SRI average 7,227 t/ha (4,414-10,655)
– 31 SRI yields > 8 t/ha -- only 3 FP yields
• SRI average yield only 27.8% over FP
but still major economic improvements
11. ECONOMIC EVALUATION (US$/ha)
Farmer SRI
practice practice
Income from grain
$ 659 $ 870
(Rs. 5.00 / kg)
Income from straw
$ 49 $ 63
(Rs. 0.25 / kg)
Gross return $ 708 $ 933
Cost of cultivation $ 466 $ 414
Net return $ 242 $ 519
Benefit : Cost ratio 1.52 2.25
12. This is not a „best case‟ evaluation
• Since not all SRI methods were being used;
usually SRI can raise yield by 50% or more
• Even so:
– Costs of production were reduced by 11%
– with labor inputs reduced by 7% (1st year)
– and water savings were 40-50%
– Farmers‟ net income per hectare was
increased by 110% with partial SRI methods
13. Evaluations in Sri Lanka and Cambodia
(Namara et al., 2003; Anthofer et al., 2004)
• IWMI: In Sri Lanka, 60 SRI users and 60 non-
SRI users were randomly selected in 2 districts:
– Average yield went up 42-56% depending on season
– Farmer profitability of rice production more than
doubled, with some variance by season
– Data did not show reduced total cost of production, but
cost of production (Rs./kg of rice) went down by 21.5%
• GTZ: In Cambodia, 400 SRI users, 100 non-SRI
users were chosen at random in 5 provinces:
– Average yield was increased by 41%
– Farmers’ net margins/ha were raised by 74%
– Variable costs of production went down by 56.5%
In neither were „SRI users‟ using all the SRI practices
recommended, or using them all as recommended
14. Evaluations in Bangladesh
• Coordinated by BRAC and supported by
PETRRA project, funded DFID and
managed by IRRI/Bangladesh
• Two seasons, 2002-03 and 2003-04
• Not all recommended practices used, but:
– Tillers/hill up 95% and 60% in these years,
– Effective tillers up 94% and 122%
– Grain weight up 14-18% per 100 grains
• Yield increase of 26.6%; net returns/ha
up 60%
15. Yield Results: Bangladesh Evaluations
SRI Farmers' practice
10
9
8.1
8
7.03
6.34
7
6.1
5.9
5.9
5.25
6
Yield (t/ha)
4.7
5
4
3
2
1
0
BRAC POSD SAFE Syngenta
Figure 1. Comparative yield of rice under SRI and farmers'
practices by partner organisations, 2002-03
16. Farmer Net Returns:
Bangladesh Evaluations
SRI Farmers' practice
45262
42100
50000
38257
31865
40000
Net return (Tk/ha)
27765
24863
24120
30000
16655
20000
10000
0
BRAC POSD SAFE Syngenta
17. Economic Evaluations Are More
Useful than Agronomic Comparisons
• Few innovations have come along in the
rice sector that can give farmers similar
improvement in yields
• That SRI increases can be achieved
with lower cost means that the
economic gains are even greater
• In addition, there are social and
environmental benefits to be considered
18. B. Lower Capital Requirements
Making SRI More Accessible
to Low-Income Households
19. SRI Is Considered Relatively
More Labor-Intensive
• Capital expenditures can be reduced
because of no need to purchase
fertilizers or other agrochemicals
• Only purchase advised in rotating
hoe or cono-weeder (~ $10-15)
• SRI productivity gains can pay off
this investment in one season
• Credit or supply may be a problem
20. Labor-Intensity Has Been Seen
as a Constraint for Poor
• Evaluation of SRI in Madagascar by
Moser and Barrett (2003) concluded
that despite SRI advantages of
higher productivity, poor households
could not afford to use its methods
because of cash flow constraints –
needing to earn income from labor
on a daily/weekly basis to survive –
could not afford to wait 3 months
21. • If this is a problem, the fault lies in
institutional failures -- to provide
reasonable access to credit -- rather
than in the SRI methods themselves
• Disadoption rates of 40% were
reported in Moser-Barrett study
• GTZ evaluation did not find labor-
intensity or disadoption to be problem
in Cambodia (number of SRI users has
gone from 28 to 15,000 in four years)
22. Labor-Intensity Is Not Much
of a Problem
• As SRI is turning out not to be labor-
intensive over time -- and not always to be
more labor-intensive even at the outset –
so this concern is receding
• IWMI study found poor farmers were as
likely to adopt SRI as richer farmers, and
more likely to continue with SRI once they
had adopted it (Namara et al., 2003)
• Yield and income gains should help make
poor households more food-secure
24. Repeated Reports from Farmers
• SRI crops are “more resistant to pests
and diseases – no need to spray”
• This aspect of SRI has been less studied
– though 2001 report from IPM farmer group
in Ciamis, Indonesia, showed higher
beneficial:predator insect ratio in SRI plots
• Tamil Nadu Agricultural University study
has provided data confirming farmers‟
observations
25. Pest abundance in nursery (per seedling)
Insects and SRI cultivation Conventional t value
their damage / (Mean SE) cultivation
population (Mean SE)
Cut worm 0.0 0.0 20.4 4.8 16.1**
(% damaged leaves) (0.0) (19.1)
Thrips 0.5 0.2 6.1 0.5 19.3**
(0.9) (2.5)
Green leaf 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.1 14.8**
hopper (0.8) (0.9)
Brown plant 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 11.5**
hopper (0.0) (0.8)
Whorl maggot 0.8 0.2 9.3 2.6 12.5**
(% damaged leaves) (0.9) (9.1)
(Figures in parentheses are transformed values) ** Significant difference (T <0.001)
26. Pest abundance in main field (per hill)
Insects and SRI cultivation Conventional t value
their damage / (Mean SE) cultivation
population (Mean SE)
Whorl maggot 17.9 1.9 23.2 2.0 6.6**
(% damaged leaves) (18.0) (19.1)
Thrips 6.6 0.1 20.2 2.0 12.2**
(2.2) (4.1)
Green leaf 0.6 0.1 1.1 0.2 10.7**
hoppers (1.0) (1.2)
Brown plant 1.1 0.2 2.7 0.2 14.4**
hoppers (1.2) (1.8)
Whorl maggot 5.6 1.8 8.8 1.4 4.5**
(% truncated leaves) (5.9) (9.1)
(Figures in parentheses are transformed values) ** Significant difference (T <0.001)
27. Pest abundance in main field (per hill)
Insects and their SRI cultivation Conventional t value
damage / (Mean SE) cultivation
population (Mean SE)
Gall midge 5.0 1.2 11.0 1.5 9.3**
(% silver shoot) (6.8) (19.1)
Stem borers 11.7 1.3 7.3 1.0 10.1**
(deadheart/white (15.5) (10.0)
ear)
Leaf folder 20.3 1.6 6.5 1.0 15.4**
(scraped leaves) (21.7) (11.8)
Earhead bugs 0.9 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.4NS
(1.1) (1.1)
(Figures in parentheses are transformed values) ** Significant difference (T < 0.0001)
29. „Abiotic Stresses‟ Are Major
Threats to Rice Crops
• „Extreme events‟ due to unexpected
variations in rainfall and temperature
becoming more common, whether or
not there is global warming
• DROUGHT is a major problems for
rice farmers
• SRI plants after about 1 month
become resistant to drought
30. Two rice fields in Sri Lanka -- same variety,
same irrigation system, and same drought :
conventional methods (left), SRI (right)
31. Storm Damage Is Also a Major
Problem for Rice Farmers
• SRI rice crops have resisted:
– Typhoon damage (Meishan, Sichuan,
China, September 2002)
– Cyclone damage (Andhra Pradesh,
India, December 2003)
– Cold spell (Andhra Pradesh, India,
February 2004)
• Young SRI plants do not resist
flooding, however
34. These Benefits Not Yet Documented
• Environment will surely benefit from a
reduction in rice sector‟s demand for
water -- less problems for farmers too
• Water quality will improve with reduced
use of N fertilizer with less nitrate (NO3)
in groundwater and fewer chemicals --
also better for farmers‟ health
• With no flooding of rice fields, reduce
methane and other greenhouse gas
emissions (offset by NO2?) – need study
36. SRI Appears More Risky
• For first month or so, SRI paddy field
looks terrible!
– Only a few small plants can be seen: no
beautiful green field as farmers expect
– Field is brown mud, not flooded so that
the blue sky is reflected
• Small seedlings appear vulnerable,
but with good nursery growth, in an
unflooded field they are very hardy
37. SRI Can Reduce Risk
• By raising yields on average, and at the same
time reducing costs of production, farmers
have less risk with SRI:
– The IWMI evaluation found that Sri Lankan farmers
had net economic losses in about 2% of their
seasons, compared with 17% of their seasons
growing rice with conventional methods
– The GTZ found that the risk of not meeting
production targets was greatly reduced for SRI
farmers in Cambodia
• These economic analyses are reinforced by
the reduction in losses from biotic or abiotic
stress that SRI methods make possible
39. SRI Advantages Are More than Quantity
• In this area also, we have more farmer
reports than scientific evaluations
• There is evidence that milling outturn
is higher from SRI paddy rice due to:
– Fewer unfilled grains (less chaff), and
– Fewer broken grains (less shattering)
• There are also reports of better eating
qualities and better keeping quality
after cooking
• Some evidence is available from China
40. MEASURED DIFFERENCES IN GRAIN QUALITY
Characteristic SRI (3 spacings) Conventional % Diff.
Chalky kernels 23.62 - 32.47 39.89 - 41.07 - 30.7
(%)
General 1.02 - 4.04 6.74 - 7.17 - 65.7
chalkiness (%)
Milled rice 53.58 - 54.41 41.54 - 51.46 + 16.1
outturn (%)
Head milled 41.81 - 50.84 38.87 - 39.99 + 17.5
rice (%)
Paper by Prof. Ma Jun, Sichuan Agricultural University,
presented at 10th conference on Theory and Practice for
High-Quality, High-Yielding Rice in China, Haerbin, 8/26/2004
41. Grain Quality Will Be
Increasingly Important
• Consumers are becoming more
concerned with quality
• Rice is losing demand as mass food
• SRI enables farmers to get high yield
of „organic‟ rice, for higher premium?
Chemical-free rice is more healthy
• Given larger root system taking up
more micronutrients, SRI could be
more nutritious, but no evidence yet
43. Unexpected Benefit
• SRI methods raise the yields of both
„modern‟ varieties of rice – high-
yielding varieties (HYVs) and hybrids
– All the highest SRI yields (> 15 t/ha)
have been with „modern‟ varieties
• But „traditional‟ varieties respond
well – with yields in 5-12 t/ha range
– Because the market price for such
varieties is higher (2-3x), growing them
can be very profitable -- even more than
growing „modern‟ varieties
44. Rice Biodiversity Is Being
Reduced by New Varieties
• SRI can make it attractive for farmers
to conserve their traditional varieties –
local landraces
• CIIFAD has started a collaborative
initiative with NGOs and farmer groups
in Cambodia, Madagascar and Sri
Lanka to promote „organically-grown‟
indigenous rice varieties – for local
sale and for export – at higher prices
45.
46. Biodiversity Conservation Will
Benefit Plant Breeding
• Conserving the genetic inheritance
of rice species will make it possible
to continue breeding improved
varieties, though for other qualities
than maximum yield
• Hybrid varieties give even higher
yield with SRI methods, and much
less seed is required, so SRI makes
this innovation more attractive too
48. SRI Is Not Just for Producing
More Rice
• The world does not need as much rice as can
be produced with SRI methods
• SRI, as noted at the start of this presentation, is
mostly concerned with PRODUCTIVITY
• Too much of the world’s land, labor, water and
capital is currently devoted to rice production
• We will be better off if staple food needs can be
met with fewer of these resources, so that
more of them can be devoted to other kinds of
production
49. Intensification Should Support
Diversification
• We aim to meet with world‟s basic food
needs and ensure food security with
fewer resources
• Increased efficiency and productivity will
lower the price of rice, which will benefit
the urban poor
• More diversified farming operations will
improve both incomes and nutrition
50. Intensification Should Support
Modernization
• SRI is expected to help farmers become
better managers and decision-makers,
more involved in experimentation and
evaluation and in making changes
• SRI supports more ecological approach
to agriculture, with knowledge-based
development, focused on the potentials
of biology
• 21st century = „the century of biology‟ ?
51. SRI STILL RAISES MORE
QUESTIONS THAN WE HAVE
ANSWERS FOR
• Enough is known now to pursue a two-
pronged strategy with research and
practice proceeding in parallel
• There are many researchable issues to
be taken up by scientists in association
with farmers and extension personnel –
what is important is that new knowledge
be widely shared
52. THANK YOU
Email: ciifad@cornell.edu
or tefysaina.tnr@simicro.mg
Web page:
http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/