The document discusses various sampling methods for assessing water quality, focusing on grab and composite sampling techniques essential for industrial and municipal waste management. It emphasizes the importance of accurate sampling, proper labeling, and monitoring procedures, and highlights continuous monitoring and biomonitoring as key components in maintaining water treatment systems. Additionally, it outlines the advantages and disadvantages of different sampling strategies and the role of biomonitoring in understanding ecological conditions and pollutant impacts in aquatic ecosystems.

1. INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT
C.E 8.3.1
Unit II
SAMPLING METHODS
BIOMONITORING & CONTINIOUS MONITORING
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 1

2. SAMPLING
i. Collection of water samples
ii. Physical, Chemical and biological characteristics to determine its quality.
iii. Results are compared against water quality standards in regulations and
guidelines
iv. Determine its use and/or the treatment required to make the water suitable
for its intended use (e.g. drinking water).
v. Accuracy of water analysis is dependent on
i. Sampling method
ii. Time elapsed between sampling and analysis
iii. Techniques used in laboratory analysis
iv. Interpretation of the results.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 2

3. SAMPLING TYPES – GRAB SAMPLING
i. Most common form of sampling
ii. Reliable and easy to do.
iii. Ways to take grab samples
 No special equipment is needed.
 A sampling container is used to take the sample.
 The container can be dipped directly into the water or a
sampling rod can be used to collect the water and fill the
container.
 Samples are then packed in a cooler box with ice and taken for
testing.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 3

4. SAMPLING TYPES – GRAB SAMPLING
i. Single samples collected at a specific spot at a site over
a short period of time (typically seconds or minutes).
ii. Discrete grab samples are taken at a selected location,
depth, andtime.
iii. Depth-integrated grab samples are collected over a
predetermined part or the entire depth of a water column, at
a selected location and time in a given body of water.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 4

5. SAMPLING TYPES – GRAB SAMPLING
i. Source - Relatively constant in composition over an
extended time or over substantial distances in all
directions. E.g. Protectedgroundwater supplies
ii. Source - vary with time, grab samples collected at
suitable intervals and analyzed separately can document
the extent, frequency, and duration of these variations.
iii. E.g. Duration –expected changes of frequency -5 min to
1 h or more.
iv. Seasonal variations in natural systems may necessitate
sampling over months.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 5

6. SAMPLING METHODS – COMPOSITE
SAMPLES
i. Taking a number of small samples, called sub-samples, over a
period of time.
ii. These are then combined to reflect the overall condition of a water
body, like a lake.
iii. These sub-samples are often referred to as aliquots.
iv. In the field, aliquots of 200 ml are used to make up an overall
sample of 1 000 ml.
v. Composite samples - concentration of the analytes of interest
may vary over short periods of time and/or space.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 6

7. SAMPLING METHODS – COMPOSITE
SAMPLES
Sequential (time) composite samples - by using continuous, constant
sample pumping or by mixing equal water volumes collected at regular
time intervals.
Flow-proportional composites - by continuous pumping at a rate
proportional to the flow, mixing volumes of water proportional to the
flow collected during or at regular time intervals.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 7

8. SAMPLING METHODS – COMPOSITE
SAMPLES
Advantages :
• reduced costs of analyzing a large number of samples
• More representative samples of heterogeneous matrices
• Larger sample sizes when amounts of test samples are
limited.
Disadvantages:
• loss of analyte relationships in individual samples
• potential dilution of analytes below detection levels
• increased potential analytical interferences
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 8

9. SAMPLING METHODS
• Manual sampling:
• It requires trained field technicians and is often necessary for regulatory and research
investigations for which critical appraisal of field conditions and complex sample-collection
techniques are essential. Manually collect certain samples, such as waters containing oil and
grease.
• Automatic sampling:
• Automatic sampler
• Carefully match pump speeds and tubing sizes to the type of sample to be taken.
• Sorbent sampling:
• Use of solid sorbents, particularly membrane- type disks, is becoming more frequent. These
methods offer rapid, inexpensive sampling if the analyses of interest can be adsorbed and
desorbed efficiently and the water matrix is free of particulates that plug the sorbent. Eg. polyester
pads, straw,clay
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 9

10. SAMPLING METHODS
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 10
Automatic Sampling Devices

11. SAMPLING CONTAINERS
• Free of analytes
• Made of plastic or glass, but one material
may be preferred over the other. E.g. silica,
sodium, and boron may be leached from soft
glass, but not plastic, and trace levels of some
pesticides and metals may sorb onto the walls
of glass containers.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 11

12. SAMPLING CONTAINERS
• Glass containers for all organics analyses,
such as volatile organics, semi volatile
organics, pesticides, PCBs, and oil andgrease.
• Some analytes (e.g., bromine-containing
compounds and some pesticides, and
polynuclear aromatic compounds) are light-
sensitive; collect them in amber-colored glass
containers to minimize photo degradation.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 12

13. SAMPLE VOLUMES
Collect a 1-L sample for most physical and chemical analyses.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 13

14. SAMPLING PROCEDURE –FIELD
• Sample labels (including bar-code labels):
labels to prevent sample misidentification.
• Gummed paper labels or tags
• Information:
• Sample number
• Sample type
• Name of collector
• Date and time of collection
• Place of collection
• Preservative.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 14

15. SAMPLING PROCEDURE –FIELD
• Sample seals: to detect unauthorized tampering with
samples up to the time of analysis.
• Use self-adhesive paper seals
• Attach seal so that it must be broken to open the sample
container or the sample shipping container (e.g., a cooler).
• Affix seal to container before sample leaves custody of
sampling personnel.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 15

16. SAMPLING PROCEDURE –FIELD
• Field log book: Record all information pertinent to a field surveyor sampling in a bound log
book.
• Purpose of sampling
• Location of sampling point
• Name & Address of field contact
• Procedure of material being sampled and address (if different from location)
• Type of sample
• Date and time
• Description of sampling point and sampling method
• Identification number
• Photographs of the sampling site
• Feld observations and measurements
• Signatures of personnel responsible for observations.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 16

17. SAMPLING PROCEDURE –FIELD
• Chain-of-custody record: Fill out a chain-of-custody record to accompany each sample or group
of samples.
• Sample number
• Signature of collector
• Date & Time
• Sample type
• Sample preservation requirements
• Signatures of persons involved in the chain of possession and inclusive dates and times of
possession
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 17

18. SAMPLING PROCEDURE –FIELD
• Sample analysis request sheet: accompanies samples to the laboratory.
• Sample delivery to the laboratory: Deliver sample(s) to laboratory as soon as practicable after
collection, typically within 2 d.
• Receipt and logging of sample:
• In the laboratory, the sample custodian inspects the condition and seal of the sample and reconciles
label information and seal against the chain-of-custody record before the sample is accepted for
analysis. After acceptance, the custodian assigns a laboratory number, logs sample in the
laboratory log book and/or computerized laboratory information management system, and stores it
in a secured storage room or cabinet or refrigerator at the specified temperature until it is assigned
to an analyst.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 18

19. SAMPLING PROCEDURE –FIELD
• Assignment of sample for analysis
• Disposal
• Hold samples for the prescribed amount of time for the project or until the data have been
reviewed and accepted. Document the disposition of samples. Ensure that disposal is in accordance
with local, state, and U.S. EPA approved methods.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 19

20. CONTINUOUS MONITORING
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 20
i. Most industrial water treatment systems are dynamic.
ii. Industrial water treatment systems may be monitored by manual methods or by continuous systems employing
automatic instrumentation.
iii. MANUAL MONITORING: Manual monitoring typically involves plant operators or technicians conducting
chemical tests and comparing the results to specified chemical control limits. The testing frequency can vary from
once per day to once per hour, depending on the plant resources available.
iv. Manual monitoring is satisfactory for noncritical water systems or systems in which water and plant operating
conditions change slowly.

21. CONTINUOUS MONITORING
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 21
CONTINUOUS, ON LINE MONITORING :Because of the dynamic nature of many water treatment systems and the
worldwide need for improved reliability and quality, a higher degree of precision is required in the monitoring and
control of water treatment programs than that obtained through manual monitoring. To achieve the degree of precision
needed, continuous on-line monitoring with automatic instrumentation is required. The parameters monitoredinclude:
 pH (0-14)
 Flow (instant and total)
 Temperature
 Conductivity / Turbidity
 TSS and / or TDS
 Heavy Metals via colorimetric determination including (Fe,Cu, Cd, Cr,Ni, Zn, etc.)

22. BIO MONITORING
i. Aquatic biomonitoring is the science of studying the
ecological condition of rivers, lakes, streams, and
wetlands by examining the organisms that live there.
Biomonitoring of the impacts of toxicants can be done
on a single species or on community.
ii. The organisms which are used in biomonitoring are
called as bio monitors.
iii. These bio monitors provide the means for regular
surveillance and to quantify the amount of pollutant
present in the environment.
iv. Biomonitoring is based on “when there are changes in
water quality, there are changes in fish behavior”.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 22

23. BIO MONITORING
i. There are two types of biomonitoring. One type of
biomonitoring is surveillance before and after a project
is complete or before and after a toxic substance enters
the water.
ii. The other type of biomonitoring is to ensure
compliance with regulations or guidelines or to ensure
water quality is maintained.
iii. Generally benthic macroinvertebrates, fish, and/or
algae are used. Certain aquatic plants have also been
used as indicator species for pollutants including
nutrient enrichment.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 23

24. BIO MONITORING
Advantages of biomonitoring:
i. Acts as a sensitive early warning system which may simulate prophylactic measures to prevent or diminish
disastrous effect of pollution.
i. Indicator organisms provide a direct method of studying the effects of the prevailing pollution in living
organisms and provide a measure of integrated effects of all environmental factors.
ii. It is possible to study the relationship between concentration of pollutants and its effects when both are
measured at same rate.
iii. Possibility of determining species and temporal trends in the occurrence and intensity of effects of several
pollutants on natural environment.
iv. Indicator organisms enable the analysis of polluting compounds by measuring accumulation within indicator
organisms.
v. Biomonitoring do not depend on electricity for their operation also do not need treatment and are early to
indicate the discovering vandalism.
vi. Biomonitoring can be done in remote areas and no expensive technical equipment is involved.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 24