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IRW Chapter 14
- 1. In Concert: An IntegratedReading and Writing Approach by Kathleen T. McWhorter Part Four: Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing Chapter 14: Critical Thinking: Evaluating the Author’s Techniques PowerPoint by Sarah Gilliam, Instructor of English Mountain Empire Community College
- 2. Chapter 14: CriticalThinking: Evaluating the Author’s Techniques Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 3. • Critical thinking,reading, and writing involve examining what is said and how it is said. • Writers choose techniques that help them achieve their purpose, convey a message, and reach their audience. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 4. Denotative meanings arestandard dictionary definitions. Connotative meanings are the feelings or other associations that accompany a word. Figurative language makes a comparison between two unalike things that share one common characteristic. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 5. Figurative language makesa comparison between two unalike things that share one common characteristic. Types of Figurative Language: • Simile • Metaphor • Personification Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 6. An assumption isan idea or principle the writer accepts as true and makes no effort to substantiate. Assumptions often use the terms if, since, and when. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 7. A generalization isa reasoned statement about an entire group based on known information about a part of the group. Generalizations may use the terms all, always, none, or never. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 8. Bias is prejudice.If an author is biased, then he or she is partial to one side of a particular argument or point of view. What are strategies to identify bias? Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 9. What are strategiesfor writing fair and effective essays? Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 10. Goal 1: Evaluatethe Author’s Techniques Review Questions Fill in the blanks: Critical reading, writing, and thinking involve examining ___________ is said and __________ it is said. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 11. Goal 1: Evaluatethe Author’s Techniques Review Questions Fill in the blanks: Critical reading, writing, and thinking involve examining what is said and how it is said. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 12. Goal 2: UnderstandConnotative and Figurative Language Review Questions Fill in the Blank: _____________ are standard dictionary definitions. _______________ are the feelings or other associations that accompany a word. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 13. Goal 2: UnderstandConnotative and Figurative Language Review Questions Fill in the Blank: Denotative meanings are standard dictionary definitions. Connotative meanings are the feelings or other associations that accompany a word. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 14. Goal 3: AnalyzeAssumptions Review Questions Assumptions often use which of the following terms: A. If B. When C. Since D. All of the above E. None of the above Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 15. Goal 3: AnalyzeAssumptions Review Questions Assumptions often use which of the following terms: A. If B. When C. Since D. All of the above E. None of the above Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 16. Goal 4: EvaluateGeneralizations Review Questions True or False: The phrase “all rich people are snobs” is an example of a generalization. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 17. Goal 4: EvaluateGeneralizations Review Questions True or False: True: The phrase “all rich people are snobs” is an example of a generalization. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 18. Goal 5: IdentifyBias Review Questions An author who is biased does which of the following? A. Presents both sides of an issue B. Is unemotional about the issue C. Provides only favorable information D. Presents facts Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 19. Goal 5: IdentifyBias Review Questions An author who is biased does which of the following? A. Presents both sides of an issue B. Is unemotional about the issue C. Provides only favorable information D. Presents facts Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 20. Goal 6: WriteEffectively and Fairly Review Questions True or False: Using figurative language to explain extreme examples is a strategy for writing effectively and fairly. True or False: Making generalizations based on sufficient evidence is a strategy for writing effectively and fairly. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 21. Goal 6: WriteEffectively and Fairly Review Questions True or False: False: Using figurative language to explain extreme examples is a strategy for writing effectively and fairly. True or False: True: Making generalizations based on sufficient evidence is a strategy for writing effectively and fairly. Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Editor's Notes
- #5 Word choice can greatly influence a reader, so writers must choose words carefully. Critical reading involves understanding the connotative meanings of words. Connotative meanings can vary by individual, and they can be used to spark an emotional response. Remember to be alert for meaning as suggested by the author’s word choice. When writing, be sure to make appropriate word choices.Activities:Exercises 14-1, 14-2, and 14-3 on pages 427–428. Each exercise emphasizes understanding connotations.
- #6 Figurative language is creative and full of imagery, creating a visual for the reader. Planting this image communicates the author’s purpose to the reader.Similes use “like” or “as” to make a comparisonMetaphors state or imply the relationship between the two unalike itemsPersonification compares humans to nonhumans and attributes human characteristics to objects or ideasEvaluating Figurative Language:Why does the author make the comparison?What is the basis of the comparison?Is the comparison accurate?What images does the comparison make you visualize, and how do you feel about them?Is the comparison positive or negative?Are several different interpretations possible?
- #7 If an author’s assumption is unproven or unsubstantiated, then the statements that follow from the assumption should be questioned.
- #8 Generalizations can be evaluated by looking at the type, quality, and amount of evidence given to support them.Evaluating Generalizations:Evaluate types of evidence. What evidence is needed to convince you generalizations are or are not true?Evaluate the quality of the evidence. What research or studies are provided to substantiate the generalization? Evaluate the specifics.Think of exceptions. What might make the generalization inaccurate?
- #9 Strategies to Identify Bias:Is the author presenting facts, or is he or she trying to provide only favorable (or only unfavorable) information?Does the author appear to feel strongly about one side of the issue?Does the author create a positive or negative image by utilizing connotative or figurative language?Does the author seem emotional about the issue?Are there other views of the subject that the author does not discuss?Activities:Exercise 4-13 (Identifying Bias) on page 436: Mark the statements that show bias. Then, explain HOW they show bias.Exercise 4-14 (Identifying Bias) on pages 436–438.
- #10 Strategies for Writing Fair and Effective Essays:Use connotative language carefully.Use figurative language to make fair comparisons.Make reasonable assumptions.Make generalizations based on sufficient evidence.Handle bias openly.
- #11 Answers: what and how
- #12 Answers: what and how
- #13 Answers:Denotative meaningsConnotative meanings
- #14 Answers:Denotative meaningsConnotative meanings
- #15 Answer: D
- #16 Answer: D
- #17 Answer: True—not all rich people are snobs, but that is a common perception.
- #18 Answer: True—not all rich people are snobs, but that is a common perception.
- #19 Answer: C—Provides only favorable information
- #20 Answer: C—Provides only favorable information
- #21 Answers:FalseTrue
- #22 Answers:FalseTrue